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The Routledge Research Companion to Digital Medieval Literature
Jennifer E. Boyle, Helen J. Burgess
Creative destruction and the digital humanities
Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315696041-4 Whitney Trettien Published online on: 04 Dec 2017
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– anironicillustrationoftheinstitution’s stateofdecay A Plea for Archbishop Tenison’s Library, requesting help to maintain the - build , large folios pasted with pieces of manuscripts and early and manuscripts of pieces with pasted folios large varia, Fragmenta 2 By 1851, the situation was so dire that the collection’s curator Philip curator collection’s the that dire so was situation the 1851, By
– woodcut initials, woodcut – Whitney Trettien 1 By the nineteenth century, though, it was in utter in was it century,though, nineteenth the By 3 47 title pages, more ownership marks. ownership more According pages, title . 3 —–Stéphane Mallarmé Fragmenta varia, Fragmenta The Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 their rebinding in the early 1850s, as part of Hale’s project to repair Tenison Library. remarkable books, their chronological ordering and division are most likely the product of told throughexemplaryspecimensofearlytexttechnologies. book, the of history complete a project: Bagford’slarger for advertisement an as served they century, where eighteenth the of decade first the during TenisonLibrary at display public on scrapbooks, these of two paper.least of At samples to devoted scrapbook entire an even specimens, handwriting and marks printer’s stamps, rial truth everything; and so his collections mushroomed with portfolios of old bindings and armo- in is which past, the illuminate might that anything gathering collecting, his in indiscriminate cuing old manuscripts from the dustbins of secondhand bookshops and binderies. Bagford was the shoemaker-turned-bibliophile John Bagford, a secondhand book dealer with a habit of res- lection of fragments itself, though, dates to the end of the seventeenth century. It is the work of ing-heightened instability for individual businesses, somewhat surprisingly, was an apparent an surprisingly,was somewhat businesses, individual for instability ing-heightened seem- this all of 1990’s[sic] the through result “The destruction. creative Schumpeterian pet man oftheFederal Reserve. boom” bytheNewYork Times in 2000 and quoted approvingly by Alan Greenspan, then Chair the tech industry during the 80s and 90s. Schumpeter was proclaimed “the prophet of bust and A it? realize best scholars can how and criticism, literary of potential political the play? is What role What knowledge? historical disseminating and forming in play technologies media do role what namely: past, its and present the about questions big ask to so does It ies. stud- literary technology,in between history,interpretation relationship and fraught currently the probing for heuristic a as destruction creative adopts essay this history, book boatman’s Dionysus that force phenomenal economic growth. economic phenomenal largelydecade’sbe the to for seemed responsible edge,” cutting the at technologies those into process of creative destruction, his own fragmented history of modernity.of history fragmented own his incessantly revolutionizes and described it as the “process of industrial mutation logical innovation and industry restructuring. He named this mechanism “creative destruction” evolutionary process, he argued, wealth accumulates through co-constitutive cycles of techno- this Within environments. natural and cultural, social, dynamic with co-evolve markets that fact the to attention drew Schumpeter 1942 classicCapitalism,Socialism,andDemocracy. his in outlined first capital, of theory Schumpeter’s Joseph economist the Austrian-American pages of the the in term the upon stumble to likely more is century, one twenty-first the of decade second the today,in but Nietzsche, and Benjamin citing by destruction” “creative introduced have I us whostudyliterature’s deephistory. “digital humanities” torevealmoreclearly the stakesofdigital turn,especially for thoseof “the essentialfactaboutcapitalism.” emphasizes, he is,” Destruction Creative of process one. This new a creating incessantly one, I destruction, ative
short chapter short “ Although the term lay dormant for many decades, it gained currency with the growth of growth the with currency gained it decades, many for dormant lay term the Although
Cntuto’ presupposes ‘Construction’
– forges – like Shiva, like – Wall Street Journal. There, this capacious oxymoron hasbecome shorthand for
cannot fully address fully cannot new meaning by way of ruination. Drawing energy from Bagford’s and the
hope to unravel to hope creator and destroyer of the world, or Friedrich Nietzsche’sFriedrich or world, of the version of destroyer and creator the economic structure 7 As Greenspan testified in 1999, the “evident acceleration of the of acceleration “evident the 1999, in testified Greenspan As
8 . Even after the boom had bust, Greenspan continued to trum- to continued Greenspan bust, had boom the after Even
.
