Cruise Report EX-16-03, 2016 Hohonu Moana: Exploring the Deep Waters Off Hawai'i (ROV

doi: 10.25923/jdqm-qx44

Cruise Report: EX-16-03 2016 Hohonu Moana: Exploring the Deep Waters off Hawai i (ROV/Mapping) ʻ Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and Mapping Exploration of the

PapahānaumokuākeaFebruary 25 to March Marine18, 2016 National Monument (PMNM)

Daniel Wagner, Ph.D., Expedition Science Lead, NOAA Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument; Jonathan Tree, Expedition Science Co-Lead, University of Hawaiʻi Brian Kennedy, Expedition Coordinator, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research Mashkoor Malik, Mapping Lead, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research

April 15, 2020

NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research 1315 East-West Hwy, SSMC3 RM 10210 Silver Spring, MD 20910

Abstract

EX-16-03 was a combined mapping and ROV expedition to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) that took place between February 25 and March 18, 2016. During the cruise, eight ROV dives were conducted from 648 m and 4,292 m—between the northeast of Mokumanamana Island (also known as Necker Island) and the southwest of Castellano Seamount—for a total of over 40 hours of bottom time, and covered a linear survey distance of 4.85 km. This expedition yielded 14 geological samples and 20 biological samples, seven of which were commensal animals collected with the 13 primary specimens. The ROV video obtained during EX-16-03 recorded at least 249 different types of organisms, documented high- density biological communities at six of the eight surveyed dive sites—including within the oxygen minimum layer (800-1000 m) as well as the deepest known high-density community at a depth of nearly 4,000 m—and noted a new species (possibly new genus) of incirrate octopus, which was also the deepest record for this suborder. EX-16-03 mapping operations mapped over 31,000 km2 of seafloor, with over 10,000 km2 mapped within the PMNM. Five Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) seamounts were mapped in their entirety, one inside and four outside the PMNM boundaries. Among these newly mapped seamounts, only Castellano Seamount had previously been partially mapped using multibeam sonars.

This report can be cited as follows: Wagner, D., Tree, J., Kennedy, B., Malik, M.(2019). Cruise EX-16-03—2016 Hohonu Moana: Exploring the Deep Waters off Hawaiʻi (ROV/Mapping). Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20910. OER Expedition Cruise Report, 58p. doi: 10.25923/jdqm-qx44.

Acknowledgements: Final editing and publication of this report was completed by: Amy Bowman, Consultant on contract with NOAA National Marine Sanctuary Foundation Matt Dornback, Expeditions, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research

For further information, direct inquiries to: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research 1315 East-West Hwy, SSMC3 RM 10210 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Phone: 301-734-1014 Fax: 301-713-4252 Email: [email protected]

Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...... 5 2. Project Background ...... 5 2.1 2016 Hohonu Moana (EX-16-03) Expedition Overview ...... 6 2.2 Rationale for EX-16-03 Exploration of PMNM ...... 6 2.3 Objectives ...... 8 2.3.1 Programmatic Objectives ...... 8 2.3.2 Science Objectives ...... 9 3. Methodology ...... 10 3.1 ROV surveys ...... 10 3.2 Sample collections ...... 12 3.3 Seafloor Mapping ...... 12 3.3.1 Multibeam Sonar (Kongsberg EM 302) ...... 13 3.3.2 Subbottom Profiler (Knudsen Chirp 3260) ...... 13 3.3.3 Split-beam Sonars (Kongsberg EK60) ...... 13 3.3.4 ADCPs (Teledyne ADCPs) ...... 13 3.3.5 XBTs ...... 14 3.4 Operations ...... 14 3.4.1 Onboard Operations ...... 14 3.4.2 Shoreside Operations ...... 15 3.5 Education and Outreach Activities ...... 16 4. Expedition Schedule ...... 16 5. Expedition Map ...... 17 6. Results ...... 18 6.1 ROV Seafloor Surveys ...... 18 6.2 Sample Collections ...... 21 6.3 Seafloor Mapping ...... 29 6.4 Education and Outreach...... 31 7. Data Deposition and Archival ...... 31

7.1 OER Data Discoverability Tools ...... 32 7.2 Sonar Data ...... 32 7.3 Physical Samples ...... 32 7.4 Video Data ...... 34 7.5 Environmental and Tracking Data ...... 34 7.6 Eventlog ...... 34 7.7 Survey of Opportunity Data ...... 34 8. Conclusion ...... 35 9. Clearances and Permits ...... 36 10. Acknowledgements ...... 37 11. References ...... 38 12. Appendices ...... 39 Appendix A: Data Management Plan ...... 39 Appendix B: EX-16-03 Participants ...... 43 Appendix C: ROV Dive Summaries ...... 49 Appendix D: Animals Observed ...... 50 Appendix E: NASA Survey of Opportunity ...... 56 Appendix F: Acronyms ...... 57

1. Introduction

By leading national efforts to explore the ocean and make ocean exploration more accessible, the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) is filling gaps in basic understanding of deep waters and the seafloor, providing deep-ocean data, information, and awareness. Exploration within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and international waters as part of Seabed 2030 efforts to produce a bathymetric map of the world ocean floor by 2030 supports key NOAA, national, and international goals to better understand and manage the ocean and its resources.

Using the latest tools and technology, OER explores unknown areas of the deep ocean. NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer is one such tool. Working in close collaboration with government agencies, academic institutions, and other partners, OER conducts deep-sea exploration expeditions using advanced technologies on the Okeanos Explorer, mapping and characterizing areas of the ocean that have not yet been explored. Collected data about deep waters and the seafloor—and the resources they hold—establishes a foundation of information and fills gaps in the unknown.

All data collected during Okeanos Explorer expeditions adhere to federal open-access data standards and are publicly available shortly after an expedition ends. This ensures the delivery of reliable scientific data needed to identify, understand, and manage key elements of the ocean environment.

Exploring, mapping, and characterizing the U.S. EEZ are necessary for a systematic and efficient approach to advancing the development of ocean resources, promoting the protection of the marine environment, and accelerating the economy, health, and security of our nation. As the only federal program dedicated to ocean exploration, OER is uniquely situated to lead partners in delivering critical deep-ocean information to managers, decision makers, scientists, and the public, leveraging federal investments to meet national priorities.

The Campaign to Address Pacific Monument Science, Technology, and Ocean Needs 2.(CAPSTONE) Project, was a three Background-year effort designed to provide critical new information on the deepwater resources within the U.S. National Marine Monuments and Sanctuaries located throughout the Pacific. The primary goal of all Okeanos Explorer expeditions in this campaign

was to obtain baseline data and information about the poorly known deepwater areas and resources in these extensive marine protected areas (MPAs).

2.1 2016 Hohonu Moana (EX-16-03) Expedition Overview

The third NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer (EX) expedition of 2016, titled 2016 Hohonu Moana: Exploring Deep Waters off Hawaiʻi, is also referred to as EX-16-03. This was the second CAPSTONE combined remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and mapping expedition to focus on the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) as well as the sixth CAPSTONE expedition. The prior cruise combined ROV and mapping expedition to focus on this area was EX-15-04-L2; it was titled 2015 Hohonu Moana: Exploring Deep Waters off Hawaiʻi. This report provides a summary of operations and findings from the EX-16-03 expedition.

2.2 Rationale for EX-16-

The PMNM surrounding the Northwestern03 Exploration Hawaiian of PMNM Islands (NWHI) is the largest contiguous MPA in the United States and one of the largest conservation areas in the world. At the time of EX-16-03 the Monument encompassed 362,073 km2 and spanned roughly 2,000 km northwest from the SE of Nihoa Island to the NW of Kure Atoll, and is thereby larger than all of the United States’ national parks combined. With a spectrum of elevations ranging from abyssal depths greater than 5,000 m to rugged volcanic islands reaching 275 m above sea level, the PMNM harbors diverse habitats—including pelagic basins, abyssal plains, seamounts, submarine escarpments, flat-topped banks, coral reefs, shallow lagoons, littoral shores, dunes, and dry coastal grasslands. Due to the PMNM’s vast geographic isolation, its ecosystems have remained largely protected from many of the human stressors that impact more populated areas, and are considered among the most pristine in the world. The marine habitats of the PMNM are home to more than 7,000 species, at least 25% of which are endemic to the region, found nowhere else on the planet. Therefore, the PMNM truly represents one of the major reservoirs of biodiversity on the planet.

The geology of the PMNM is equally as fascinating. The Monument’s seafloor is covered with volcanic platforms that provide a detailed record of the formation of the Hawaiian Archipelago and tracks the movement pattern of the Pacific Plate over the last 30 million years. Many of the 52 volcanoes in the Hawaiian Archipelago, which includes the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) and the NWHI, are terraced with drowned fossil reefs that have recorded sea level change and the subsidence history of the region. However, many aspects of the archipelago’s geological history in the NWHI remain poorly documented. For instance, even the most widely accepted conclusion that the volcanoes increase in age to the northwest is not without controversy, as

several submarine features inside the PMNM have been dated back 60-90 million years to the Cretaceous period.

These are just a few of the many unique biological and geological features of the Monument. However, most of these have only been studied in the PMNM’s shallow waters. More than 98% of the PMNM’s seafloor lies below 100 m, the vast majority of which is completely unexplored. Early efforts by the R/V Albatross in 1902 included limited collections of deep-sea specimens in the NWHI using dredges and trawls. More recently, manned submersibles and ROVs operated by the Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) conducted a number of surveys of the deepwater geology and biology in the Monument. However, most of these have been much shallower than 1,500 m, and consequently, the Monument’s deepwater resources are very poorly known.

Recognizing this large exploration gap, NOAA launched an expedition in 2015 (EX-15-04-L2) to survey the deep-sea biology and geology of the region. During that expedition, ROV surveys discovered numerous high-density communities of corals and sponges at depths between 1,500-2,200 m. These communities were all located within the manganese crust depth zone (1,000-2,500 m), where cobalt-rich ferromanganese (FeMn) crusts represent a vast mineral resource that will likely be targeted in the future by the deep-sea mining industry. The Hawaiian Archipelago lies along the eastern boundary of the Prime Crust Zone (PCZ), which harbors what are believed to be the richest and most commercially valuable crusts on Earth.

While the dense coral and sponge communities located inside the Monument are protected against future anthropogenic impacts, we need to acquire a greater understanding of these biological communities. Obtaining such baseline data and information will allow managers to develop management strategies to better maintain these deepwater resources. Specifically, we need to gain a better understanding of where these high-density communities are located, how they form, at what depths they are found, and what are their species compositions. Discovery of more of these communities serves two purposes: (1) it provides invaluable data on the deepwater resources within the PMNM, and (2) it provides a proxy for those communities that lie outside the Monument. The purpose of the 2016 Hohonu Moana expedition to the PMNM aboard the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer was to follow up on the previous expedition, Leg 2 of 2015 Hohonu Moana (EX-15-04-L2), in order to gain a better understanding of the deepwater biology and geology found on FeMn crusts in the region.

