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Investigation of the Hadronic Final State in Electron-Proton Interactions at HERA

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Investigation of the Hadronic Final State in Electron-Proton Interactions at HERA Investigation of the hadronic final state in eleGtron-pröton inter actions at HER A Andrei Dake , KS00197011S °EOO3355431 *DE008355431* Investigation of the hadronic final state in electron-proton interactions at HERA ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. P. W. M. de Meijer ten overstaan van een door het college van dekanen ingestelde commissie in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op maandag 18 september 1995 te 10.30 uur door Andrej Pascal Dake geboren te 's-Gravenhage VOL 27felf Promotor: Prof. Dr. A. G. Tenner Co-Promotor: Dr. P. M. Kooijman Faculteit der Wiskunde, Informatica, Natuur- en Sterrenkunde The work described in this thesis is part of the research programme of 'het Nationaal Insti- tuut voor Kernfysica en Hoge-Energie Fysica (NIKHEF-H)' in Amsterdam, the Nether- lands. The author was financially supported by the F.O.M, which is part of the 'Neder- landse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)'. Aan mijn ouders Contents Introduction 5 Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA 7 1.1 The DIS kinematic variables 8 1.2 Structure of the proton 9 1.2.1 Cross section 9 1.2.2 The Quark Parton model 10 1.3 Quantum Chromodynamics 12 1.4 Hadronic Final State 16 1.4.1 Fragmentation 17 1.4.2 Models and event simulation 17 1.4.3 LUND Matrix Element model 18 1.4.4 QCD cascades 18 Lund Parton. Showers 19 HERWIG 20 Colour Dipole Model 21 1.5 Diffractive Dissociation in DIS 22 1.6 Event Generator Programs 22 LEPTO 22 ARIADNE 23 HERWIG 23 Summary of generators 23 Experimentation with ZEUS at the ep collider HERA 25 2.1 The 'Hadron-Elektron-Ring-Anlage' (HERA) 25 2.1.1 Coordinate system 26 2.2 Luminosity measurement 27 2.2.1 Luminosity in 1992 29 2.3 The ZEUS detector 29 2.3.1 The Uranium Calorimeter 33 Shower Shapes 33 Mechanical layout 35 1 Page 2 Contents Readout and calibration 35 Performance 36 2.4 Reconstruction of kinematics 38 Electron method 39 Jacquet-Blondel method 41 Double-Angle method 42 The yö-method 42 Graphics and ZEUS offline Software 43 3.1 The ZEUS Offline Software 43 3.1.1 Overview 43 3.1.2 Offline Datastructure 45 3.2 GAZE, a 3D Interactive Graphics Package 47 3.2.1 Graphical Data Representation 47 3.2.2 Interactivity 49 3.2.3 Use of GAZE 49 3.2.4 Design and Implementation of GAZE 54 3.2.5 Software Standards 55 PHIGS 55 X-windows 56 TCP/IP 56 3.2.6 Experiences with GAZE 56 3.3 Conclusions 57 Properties of Condensates 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 The Condensate Algorithm 60 4.3 Relationship between Condensates and Final State particles 64 4.3.1 General properties 64 4.3.2 Condensates with a bad energy and angle resolution 69 4.3.3 Number of events with 'bad' condensates 72 4.3.4 Reconstruction of kinematics 73 4.4 Conclusions 74 Hadronic Final State in the Hadronic Centre of Mass Frame 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Global and Semi-Inclusive Variables 78 5.3 Motivation for the use of Shape Variables 82 5.3.1 Sensitivity of Shape Variables to a, 82 5.3.2 Sensitivity of Shape Variables to Fragmentation and other MC Parameters 86 Parameters at the Generator Level 86 Changing ycut in LEPTO 6.1 87 5.4 Effects of Condensate Cuts on global shape variables in the HCM . 88 Contents Page 3 5.4.1 Distributions in pseudorapidity 94 5.5 The influence of the boost and of electromagnetic radiation to the HCM 96 5.5.1 Comparison of different boost methods 97 5.5.2 Boost and radiation for generated particles 99 5.5.3 Influence of the Boost using condensates as particles 101 5.6 Structure function dependence 103 5.7 Conclusions 103 Selection of Deep Inelastic Events 107 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 The Data Selection Procedure 108 6.3 Background sources 108 6.4 Calorimeter Timing 109 6.5 Trigger 112 6.5.1 FLT 112 6.5.2 SLT 113 6.5.3 TLT 113 6.5.4 Trigger Acceptance 113 6.6 Offline event reduction 114 6.6.1 Further reduction using timing 114 6.6.2 Preselection phase 115 6.6.3 Final selection cuts 116 6.6.4 Momentum conservation 116 6.6.5 Electron Finding 118 6.7 Quality improvement of final sample 119 6.7.1 Box cut for electron impact 119 6.7.2 Minimum hadronic activity 120 6.7.3 Fake FCAL electrons 121 6.7.4 Vertex requirement 121 6.7.5 Scanning of events 122 6.7.6 FCAL energy and 7)max 123 6.7.7 Acceptance and quality 123 6.8 Results 123 6.8.1 General properties compared to Monte Carlo predictions . 