dsrcin, woe atr ejmn in Benjamin Walter wrote ‘destruction’,” . reflected in some of the current debates that bind the field now called now field the bind that debates current the of some 6 these topics. However, by tugging on the thread of cre- of thread the on tugging by However, topics. these Whitney Trettien 5 He describes He * 48 the shifting of capital from failing technologies from within , were Fragmenta manuscriptaandvaria,
– if I creative destruction creative
may use that , incessantly destroying the old biological term , thatgenerative Passagenwerk, should they 4 The col- The
– that -
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 lot ofsuffering,” PaulKrugmanrecently grumbled. technology communication industries, inauguratingtheinformationrevolution. and computing personal the of growth the escalated that cence obsoles- and novelty of cycles rapid the capture perfectly to seemed term paradoxical peter’s Digital Start-Up Grants, once judged projects according to their level of “innovation.” of level their to according projects judged once Grants, Start-Up Digital Humanities the for Endowment National the programs, these of prominent faculty.most The new and students, graduate research, for money of lack the by parched long departments ities human- to funding bringing were programs grant technology-oriented New novels. of pora form a as reading of distant reading, a non-human, numerical approach to interpreting an unreadably large cor close of practice true and tried the restructuring be of to said methods were analysis computational New “disruptspeak.” of guilty particularly seemed humanities” the valueofadegreeintangibleskillsitconfers,effective. sees that market job a in and, students for cheap are (MOOCs) Courses Online Open Massive like technologies learning contrast, by employment; of guarantee no offer and expensive are the macroeconomy,” hesaidina2002speech. reduction inthevolatility of outputandinthefrequencyamplitude ofbusinesscyclesfor dcto hs intensified.” has education first decades of the twenty-first century that the neoliberalization and corporatization of higher emergedhumanities has digital the that thing’big next ‘the as the in moment same very the at coincidence no is “it critics, many of position the summarizing neatly writes, Grusin Richard culture writ large, including destruction and the “always innovate” attitude that it signals seem creative to have of leached language into the Westerndecades, two last the over trends these observing scholars Tomany angst about the relationship between the humanities and digital technologies has materialized. an titled threateningly Shulevitz Judith that overused so become has phrase August Republic sional event,butdisruptionastheconstant,chronicconditionofourprofessionallives.” on post blog a in writes McCracken where “revolutionary start-ups” compete for seed money. “This is an era of disruption,” Grant “Disrupt,” called festival high-profile a hosts every yearthetechnologyblogTechCrunch and companies, “disruptive” most the of list a 50,” “Disruptor the itself. publishes annually CNBC disrupting of state constant a in be to seems now Valley,which Silicon in especially an inferior product. The term has entered the cultural bloodstream more generally, though, with even gaps, market exploit to positioned better counterintuitively are companies smaller 1997 bookThe Innovator’shis Dilemma, in “disruptive innovation” originally Christensen described how newer, Clayton professor School Business Harvard by Coined innovation.” tive “disrup- tagline: new a under propagated now volatility, through expansion of idea the with article titled “Higher Education Is Now Ground Zero for Disruption,” written by a by new,“the about thing.” writes new he that written proclaims byline whose man Disruption,” for Zero Ground Now a Is of Education “Higher subheading titled the article blazons Forbes Antiquated,” is Ed Higher of Model Business “The delivery. strategy aims torestructure higher education as aformoftechnologically-mediated content ously flirted with and even adopted the mantra of disruptive innovation. This business-oriented cation, which seems to have few defenders in high places, college administrators have danger shrinking debt, student mounting public spending,andanincreasingly ambiguoussenseoftheimportance of aliberal arts edu- facing this: reading anyone to familiar be will story The The phrase has lost ground in more recent years; it is a “glamorizing term” that “excuses a “excuses that term” “glamorizing a is it years; recent more in ground lost has phrase The To some scholars observing these trends, the hybrid field marking its work as“digital work its marking field hybrid the trends, these observing scholars some To It isagainstthisbackdropofSchumpeterian-cum-“disruptive” rhetoric thattherecent article“Don’t Y Creative destructionandthedigitalhumanities ou DareSay‘Disruptive’.” 14
– and especially Soprevalent is the idea that digital humanities and disruptive Harvard Business Review. “Notdisruptionastheocca- Business Harvard
– the beleaguered 49 9 By connecting prosperity to upheaval, Schum- 10 enamored Yetremains industry tech the halls of literature departments. 12 Humanities degrees Humanities
2013 11 13 The New As - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 done a done less tangible less have artists Black and writers women obscure about projects digital public-facing when “DH” omnipotent an of caricature this seriously take to hard is Similarly,it feminism. including decades, recent in plummeted had say) we (shall stock academic whose ideologies those for especially neoliberalism, of bogey-man mangled this in nizable aesthetic, social, and political commitments of digital practices in the humanities are unrecog- digital projects, work with digital archives, and attend or teach skills-building workshops. The design who us of many to man straw a like feels critiques these in DHers” “the and “DH” as cheekily entitled“DisruptingDigitalHumanities.” innovation go hand in hand that a special collection is now forthcoming from Punctum Books Richard Grusin puts it. puts Grusin Richard as problems,” “first-world considered be might tenure and promotion of issues Nonetheless, tactically,myself lates muchofthisthinking,andsowhichisworthquotingatlength,DavidGolumbiawrites: thetical totheinherentlynon-untilitariannatureofcriticalinquiry. Inaparagraphthatencapsu- resistance and critique, power,technologies, archival of nexus the anew consider to time the is Now not. will software, and hardware commercial including nologies, tech- networked upon scholarship’sreliance academy’sgaze; the of horizon the from recede will exist, things such as insofar DHers,” “the and “DH” humanities. the in techwork creative humanities should be judged according to their use-value tal designinliteratureprograms,practitionersseemtobegivingleveragetheideathat and culturalcriticism.Moreover, bydefendingthevalueofteaching programminganddigi- better by dint of their novelty, and now denigrated “traditional” methods such as close reading presumed methods, “innovative” between binarism a