2.3 Objectives

Okeanos Explorer cruises in general have a large number of objectives that can be categorized as being either programmatic or scientific in nature. Typically, programmatic objectives (i.e., operations, telepresence, data management, and education and outreach) are common to all expeditions, whereas scientific objectives are specific to a particular cruise or set of cruises. Below are brief descriptions of the programmatic and science objectives for EX-16-03.

2.3.1 Programmatic Objectives a) Mapping and ROV Operations Mapping objectives were to collect high-resolution acoustic data from all four types of sonars that were installed on the Okeanos Explorer at the time: EM 302 multibeam, EK60 echo sounder, 3.5 kHz subbottom profiler, and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Mapping data were acquired during transits, as well as on specific targets identified by the science team. Data from these systems were processed onboard as quickly as possible in order to generate daily mapping products that supported ROV operations. Data quality was expected to be high, as a result of proper instrument maintenance, careful planning of the surveys, and appropriate calibration of the instruments. For example, standard operating procedures for the multibeam sonar were to obtain sound velocity profiles at regular intervals no longer than 3-4 hours using expendable bathythermographs (XBTs).

ROV objectives were to obtain high-quality video and sensor data on exploration targets to achieve the science objectives. This most often involved surveying benthic habitats and features in priority areas (e.g., deep corals and related benthic ecosystems, canyons, and seamounts), as well as occasionally surveying in midwater, on ascent and descent, for water column organisms. Benthic surveys were not only used to characterize the habitats in each target area, but also to ground-truth the acoustic data with visual data (i.e., video). In 2015, the ROV was fitted with hydraulically-activated sample boxes that permitted ROV pilots to collect limited geological and biological specimens. b) Telepresence Telepresence objectives were to provide real-time, high-quality video and audio during ROV dives to as wide a shoreside audience as possible. This audience included the general public, students, and researchers—the latter of whom were either passively watching or actively participating in the dives via teleconference or instant messaging. Telepresence was used to help achieve the science objectives by extending the science team well beyond those actually onboard the ship.

c) Data Management Data management objectives were to collect, process, distribute, and archive cruise data as quickly and efficiently as possible. Effective data management provided a foundation of publicly accessible information products to spur further exploration, research, and management activities; it also stimulated interest in the deep-sea environment and the excitement of exploration. Each year, new methods and new equipment, such as video encoders, are tried and tested in an effort to improve data management activities. The EX-16-03 Data Management Plan is located in Appendix A of this report.

d) Education and Outreach Education and outreach objectives included the engagement of the general public in ocean exploration through live video and a variety of other web-based products, both during and after each cruise. Web content included topical essays, daily updates, web logs, highlight videos, still imagery, and mapping products—all of which were posted on the EX-16-03 expedition website (https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1603/welcome.html). Other education and outreach objectives included educational webinars, press interviews, and social media posts during the expedition.

2.3.2 Science Objectives The objectives of the expedition were to survey deepwater areas in and around the PMNM that had never been surveyed before, in order to provide baseline data and information to support the management and science needs of the Monument. Specifically, this expedition sought to: (1) survey FeMn-crusted habitats within and near the PCZ; (2) identify and characterize vulnerable deepwater marine habitats, particularly high- density communities of deep-sea corals and sponges living on FeMn crusts; (3) collect information on the geologic history of central Pacific seamounts, including differentiating seamounts that formed in Hawaiʻi from those that are Cretaceous in origin; (4) collect geological specimens near Mokumanamana Island, also known as Necker Island, to support the Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) project; and (5) provide a foundation of publicly accessible data and information products to spur further exploration, research, and management activities in the future; (6) collect high resolution mapping data from all sonars in priority areas as dictated by operational needs as well as science and management community needs.

3. Methodology

In order to accomplish its objectives, the expedition made use of NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer’s: (1) dual-body ROV system to conduct daytime seafloor surveys, as well as to collect a limited number of specimens to help further characterize the deepwater fauna and geology of the region; (2) mapping systems to conduct nighttime mapping operations, and when the ROV was on deck; and (3) high-bandwidth satellite connection for real-time ship-to-shore communications.

3.1 ROV surveys

The first dive of the expedition was conducted to support the ECS project, whereas all other ROV surveys targeted areas that were thought to contain high-density communities of deep-sea corals and sponges. The ECS project dive targeted the northeast side of Mokumanamana, also known as Necker Island, and its purpose was to obtain information on whether there is a connection between Mokumanamana Island and Necker Ridge, a narrow feature that extends for over 640 km and protrudes past the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the United States. For this purpose, the dive sought to collect geological samples in order to determine whether these have the same composition as samples that were previously collected near Mokumanamana Island. The location for the dive was chosen by the ECS project.

All other ROV dives targeted rift zone ridges and other types of abrupt topography (Fig. 1) due to their higher likelihood of hosting high-density communities of deep-water corals and sponges. Dive sites were chosen using high-resolution bathymetry data, as well as known locations of dense coral and sponge communities inside PMNM. With the exception of one site (Pioneer Bank Ridge), all chosen dive locations were completely unexplored. At Pioneer Bank Ridge, previous surveys conducted by both HURL in 2003 and the Okeanos Explorer in 2015 documented a high-density biological community extending for over 8 km at depths between 1800-2100 m. At the site, the ROV explored locations directly below the known community in order to determine its geographic extent and depth range. All other ROV dive sites were in areas that had not been previously explored. Pioneer Bank is also known in the literature as Pioneer Tablemount, in this report the geographic feature will be referred to as Pioneer Bank.

used the online animal guide of HURL (University of Hawai’i, 2019). Additionally, onboard and shore-based scientists provided geological interpretations of the observed substrate throughout each ROV survey. The NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer is equipped with NOAA’s custom-built, dual-body, 6,000-meter-rated ROV that is comprised of two interconnected vehicles: Deep Discoverer (D2) and Seirios. Seirios is directly cabled to the ship and is, therefore, subjected to the vertical movements of the ship from surface swell. D2 is laterally tethered to Seirios and is, therefore, largely isolated from surface conditions.

Figure 1. Examples of abrupt topographical features targeted during ROV surveys. Green circle shows ROV dive start positions on (left) Pioneer Bank Ridge (dive 3), and (right) an unnamed seamount east of “Bank 9” (dive 5).

D2 has five high-definition (HD) cameras, five standard-definition cameras, and 24 light- emitting diode (LED) lights that bring 144,000 lumens to the seafloor—resulting in some of the highest-quality deep-sea footage in the industry. Four custom-built lighting swing arms allow for the position and angle of the light to be adjusted for optimal imaging. D2 also has two manipulator arms, a Schillings Orion arm and a Kraft Predator arm. The Kraft arm is more dexterous and is outfitted with custom-built jaws that allow for delicate work like sample collection, detaching small sample fragments, and equipment deployment or recovery. The Orion arm is used as a backup; this arm is also outfitted with a color calibration card. At the beginning of each dive, the HD video cameras on D2 are color-corrected and white-balanced with the use of this card.

Seirios has one HD camera, five standard-definition cameras, and 18 LED lights that add 108,000 lumens to D2’s lighting. The vehicles work in tandem, with D2 surveying the seafloor, and Seirios providing additional lighting and situational awareness, as well as dampening the movement of the ship. Both vehicles have a Sea Bird 9/11+ CTD with dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors. Additional information about the general process of site selection, collaborative dive planning, scientific equipment on the ROVs, and the approach to benthic exploration can be found in Kennedy et al. (2019).

3.2 Sample collections

A limited number of geological and biological samples were collected on the seafloor using the manipulator arms and biological and geological collection boxes on D2. For each collected specimen, the date, time, latitude, longitude, depth, salinity, temperature, and DO content were recorded at the time of collection. Once specimens were brought back onto the deck of the ship, they were examined for commensal organisms, labeled, photographed, and inventoried into a database containing all relevant metadata. Any commensal organisms found were separated from the sample and processed separately.

Geological samples were weighed, air dried, and placed into rock bags. These samples will be shipped to Oregon State University (OSU) after the 2016 expeditions are completed, where they will be analyzed in the laboratory for their chemical composition and geological age. Biological samples were processed for DNA extractions using a kit provided by the Ocean Genome Legacy (OGL). For this purpose, a small subsample, consisting of not more than 1 cm2 of tissue, was removed the original sample and processed using the OGL DNA extraction kit. For most collected specimens, the remainder of the biological sample was preserved in 95% ethanol.

Additionally, one subsample was taken from a biological specimen from Dive 6 of the expedition (D2_DIVE06_SPEC02BIO) and preserved in 10% buffered formalin for future histological examinations. This subsample was transferred to 70% ethanol after three days. At the conclusion of the 2016 expeditions, all DNA samples will be sent to OGL for DNA sequencing, archival, and storage, whereas the biological specimens preserved in ethanol and formalin will be sent to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History (USNM) for taxonomic identification, archival, and permanent storage in their invertebrate collections.

3.3 Seafloor Mapping

Seafloor mapping was carried out during all transits between ROV dive sites. Additionally, targeted mapping operations were conducted during days when weather did not allow for ROV dive operations. Targeted mapping operations were conducted in the vicinity of: (1) Lisianski Island, (2) Salmon Bank, (3) Castellano Seamount, and (4) an unnamed seamount southwest of Castellano. Mapping operations consisted of collecting bathymetry and backscatter data with the ship’s EM 302 sonar system, water column data with the EK60 split-beam, sounding beneath the ocean floor with the Knudsen subbottom profiler, and current speed and direction

with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). All mapping data collected during the expedition was submitted to NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) at the end of the 2016 expeditions for archive. A comprehensive list of all hardware and software components, configuration, calibrations and system evaluations in use during the 2016 field season can be found in the 2016 Mapping Systems Readiness Report (Lobecker et al., 2016).

3.3.1 Multibeam Sonar (Kongsberg EM 302) Multibeam seafloor mapping data were collected using the Kongsberg EM 302 sonar, which operates at a frequency of 30 kHz. Multibeam mapping operations were conducted during all overnight transits between ROV dive sites, which were designed to maximize coverage over seafloor areas with no previous high-resolution mapping data whenever feasible. Overnight surveys were also completed in some areas that were previously mapped with a lower resolution multibeam sonar system. Additionally, multibeam mapping operations were conducted directly over planned ROV dive locations in order to collect seafloor mapping data to help refine dive plans. Multibeam mapping operations collected data on seafloor depth (i.e., bathymetry), seafloor acoustic reflectivity (i.e., seafloor backscatter), and water column reflectivity (i.e., water column backscatter).

3.3.2 Subbottom Profiler (Knudsen Chirp 3260) The primary purpose of the Knudsen Chirp 3260 (3.5 kHz) sonar is to image sediment layers underneath the seafloor to a maximum depth of about 80 meters below the seafloor. The subbottom profiler was operated simultaneously with the multibeam sonar during mapping operations in order to provide supplemental information about the sedimentary features underlying the seafloor.

3.3.3 Split-beam Sonars (Kongsberg EK60) The NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer is equipped with five Kongsberg EK60 split-beam sonar transducers operated at frequencies of 18, 38, 70, 120 and 200 kHz. These sonars were used continuously (aside from the 38 kHz, which interferes with the multibeam during mapping operations) throughout the cruise during both overnight mapping operations and daytime ROV operations. The sonars provided calibrated target strength measurements on water column features such as dense biological layers or schools of fish. These sonars can also help detect the presence of gaseous seeps emanating from the seafloor.

