DOCSLIB.ORG

Schemes for Fossil Fuel Greenhouse Gas Upstream Reductions – Evaluating and Selecting Schemes and Standards for the Purpose of Article 7A of the FQD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Schemes for Fossil Fuel Greenhouse Gas Upstream Reductions – Evaluating and Selecting Schemes and Standards for the Purpose of Article 7A of the FQD Ref. Ares(2013)2799460 - 31/07/2013 Schemes for Fossil Fuel Greenhouse Gas Upstream Reductions – Evaluating and Selecting Schemes and Standards for the Purpose of Article 7a of the FQD May 2013 Submitted to: Wojceich Winkler European Commission DG Climate Action B-1049 Brussels BELGIUM Submitted by: ICF International 3rd Floor Kean House 6 Kean Street London WC2B 4AS U.K. Schemes for Fossil Fuel Greenhouse Gas Upstream Reductions – Evaluating and Selecting Schemes and Standards for the Purpose of Article 7a of the FQD May 2013 Submitted to: Wojceich Winkler European Commission DG Climate Action B-1049 Brussels BELGIUM Submitted by: ICF International 3rd Floor Kean House 6 Kean Street London WC2B 4AS U.K. CLIMA.C.2/SER/2011/0006 Table of Contents Task 1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Findings ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Selection of projects ..................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Information on projects ................................................................................................................ 2 2.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Task 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 20 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 20 1.1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 20 2. Findings ................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Selection of projects for inclusion in MAC analysis .......................................................... 21 2.2 MAC curve tool development .................................................................................................. 23 2.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 27 2.4 MAC tool user instructions ....................................................................................................... 33 Task 3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 36 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 36 1.1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 36 2. Findings ................................................................................................................................................... 36 2.1 Current and Future Oil Production ........................................................................................ 36 2.2 Barriers to APG Utilization ....................................................................................................... 38 2.3 Options for Increasing APG Utilization ................................................................................. 41 2.4 Incorporation into MAC Tool .................................................................................................... 45 Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 46 Task 4 ................................................................................................................................................................ 47 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 47 1.1 Objectives of project .................................................................................................................. 47 1.2 Objectives of task........................................................................................................................ 47 1.3 Overview of tasks performed .................................................................................................. 47 2. Observations ......................................................................................................................................... 50 2.1 Comparison of methodologies and initiatives .................................................................... 50 2.2 Strengths and weaknesses...................................................................................................... 59 2.3 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix 1: APG Project Success Rate ......................................................................................... 64 Appendix 2: Template with analysis criteria .................................................................................. 65 Appendix 3: In-depth analysis of schemes .................................................................................... 67 Appendix 4: Comments on non-shortlisted schemes ............................................................... 134 May 2013 Use or disclosure of data contained on this sheet is subject to the restrictions on the cover page. i CLIMA.C.2/SER/2011/0006 Task 5 .............................................................................................................................................................. 135 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 135 1.1 Objectives of project ................................................................................................................ 135 1.2 Objectives of the task .............................................................................................................. 135 2. Observations ....................................................................................................................................... 135 2.1 Introduction to the oil & gas industry and flaring/venting activities ............................ 135 2.2 Characteristics of flaring/venting projects, emission reduction potential and impact on targets ................................................................................................................................................ 136 3. Simplified checklist with guidelines for policy makers .................................................... 138 3.1 Lessons learned from Task 4: recommendations for a potential EC scheme ....... 