introduced have to seems disruption of ultimately whatisatstakeinthedebatesaboutfutureofliterarystudiesdigitalage. I indicate, should order mulating wealth. It does not directly grow capital and therefore is, to apply Bertrand Russell’s Bertrand apply to is, therefore and capital grow directly not does It wealth. mulating a productatall,leastnotone thatcanbesold,exchanged,orpatentedinthepursuitofaccu - coas h sl-dniy s dgtl humanists” “digital as self-identify who Scholars Let’s zoom in, then, on some points of contention. First, as suggested above, the language language the above, suggested as First, contention. of points some on then, in, Let’szoom It is taken for granted here that the knowledge produced in a field like literary studies is not not is studies literary like field a in produced knowledge the that here granted for taken is It liberal politicalphilosophyother thanmarketabsolutism. or conservative any almost with compatible are they suggests examination neutral more pretive humanities offer. While the Right likes to paint such ethics as inherently leftist, a and Leo Spitzer, a generalized ethics of the encounter with the other in language that inter Erich like predecessors philological their and Critics New the of that including Auerbach activity on a number of fronts.It is possible to locate in literary-interpretive practice, disappearing, and itisnosurprisethatthoseremaining are targets ofincreasedpolitical tance to market absolutism found in the humanities; sites of resistance to such politics are resis- inherent the of mark a part in it consider situation this at looked have who scholars that thehumanities areuselessorfailtoteach skillsnecessaryforemployment. Cultural wide range of conservative political forces for decades, particularly under the assumption The fact is that the humanities academy in the United States has beenunderattack from a mass appeal and pedagogical purpose, garnering hundreds of page views a month to defend this thing called “digital humanities” (which, as the consistent scare-quotes consistent the as (which, humanities” “digital called thing this defend to poor job responding to such criticism. I criticism. such to responding job poor value within an anti-populist academy than expensive, little-read monographs. little-read expensive, than academy anti-populist an within value
– who see who – don’t find don’t 15 We must take seriously and respond to the broader critique broader the to respond and seriously take We must coherent enough to defend as a field) but to defend destructively defend to but field) a as defend to enough coherent digital practices and web-based communities actually bolstering actually communities web-based and practices digital Whitney Trettien 50
believe this is this believe
icuig tactically including, –
– an idea largelyreified thing the because 16 that many critics see as anti-
– which is, which –
– including, non- including, – myself ,
– projects that projects –
after all, after
– not in not – have –
– bear -
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 material mechanisms that mediate that mechanisms material of literary studies, one cannot can one while structure thatthoughtasitiscommunicated space andtime. to otherhumansacross Thus the technological, social, legal,archival,andofcourseeconomic systems thatcollaboratively argued that “feminists needed not merely a room, but an entire print culture of their own.” their of culture print entire an but room, a merely not needed “feminists that argued the Women in Print movement of the 1970s, recently illuminated by the work of Trysh Travis, and networks, zine fomented culture punk why is It while technologies. existing in communication gaps exploiting of systems new developing into heavily so resources invested ment, the manyMarxianmovementsoflastcentury, includingmostrecently the Occupymove- part friction between inquiry the in sparks It it. practice who humans thinking the of part the on action political explicit an contingents: it defangs critique. Resistance is notagenetic function of literary criticism but political specific very with conflated ambiguously is ideology that when ideology,especially out overthelastfewdecadeswouldhavedoneabetterjobsavingusfrombudgetcuts. might suppose the many brilliantly subtle close readings of literature that critics have churned logics, then,doesnotgivethosepractices the political power to resist those logics. If it did, one ing or“literary-interpretive practices” canbesaidtooperate outside certain market-oriented think- critical nonetheless. That marketplace a remains it but wealth; than ego and prestige of valuation inflated an by more governed relativelyartificial systems within traded are modities com- these that true is It read. you one the like chapters articles, books, value: exchange with able momentsofthoughtbutratherarepreciselytheirtranslation into marketable commodities unmarket these with coterminous not are formations disciplinary professional of precipitate accruing no economic value (except in indirect ways). However, the “humanities” as a specific anti-market logicappliesevenintheabsenceofanyexplicitideologicalcommitmentson critical readingalonebearsthemantleofan“inherentresistancetomarketabsolutism.” This interpretive practice”ipsofactoanti-capitalist,accordingtothislineofargument. That is,simply Its sciences. the and engineering in generated knowledge distinction, “ornamental”toamarket-basedsystem,incontrastthemore“instrumental” I minutes eight last the for window kitchen my outside gutters the in play birds the watching often dubbed“critical thinking” resists thelogicofmarkets,insamelimited sense thatby important differences. For instance, it seemstruetomethat the setofinterpretive practices fluff to modern society. Nonetheless, the argument is built on a seriessuperfluous ofmuch leapsso inas logichumanities thatthe eradicate elide to seek that forces various the against tance any liberalorconservativepoliticalphilosophyotherthanmarketabsolutism” (emphasis added). resist capitalismbydesign. Thus it follows that literary hermeneutics is “compatible with almost as “digital humanities” “digital as The mediumisthemessage. val and information sciences separate from scholarship and largely irrelevant to the work of work the to irrelevant largely and scholarship from separate sciences information and val archi- the and industry publishing the considered historians century,literary twentieth the of material the into world, and enmeshed within a network of social woven and cultural practices. For instance, for much technologies, by up taken are acts critical where zone frictive that forces thatseektodevalue interpretive inquiry. This isthecasebecauseit forcesattention to
have resisted the resisted have This istheproblem,anddanger, ofrefractingeverythingthrough thelensofeconomic There ismuchtoconsiderhere,perhapsmostespecially the needforanallied front ofresis- oa, h dgtl turn digital Today, the of the reader or her methods; indeed the humanities are presented as powerful neoliberalism or market absolutism within the discursive space discursive the within absolutism market or neoliberalism argue against logic of markets: both activities are wastefully un-, even anti-productive, even un-, wastefully are activities both markets: of logic Creative destructionandthedigitalhumanities