3.3.4 ADCPs (Teledyne ADCPs) The NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer is equipped with two ADCPs: a Teledyne Workhorse Mariner (300 kHz) and a Teledyne Ocean Surveyor (38 kHz). This ADCP had a reliable range of approximately 60 meters throughout the expedition and provided information on the speed

and direction of currents underneath the ship. It was used throughout ROV dives to support safe deployment and recovery of the vehicles.

3.3.5 XBTs XBTs were deployed to obtain sound velocity profiles to help calibrate the multibeam system and ensure accurate bathymetric mapping. The XBT type is the Deep Blue probe produced by Lockheed Martin Sippican. XBTs were collected every three to six hours at an interval defined by prevailing oceanographic conditions to correct multibeam data for changes in sound speed in the water column, and were applied in real-time using Seafloor Information Software (SIS). Sound speed at the sonar head was determined using a Reson SVP-70 sound velocity probe, and salinity measurements near the transducers were taken using the ship’s flow-through thermosalinograph (TSG).

3.4 Operations

During all CAPSTONE expeditions, Okeanos Explorer operations were conducted continuously around-the-clock and involved either 24-hour-per-day sonar mapping (i.e., mapping-only cruises) or both sonar mapping and ROV dives. Operations were conducted in the Hawaii- Aleutian time zone (GMT-10). For dive planning purposes, existing gridded bathymetry data were viewed in collaboration with the onshore science team as the ROV was being recovered each day. Dive tracks for the next day were then planned, plotted in 3D, and shared with the onboard and shoreside teams prior to the next dive. Tables of the at-sea mission personnel and the shore-based science team are located in Appendix B of this report.

3.4.1 Onboard Operations On this ROV and mapping cruise, mapping operations were initiated as soon as the ship left port and continued each day as soon as the ROVs were secure on deck around 1700 (GMT -10). Mapping continued throughout the night until the ship arrived on the next dive site, generally around 0600 (GMT -10). Transit surveys were conducted to fill as many data gaps as possible while still ensuring the ship arrived at the dive site on time. Site surveys were conducted at a number of locations when permitted by a shorter transit between dive sites. The mapping and science leads worked together to develop the ROV trackline plans for these sites, since these surveys in particular were carried out in support of science objectives.

During combined mapping and ROV expeditions, HD video data are recorded and archived in several different formats and resolutions. The dives were recorded in their entirety at 720p. In addition to the full dive recording, a subset of the video collected was preserved in ProRes 4.2.2. 1080i, 145 Mbps. These ProRes highlight clips were selected by the onboard videographers to capture the seafloor habitats and features imaged any time the ROV slowed, 14

stopped, or zoomed in to take a closer look at a feature of interest; features and habitats of interest to the participating science team; and other “best of” imagery. The video clips were time coded to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) time to coordinate with all data products collected on the ship. In addition to the video itself, at least one frame grab was taken from each ProRes clip that was representative of that video segment for the purpose of discoverability. ProRes clips were then compressed for archiving.

All four sonars were operated simultaneously during mapping operations, with the acquisition of multibeam data generally being the priority for ROV trackline planning. Sound velocity profiles were obtained with XBTs every few hours as standard protocol to ensure the quality of the multibeam data.

ROV operations were conducted during daylight hours, generally starting with the ship arriving on site at 0600, the ROV entering the water around 0830, and the ROV exiting the water around 1630. This schedule generally yielded approximately eight hours of video per dive. CTD data were collected during each dive via the CTD sensors onboard both the Seirios sled and D2. Both geological and biological samples were collected during the seafloor portion of each dive using D2's manipulator arms. These samples were placed into the sample boxes and retrieved by the onboard science team after the ROV had been secured on deck. Samples were processed immediately in the ship's lab, the protocol for which was described in Section 3.2.

3.4.2 Shoreside Operations The current operating model for Okeanos Explorer cruises are based on telepresence-enabled participation whereby the small onboard science team is augmented by a much larger shoreside science team located around the world. When this model was first implemented from 2010 to 2012, all of the shore-based scientists were co-located at only a few ECCs around the U.S., where they actively helped in the planning and execution of dives. This first effort was called the core participation model because it only accommodated a limited core group of shoreside participants. Subsequently, this model was replaced by a distributed participation model when the ship's video and audio communication became accessible from any location with an Internet connection (Elliott et al., 2014). This enabled many geographically dispersed scientists to actively participate in the dives from their home institutions or even their own homes. In this paradigm, digital communications such as email and instant messaging replaced the person-to-person discussions and idea exchanges that naturally occur when a group is stationed together. The benefit of this distributed model was that the size of the science team was much larger.

For this expedition, a hybrid of the core and distributed models occurred. Shoreside participation involved small core teams stationed across the country in ECCs in addition to a larger geographically distributed team. This hybrid participation model still benefited from the information exchange and collaboration networks that developed during the use of the distributed model. However, it also benefited from the advantages of having ECCs that included higher Internet2 speeds, the means to simultaneously display all of the video feeds being sent off the ship, and direct interaction between the scientists participating at ECCs. This model is particularly effective for EX’s exploration.

3.5 Education and Outreach Activities

A number of education and outreach and education activities were conducted both before and during the expedition. Activities preceding the expedition included education webinars and live media interviews. Activities conducted during the expedition included live interactions with school groups and others, social media activity, a live conversation with the captain of the Polynesian Voyaging Society’s double-hulled voyaging canoe, Hōkūleʻa, and a media interview.

4. Expedition Schedule

The expedition was originally planned for a total of 25 days at sea, from February 23 to March 18, 2016, starting from Pearl Harbor and ending in Kwajalein. However, mechanical problems delayed the departure from Pearl Harbor by two days; therefore, the expedition included a total of 23 days at sea between February 25 and March 18, 2016 (Table 1). The original schedule included 18 ROV dives; however, the delayed departure from Pearl Harbor, as well as bad weather throughout the expedition, resulted in multiple ROV dives having to be cancelled. A total of eight ROV dives were conducted throughout the expedition (Table 1).

Table 1. Schedule of the EX-16-03 expedition to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Note that the expedition crossed the international dateline on 3/11/2016. Date Location Operations 2/25/2016 Pearl Harbor Departed Pearl Harbor 2/26/2016 Transit Mapping in transit 2/27/2016 Mokumanamana ROV Dive 1 2/28/2016 French Frigate Shoals (FFS) ROV Dive 2 2/29/2016 Transit Mapping in transit 3/1/2016 Pioneer Bank Ridge ROV Dive 3 3/2/2016 “Bank 9” Mapping 3/3/2016 Pioneer Bank Mapping 3/4/2016 North Pioneer Bank ROV Dive 4 3/5/2016 Unnamed Seamount E of “Bank 9” ROV Dive 5

Date Location Operations 3/6/2016 Transit Mapping in transit 3/7/2016 Seamounts W of Salmon Bank Mapping 3/8/2016 Seamounts W of Salmon Bank Mapping 3/9/2016 Unnamed Seamount W of Salmon Bank ROV Dive 6 3/10/2016 Castellano Seamount ROV Dive 7 3/11/2016 Unnamed Seamount SW of Castellano ROV Dive 8 3/13/2016 Transit across dateline Mapping in transit 3/14/2016 Transit Mapping in transit 3/15/2016 Transit Mapping in transit 3/16/2016 Transit Mapping in transit 3/17/2016 Transit Mapping in transit 3/18/2016 Kwajalein Arrived at Kwajalein

5. Expedition Map

The expedition started in Pearl Harbor, Hawaiʻi and ended in Kwajalein, Marshall Islands (Fig. 2). After departing from Pearl Harbor, the Okeanos Explorer transited northwest towards the PMNM. ROV and mapping operations were conducted in and around the PMNM, starting around Nihoa Island, and extended to the areas west of Salmon Bank, just outside the PMNM boundary (Fig. 2). After completing ROV dive operations on March 11, the Okeanos Explorer transited to Kwajalein and conducted mapping operations throughout the transit.

Figure 2. Map showing the locations of the ROV dives (white circles) and mapping operations (red lines) conducted during EX-16-03, as well as the expedition’s starting and ending ports. 17

6. Results

6.1 ROV Seafloor Surveys

Depth ranges explored during ROV surveys ranged between 648 m and 4,292 m; bottom times ranged between 2:18 and 8:52 hours. Linear distances covered during ROV surveys ranged between 190 m and 1,470 m. During the eight dives, the ROV spent a total of 40:55 h on the bottom and covered a total linear distance of 4.85 km, yielding an average of 119 m surveyed per hour of bottom time (Table 2).

Table 2. Summary information for the eight ROV dives conducted during EX-16-03.

High- Com- ROV Start End Bottom Distance density Geo. Biol. mensal Dive Start Start depth Depth Time covered biological samples samples samples No. Date Location Latitude Longitude (m) (m) (h) (m) community collected collected Collected Ridge NE of Necker 1 2/27/2016 Island 23.57326 -164.02763 4292 4228 2:18 365 No 2 0 0 2 2/28/2016 Canyon N of FFS 23.94473 -166.03708 1405 1088 5:18 555 No 1 2 1 S Pioneer Bank 3 3/2/2016 Ridge 25.42439 -173.54362 2357 2345 4:57 670 Yes 2 2 1 Pinnacle N of 4 3/4/2016 Pioneer Bank 26.15336 -173.36317 1513 1156 5:12 330 Yes 2 2 2 Seamount E of 5 3/5/2016 “Bank 9” 26.64254 -175.39842 1757 1587 5:19 625 Yes 2 2 0 Seamount W of 6 3/9/2016 Salmon Bank 26.99260 -176.84571 1293 648 8:52 1470 Yes 1 2 0 7 3/10/2016 Castellano Seamount 26.43077 -177.80110 2019 1839 5:40 645 Yes 2 1 3 Seamount SW of 8 3/11/2016 Castellano Seamount 25.35972 -178.43078 3987 3922 3:19 190 Yes 2 2 0

40:55 4,850 6 14 13 7

Two geological specimens were collected during the ECS dive around Mokumanamana (or Necker) Island (Dive 1), thereby achieving the main objective of that dive. On the remaining seven dives, high-density communities of deep-sea corals and sponges were recorded at six sites (Table 2; Fig. 3). Besides the ECS dive, the only other surveyed site that did not contain a high-density coral and sponge community, was on a submarine canyon north of the French Frigate Shoals (FFS).

Figure 3. High-density communities of deep-sea corals and sponges encountered at (left) 1,160 m on the top of a pinnacle north of Pioneer Bank, and (right) on a ridge of Castellano Seamount at 2,020 m.

The first dive of the expedition was conducted to support the ECS project, whereas all other ROV surveys targeted areas that were thought to contain high-density communities of deep-sea corals and sponges. The ECS project dive, Dive 1, targeted the northeast side of Mokumanamana, also known as Necker Island, and its purpose was to obtain information on whether there is a connection between Mokumanamana Island and Necker Ridge, a narrow feature that extends for over 640 km and protrudes past the U.S. EEZ. For this purpose, the dive sought to collect geological samples in order to determine whether these have the same composition as samples that were previously collected near Mokumanamana Island. The location for the dive was chosen by the ECS project.