138 3.2 Key aspects of a potential scheme ..................................................................................... 140 May 2013 Use or disclosure of data contained on this sheet is subject to the restrictions on the cover page. ii CLIMA.C.2/SER/2011/0006 Task 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.1.1 Objectives of project The first objective of this study is to describe the technical, economic and regulatory variables that affect the potential for improving/incentivising upstream GHG reductions. This will entail presenting the most economically preferred approaches utilized to date with the use of marginal abatement curves (MACs) for upstream GHG reductions and conducting sensitivity analysis on the pertinent technical, economic and regulatory parameters to highlight potential economic drivers that could facilitate further investment in GHG reductions. The second objective is to develop guidelines and principles for development of methods/best practices for measuring and verifying GHG emission reductions and guidelines for legislators for screening, evaluating and selecting existing and future schemes, carbon credit standards or certification programmes that ensure that GHG emission reductions are aligned with the requirements prescribed in the draft implementing measure. 1.1.2 Objectives of task This is the first of three tasks that collectively address the first objective of the study. This task is intended to analyze historical reduction projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the flaring or venting of associated petroleum gas. The analysis focuses only on countries from which the European Union imports crude oil, with the primary focus being on the largest crude suppliers. Actual operating projects are the focus, but projects under review and consideration that have adequate data were included as well. In order to be included, the project information must be available for the cost of implementation,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Russian Associated Gas Utilization: Problems And
    Russian Associated Gas Utilization: Problems and Prospects А. Knizhnikov, N. Poussenkova Annual Report within the Framework of the Project Environment and Energy: International Context Issue 1 Moscow • 2009 Russian Associated Gas Utilization: Problems and Prospects A.Yu. Knizhnikov – WWF-Russia N.N. Poussenkova – Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences Issue 1 (working materials) for the annual review within the framework of the joint project of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences and WWF-Russia “Environment and Energy. International Context” Please, send your comments on the Review to WWF-Russia: 19-3 Nikoloyamskaya Street, Moscow, 109240 e-mail: [email protected] Moscow, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Russian Associated Gas Utilization: Problems and Prospects ..................................................................................... 2 1. Russian associated gas flaring volumes ....................................................................................................................... 2 2. Environmental and climatic implications of large-scale associated gas flaring .............................................................. 4 3. Financial implications of large-scale associated gas flaring .......................................................................................... 4 4. Potential ways to utilize associated gas ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report
    TECHNICAL REPORT Nov 30, Potential Cost-Effective Flare & Vent Gas Reduction Opportunities 2015 at Selected Production Facilities in Colombia (Operator No. 1) Prepared For: Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada (PTAC) Suite 400, 500-5th Avenue S.W. Calgary, AB, T2P 3L5 Prepared By: Clearstone Engineering Ltd. 700, 900-6th Avenue S.W. Calgary, AB, T2P 3P2 DISCLAIMER While reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy, reliability and completeness of the information presented herein, this report is made available without any representation as to its use in any particular situation and on the strict understanding that each reader accepts full liability for the application of its contents, regardless of any fault or negligence of Clearstone Engineering Ltd. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A limited flare and vent gas measurement program was conducted during the period of 14 to 16 August 2015 at the following selected Operator No. 1 facilities in Colombia: • CCAC.3 Oilfield (Conventional Oil Production) • CCAC.1 Oilfield (Thermal Heavy Oil Production) Supplemental information was provided by the operations centre for each oilfield, including activity data, commodity pricing and production decline rates. The overall purpose of this study was, for the surveyed facilities, to identify and conduct a pre-feasibility assessment of practicable flare and vent gas reduction opportunities in terms of their magnitude, most suitable control option, feasibility, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions, secondary environmental benefits and energy conservation. The surveyed facilities were selected by Operator No. 1 as being representative of sites likely to offer such opportunities. Key Environmental and Economic Analysis Assumptions All technical, environmental and economic analyses were performed using Clearstone’s web- based source-simulation and data-management application, CSimOnline.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Aspects of Hydrogen Production Via Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrocarbons
    Article Selected Aspects of Hydrogen Production via Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrocarbons Aleksey A. Vedyagin 1,2,* , Ilya V. Mishakov 1,2, Denis V. Korneev 3 , Yury I. Bauman 1,2 , Anton Yu. Nalivaiko 2 and Alexander A. Gromov 2 1 Department of Materials Science and Functional Materials, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (I.V.M.); [email protected] (Y.I.B.) 2 Catalysis Lab, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (A.Y.N.); [email protected] (A.A.G.) 3 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Owing to the high hydrogen content, hydrocarbons are considered as an alternative source for hydrogen energy purposes. Complete decomposition of hydrocarbons results in the formation of gaseous hydrogen and solid carbonaceous by-product. The process is complicated by the methane formation reaction when the released hydrogen interacts with the formed carbon deposits. The present study is focused on the effects of the reaction mixture composition. Variations in the inlet hydrogen and methane concentrations were found to influence the carbon product’s morphology and the hydrogen production efficiency. The catalyst containing NiO (82 wt%), CuO (13 wt%), and Al2O3 (5 wt%) was prepared via a mechanochemical activating procedure. Kinetics of the catalytic Citation: Vedyagin, A.A.; Mishakov, process of hydrocarbons decomposition was studied using a reactor equipped with McBain balances. I.V.; Korneev, D.V.; Bauman, Y.I.; The effects of the process parameters were explored in a tubular quartz reactor with chromatographic Nalivaiko, A.Y..; Gromov, A.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Angola- APG Utilization Study
    Angola Associated Gas U0lizaon Study Perrine Toledano and Belinda ArchiBong Thanks to Thomas Mitro for his thorough peer-review Summary of findings S Regulaon regarding Associated Petroleum Gas (APG) use is s0ll in its nascent stages. However there is an arac0ve fiscal framework Fiscal incen0ve with lower taxaon for APG projects and a no flare policy s0pulang regulaon for APG use that the capex Borne By companies for the storage and delivery of APG to Sonangol is cost recoverable. S In addi0on, an APG use s0pulaon under the produc0on sharing agreements stang that any surplus APG produced By oil companies Ownership of APG not used for field use, must Be given free of charge to Sonangol as well as the state ownership of pipelines might act as an incen0ve for companies to search (possiBly collec0vely) for ways to mone0ze their APG. APG Projects: LNG S All of the major oil players in Angola are involved in gas flaring But the Biggest flarers are also engaged together in the premier Angola LNG plan under a mul0-owner/user scheme fed By APG. S IOCs currently prefer high return export op0ons like LNG to necessary IPP projects for the country, par0cularly since there is no No domes0c market domes0c market for gas in the country (the source of electricity is mostly hydro-Based). S Lack of an independent regulator reflected in weak enforcement of No independent flaring laws, presents a challenge for future APG use in the country. regulator But… However, Sonangol has Been ac0ve in taking a hardline stance on priori0zing APG use even over oil revenue in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Associated Petroleum Gas Utilisation in Russia
    ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS UTILISATION IN RUSSIA ABOUT ASSOCIATED Associated petroleum gas (APG) is the gas dissolved in oil fluids, which contains methane, a common natural gas, and natural gas liquids (NGLs) used as fuel or raw materials for deep conversion. Below is the overview PETROLEUM GAS of all APG utilisation methods focusing on the per unit costs, economic benefits and environmental impacts. HOW IT WORKS After the extraction of oil fluids, they undergo special treatment to remove all by-products, including water, sulphur and associated gas. Without such treatment, the oil will not be allowed into the OILOIL main oil pipeline due to the technical requirements. Once APG has been separated from the oil, it BLENDBLEND needs to be further utilised or disposed of. It is forbidden to simply release the associated gas into atmosphere, as it is highly inflammable and can even explode. ASSOCIATEDASSOCIATED GASGAS APG UTILISATION IN 2005–2015 (BCM) OILOIL 2005 2015 PUMPPUMP Flaring Deep 13% conversion Flaring 40% 27% Deep Injection into the conversion unified gas transmission network of Gazprom 41% 10 11% 15 9 23 34 Injection into the unified gas transmission 4 network of Gazprom 12 Reinjection 7% into oil reservoir 6 14% 8 1 Reinjection 6 into oil reservoir 10 10% Simple Power generation conversion 2% Power generation 8% 15% Simple conversion 12% FLARING HOW IT WORKS The easiest way to dispose of associated gas is to build a flare at the oil field and burn the gas off. METRICS COMPARISON ACROSS UTILISATION METHODS INJECTION INTO THE UNIFIED
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Utilization of Iraqi Associated Petroleum Gas As Fuel for SI Engines
    Volume 14, Number 3, September. 2020 ISSN 1995-6665 JJMIE Pages 349 - 359 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Potential Utilization of Iraqi Associated Petroleum Gas as Fuel for SI Engines Jehad A. A. Yamina, Eiman Ali Eh Sheetb aMechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan bEnergy and Renewable Energies Technology Center, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Alsenaa Street, Iraq Received October 19 2019 Accepted August 31 2020 Abstract An engine modelling study was conducted to investigate the relative change in performance and emissions of a 4-stroke, spark-ignition engine using Iraqi Associated Petroleum Gas as fuel. The research was done using a well-verified simulation software Diesel-RK. The data available for Ricardo E6/T variable compression ratio spark-ignition engine was used to conduct this study. The performance of the engine using associated petroleum gas was compared with those for gasoline, natural gas, and the average properties of the natural gas in Europe. The performance parameters studied were engine power, thermal efficiency, oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide levels. The study showed that the Iraqi associated petroleum gas could not be used “as is” if the aim is to cut down pollution. The main advantage is the absence of sulfur in the gas, which is present in the gasoline used in Iraq. There is a significant rise in NOx levels, a reduction in UHC, and also a rise in CO levels when using APG fuel. Further, there is an average reduction in engine power of about 10% with the associated gas compared with gasoline.