– offers –
– active, critical
currently – it without engaging creatively and destructively with the with destructively and creatively engaging without resistit the best potential for fostering resistance to the conservative the to resistance fostering for potential best the
– and thus and – atog nihr eesrl nr niey constituted entirely, nor necessarily neither although , questioning 51 accrue or deny power to power deny or accrue
– and the non-instrumentality renders“literary- absorption of that process into
– that act. that – they because they This is why is This
the the 17 -
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 politically potent. and salient culturally more both are that ways in history rewrite to opportunity an as time our ans oftexttechnologies arebestpoisedtoseizethetechnological and rhetorical upheavals of both critics and advocates, such as humanities/neoliberalism or thinking/making. Thus histori- of discourse the guide unwittingly that oppositions false the deconstructing thereby methods, electronically-mediated of emergence the historicizing of capable are fields these mitments, com- methodological their of Because values. regressive and progressive simultaneously ing practices of the late seventeenth century that I differenttake a histories book “literary-interpretive tackonpractices” I which (by publishing take to scholars ered discourse. shape empow- invisibly has they it how And and representation of differentmodes disability,and of access valences like critical issues the long-neglected as around well sion as discus- galvanized also has shift this mediation, of systems to attention drawing By domain. issues like the politics of metadata, the economics of scholarly publishing, and thepublic around flourish to begun has inquiry collaborative of space fruitful a then, scholarship, digital sitate a morecross-disciplinary, cooperative approach. Partly asaresultofthepressures neces- which projects, digital in maintain to difficult is illusion However,this itself. criticism about particular social configurations, methods, or scholarly forms, and what transcends a whattranscends and forms, or scholarly methods, configurations, social particular about “digital” is what distinguish sharply more to us enable will histories these time, same the At from the language of novelty, plugging them into much longer histories of making and design. necessarily artificial nature of those distinctions, we can extract digital processes and practices has changed drastically over the years. By dividing tool from discourse, while recognizing the the same tasks, such as cutting paper or cloth; however, the gendering of scissors (for instance) scissors haveexistedformanycenturies and during that time have beenusedtodomanyof the honing thedistinction at better contingency historically of free float that practices material hand, one the on between, become must we today the academy in neoliberalism fight Tointentional. is This disruption. of language controversial the from as well as formulation, generative force. I its is rather but inquiry of noire bête oppositional the not is technologies text with destruction I century. eighteenth the of beginning the Tenisonat the Library in display on left last scrapbooks, his and Bagford to it; and that moments of media transition grounds of interpretation; that no discourse remains untainted by battle- the technologies but that mediate accumulation of zones neutral not are archives that well know areas these across working Scholars them. communicate and archive, store, that systems material the and ideas structures, and as such are accustomed to thematizing the points of contact between immaterial infra- and objects tangible with deal technology and information of Historians accident. an is I meet. scholarship digital and sciences, information studies, media history, self-conscious mediationholdsthegreatest practices” are. Rather, the productive entanglement of the humanities’ interpretive more work and any its work such is nor them, solve won’t alone scholarship collaborative or digital in engaging Simply solutions. easy no with issues tices, suchasediting,technical design, andcreative criticism. Of course,thesearecomplicated own control while developing frameworks for accreting value to previously undervalued prac- media archaeologists, media Much as their predecessor Bagford did. For the remainder of this essay, I This possibility has most been realized at the fecund node where the concerns of book of concerns the where node fecund the at realized been most has possibility This other hand, their rhetorical figuration in specific moments. Put more concretely, more like Put tools moments. specific in figuration rhetorical their hand, other
realize that following Ernst Robert Curtius, have called recurrent “topoi” recurrent called have Curtius, Robert Ernst following
have chosen Bagford chosen have in applying the phrase “creative destruction” to cut-and-paste Whitney Trettien
– which are possibility
simply mean making mean simply
52 am detaching it inherently as my case study because his cut-and-paste his because study case my as all moments forcatalyzingchange. resistant than “literary-interpretive from its specific Schumpeterian
– are always an idea public) under their under public) idea an
– one –
would like to in which creative which in
hybrid, contain don’t think don’t
– and, on and, –
– what – return this - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 distinction to the writing technologies that came before it. to coalesce around printing’s origins at the end of the seventeenth century, especially in contra- Yet precisely because of this temporal distance, a new historical consciousness was beginning trade. printing the “disrupting” of process the in were paper or type, ink, presses, in advances devices had recently entered the market (excepting perhaps the steel fountain pen), and no new from manuscript to mostly printed communication was many generations ago; no new writing flux in own, our like much was, that moment the contemporary‘disruptspeak’ thatvaluesinnovation milieu. technical specific preciser, These against leverage best our are histories critical deeper of which Bagford gathered into a book of specimens. He would use this collection to write to collection this use would He specimens. of book a into gathered Bagford which of some itself, binding the of waste the was there First collect. to stuff more just was Bagford weight ofthepast. The bookasaplatformwasbeginningtohaveitsownhistory. relations between technology, history, and interpretation were shifting under the accumulating categorically separate from the manuscripts that preceded the sixteenth century. Inshort,the broadsides and ballads Jonson; and Shakespeare of were coming into view 71 wt a etmtd ,1 mnsrps 5,0 pitd ok, 5,0 pmhes and pamphlets 350,000 41,000 prints. books, printed 50,000 manuscripts, in 7,618 