All other ROV dives targeted rift zone ridges and other types of abrupt topography (Fig. 4) due to their higher likelihood of hosting high-density communities of deep-water corals and sponges. Dive sites were chosen using high-resolution bathymetric data, as well as known locations of dense coral and sponge communities inside the PMNM. With the exception of one site (Pioneer Bank Ridge), all chosen dive locations were completely unexplored. At Pioneer Bank Ridge, previous surveys—conducted by both HURL in 2003 and the Okeanos Explorer in 2015—documented a high-density biological community extending for over eight kilometers at depths between 1800-2100 m. At the site, the ROV explored locations directly below the known community in order to determine its geographic extent and depth range. All other ROV dive sites were in areas that had not been previously explored.

Figure 4. Examples of abrupt topographical features targeted during ROV surveys. Green circle shows ROV dive start positions on (left) Pioneer Bank Ridge (Dive 3), and (right) an unnamed seamount east of “Bank 9” (Dive 5).

During each dive survey, the ROV descended onto the seafloor and then slowly moved up the slope documenting the geology and biology of the area. Onboard and shore-based scientists identified each encountered organism to the lowest possible taxon. For this purpose, scientists used the HURL online animal guide (University of Hawai’i, 2019), as well as a test version of an animal identification guide that is currently being developed by OER. Additionally, onboard and

shore-based scientists provided geological interpretations of the observed substrate throughout each ROV survey. Depth ranges explored during ROV surveys ranged between 648 m and 4,292 m, and bottom times ranged between 2:18 h and 8:52 h. Linear distances covered during ROV surveys ranged between 190 m and 1,470 m. During the eight dives the ROV spend a total of 40:55 h on the bottom and covered a total linear distance of 4.85 km, yielding an average of 119 m surveyed per hour of bottom time (Table 3).

Table 3. Summary information for the eight ROV dives conducted during EX-16-03. Dist- High- ROV Start End Bottom ance density Comm- Dive Start Start depth Depth Time covered biological Geo. Biol. ensal No. Date Location Latitude Longitude (m) (m) (h) (m) community samples samples samples 2/27/201 1 6 Ridge NE of Necker 23.57326 -164.02763 4292 4228 2:18 365 No 2 0 0 2/28/201 2 6 Canyon N of FFS 23.94473 -166.03708 1405 1088 5:18 555 No 1 2 1 3 3/2/2016 S Pioneer Bank Ridge 25.42439 -173.54362 2357 2345 4:57 670 Yes 2 2 1 4 3/4/2016 Pinnacle N of Pioneer Bank 26.15336 -173.36317 1513 1156 5:12 330 Yes 2 2 2 5 3/5/2016 Seamount E of “Bank 9” 26.64254 -175.39842 1757 1587 5:19 625 Yes 2 2 0 6 3/9/2016 Seamount W of Salmon 26.99260 -176.84571 1293 648 8:52 1470 Yes 1 2 0 3/10/201 7 6 Castellano Seamount 26.43077 -177.80110 2019 1839 5:40 645 Yes 2 1 3 3/11/201 8 6 Seamount SW of Castellano 25.35972 -178.43078 3987 3922 3:19 190 Yes 2 2 0

40:55 4,850 6 14 13 7

Two geological specimens were collected during the ECS dive around Mokumanamana Island (Dive 1), thereby achieving the main objective of that dive. On the remaining seven dives, high- density communities of deep-sea corals and sponges were recorded at six sites (Table 3; Fig. 4A). Besides the ECS dive, the only other surveyed site that did not contain a high-density coral and sponge community, was on a submarine canyon north of French Frigate Shoals (FFS).

The six high-density communities that were surveyed were all found on ridges (Dives 3, 5-8) or a pinnacle (Dive 4). Among the high-density communities that were surveyed, five were previously unknown, and one represents a substantial expansion of the previously known community at Pioneer Bank Ridge. Prior to the dive, the high-density community at Pioneer Bank Ridge was known to cover an area of close to 8 km at depths between 1,800-2,100 m. The dive on Pioneer Bank Ridge (Dive 3) extended the known extent of the community by an additional eight kilometers to the south, as well as ~150 m deeper.

Additionally, a moderate- to high-density community was discovered throughout the oxygen minimum layer (800-1000 m) on an unnamed seamount west of Salmon Bank (Dive 6). This observation challenges previous assumptions that high-density communities do not form in environments with low oxygen concentrations (<1mg/l). Finally, a moderate- to high-density community was discovered at depths approaching 4,000 m on an unnamed seamount southwest of Castellano Seamount (Dive 8). This represents by far the deepest high-density

community ever documented in the region, as it is nearly twice as deep as the deepest high- density communities that were previously known from Hawaiʻi (2,200 m).

Figure 4A. High-density communities of deep-sea corals and sponges encountered at (left) 1,160 m on the top of a pinnacle north of Pioneer Bank, and (right) on a ridge of Castellano Seamount at 2,020 m.

A total of 249 different types of animals were identified from video ROV surveys and included cnidarians, sponges, echinoderms, arthropods, mollusks, tunicates, bryozoans, ctenophores, and fishes. Of these, the majority represents undescribed species that were, therefore, only identified to genus or higher taxonomic groups. This observation highlights the need for further work in the region. A noteworthy animal imaged during the expedition included an incirrate octopus recorded on Dive 1, which represents a new species and possibly a new genus, and is also the deepest record for this suborder of octopuses. It is important to point out that all field identifications made from video surveys should be considered provisional until they are confirmed by a taxonomic authority. Dive summaries for each dive can be found in Appendix B, and animals observed on this expedition can be found in Appendix C of this report.

6.2 Sample Collections

A total of 34 specimens were collected during the expedition, including 14 geological samples, 13 biological specimens, and seven commensal organisms. The geological specimens all consisted of basalt rocks with manganese encrustations of varying thicknesses (Fig. 5 A & B). The weight of individual geological specimens ranged between 1.6-19.6 kg, and the 14 samples weighed a total of 133.4 kg (Table 4). Geological specimen collections targeted samples that were volcanic in origin and angular in shape, due to their higher likelihood of providing information on the geological age and chemical composition of the feature from where they were collected.

Table 4. Inventory of geological samples collected during EX-16-03. Preser- Weight Date Time Depth Temp. Oxygen Specimen ID Description vation (kg) (UTC) (UTC) Latitude Longitude (m) Salinity (°C) (mg/l) D2_DIVE01_SPEC Mn-encrusted 01GEO volcanic Dry 8.7 20160227 23:30:15 23.57450 -164.03011 4245 34.69 1.47 4.55 Mn-encrusted D2_DIVE01_SPEC volcanic, 02GEO subangular Dry 13.6 20160228 0:13:45 23.57462 -164.03062 4223 34.69 1.47 4.55 D2_DIVE02_SPEC Mn-encrusted 01GEO volcanic Dry 2.4 20160228 22:12:38 23.94569 -166.04026 1235 34.54 3.15 1.92 D2_DIVE03_SPEC Mn-encrusted 01GEO volcanic Dry 9.2 20160302 21:54:20 25.42638 -173.54341 2320 34.65 1.67 3.56 D2_DIVE03_SPEC Mn-encrusted 02GEO volcanic Dry 9.9 20160302 23:15:55 25.42759 -173.54317 2311 34.65 1.69 3.60 D2_DIVE04_SPEC Mn-encrusted 02GEO volcanic Dry 6.1 20160305 0:27:54 26.15435 -173.36487 1220 34.46 3.20 1.36 D2_DIVE04_SPEC Mn-encrusted 04GEO volcanic Dry 11.7 20160305 1:52:49 26.15457 -173.36466 1155 34.47 3.12 1.44 D2_DIVE05_SPEC Mn-encrusted 01GEO volcanic Dry 15.5 20160305 19:36:13 26.64255 -175.39847 1757 34.59 2.30 2.48 D2_DIVE05_SPEC Mn-encrusted 03GEO volcanic Dry 1.6 20160305 23:09:41 26.64536 -175.39638 1635 34.59 2.41 2.42 D2_DIVE06_SPEC Mn-encrusted 01GEO volcanic Dry 6.2 20160309 19:39:13 26.99258 -176.84570 1292 34.48 2.93 1.54 D2_DIVE07_SPEC Mn-encrusted 01GEO volcanic Dry 16.6 20160310 20:05:48 26.43078 -177.80114 2018 34.62 1.94 2.93 D2_DIVE07_SPEC Mn-encrusted 03GEO volcanic Dry 8.9 20160311 0:14:24 26.43183 -177.80412 1912 34.61 2.04 2.74 D2_DIVE08_SPEC Mn-encrusted 01GEO volcanic Dry 19.6 20160311 21:27:14 25.35999 -178.43043 3982 34.70 1.43 4.71 Mn-encrusted D2_DIVE08_SPEC pillow lava 03GEO fragment Dry 3.4 20160311 23:22:17 25.35992 -178.42944 3920 34.69 1.43 4.57

Figure 5A. Laboratory photographs of the 14 geological specimens collected during EX-16-03.

Figure 5B. Laboratory photographs of the 14 geological specimens collected during EX-16-03.

The 20 biological specimens included 13 specimens that were purposely collected, as well as seven specimens that were incidentally collected as commensal organisms on other samples. Biological specimens collected included 11 corals, three sponges, one pair of brittle stars, one hydroid, one crinoid, one urchin, one zoanthid and one polychaete (Table 5; Fig. 6 A-D).

Biological specimen collections targeted samples that represented potential new species, or were not previously known to occur in the region.