    [Show full text]
  • APG Flaring in Egypt: Addressing Regulatory Constraints
    APG Flaring in Egypt: Addressing Regulatory Constraints Final Options Report November 2017 Submitted to EBRD by: Economic Consulting Associates Environics Carbon Counts Economic Consulting Associates Limited 41 Lonsdale Road, London NW6 6RA, UK tel: +44 20 7604 4546, fax: +44 20 7604 4547 Egypt_Gaswww.eca Flaring_Options-uk.com Report_Final_Clean 11/12/2017 Disclaimer Disclaimer This report is prepared from sources and data which Economic Consulting Associates Limited believes to be reliable, but Economic Consulting Associates Limited makes no representation as to its accuracy or completeness. The report is provided for informational purposes and is not to be construed as providing endorsements, representations or warranties of any kind whatsoever. Economic Consulting Associates Limited accepts no liability for any consequences whatsoever of pursuing any of the recommendations provided in this report, either singularly or altogether. Opinions and information provided are made as of the date of the report issue and are subject to change without notice. ECA - Final Options Report i Contents Contents Abbreviations and acronyms v Executive Summary 6 1 Introduction 12 2 Gas flaring in Egypt 15 2.1 Background: gas market 15 2.2 Gas flaring levels and location 20 2.3 Production Sharing Contracts 23 2.4 Regulatory framework 26 2.5 Institutional framework 30 3 Constraints to gas flaring reduction investments 35 3.1 PSC constraints 35 3.2 Regulatory constraints 37 3.3 Wider investment constraints 40 3.4 Institutional constraints 42 3.5 Summary
    [Show full text]
  • Bottom-Up Simulations of Methane and Ethane Emissions from Global Oil and Gas Systems 1980 to 2012
    Bottom-up simulations of methane and ethane emissions from global oil and gas systems 1980 to 2012 Supplement Lena Höglund-Isaksson Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis A-2361 Laxenburg Austria Email: [email protected] 2015-01-25 Contents SI-1: Steps in the simulation of associated gas flows SI-2: Details on assumptions entering simulations of associated petroleum gas flows in 2010 SI-3: Global and regional production patterns for crude oil and natural gas used in simulations SI-4: Region-specific considerations in simulations of associated gas flows SI-5: Methane emission factors for unintended leakage from oil and gas production SI-6: Literature survey of unintended leakage from production of unconventional gas SI-7: Simulated volumes of associated gas by world regions SI-8: Simulated ethane emissions from global oil and gas production by world regions SI-9: Simulated methane emissions from global oil and gas production by world regions SI-10: Implied methane emission factors for oil and gas production –a comparison to published sources 1 SI-1: Steps in the simulation of associated gas flows Step1: Reported information on associated gas flows and strategies to amend incomplete data EIA (2015a) provides country-specific statistics on oil and gas production for 106 countries producing oil and/or gas in the period 1980 to 2012. The same source provides for 67 countries statistics on the volumes of associated gas reinjected and vented or flared in the period 1990 to 2012 (not complete time-series for all countries). From the same source the volume of associated gas recovered for utilization is derived as the difference between reported volumes of natural gas marketed and dry natural gas produced.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Forecast to 2024 Gas 2019 Analysis and Forecast to 2024 Gas Market Report 2019 Foreword
    Gas 2019 Analysis and forecast to 2024 Gas 2019 Analysis and forecast to 2024 Gas Market Report 2019 Foreword Foreword In 2018, natural gas played a major role in a remarkable year for energy. Global energy consumption rose at its fastest pace this decade, with natural gas accounting for 45% of the increase, more than any other fuel. Natural gas helped to reduce air pollution and limit the rise in energy-related CO2 emissions by displacing coal and oil in power generation, heating and industrial uses. The global gas narrative varies across regions: cheap and abundant resources in North America; a key contributor to reducing air pollution in the People’s Republic of China; a main feedstock and fuel for industry in emerging Asia; challenged by renewables in Europe; an emerging fuel in Africa and South America. What ties these together is the central position of gas in the global energy mix as one of the key enablers of the energy transition. Natural gas can be part of the solution to a cleaner energy path – both on land and at sea as an alternative marine fuel – but it faces its own challenges. They include ensuring price competitiveness in developing economies, guaranteeing security of supply in increasingly interdependent markets, and continuing the reduction of its environmental footprint, particularly in terms of methane emissions. Natural gas is at the heart of three core areas for the IEA: energy security, clean energy and opening to emerging economies. I hope that this latest edition of the IEA’s outlook for gas markets will help enhance market transparency and enable stakeholders to better understand current and future developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Jenbacher Gas Engines, Marketing Jenbacher Background