passing estimated Harley’s an Edward with Sir 1741, at large comparably was family Harley the of library The have been uncommon before about 1650, also rapidly increased in size and frequency.” to appear “which manuscripts, and books old of Auctions organized.” well and active ingly increased three-fold bytheendofseventeenth century” as themarket became “increas- libraries’ ‘old in dealt who booksellers London of number “the that estimates Raven James irregular forms. a to conformity their homogeneous standardmore important than preservingthemintheiroriginal, occasionally considered he seem) would (it since volumes, folio large into pasted and apart cut were ballads and broadsides his out, pointed has Fumerton century.Patricia As new the for renovated were materials Pepys’sephemeral Even texts. of library cohesive ally in matching leather, transforming a motley assemblage of differently-bound books into a visu- red morocco, now known as “Harleian binding.” Pepys, too, had his entire collection rebound gold-tooled distinctive a in rebound items his of many had Harley covers. leather permanent more and matching into masse en books of libraries rebind to projects many prompted which lition oflarge collections encouraged aneed for order, stability, anduniformityofappearance, transformations that both fuelled and were fuelled by these larger shifts. For instance, the coa- before andasthephysicalarchivethattestifiestonarrative’ ence of the past forced the creative destruction of history from the consolidated libraries of Sloane, Harley,1753 and Cotton. in Thus the insistent material Museum pres- British the of founding the to lead eventually would shared and of heritage sense national a to rise give helped books ageing these All manuscripts.) thousand a than less contains earlier, century a over assembled largely Library, Cotton the comparison, (By century. seventeenth late the of markets hand second booming the in volumes 3,000 around Sloane held over 50,000 books and manuscripts in a collection of 117,000 antiquarian items. Hans Sir 1753, in death diversity.his and At scale unprecedented an of collections amass to began who aristocrats, and antiquaries of generation new a of libraries the fed trade growing h eape f afr i priual priet n hs epc, ic h wre i a in worked he since respect, this in pertinent particularly is Bagford of example The This destructive process of updating the book’s hardware generated much waste, which to which waste, much book’sgenerated the hardware updating of process destructive This Motivating this new historical consciousness was a robust market in second hand books. hand second in market robust a was consciousness historical new this Motivating This macro restructuring of history occurred in tandem with a variety of smaller material smaller of variety a with tandem in occurred history of restructuring macro This 22 Even a much less wealthy collector such as Samuel Pepys was able to acquire 23 Creative destructionandthedigitalhumanities
– the “ant ient” blackletter of Caxton and his contemporaries; the folios 53
– but dif but –
– all of all – über alles.
ferently so. By his lifetime, the shift the lifetime, his By so. ferently – history as 18 Distinctperiodsandgenresofprint which were beginning to seem to beginning were which s truth. both a story of what came 20 This 21 19
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 samples. with illustrated Mouderne,” binding booke “Of and antient” binding booke “Of essays, two Sir SimondsD’Ewes. many important smaller collections, including those of John Foxe, John Stow, John Covel, and catalogued items, soughtnewmaterials to fillgapsinthe library, andoversawthe purchase of Wanleyrole, this In collection. his of librarian Wanleyas hired Harley Robert 1708, around rare books of all sizes”; country,the Williamlibrary,about to from “went library pages Blade, title from away tearing to according who, biblioclast” old “wicked a as reputation a gain later would efforts,Bagford his For knowledge. new of collages into scraps these reconfiguring by technology printing of origins the narrating heap, fragmented this from knowledge dredge to intended Bagford seen, them. disbinding of process the in books old of flyleaves and headband, front, the have we As from forth spilled that waste printer’s and manuscripts medieval of fragments and pages title imens that could, among other things, aid in the dating of manuscripts. spec- of collection a producing too, these, saved Bagford rebinding. of process the in books of libraries, gathering up what otherwise would have sunk into oblivion. into sunk have would otherwise what up gathering libraries, of who know how to render them useful.” them render to how know who Cyprus us, to welcome, be may Fragments “even since outright, books any reject in not he that advising merchant a to wrote he letter a quotes Jackson Deirdre books. moth-eaten even worn, but manuscripts pristine or gorgeous most the just not save to care taking production, deleterious impact on the arts of handwriting. of arts the on impact deleterious 1000 last the Several within in Ancients Ages the of Hand-writings of Proofs “Original held it, called he as lection,” side pagesfromsixteenth and seventeenth-century copybooks. This large “Calligraphical Col- also saved specimens of medieval handwriting which he pasted into three folio volumes along- of hisowncollectingpractices: the manuscripts in the University,the in manuscripts the Trinity,Cambridge. at Libraries Christi Corpus and and Bodleian the at manuscripts the Anglo-Saxon including manuscripts, early of collections significant most the of many marks prowess organizational his and cataloguer, a as career a to first him led talents His volumes.) Pepys’s into copied are Wanley,notes to whose turned he Collection,” “Calligraphical his of fragments the dating help wanted Pepys when (Indeed, nal documents,hebecame perhaps themostskilledpaleographer and calligrapher of histime. Wanley,origi- of examination careful through yet schooling; formal no enjoyed Bagford, like draper, a to Wanley.Humfrey apprenticed than Once detritus cultural this saving in invested handwriting specimens, to be consulted by patrons of the library.the of patrons by consulted be to specimens, handwriting library’sthe of bindings the of scrapbook a them in save and collectionearly printedbooks of from paste-downs manuscript medieval the pluck to plan a curator the to proposed Wanley Like Bagford and even Pepys, Wanley had a wide appreciation for all forms of textual of forms all for appreciation wide a had Wanley Pepys, even and Bagford Like Although Bagford is a singular figure, he was not alone in his interest in fragments.
Years,” assembled Years,” Whitney Trettien 33 When he worked as a cataloguer with the Bodleian, the with cataloguer a as worked he When 54 30 with the aim of evincing the printing press’s printing the evincing of aim the with
Apart from Bagford, though, few were more were few though, Bagford, from Apart Christiopher Beatman Booksell[er] Beatman Christiopher 28
&c
& libreary[e]sI have libreary[e]sI & 34 Although thisplan never
.
.