Table 5. Inventory of biological samples collected during EX-16-03. Preser- DNA sub- Date Time Depth Temp. Oxygen Specimen ID Description Group Latitude Longitude Salinity vation sample (UTC) (UTC) (m) (°C) (mg/l) D2_DIVE02_SPEC 95% 02BIO Hyalonema sp. Sponge ethanol Yes 20160228 22:34:36 23.94570 -166.04043 1226 34.53 3.17 1.92 D2_DIVE02_SPEC Zoanthid on 95% 02BIO_C01 sponge Zoanthid ethanol Yes 20160228 22:34:36 23.94570 -166.04043 1226 34.53 3.17 1.92 D2_DIVE02_SPEC 95% 03BIO Gorgonian Coral ethanol Yes 20160228 22:56:38 23.94571 -166.04045 1221 34.52 3.29 1.80 D2_DIVE03_SPEC Hydroidolina on 95% 01GEO_C01 rock Hydroid ethanol Yes 20160302 21:54:20 25.42638 -173.54341 2320 34.65 1.67 3.56 D2_DIVE03_SPEC 95% 03BIO Chrysogorgia sp. Coral ethanol Yes 20160302 23:55:04 25.42823 -173.54297 2328 34.65 1.68 3.52 D2_DIVE03_SPEC Pleurocorallium 95% 04BIO sp. Coral ethanol Yes 20160303 0:03:07 25.42829 -173.54300 2327 34.65 1.69 3.55 D2_DIVE04_SPEC 95% 01BIO Hexactinellida Sponge ethanol Yes 20160304 21:24:28 26.15337 -173.36330 1502 34.56 2.40 2.20 D2_DIVE04_SPEC Comatulida on 95% 01BIO_C01 sponge Crinoid ethanol No 20160304 21:24:28 26.15337 -173.36330 1502 34.56 2.40 2.20 D2_DIVE04_SPEC Polychaete on 95% 01BIO_C02 sponge Polychaete ethanol No 20160304 21:24:28 26.15337 -173.36330 1502 34.56 2.40 2.20 D2_DIVE04_SPEC 95% 03BIO Iridogorgia sp. Coral ethanol Yes 20160305 1:44:15 26.15447 -173.36460 1155 34.45 3.21 1.32 D2_DIVE05_SPEC 95% 02BIO Stichopathes sp. Coral ethanol Yes 20160305 20:58:49 26.64383 -175.39786 1701 34.59 2.31 2.49 D2_DIVE05_SPEC 95% 04BIO Bathypathes sp. Coral ethanol Yes 20160306 1:09:37 26.64669 -175.39516 1604 34.59 2.37 2.45 D2_DIVE06_SPEC 95% 02BIO Isididae Coral ethanol Yes 20160310 1:21:53 26.99798 -176.84322 842 34.20 4.49 1.56 D2_DIVE06_SPEC Isididae 10% 02BIO_S01 (subsample) Coral formalin No 20160310 1:21:53 26.99798 -176.84322 842 34.20 4.49 1.56 D2_DIVE06_SPEC 95% 03BIO Echinothuriidae Urchin ethanol No 20160310 3:21:40 27.00154 -176.84043 685 34.11 5.00 2.37 D2_DIVE07_SPEC Paracalyptrophor 95% 02BIO a sp. Coral ethanol Yes 20160310 22:26:43 26.43096 -177.80216 1985 34.59 2.08 2.75 D2_DIVE07_SPEC Ophiocanthidae 95% 02BIO_C01 (N=2) on coral Brittle star ethanol No 20160310 22:26:43 26.43096 -177.80216 1985 34.59 2.08 2.75 D2_DIVE07_SPEC Anthomastus sp. 95% 03GEO_C01 on rock Coral ethanol Yes 20160311 0:14:24 26.43183 -177.80412 1912 34.61 2.04 2.74 D2_DIVE07_SPEC Hexactinellida on 95% 03GEO_C02 rock Sponge ethanol No 20160311 0:14:24 26.43183 -177.80412 1912 34.61 2.04 2.74 D2_DIVE08_SPEC 95% 02BIO Chrysogorgia sp. Coral ethanol Yes 20160311 22:18:08 25.35990 -178.43022 3957 34.68 1.47 4.66 D2_DIVE08_SPEC Branched 95% 04BIO Isididae Coral ethanol Yes 20160311 23:44:14 25.36000 -178.42912 3915 34.68 1.46 4.53

Figure 6A. Laboratory (left) and in situ (right) photographs of the 13 biological and seven commensal specimens collected during EX-16-03.

Figure 6B. Laboratory (left) and in situ (right) photographs of the 13 biological and seven commensal specimens collected during EX-16-03.

Figure 6C. Laboratory (left) and in situ (right) photographs of the 13 biological and seven commensal specimens collected during EX-16-03.

Figure 6D. Laboratory (left) and in situ (right) photographs of the 13 biological and seven commensal specimens collected during EX-16-03.

6.3 Seafloor Mapping

The total area mapped by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer’s EM 302 sonar during the expedition was more than 31,000 km2, over 10,000 km2 of which occurred within the waters of the PMNM.

This included mapping data acquired both in transits between sites, as well as targeted multibeam surveys in the vicinity of: (1) Lisianski Island, (2) Salmon Bank, (3) Castellano Seamount, and (4) an unnamed seamount southwest of Castellano Seamount (Fig.2). Through these targeted mapping operations, a total of five seamounts were mapped in their entirety, including one seamount inside the PMNM and four outside the Monument (Fig. 7). These newly mapped seamounts include (1) an unnamed seamount inside the PMNM west of Pioneer Bank Ridge (Fig. 7b), (2) two unnamed seamounts west of Salmon Bank (Fig. 7c & 7d), (3) Castellano Seamount (Fig. 7e), and (4) an unnamed seamount southwest of Castellano Seamount (Fig. 7f). Among these newly mapped seamounts, only Castellano Seamount had previously been partially mapped using multibeam sonars.

Figure 7. Map showing the locations of the five seamounts that were mapped for the first time during EX-16-03, and images of the bathymetry of those seamounts. The five seamounts are, (b) an unnamed seamount inside the PMNM west of Pioneer Bank Ridge, (c & d) two unnamed seamounts west of Salmon Bank, (e) Castellano Seamount, and (f) an unnamed seamount southwest of Castellano Seamount.

6.4 Education and Outreach

The expedition was the focus of over 600 media stories and NOAA received a total of 22 media inquiries during the course of the expedition. Live feeds of the expedition were continuously streamed throughout the expedition at the Maui Ocean Center, the Waikiki Aquarium, and the Mokupāpapa Discovery Center. Additionally, the live video feeds of the expedition were streamed over the Internet and garnered over 125,000 views through the end of dive operations on March 11. In addition to serving as a working space for scientists, the Exploration Command Centers (ECCs) at both the Inouye Regional Center (IRC) and the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (UH) received regular visits from school groups and other visitors. The ECC at the IRC received approximately 20-30 visitors a day, with over 50 visitors on peak days.

The science leads were interviewed live for Hawaiʻi Public Radio’s (HPR’s) talk shows Bytemarks Café (February 17) and The Conversation (February 19) prior to the expedition, as well as attended a phone interview by an HPR reporter on March 14. Over 20 educators, including participants from the U.S., American Samoa, and Germany, attended the ONMS education webinar conducted on February 17, prior to the expedition on February 17 was attended by over 20 educators, including participants from the United States, American Samoa and Germany. The OER education webinar conducted on February 18 was attended by over 50 educators, including participants from the United States, Guam, Portugal and Brazil.

On March 3, the expedition team participated in a Reddit AMA session (https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/48rry9/science_ama_series_we_are_engineers _and), and answered close to 70 questions. Over 3,200 individual viewers visited the AMA session. On March 10, the expedition team participated in a phone conversation with expedition leaders of the Polynesia Voyaging Society’s double-hulled voyaging canoe Hōkūle’a, which was sailing around the world using traditional wayfinding. The conversation compared the objectives and technologies of both missions and was streamed live over the Internet.

7. Data Deposition and Archival

All links to the data repositories were checked to ensure functionality at the publishing of this report (4/15/2020), if you are having trouble connecting to any document or service, email [email protected].

The EX-16-03 Data Management Plan can be found in Appendix A of this report. Additionally, it can be found in Appendix B of the EX-16-03 Project Instructions, available at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10632

7.1 OER Data Discoverability Tools

All data collected by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer are archived and publically available within 90 days of the end of each cruise via the National Center for Environmental Intelligence (NCEI) online archives. Data can be accessed via the following websites: ● OER Digital Atlas at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/oer-digital-atlas/mapsOE.htm ● OER ROV Data Archives at https://service.ncddc.noaa.gov/rdn/oer-rov-cruises/ex1603

Products created during the cruise, including the ship track, shaded bathymetry, dive locations and tracks, specimen collection data and images, ships meteorological and oceanographic sensor data, and status reports can be viewed on the interactive OER Digital Atlas.

Additional data requests, including Daily Situation Reports, internal operation records, and data from previous archived expeditions can be sent to: [email protected]

7.2 Sonar Data

Sonar data collected onboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer undergoes quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) after every cruise and is then made publicly available through NCEI and the following websites: • EM 302 bathymetry data, supporting informational logs, and ancillary files are available with the NCEI (formerly NGDC) Interactive Bathymetry Data Viewer at: http://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/bathymetry/ • EM 302 water column data are available with the NCEI (formerly NGDC) Interactive Water Column Sonar Data Viewer at: http://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/water_column_sonar/ • NCEI map tool with tracklines showing all publicly available geophysical surveys: https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/geophysics/ • Subbottom data, supporting data, and informational logs are available in the NCEI Data Archives accessible at https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/

7.3 Physical Samples

Biological samples collected during NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer expeditions are archived in the collections of the USNM. Here, they are catalogued, curated, and made publicly available. 32

• Biological samples of invertebrate organisms are archived in the Invertebrate Zoology Collections found here: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/invertebrate-zoology • Information on how to request access to these samples can be found here: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/invertebrate-zoology/collections- access/specimen-loans • Biological samples of fishes are archived in the Division of Fishes of the Vertebrate Zoology Collections found here: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/vertebrate- zoology/fishes • Information on how to request access to these samples can be found here: https://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/vertebrate-zoology/fishes/collections- access/specimen-loans

Selected coral and sponge specimens were split; one aliquot was sent to the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum (BM) (https://www.bishopmuseum.org/collections-3/invertebrate-zoology/) and another sent to the USNM. If it had been determined that splitting would be too destructive to a particular specimen, it was provided to the USNM intact in order to provide public access to as many researchers as possible.

An additional small tissue sample for genetic analysis was taken of corals, sponges, and all other specimens when doing so would not effectively destroy the specimen. This tissue sample was preserved for later genomic DNA extraction at the OGL Center at Northeastern University (https://www.northeastern.edu/ogl/). Information on how to request access to these results and any remaining DNA samples can be found at: https://www.northeastern.edu/ogl/request- 2/.

All geological samples collected during NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer expeditions were sent to the Marine Geology Repository (MGR) at OSU (http://osu-mgr.org/noaa-ex/) where they were described from a petrology perspective (e.g. mineral content, texture, alteration, rock type), photographed, and made publicly accessible. The repository provides photographs (including microphotographs) and online metadata information about each geological specimen. Information on how to request access to these geological samples can be found here: http://osu-mgr.org/request-samples/.

7.4 Video Data

NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer video data are publicly available shortly after each expedition. Highlight videos and still images can be found on the OER website at https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1603/welcome.html. Additionally, expedition video data can be found using the OER Video Portal at https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/oer/video/.

7.5

The D2Environmental environmental dataand collected Tracking during Data each dive were provided to the OER archive as raw Seabird HEX files. The D2 tracking data were exported from Tracklink as text files. In order to make these data types more accessible to interested researchers, the science team processed all CTD and tracking data and merged them together in comma-separated values (CSV) files. These files were provided to both OER and NOAA’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program (DSCRTP) for distribution.

7.6 Eventlog

During ROV dives, participating researchers communicated between ship and shore using the Eventlog. The Eventlog is a persistent chat room where all comments, discussions, and requests are logged and provided a UTC timestamp that can later be correlated to the operations, location, and data feeds collected by the ship. The chat server facilitated the first-order annotation of cruise activities, serving as a digital version of scientists’ daily logs and enabling input from multiple users. Eventlog users were encouraged to use codes, which were three to five letter shorthand codes that were used to standardize and speed up the recording of observations in the Eventlog.