    2nd M2M Partnership Expo, 2-5 March 2010, New Delhi, India Stop Flaring and Venting — Utilization of Associated Petroleum Gas with Gas Engines Thomas Elsenbruch, GE Power & Water Jenbacher gas engines, Marketing Jenbacher Background A leading manufacturer of gas-fueled reciprocating engines for power generation. • Acquired by GE in May ’03…100% gas-fueled recips • Manufacturing/HQ in Jenbach, Austria • Employees: 1,800 total; 1,400 in Austria • Power range from 0.25MW to 4MW, 4 platforms / 11 products • Fuel flexibility: Natural gas or a variety of renewable or alternative gases (e.g., landfill gas, biogas, coal mine gas) • Plant configurations: Generator sets, cogeneration systems, container 2/ solutions GE GE Power & Water / Thomas Elsenbruch / 03.-05.03.2010 How to utilize associated gas ? - GE Capability Many solutions for APG utilization are available 3/ Source= EU-Russia technology center (on Internet) GE GE Power & Water / Thomas Elsenbruch / 03.-05.03.2010 Important Gas Properties Heating Value Calorific value and thermal value indicate the energy content of a gas. The former can be differentiated from the later only through the heat of vaporization of the water resulting from combustion, the water is in liquid form after it has already liberated its condensation heat. Methane Number Determinant parameter for knocking resistance of a gas. It is comparable to the Octane Number of gasoline and indicates the percentage methane volume ratio of a methane-hydrogen mixture which, in a test engine and under controlled conditions, indicates the same knocking resistance as the gas to be tested. Laminar Flame Speed Laminar flame speed is the speed at which the oxidation takes place.
    [Show full text]
  • Associated Gas”
    Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment PREPARE TO APPROPRIATE “ASSOCIATED GAS”: Lessons from Ecuador to Uganda SR Rwengabo ACODE Policy Briefing Paper Series No. 39 PREPARE TO APPROPRIATE “ASSOCIATED GAS”: Lessons from Ecuador to Uganda SR Rwengabo ACODE Policy Briefing Paper Series No. 39 Published by ACODE P. O. Box 29836, Kampala Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Website: http://www.acode-u.org Citation: Rwengabo, S. (2017). Prepare to Appropriate “Associated Gas”: Lessons from Ecuador to Uganda. Series No. 39, 2017, Kampala. © ACODE 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ACODE policy work is supported by generous donations and grants from bilateral donors and charitable foundations. The reproduction or use of this publication for academic or charitable purposes or for purposes of informing public policy is excluded from this restriction. Table of Contents List of Acronyms v Acknowledgements vi Key Issues vii Introduction 1 The Problem of AG Flaring 2 The OGE&EE Project in Ecuador 3 Lessons for Uganda 6 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 6 List of Acronyms ACODE Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment AG Associated Gas/Associated Petroleum Gas CO2 Carbon dioxide CPF Central Processing Facility DGF Democratic Governance Facility ELLA Evidence and Lessons from Latin America GDP Gross
    [Show full text]
  • Gas Clean-Up for Fuel Cell Applications Workshop
    Executive Summary GAS CLEAN‐UP FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS WORKSHOP March 6‐7, 2014 Sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy – Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) Organized and hosted by Argonne National Laboratory Page 1 of 32 Executive Summary Gas Clean‐Up for Fuel Cell Applications Workshop Workshop held March 6–7, 2014 Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 Sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) – Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) Organized and hosted by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Lead Organizers Dimitrios Papageorgopoulos, Fuel Cell Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy Shabbir Ahmed, Tom Benjamin, John Kopasz, Argonne National Laboratory Organizing Committee Dimitrios Papageorgopoulos, U.S. Department of Energy Pinakin Patel, Fuel Cell Energy, Inc. Chuck Sishtla, Gas Technology Institute John Kopasz, Argonne National Laboratory Tom Benjamin, Argonne National Laboratory Shabbir Ahmed, Argonne National Laboratory Breakout Group Chairs Shabbir Ahmed, Argonne National Laboratory Tom Benjamin, Argonne National Laboratory John Kopasz, Argonne National Laboratory Scribes Cassidy Houchins, SRA International David Peterson, U.S. Department of Energy Stephanie Byham, SRA International Page 2 of 32 Executive Summary NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]