. mane thousandes mane . 25 27 And there were the were there And As Bagford writes Bagford As geves me geves 29 31 Pepys Later, be[en] of Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 w. i ga ws vnuly o rdc “ small “a produce to eventually was goal His own. his on fragments and waste binding gathering begun have to seem does he fruition, to came , printing letters from Bagford and Wanley’sBagford from letters printing tions, scrapbooks. his of description moted Bagford’s history of printing in the pages of the Royal Society’s printed histories, illustrated with engravings of the scraps they had gathered. Sloane even pro- identifying medievalmanuscripts. and dating accurately in readers aid to order in Library” a Journey,into a or on along carried other times with manuscripts, always a problem. a always manuscripts, with times other stuffed into odd corners of various libraries and archives drafts, some published plans, a few facsimiles, and of course the scraps themselves, which are notes, lists, many realized. are were histories projects intended these of remains that All they were rebound by Hale in the nineteenth century. Instead, each fragment is presented as presented is fragment each century.Instead, nineteenth the in Hale by rebound were after they perhaps, have, would they as book, the of leaves the like together scroll not do scraps every fragment in theFragmentamanuscriptaatUniversityofMissouri. The individual of photographs digital view can anyone where Scriptorium, Digital web-accessible the for is how torenderthemuseful.” know who us, to welcome, be may Fragments “even Wanleyagain, quote To hands. human by written history, of bits discarded ragged, torn, these for concern nurtured simultaneously produced by scholars who, even as they and indeed their books contributed to those pressures, library,national thesecollections stand againstthedevaluation of fragmentsandafragmented past, a unify and consolidate, conform, to pressure Under knowledge. of pursuit human ethics oppositional an of careformediatechnologies as thebearersof pastlives,andascrucial collaborators in the cultivating by but time) the at mean might that (whatever discourse small sites ofresistance to cultural ruination. They oppose notthroughapoliticized critical as remain possibility,scraps and these loss of poles the Between own. our examining, are we case the in including, new,being, something into creates come also to it futures new enabling present. Yetthe of formations knowledge the in participation past’sfull the disables thus and cultural detritus into cultural heritage. Each reconstellation destroys some of what came before habits; new habits begat new historical narratives; new narratives begat new hardware, turning and the excess supply of old stuff that fed them both ancient/modern. upon which that turn pivots, including the naturalization of divisions like print/manuscript and by narrating new histories of text technologies books clearly participate in the late-seventeenth-century’s turn to history these as even Thus libraries. modern of logic institutional the within sense make them make light have no conceptual mechanism for absorbing them back into their fold, no category to seem thatthelarge-scale archival restructuring that originally helped bringthesefragmentsto hybrid its assemblage of print catalogue and manuscript institution materials from an many centuries? should Ironically, how it would collection, a of part If collection? larger a of part or creative destruction.” of gale “perennial the as economics twentieth-century of context the in describes Schumpeter what twist, new each energizes that restructuring of cascade the is here) superficially (treated I What technology.and knowledge historical between allegiance new a generating demand, archival including the antiquarian Importantly,and Pepys, WanleyBagford, into specimens of books their turn to planned all Today, Bagford’s scrapbooks have yet again undergone a hardware update. This time, it time, This update. hardware a undergone again yet have scrapbooks Today,Bagford’s By the end of the century, then, the co-emergence of loosely interconnected interests interconnected loosely of co-emergence the then, century, the of end the By
am attempting to attempting am Creative destructionandthedigitalhumanities 37 The accumulation of old books and manuscripts begat new collecting new begat manuscripts and books old of accumulation The draw forth from this dense, dynamic knot of competing concerns competing of knot dynamic dense, this from forth draw and second hand booktrade, intellectual curiosity about the past, 55
– they also 36 Are thesefragmentseachindividual items,
– had braided
pral book, portable &
– sometimes with materially resist the discursive terms together market supply and Philosophical Transac-
hc my e easily be may which – and do printed materials, at 35 so explicitly Yetof none
– Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4 as transparent windows onto the past. This is a luxury we can no longer afford in a hyper- a in afford longer no can we luxury a is texts This past. historical the any onto windows indeed transparent or as editions critical treating content, text’s a to only attend who chapter this in scratched I’ve surface technolog whose and remediation cultural ical of moment The useful. fragments these render to how know don’t careful reconfigurationbysomeonewho“know[s]howtorenderthemuseful.” ation. What remains is yet another, and new, pile of technologically-mediated scraps that await connected the remnantsofpasthavebeensevered,acasualtymanyprocessesremedi- he which by links delicate the “Bagford’s”; as collection the mark still to hesitates one that of project Bagford’sextensive so seems destruction disassembled. creative digitally This now is then, assemblage, as began What together. scraps these links cataloguers, of generation new a by authored metadata, Only verso. and recto both of image an with unit individual an hegemonic, market-drivennotionofwhatcontemporarytechneis,orcouldbe. a challenge that ways in technologies networked these rework to begin we can matter subject media technologies remediate, disseminate, and storescholarship inthehumanities and its inquiry.historical critical, undercut to seek that how historicizing and acknowledging in Only glements, entan- they remain limited in their ability to foment sites of resistance against the forces technological and material own their of sense larger a to connected are methods our to powerless us render methods myopic these because but fluous, technologized age
10 12 13 11 2 1 3 6 5 4 9 8 7
If there is a problem with “traditional” literary critical methods today, it is that they often they that is today,it methods critical literary “traditional” with problem a is there If July “The Tenison Library Century,” Last the of End the About London in Libraries “Public William Blades,“TheMinorLibrariesofEngland,” Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism,Socialism,andDemocracy Belknap Press,1999),470,N7,6. Benjam Walter Manuscripts,” of Disseminator and Collector a as Bagford “John e.g. see sive; exten- is scrapbooks contemporaneous other Bagford’s,and as Bagford books on these work his and Gatch, McC. Milton ings,” TheLibrary TBS-7, no. 95–114.On no. 9, of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society com/2003/06/08/magazine/the-sink-or-swim-economy.html blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/creative-destruction-yada-yada/ Internet Age: Schumpeter: The ProphetofBustandBoom.” Boom,” and Bust of Prophet The Schumpeter: Age: com/2000/06/10/your-money/10iht-mschump.t.html Grant McCracken, “The McCracken, Grant “Creative Krugman, Paul “The Collingwood, Harris Reie in Quoted Sharon Reier, od Hixon, Todd April Grant program, partially under pressure from critics of “innovation” as a metric. See Brett Bobley,Brett See metric. a as “innovation” of critics from pressure under partially program, Grant tion/#728790425bd9 www.forbes.com/sites/toddhix 2014, hs tr-p Grant Start-Up This
1790, 585.