7.7 Survey of Opportunity Data

During the EX-16-03 expedition, data were collected for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) led, long-term Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) research effort. Mission personnel made observations (as time allowed) with a sun photometer instrument provided by the NASA MAN program. Resulting data were delivered to the NASA MAN primary investigator Alexander Smirnov by the expedition coordinator. All collected data were archived and made publically available at: http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/maritime_aerosol_network.html

The full survey of opportunity description is available in Appendix E of this report.

8. Conclusion

EX-16-03 provided a great depth of baseline data and information to support the management and science needs of the Monument. Noteworthy highlights include: • A total of eight ROV dives were conducted between Mokumanamana (or Necker) Island and an unnamed seamount southwest of Castellano Seamount, for a total of 40:55 h of bottom time and linear survey distance of 4.85 km. ROV surveys were performed at depths ranging between 648-4,292 m, including some of the deepest dives ever conducted in the Hawaiian Archipelago. • High-density biological communities were documented at six of the eight surveyed dive sites. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that high-density communities form over ridges and other steep topography. Additionally, high-density communities were found throughout the oxygen minimum layer (800-1000 m), as well as in waters approaching 4,000 m. The latter represents by far the deepest high-density community documented in the region, almost doubling the previous depth record. Collectively, these observations suggest that high-density communities are a lot more widespread than previously thought. • A total of 34 specimens were collected including 14 geological samples, 13 biological samples and seven commensal organisms. The 13 biological specimens were all collected because they represent either new species or new records for the region. Future laboratory analyses of the rock samples will provide important insights into the geologic history of the features they were collected from. • A total of 249 different types of organisms were identified from visual surveys, the majority of which represent undescribed species, thus highlighting the need for future taxonomic work in the region. • High-resolution bathymetry data was generated for over 31,000 km2 of ocean seafloor, including five seamounts in the NWHI that had not been previously mapped. • One ROV dive was conducted to support the ECS project, during which two geological samples were collected that will provide insights into whether there is a connection between Mokumanamana (or Necker) Island and Necker Ridge. • A total of 26 scientists and students participated on the expedition a regular basis, including participants from the U.S., Japan, Canada, Russia, and the Netherlands. • Live video feeds broadcast over the Internet garnered over 125,000 views throughout the expedition. Additionally, live feeds were continuously streamed throughout the expedition at the Maui Ocean Center, the Waikiki Aquarium, and the Mokupāpapa Discovery Center. • The expedition was the focus of over 600 media stories and NOAA received a total of 22 media inquiries throughout the expedition. • Prior to the expedition the science leads were interviewed live for HPR’s talk shows The Conversation and Bytemarks Café.

• Over 70 educators—including participants from the U.S., American Samoa, Guam, Germany, Portugal, and Brazil—attended the education webinars conducted prior to the expedition. • The expedition team participated in a Reddit AMA session and answered close to 70 questions. Over 3,200 individual viewers visited the AMA session.

9. Clearances and Permits

Expedition EX-16-03 was conducted under the Scientific Research Permit PMNM-2015-018 issued to OER and Kelley Elliott. The same permit was also used during the EX-15-04-L2 expedition to the PMNM in 2015. Permit PMNM-2015-025 was issued to CDR Mark Wetzler to conduct work in the PMNM. The permit was issued by the Co-Trustees of the PMNM Management Board and was effective for the period between July 1, 2015, and June 30, 2016. Additionally, a permit to conduct research in the Marshall Islands, Diplomatic Note No. 15-105, was issued. The permits for this expedition are located in Project Instructions for EX-16-03 (Kennedy, 2016).

In order to support or conduct Marine Scientific Research within the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ), work funded, authorized, and/or conducted by NOAA must be compliant with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The NOAA Administrative Order (NAO) 216-6A Companion Manual (https://www.nepa.noaa.gov/docs/NOAA-NAO-216-6A-Companion- Manual-03012018.pdf) describes NOAA’s specific obligations with regard to NEPA compliance. Among these is the need to review all NOAA-supported projects with respect to their environmental consequences. In compliance with NAO 216-6 and NEPA, a memorandum describing the project’s scientific sensors’ possible effects on the environment has been submitted for the project. As expected with ocean research with limited time or presence in the marine environment, the project has been determined to not have the potential to result in any lasting changes to the environment. As defined in Sections 5.05 and 6.03.c.3 (a) of NAO 216-6, this is a research project of limited size or magnitude or with only short-term effects on the environment and for which any cumulative effects are negligible, and, as such, the project is categorically excluded from the need to prepare a full-scale NEPA environmental assessment. The categorical exclusion met the requirements of NAO 216-6 and NEPA, and authorizes the Marine Scientific Research conducted for the project. The NEPA categorical exclusion letter— used for both this expedition and the 2015 expedition—is located in Project Instructions for EX- 16-03 (Kennedy, 2016).

Prior to EX-15-04-L2, OER also completed an informal consultation with NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973

that addressed the potential impacts of NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer’s activities on ESA-listed species and critical habitat within the operating area. A letter of concurrence (LOC) was received from NMFS on July 7, 2015, concurring with OER’s determination that the activities of the expeditions would not adversely affect ESA-listed marine species, and would have insignificant effects on designated or proposed critical habitat. The LOC—used for both this expedition and the 2015 expedition—is located in Project Instructions for EX-16-03 (Kennedy, 2016).

10.

The execution of the EX-16-03 expedition—and its many scientific accomplishments—is the product Acknowledgementsof teamwork between many collaborators, including both ship-based and shore-based personnel. Special thanks to the Expedition Coordinator, Brian Kennedy, for his relentless efforts in planning, coordinating, and overseeing all aspects of the mission. The spectacular seafloor images captured during the expedition would not have been possible without the exceptional talent, dedication, and passionate work by the ROV team (Karl McLetchie, Bobby Mohr, Jim Newman, Chris Ritter, Jeff Lanning, Joshua Carlson, Dan Rogers, Sean Kennison, Levi Unema, and Andy Lister) and video engineers (Roland Brien, Tara Smithee, Arthur Howard, and Eddie McNicol). Many thanks for all the hard work by the mapping team (Mashkoor Malik, Jason Meyer, and Bill Potts), whose mapping efforts provided a great wealth of information that not only supported the mission, but will also be invaluable to future work in the region. Andy O’Brien and Katherine Woodard provided exceptional support in managing the large amount of data and specimens collected during the expedition. The NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer’s Commanding Officer, Mark Wetzler, and his crew (James Brinkley, Randy Collins, Fiona Matheson, Bryan Brasher, Bryan Prestone, Vincent Palazzolo, Jerrod Hazendorf, Rick Gabona, Kevin Lackey, Abraham McDowell, Dave Blessing, Mike Sapien, Rainier Capati, Kyle Fredericks, Nicky Applewhite, Will Johnson, Pedro Lebron, Mike Collins, Keith Speights, and William Sparks) exhibited superb skills and uttermost professionalism throughout the expedition. A hard-working, shore-based operation team—consisting of Nick Pawlenko, Kasey Cantwell, Catalina Martinez, Emily Crum, and Katie Wagner—further supported the mission. Additional support was provided by a large number of shore-based scientists and supporters, who contributed a great amount of information, expertise, and guidance throughout the expedition. Special thanks to Chris Kelley, Scott France, Bruce Mundy, Mary Wicksten, Andrea Quatrini, Tina Molodtsova, Michael Vecchione, Amy Baco-Taylor, Asako Matsumoto, Les Watling, Brian Boston, Patricia Fryer, Brendan Roark, Santiago Herrera, Randy Kosaki, Allen Andrews, Frank Parrish, Michael Parke, Thomas Hourigan, Deborah Glickson, Michael Garcia, Dave Jourdan, King Spencer, Ken Sulak, Randy Singer, Jeff Drazen, Diva Amon, Nicole Morgan,

Lindsay Dhugal, Rich Mooi, Erik Cordes, Toni Parras, David Graham, Andy Collins, David Lovalvo, Samantha Brooke, Heidi Hirsh, Smith Sallie, Daniel Warren, and Kristen Mello for their valuable contributions.

11. References

Elliott, K., Potter, J., Martinez, C., Pinner, W., Russell, C., Verplanck, N. (2014). NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer: Evolving Models Enabling Remote Science Participation via Telepresence. AGU, Fall 2014. Poster ID ED11C-3425.

Kennedy, Brian. (2016). Cruise project instructions. EX-16-03, Hohonu Moana 2016: exploring the deep waters off Hawaii expedition (part of the CAPSTONE project), February 23 - March 18, 2016. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10632

Lobecker, M., Bowker, R., Johnson, J., McKenna, L., Rose, E., Sowers, D. (2016). 2016 NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer Mapping Systems Readiness Report. NOAA Technical Report. doi: 10.25923/9vs2-pw48

Kennedy BRC, Cantwell K, Malik M, Kelley C, Potter J, Elliott K, Lobecker E, Gray LM, Sowers D, White MP, France SC, Auscavitch S, Mah C, Moriwake V, Bingo SRD, Putts M and Rotjan RD (2019) The Unknown and the Unexplored: Insights Into the Pacific Deep-Sea Following NOAA CAPSTONE Expeditions. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:480. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00480

University of Hawai‘i Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) Deep-sea Animal Identification Guide. (2019). Available from http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/HURLarchive/guide.php

12. Appendices

Appendix A: Data Management Plan

Appendix B: EX-16-03 Participants

Participation on EX-16-03 involved 21 at-sea mission personnel (Table 6) and 86 shoreside scientists (Table 7) engaging either by audio commentary or instant messaging vie the expedition chat room on a regular basis. At-sea personnel included the expedition coordinator, mapping specialists, ROV engineers, video engineers, data specialists, and on-board scientists. Shore-based science team members participated from remote ECCs and from their home locations. Lists of these participants are provided in the tables below. In addition to these participants, all NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer expeditions are made possible with the work of the ship’s dedicated crew, and the work of the shoreside operations team.