125 6.8.2 Smearing of kinematic variables 129 6.8.3 Measurement of the proton structure function F2 130 6.9 Energy flow of the Hadronic Final State 132 6.10 Conclusions 135 Page 4 Contents 7 ZEUS Data in the Hadronic Centre of Mass Frame 137 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Data selection 137 7.3 Monte Carlo - Data comparison 138 7.3.1 Condensate multiplicity 138 7.3.2 Energy flow 139 7.3.3 Pseudorapidity distributions 140 7.3.4 pj2 distributions 143 7.3.5 Global event shape distributions 144 7.3.6 Multijet events 147 7.3.7 Conclusions 148 7.4 Unfolding of the Data 150 7.4.1 Systematic checks and systematic error 152 7.4.2 Unfolded results 153 7.5 Conclusions 157 8 DifFractive events 150 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Selection of events with a large rapidity gap 159 8.3 Comparison with Standard DIS events 163 8.4 Diffractive events in the HCM frame 166 8.5 Conclusions 171 Conclusions 173 References 175 Summary 179 Samenvatting 183 Acknowledgements 187 Introduction Scattering experiments have had a significant impact on the understanding of the basic components of matter. One of the first scattering experiments was performed around 1910, when alpha-particles were scattered offa gold target. This experiment led Rutherford to the conclusion that atoms were built of a small hard core, the nucleus, and a cloud of electrons. After this breakthrough, electrons were used in scattering experiments to investigate the electronic configurations of atoms and to study the structure of the nucleus, which consists of protons and neutrons. In the 1950's the importance of electron-proton scattering got a new dimension when it was pointed out that this was a means to probe the structure of the proton itself. Many measurements followed, giving detailed information about the proton. Around 1970 electron-proton scattering experiments performed at Stanford showed results analogous to the first scattering experiments of Rutherford. Evidence was found that the proton is built up from smaller point-like constituents, the quarks. These quarks interact with each other through the exchange of force particles, the gluons. The theory describing these strong interactions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), can now be used to describe the structure of the proton, consisting of quarks and gluons. The deep inelastic electron-proton scattering experiments performed at HERA are designed to study the proton structure with very high resolution so information can be obtained on how the quarks and gluons are distributed in the proton and how well this is described by QCD. To a first order approximation the electron-proton interaction at high energy can be regarded as an electron-quark interaction. The quark is 'kicked' out of the proton but cannot be directly observed in the detector. Due to the special nature of the strong interaction, free quarks cannot occur, quarks have to be bound to other quarks. This means that in the experiment not the scattered quark is observed, but hadrons, consisting of bound quarks. This process of forming hadrons is called hadronization and is also governed by QCD. Therefore deep inelastic scattering gives not only information on how the theory describes the structure of the proton, but also on the behaviour of the hadionic final state. In this thesis the emphasis is on the study of this hadronic final state. In chapter 1 we describe the theory of neutral current deep inelastic scattering and its relation to the structure of the proton. We also discuss several models, based on QCD calculations, that describe the hadronic final state. Page 6 Introduction In chapter 2 we show what the experimental conditions are for measuring electron- proton interactions with the ZEUS detector. A description is given of the ep collider HERA and of the ZEUS detector. Special emphasis is given to the calorimeter as this is the main component used in our analysis of the data. In order to be able to process the experimental data as well as the data from model predictions, a well denned data structure and processing software is needed. This is described in chapter 3 in the context of a discussion of the use of computer graphics techniques at ZEUS. The functionality and use of a 3D interactive event viewing program GAZE is discussed, as this was a major part of the experimental work of the author. In the following chapters we will present an analysis of the hadronic final state with the emphasis on distributions in the hadronic centre of mass frame. For typical deep inelastic scattering events the multiplicity is such that the reconstruction of individual final state particles is not possible.
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