15, 2013,https://hbr.or Bagford’s“Bagford’sDavenport, Cyril see bindings, of scrapbooks Bookbind- on Notes
“John Bagford, Bookseller Bagford, “John Hge Euain s o Gon Zr fr Disruption,” for Zero Ground Now Is Education “Higher “Half a Century Later, Economist’s ‘Creative Destruction’ Theory Is Apt for the Internet in, r, “Half a Century Later, Economist’s ‘Creative Destruction’ Theory Is Apt for the for Apt Is Theory Destruction’ ‘Creative Economist’s Later, Century a “Half r,
– not because The Arcades Project Arcades The “Fragmenta ManuscriptaandVaria atMissouriandCambridge,”Transactions ,” TheSaturday Review295,no. rga hs eety rniind o h Dgtl uaiis Advancement Humanities Digital the to transitioned recently has program Five Stages of Disruption Denial,” Disruption of Stages Five Destruction YadaDestruction Yada,” Sink-or-Swim Economy,”Sink-or-Swim g/2013/04/disruption-denial/
1 (1902):123–30. neoliberalism has succeeded in making criticism seem super on/2014/01/06/higher-education-is-now-ground-zero-for-disrup Whitney Trettien , trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge: McLaughlin Kevin and Eiland Howard trans. , and Antiquary,” Notes 56
5 (1990): 457. (1990): 5 New York TimesJune , The Book-Worm New York TimesJune ,
New YorkJune Times , 11, June Electronic(1986); BritishLibraryJournal (London:Routledge,2003[1942]),83. (blog post), (blog Review Business Harvard
22, 1861,638. Gatch is responsible for identifying for responsible is Gatch 7, no. 7, The Library
s niil to invisible is X(October oppose such claims. Unless The Gentleman’s Magazine
bo) January (blog), Forbes 16, 2014, http://krugman. 2014, 16,
20, 2000, www 2000, 20,
8, 2003, www 2003, 8,
1866): 158. ieay critics literary
2 (June 2 .nytimes. .nytimes.
1985):
6, - - , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 15:38 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315696041, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315696041-4
35 34 33 32 30 26 25 16 15 14 21 36 31 29 28 27 24 23 20 19 18 17 22
(September and Sloane,” Collector,”a Margaretsee Sloane, “Bagford and Nickson, Bagford 97ff; between relationship the on Bagford’sof promotion the On as Bagford “John Gatch, also see subscribers, its and history printing Two Letters to Dr. with an Account of His Collections for the Same, by Mr. Humfrey Wanley, F. R. S. Communicated in University Press,1988),226. xlvi (1960):121;seealsoEileen Academy Joy,A. “Thomas Smith,Humfrey Wanley,and the‘Little- ing, and Their Preservers,” century, see Arthur Freeman, “Everyman andOthers,PartI:SomeFragmentsofEarly English Print- Nimmo, 1891),3. clast, see also Alfred William Pollard, LastWords ontheHistoryofTitle-Page 7 (1904):123–62. Ballads,” Broadside Seventeenth-Century at presented paper Library,” tions,” differences 25,no. “The Grusin, Richard sug-program-no-more-please-welcome-digital-humanities-advancement-grants April posted (blog), of DigitalHumanities Grants,” WelcomeHumanities Advancement Please Digital More; No Is Program SUG “The Printed Books in 1890, for instance. See Gatch, “John Bagford as a Collector,” 96n4; see also Colin also see Collector,”96n4; a as Bagford “John Gatch, See instance. for 1890, in Books Printed of Department the for fragments printed extracting Bagfordiana, collection large its reorganized and the To and Bagford John Ibid. Quoted onJackson,“Humfrey Wanley andtheHarleyCollection,”7. W.Brian Known Country’ oftheCottonLibrary,” W Ernest Cyril Pepys, PartIII(London:Sidgwick James, Rhodes Montague For a history British LibraryMS Gatch, “JohnBagfordasaCollector,” 108ff. Blades, William British Library, MS “Bagford’ Davenport, Cyril “Rememberin Fumerton, Patricia 1, quotingNicolasBarkeret Deirdre Jackson, “Humfrey WalkerAlison Trysh T David Golumbia,“DeathofaDiscipline,” Ibid., 82. 139–57. the Second-hand Trade, ed. Jon Stobart and Ilja Van Damme (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 2009, www.ifla.org/past-wlic/2009/78-walker Books Raven, James known is Little Johns, Adrian Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 106ff. On the second-hand trade, see also Ian Mitchell, “ Mitchell, Ian also see trade, second-hand the On 106ff. 2007), YaleHaven: Press, University chapter Acquisition ofBooksbyChetham’s Library, 1655–1700(Leiden:Brill,2011), 81ff. and even Haberdashers who worked outside of or alongside Stationers in the trade; Matthew Yeo, importers, dealers, second-hand auctioneers, many the of influence the missed having of peril the at Stationers’the of monopoly the and Company volumes new of production the on exclusively almost
– New Bound’? New –