Table 6. EX-16-03 At-sea Mission Personnel Name Role Affiliation NOAA OER University Kennedy, Brian Expedition Coordinator Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Malik, Mashkoor Mapping Lead NOAA OER Meyers, Jason Mapping Watch Lead UCAR NOAA National Ocean Service Wagner, Daniel Science Team Lead (NOS) Tree, Jonathan Science Co-Lead UH UCAR/Global Foundation for McLetchie, Karl ROV Dive Supervisor Ocean Exploration (GFOE) Carlson, Joshua ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE

Kennison, Sean ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE

Lanning, Jeff ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE

Lister, Andy ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE

Mohr, Bobby ROV Engineer UCSR/GFOE

Newman, Jim ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE

Ritter, Chris ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE

Rogers, Dan ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE Unema, Levi ROV Engineer UCAR/GFOE Brian, Roland Video Engineer UCAR/GFOE

Howard, Art Video Engineer UCAR/GFOE

McNichol, Ed Video Engineer UCAR/GFOE Smithee, Tara Video Engineer UCAR/GFOE O’Brien, Andy Data Manager UCAR/GFOE General Dynamics Information Woodard, Katherine Sample Data Manager Technology (GDIT)

Table 7. EX-16-03 Shore-based Science Team

Name Affiliation Email

Robert Allhouse UUV Project Engineer

Diva Amon UH [email protected]

Allen Andrews IRC, Pacific Islands Fisheries [email protected] Science Center (PIFSC) Steve Auscavitch Temple University [email protected]

James Austin University of Texas/Austin

Amy Baco-Taylor HBOI, Florida State University [email protected] (FSU) Roderick Blocksome Nauticos, LLC

Brian Boston UH

Samantha Brooke NOAA

Tamara Burke Tami Kennedy & Associates

Stephen Cairns USNM

Dwight Coleman University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography (URI, GSO)/Inner Space Center (ISC) Erik Cordes Temple University

Jennifer Crosby Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM)

Melanie Damour Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) James D’Angelo International Midway Memorial Foundation Alex DeCiccio ISC

Matt Dornback NOAA

Jeff Drazen UH [email protected]

Norman Estabrook SEAWORD

Peter Etnoyer NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) Tsao Fan NOAA

Benjamin Frable Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) Scott France University of Louisiana at [email protected] Lafayette (ULL) Patricia Fryer UH

Mackenzie Garringer UH [email protected]

Deborah Glickson Florida Atlantic University (FAU) Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI) Maria Grenchik Nauticos, LLC

Santiago Herrera University of Toronto & Woods [email protected] Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) Heidi Hirsh NOAA NMFS

Thomas Hourigan NOAA DSCRTP

Robert Humphreys NOAA NMFS

Jack Irion BOEM

Jennifer James Nauticos, LLC/Sea World

David Jourdan Nauticos, LLC

Kevin Jerram UNH CCOM

Kelly Keogh NOAA PMNM

Spencer King Nauticos, LLC

Astrid Leitner UH [email protected]

Lisa Levin SIO

Megan Lickliter- NOAA/Texas A&M University Mundon (TAMU) Dhugal Lindsay Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Susan Loricchio Nauticos, LLC

Christopher Mah USNM [email protected]

Jim Masterson FAU/HBOI

Asako Matsumoto Planetary Exploration Research [email protected] Center/Chiba Institute of Technology (PERC/CIT) Russ Matthews Edward E and Marie L Matthews Foundation Robert McGuinn NOAA

Jennifer McKinnon East Carolina University

Kristen Mello CCOM

Mary Miller Exploratorium

Tina Molodtsova P.P. Shirshow Institute of [email protected] Oceanology Rich Mooi California Academy of Sciences

Holly Morin URI, GSO/ISC

Nicole Morgan FSU, HBOI [email protected]

Hassan Moustahfid NOAA U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Bruce Mundy NOAA IRC [email protected]

Jim Noone International Midway Memorial Foundation Risa Oram NOAA PIFSC

Jerry Ostermiller Oregon Heritage Commission

Michael Parke NOAA IRC [email protected]

Toni Parras NOAA PMNM

Frank Parrish NOAA NMFS Protected Resources [email protected] Division (PRD) Jonathan Parshall Nauticos, LLC

Brendan Roark TAMU, Corpus Christi [email protected]

Christine Rodriguez CGR Strategic Communications

Richard Rogers MAS

Kenneth Rubin UH

Bruce Sarsfield Conidae Marine, Inc.

Leslie Sautter College of Charleston

Lonnie Schorer The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) Tim Shank WHOI [email protected]

Randal Singer Florida Museum of Natural History [email protected] (FLMNH) Jennifer Smith SIO

John R Smith UH [email protected]

Sallie Smith Nauticos, LLC

Adam Soule Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) Evan Sutton Nauticos, LLC

Lindsay Veazey UH

Michael Vecchione USNM/NMFS [email protected]

Thomas Vinson Nauticos, LLC

Les Watling UH [email protected]

Daniel Warren Oceaneering

Mary Wicksten TAMU [email protected]

Amanda Ziegler UH [email protected]

Victor Zykov Schmidt Ocean Institute (SOI)

Appendix C: ROV Dive Summaries

To view and download the full Dive Summaries and the accompanying data for each dive (Fig. 8), please visit: https://service.ncddc.noaa.gov/rdn/oer-rov-cruises/ex1603

Figure 8. A screenshot of the EX-16-03 Dive Summaries overview page.

Appendix D: Animals Observed

Animals observed during the eight ROV seafloor surveys of the expedition (Table 8). Note that all field identifications from video surveys should be considered provisional until they are confirmed by a taxonomic authority.

Table 8. Animals Observed During EX-16-03. Phylum Group Lowest Identification Dive No. Anellida Anellida Polychaeta 1,2,8 Anellida Polychaetes Polynoidae 3,5,6,7 Anellida Polychaetes Sabellida 4,5,7 Arthropod Crab Cyrtomania smithi 6 Arthropod Crab Paguridae 2 Arthropod Crab Strobopagurus cf. gracilipes 4 Arthropod Crab Unidentified crab 6 Arthropods Amphipod Caprellidae 7 Arthropods Barnacles Balanidae 3,8 Arthropods Barnacles Scalpellidae 2,5,6,8 Arthropods Polychelid Homeryon asper 7 Arthropods Pycnogonid Colossendeidae 4,5 Arthropods Shrimp Acanthephyra eximia 6 Arthropods Shrimp Amphipoda 3 Arthropods Shrimp Aristeidae 6 Arthropods Shrimp ?Aristopenaeus sp. 1 Arthropods Shrimp Bathypalaemonella sp. 4,6 Arthropods Shrimp Heterocarpus laevigatus 2,6 Arthropods Shrimp Lebbeus sp. 3,7,8 Arthropods Shrimp Mysida 2,3,6 Arthropods Shrimp Unidentified red shrimp 1,2,3,4,5 Arthropods Squat lobsters Chirostyloidae 2 Arthropods Squat lobsters Gastroptychus sp. iaspis 4,6,7 Arthropods Squat lobsters Gastroptychus/new genus 5 Arthropods Squat lobsters Munida sp. 6 Arthropods Squat lobsters Munidopsis cf. albatrossae 8 Arthropods Squat lobsters Munidopsis sp. 3,4,6,8 Arthropods Squat lobsters ?Pseudomunida fragilis 2 Arthropods Squat lobsters Pseudomunida sp. 6 Arthropods Squat lobsters Uroptychus sp. 3,4,6,7 Bryozoans Bryozoan Bryozoan 3 Cnidarians Actiniarians Actinoscyphia sp. 2,6 Cnidarians Actiniarians Actinostolidae 3 Cnidarians Actiniarians Exocoelactis sp. 2,3,4,5,6 Cnidarians Actiniarians Liponema sp. 6 Cnidarians Actiniarians Phelliactis sp. 2,4,5,6,7 Cnidarians Actiniarians Relacanthis sp. 2,4,6

Phylum Group Lowest Identification Dive No. Cnidarians Actiniarians Unidentifed anemones 1,5,8 Cnidarians Alcyonaceans Anthomastus sp. 2,4,5,6,7 Cnidarians Alcyonaceans Pseudoanthomastus sp. 6 Cnidarians Antipatharians Bathypathes alternata 3,8 Cnidarians Antipatharians Bathypathes cf. alternata 2,3,5 Cnidarians Antipatharians Bathypathes conferta 3 Cnidarians Antipatharians Bathypathes patula 8 Cnidarians Antipatharians Bathypathes sp. 4,5,8 Cnidarians Antipatharians Hexapathes sp. 5 Cnidarians Antipatharians Parantipathes cf. euantha 3 Cnidarians Antipatharians Stauropathes staurocrada 2 Cnidarians Antipatharians Stichopathes sp. 5 Cnidarians Antipatharians Trissopathes tetracrada 2,3,5 Cnidarians Ceriantharian Ceriantharia 2,4,5,6 Cnidarians Corallimorpharian Corallimopharia 4,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Acanella weberi 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Acanthogorgia sp. 2,6 Cnidarians Gorgonians Bathygorgia cf. tasmaniensis 8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Bathygorgia sp. 1,5,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Calyptrophora angularis 8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Calyptrophora wyvellei 2,4,6 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Calyptrophora sp. 6 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Candidella gigantea 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Candidella helminthophora 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia cf. pinnata 8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia chryseis 3,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia flavescens 3,5 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia geniculata 2,3,4,6,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia sp. 3,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia sp. (branched) 3,7,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia sp. (planar) 1,2 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia sp. (saddlebags) 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia stellata 2,4,6,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Chrysogorgia tricaulis 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Eknomisis sp. (unbranched) 5 Cnidarians Gorgonians Hemicorallium abyssale 2 Cnidarians Gorgonians Hemicorallium sp. 3,4,6,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Iridogorgia bella 6 Cnidarians Gorgonians Iridogorgia magnispiralis 3,5,6,7,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Iridogorgia sp. 4 Cnidarians Gorgonians Isidella sp. (lyrate) 5,7,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Isidella trichotoma 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Isidella sp. 1 Cnidarians Gorgonians Jasonisis sp. 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Jasonisis sp. 6 Cnidarians Gorgonians Keratoisidinae 5

Phylum Group Lowest Identification Dive No. Cnidarians Gorgonians Keratoisidinae D-clade 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Keratoisidinae (sparsely branched) 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Keratoisinae (nodal sparse) 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Keratoisis sp. 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Lepidisis sp. 4,5,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Metallogorgia melanotrichos 2,3,5,6 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Narella bowersi 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Narella dichotoma 2,4,6,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians ?Narella macrocalyx 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Narella sp. 2,3,4,6,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Paracalyptrophora sp. 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Paragorgia sp. 3,4,5,6,7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Paramuricea sp. 2,4 Cnidarians Gorgonians Pleurocorallium sp. 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Pleurogorgia militaris 3 Cnidarians Gorgonians Pleurogorgia sp. 8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Plexauridae 2,4,5,6 Cnidarians Gorgonians Primnoidae 2,4,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Rhodanirigorgia sp. 7 Cnidarians Gorgonians Isididae (unbranched) 2,6,7,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Primnoidae (unbranched) 7,8 Cnidarians Gorgonians Victorgorgia nuttingi 2,4,5,6 Cnidarians Hydrozoans Aegina sp. 5 Cnidarians Hydrozoans Corymorphidae 3,4,5 Cnidarians Hydrozoans Hydroidolina 2,3,4,5,7 Cnidarians Hydrozoans Hydromedusae 6,7 Cnidarians Hydrozoans Paraphyllina sp. 4 Cnidarians Hydrozoans Siphonophorae 6 Cnidarians Hydrozoans Tabulariidae 2,3 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans Anthoptilum sp. 2,3,5,6,7 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans Halipteris sp. 6,7,8 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans ?Kophobelemnon sp. 4 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans Pennatula inflata 6 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans Pennatula sp. 2 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans ?Protoptilum sp. 2 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans Umbellula sp. 5 Cnidarians Pennatulaceans Unidentified seapen 8 Cnidarians Scleractinians Balanophyllia sp. 2 Cnidarians Scleractinians Desmophyllum/Javania sp. 3 Cnidarians Scleractinians Enallopsammia rostrata 6 Cnidarians Scleractinians Scleractinia (unidentified cup coral) 6 Cnidarians Siphonophore Rhodalidae 2 Cnidarians Zoanthids Bullagummizoanthus emilyacadiaarum 7 Cnidarians Zoanthids Parazoanthidae 4 Cnidarians Zoanthids Zoantharia overgrowing Hyalonema (Corynonema) sp. 2 Ctenophores Ctenophores Ctenophora (pelagic) 3

Phylum Group Lowest Identification Dive No. Ctenophores Ctenophores Platyctenidae 2,5 Echinoderms Asteroids ?Apollonaster kelleyi 2,4 Echinoderms Asteroids Asthenactis sp. 6 Echinoderms Asteroids Brisinga sp. 5,6 Echinoderms Asteroids Brisingidae 5 Echinoderms Asteroids Calliaster sp. 2,5 Echinoderms Asteroids Ceramaster cf. bowersi 8 Echinoderms Asteroids Circeaster arandae 7 Echinoderms Asteroids Evoplosoma sp. 3 Echinoderms Asteroids Henricia pauperrima 3,6,7 Echinoderms Asteroids Hymenaster sp. 6 Echinoderms Asteroids Hippasteria muscipula 7 Echinoderms Asteroids Mediaster sp. 6 Echinoderms Asteroids Mediaster sp./Gilbertaster sp. 6 Echinoderms Asteroids Novodonia sp. 6 Echinoderms Asteroids Pteraster reticulatus 6 Echinoderms Asteroids Pteraster sp. 6 Echinoderms Asteroids Solasteridae 8 Echinoderms Crinoids Antedonidae 4,5,7 Echinoderms Crinoids Atelocrinus sp. 4 Echinoderms Crinoids Bathycrinidae 8 Echinoderms Crinoids Comatulidae 2,4,5,6,7,8 Echinoderms Crinoids Glyptometra lateralis 3,5,6,7 Echinoderms Crinoids Glyptometra sp. 4,8 Echinoderms Crinoids Naumachocrinus sp. 3 Echinoderms Crinoids Sarametra triserialis 3,5,7 Echinoderms Crinoids Crinoidea (stalked) 3,4 Echinoderms Crinoids Thaumacrinus 6 Echinoderms Echinoderms Elpidiidae 1 Echinoderms Echinoderms ?Psychropotes sp. 1 Echinoderms Holothurians Deimatiidae 6 Echinoderms Holothurians Hansenothuria benti 2 Echinoderms Holothurians Peniagone sp./Amperima sp. 4 Echinoderms Holothurians Psychropotidae 3 Echinoderms Holothurians Synallactida 8 Echinoderms Holothurians Holothuroidea (unidentified) 3 Echinoderms Ophiuroids Asteroschematidae 2,4,6,7 Echinoderms Ophiuroids Gorgonocephalidae 4 Echinoderms Ophiuroids Ophiocanthidae 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Echinoderms Ophiuroids Ophiuridae 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Echinoderms Urchin Aspidodiadema cf. hawaiiensis 2,6 Echinoderms Urchin Caenopedina sp. 7 Echinoderms Urchin Echinothuriidae 6 Echinoderms Urchin Echinus sp. 6 Echinoderms Urchin Sperosoma obscurum 2,7 Echinoderms Urchin Tromikosoma hispidus 5

Phylum Group Lowest Identification Dive No. Fishes Eels Ilyophinae 4,6 Fishes Eels Ilyophis sp. 3 Fishes Eels Nettastoma parviceps 6 Fishes Eels Synaphobranchus sp. (?affinis or kaupii) 2,5 Fishes Eels Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis 3,5,7 Fishes Eels Synaphobranchus sp. 2,6,7 Fishes Halosauridae Aldrovandia phalacra 6 Fishes Halosauridae Aldrovandia sp. 2,6 Fishes Halosauridae Halosauropsis sp. 4 Fishes Macrourids Bassozetus sp. 3 Fishes Macrourids Caelorhynchus sp. 6 Fishes Macrourids Coelorinchus tokiensis 6 Fishes Macrourids Coryphaenoides longicirrhus 4,6 Fishes Macrourids Gadomus sp. 6 Fishes Macrourids Kumba sp. 3,4,7 Fishes Macrourids Nezumia sp. 6 Fishes Macrourids Macrouridae (unidentified) 4,6 Fishes Ophidiidae Bassogigas sp. 4 Fishes Ophidiidae Ophidiidae 4 Fishes Other fishes Alepocephalidae 1,4 Fishes Other fishes Apristurus sp. 2 Fishes Other fishes ?Bathysaurus mollis 1 Fishes Other fishes Cataetyx hawaiiensis 5 Fishes Other fishes Cyclothone sp. 6 Fishes Other fishes Diplacanthopoma sp. 6 Fishes Other fishes Gonostomatidae 2 Fishes Other fishes Laemonema sp. 6 Fishes Other fishes Lepidion sp. 6 Fishes Other fishes Neoscopelus sp. 6 Fishes Other fishes Solocisquama erythrina 6 Mollusks Aplacophoran Aplacophora 7,8 Mollusks Cephalopoda Octopoda (pink) 1 Mollusks Cephalopoda Coleoidea (squid) 6 Mollusks Gastropods Brachiopoda 4,6 Mollusks Gastropods Gastropoda 2,6,7,8 Mollusks Gastropods Gaza daedala 8 Mollusks Polyplacophora Polyplacophora (Chiton) 7 Retaria Foraminifera Xenophyophora 6 Sponges Demosponges Asbestopluma sp. 2 Sponges Demosponges Cladorhizidae 2 Sponges Hexactinellids Aspidoscupulia sp. 3 Sponges Hexactinellids Atlantisella sp. 2,4,6 Sponges Hexactinellids Bolosominae 8 Sponges Hexactinellids Bolosoma sp. 8 Sponges Hexactinellids Bolosoma sp. A 2,3 Sponges Hexactinellids Bolosoma sp. B 3

Phylum Group Lowest Identification Dive No. Sponges Hexactinellids Caulophacus (Caulodiscus) sp. 8 Sponges Hexactinellids Caulophacus (new subgenus) sp. 5,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Caulophacus (Oxydiscus) sp. 3 Sponges Hexactinellids Caulophacus (unknown subgenus) sp. 7 Sponges Hexactinellids Corbitella sp. 2 Sponges Hexactinellids Corbitellinae (new genus) 4,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Dictyaulus sp. 2,6 Sponges Hexactinellids Euretiidae 4 Sponges Hexactinellids Farrea sp. 4,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Farrea nr. occa 6,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Farrea nr. occa erecta 2,4,6 Sponges Hexactinellids Hyalonema (Corynonema) sp. 1,2 Sponges Hexactinellids ?Hyalostylus sp. 8 Sponges Hexactinellids Lyssacinosida 7 Sponges Hexactinellids Pheronematidae 3,5,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Poliopogon sp. 5,8 Sponges Hexactinellids Poliopogon sp. 4 5,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Poliopogon sp. A 7 Sponges Hexactinellids Poliopogon sp. B 3,5,7,8 Sponges Hexactinellids Saccocalyx sp. 2,4,6 Sponges Hexactinellids Tretopleura sp. 2,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Tretopleura sp. 1A 4 Sponges Hexactinellids Tretopleura sp. 1B 3,4 Sponges Hexactinellids Walteria cf. leukarti 5,7 Sponges Hexactinellids Walteria sp. 2,6 Tunicate Ascidacea Octanematidae 6 Tunicate Ascidacea Pyrosoma sp. 6

Appendix E

: NASA Survey of Opportunity

NASA Maritime Aerosols Network Survey of Opportunity

Maritime Aerosol Network Survey or Project Name

Lead POC or Principle Investigator (PI & Affiliation) POC: Dr. Alexander Smirnov

Supporting Team Members Ashore

Supporting Team Members Aboard (if required)

The Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) component of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Activities Description(s) (Include goals, objectives and tasks) provides ship-borne aerosol optical depth measurements from the Microtops II sun photometers. These data provide an alternative to observations from islands as well as establish validation points for satellite and aerosol transport models. Since 2004, these instruments have been deployed periodically on ships of opportunity and research vessels to monitor aerosol properties over the world ocean.

During the cruise, the marine aerosol layer observations were collected for the NASA MAN research effort. Observations were made by mission personnel (as time and weather allowed) with a sun photometer instrument provided by the NASA MAN program. Resulting data were delivered to the NASA MAN primary investigator, Dr. Alexander Smirnov, by the expedition coordinator. All collected data were archived and are publicly available at: http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/maritime_aerosol_network.html

Equipment resides on the ship and is stewarded by the expedition coordinator.

Appendix F: Acronyms

3D—Three-dimensional ADCP—Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler AERONET—Aerosol Robotic Network AMA—Reddit’s Ask Me Anything BM—Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum BOEM—Bureau of Ocean Energy Management CAPSTONE—NOAA Campaign to Address Pacific monument Science, Technology, and Ocean NEeds CCOM—Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping CIT—Chiba Institute of Technology CSV—Comma-separated values CTD—Conductivity, temperature, and depth D2—ROV Deep Discoverer DNA—Deoxyribonucleic acid DO—Dissolved oxygen DSCRPT—NOAA Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program ECC—Exploration Command Center ECS—Extended Continental Shelf EEZ—Exclusive economic zone ESA—Endangered Species Act EX—NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer FAU—Florida Atlantic University FeMn—Ferromanganese FFS—French Frigate Shoals FLMNH—Florida Museum of Natural History GDIT—General Dynamics Information Technology GFOE—Global Foundation for Ocean Exploration HBOI—Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute HD—High-definition HPR—Hawaiʻi Public Radio HURL—Hawaiʻi Undersea Research Laboratory IOOS—NOAA U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System IRC—NOAA Inouye Regional Center ISC—Inner Space Center JAMSTEC—Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology LED—Light-emitting diode LLC—Limited liability company LOC—Letter of concurrence MAN—NASA’s Maritime Aerosol Network Mbps—Megabit-per-second MGR—Marine Geology Repository

MHI—Main Hawaiian Islands MPA—Marine protected area NAO—NOAA Administrative Order NASA—National Aeronautics and Space Administration NCCOS—NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science NCDDC—NOAA National Coastal Data Development Center NCEI—National Centers for Environmental Information NEPA—National Environmental Policy Act NGDC—NOAA National Geophysical Data Center NMFS—NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOS—NOAA’s National Ocean Service NWHI—Northwest Hawaiian Islands OER—NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research OGL—Ocean Genome Legacy OSU—Oregon State University PCZ—Prime Crust Zone PERC—Planetary Exploration Research Center PI—Principal Investigator PIFSC—NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center PMNM—Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument POC—Point of contact PRD—Protected Resources Division QA/QC—Quality assurance/quality control ROV—Remotely operated vehicle SIO—Scripps Institution of Oceanography SIS—Seafloor Information Software SOI—Schmidt Ocean Institute TAMU—Texas A&M University TIGHAR—The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery TSG—Thermosalinograph UCAR—University Corporation for Atmospheric Research UH—University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa ULL—University of Louisiana at Lafayette URI, GSO—University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography USGS—U.S. Geological Survey USNM—National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution UTC—Universal Time Coordinated WHOI—Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute XBT—Expendable bathythermograph