ravis, “The Women in Print Movement: History and Implications,” great confusion of all future researchers, the British Library has at several points split up split points several at has Library British the researchers, future all of confusion great “Faust andthePirates: The CulturalConstructionofthe PrintingRevolution.” Hill,
2008), http://purl.oclc.org/emls/14-2/fumerrem.htm of collecting printed fragments, beginning with Bagford and stretching into the twentieth Electronic British LibraryJournal9,no. , “The Library of Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753): Creating a Catalogue of a Dispersed a of Catalogue a Creating (1660–1753): Sloane Hans Sir of Library “The , The Nature oftheBook The Business The Robert Harley, Speaker,YaleHaven: Secretary(New ofState, and Premier Minister right, “Humfrey Wanley: Saxonist and Library-Keeper,” and Saxonist Wanley:“Humfrey right, about this market, since, as Matthew Yeo points out, book historians have focused have historians book out, Yeopoints Matthew as since, market, this about The EnemiesofBooks
Hans Sloane, R. Humfrey Wanley, “An Essay on the Invention of Printing, by Mr. John Bagford; John Mr. by Printing, of Invention the on Wanley,Essay Humfrey “An
Creative destructionandthedigitalhumanities
Sloane 1435,fols3v-4,quotedinNickson,“BagfordandSloane,”52–3. Harley 4712. Dark Side of Digital Humanities: Dispatches from Dispatches TwoHumanities: Digital of Side Dark MLARecent Conven- Selling Second-Hand Books in England, c. 1680–1850,” in 1680–1850,” c. England, in Books Second-Hand Selling
1 (2014):87. Bibliotheca Wanley and the Harley Collection,”
al., T The Library9,no. s Notes on Bookbindings,” on Notes s , Milan, Italy,WorldAugust Milan, LibraryandInformationCongress, (New 1450–1850 Trade Book English the and Booksellers Books: of reasures oftheBritishLibrary(London:Library, 1988),p. g by Dismembering: Databases, of Dismembering: Recollection by the g and Archiving,
S. Secr.,” & Jackson,Ltd.,1923),115. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), especially the especially 1998), Press, Chicago of University (Chicago: Pepysiana; a Descriptive Catalogue of the Library of Samuel of Library the of Catalogue Descriptive a Pepysiana; (London: Elliot Stock, 1888), 18. On Bagford as a biblio a as Bagford On 18. 1888), Stock, Elliot (London: Electronic BritishLibraryJournal 14, no. 14, Early ModernLiteraryStudies differences 25,no. Philosophical Transactions 25 (1706–1707): 2397–410.
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.neh.gov/divisions/odh/grant-news/the- 1 (2014):158. Book History 11 (2008): 282. Proceedings ofthe British (2005), Article 1.
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———. ———. Gatch, Fumerton, Patricia. “Remembering Davenport, Cyril.“Bagford’s NotesonBookbindings.”TheLibrary TBS-7, no. Economy.” Sink-or-Swim “The Harris. Collingwood, Bobley, Walter.Benjamin, Bagford, John, and Humfrey Wanley. “An Essay on the Invention of Printing, by Mr. John Bagford; with Lemoine, Krugman, Paul. “Creative Destruction Yada Yada.” Samuel of Library the of Catalogue Descriptive a Pepysiana; James, Montague Rhodes Bibliotheca Collection.” Harley the and Wanley “Humfrey Deirdre. Jackson, Disruption.” For Zero Ground Now Is Education “Higher Todd. Hixon, Blades, William. “TheMinorLibrariesofEngland.” Raven, James.The Grusin, Richard. Grusin, Golumbia, David.“DeathofaDiscipline.” Hill, Brian Hill, 37
York: PalgraveMacmillan,2010. New 139–57. VanDamme, Ilja and Stobart Jon by edited Modernity and theSecond-Hand Trade, Magazine 60,pt.2,July Electronic BritishLibraryJournal(2005):1–34. Pepys, PartIII.London:Sidgwick April Schumpeter, Capitalism,Socialism,andDemocracy scripts attheBritishLibrary. manu- Sloane and Harley from removed material the for 478–9, 1972): Museum, British (London: Ernest Wright, Harl. MS. 5998,” BL, from Information Further Bagford: John by Harley Robert to C. Tite,Supplied “Manuscripts G. 2014. www.forbes.com/sites/toddhix 2014. (September Seventeenth-Century Broadside Ballads.” Broadside Seventeenth-Century Cambridge BibliographicalSociety com/2003/06/08/magazine/the-sink-or-swim-economy.html grant-news/the-sug-program-no-more-please-welcome-digital-humanities-advancement-grants Grants.” Letters toDr. an Account of His Collections for the Same, by Mr. Humfrey Wanley, F. R. S. Communicated in Two Yale UniversityPress,2007. nytimes.com/2014/06/16/creative-destruction-yada-yada/ (2011): 1–20. tion/#728790425bd9 versity Press,1988. bridge: BelknapPress,1999. 95–114. tions.” differences 25,no. Eileen A. “Thomas Smith, Humfrey Wanley, and the ‘Little-Known Country’ of the Cotton Library.” Milton McC. “Fragmenta Manuscripta and Varia at Missouri and Cambridge.”
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