The Luna Expedition: An Overview from the Documents
John E. Worth University of West Florida
January 7, 2017 The 1559-1561 Tristán de Luna Expedition as Planned Major Spanish Expeditions and Settlements Before Luna The 1559-1561 Tristán de Luna Expedition as Executed Luna Expedition: First Colonization Phase Aftermath of the Hurricane of September 19-20, 1559 Luna Expedition: Survival Phase Luna Expedition: Second Colonization Phase Documenting the Luna Expedition 16th-Century Spanish Ships, Average Crew Numbers by Position 18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Average Crew Numbers on 16th Century Spanish Ships Average Cost Per Crewmember by Tonnage 600
500
400
300 Tonnage 200
100
0 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 Monthly Cost Per Crewmember (ducats) Total Monthly Crew Pay by Tonnage (minus 2 undercrewed vessels) 600
500
400
300 Tonnage 200
100
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Monthly Crew Pay (ducats) Crew Pay and Tonnage on 16th Century Spanish Ships Item (English) Unit Luna Total Terrestrial Total Maritime Total Total Wheat Flour kilos 24560.412 711873.764 2716.860 739151.036 Wheat liters 1665.030 0.000 0.000 1665.030 Hardtack kilos 24442.761 155413.071 4185728.879 4365584.712 Rice kilos 245.604 0.000 32958.769 33204.373 Corn liters 623026.476 75481.360 0.000 698507.836 Fava Beans/Chickpeas liters 166503.000 4440.080 107269.558 278212.638 Beans liters 26640.480 0.000 0.000 26640.480 Cassava kilos 0.000 108674.390 0.000 108674.390 Cheese kilos 4427.395 3042.883 34851.877 42322.154 Beef kilos 278315.112 83950.966 206140.103 568406.181 Pork kilos 48523.115 0.000 163748.397 212271.512 Cod item 0.000 0.000 16872.000 16872.000 Cod kilos 0.000 0.000 2173.488 2173.488 Sardines item 0.000 0.000 52000.000 52000.000 Sardine Preserves kilos 0.000 0.000 121715.317 121715.317 Anchovy Preserves kilos 0.000 0.000 30428.829 30428.829 Tuna kilos 0.000 0.000 217783.477 217783.477 Fish kilos 6632.398 0.000 43801.213 50433.611 Dried Fish item 0.000 0.000 7920.000 7920.000 Cattle item 448.000 0.000 0.000 448.000 Pigs item 0.000 300.000 0.000 300.000 Chickens item 0.000 100.000 0.000 100.000 Goats item 0.000 30.000 0.000 30.000 Sheep item 88.000 0.000 36.000 124.000 Hares item 0.000 0.000 50.000 50.000 Raisins kilos 2862.483 1738.790 3990.524 8591.797 Almonds kilos 360.799 652.046 1404.073 2416.918 Chestnuts liters 0.000 0.000 555.010 555.010 Garlic strings 0.000 80.000 80.000 160.000 Salt kilos 50207.568 11581.973 10954.378 72743.920 Wine liters 17407.507 57537.336 537462.829 612407.672 Vinegar liters 29394.326 22920.960 141829.236 194144.522 Olive Oil liters 7874.840 21149.811 21105.840 50130.490 Honey liters 0.000 76.556 0.000 76.556 16th Century Spanish Food Provisions Terrestrial vs. Maritime Foods 80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
Terrestrial % Maritime %
Terrestrial vs. Maritime Provisions Luna Expedition vs. Terrestrial vs. Maritime 80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000
Luna % Terrestrial % Maritime %
Luna Expedition Provisions Compared Food Groups by Class 80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0.000 Grains Vegetables Proteins Condiments Liquids Luna Terrestrial Maritime
Provisions Compared by Food Group Item (English) Luna Expedition 1560 1563 Fleet #1 1563 Fleet #2 2.0/1.0 onzas per person per day PLUS 9/4 corn Hardtack 24 onzas per person per day 24 onzas per person per day tortillas (9.28/4.12 onzas per person per day)
Fava Beans/ 0.5 almud per 15 person on 1 0.5 almud per 15 persons on 3 Chickpeas day/week days/week
16 onzas per 10 persons on 1 16 onzas per 10 persons on 1 Rice day/week day/week
Garlic with discretion with discretion
2 onzas per person on 5 2 onzas per person on 3 Cheese days/week days/week
32 onzas per 4 persons on 2 8 onzas per persons on 1 Pork 2.0/1.0 onzas per person per day days/week days/week
8 onzas per person on 2 16 onzas per person on 2 Beef 2.0/1.0 onzas per person per day days/week days/week
32 onzas per 3 persons on 2 32 onzas per 3 persons on 4 Fish days/week days/week
0.5 azumbres per person per 0.5 azumbres per person per Wine day day
1 arroba per 5 persons per 1 arroba per 5 persons per Vinegar month month
0.5 azumbre per person per 0.5 azumbre per person per Olive Oil month month Stated Rations for Luna Expedition and 1563 Fleet Average Daily Onzas by Food Item 30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Hardtack Corn Fava Beans/ Rice Cheese Pork Beef Fish Chickpeas Luna Expedition 1560 1563 Fleet (avg.)
Stated Rations for Luna Expedition and 1563 Fleet Item (English) Total Avg. per Ship Pot, Large 5 1.25 Pot, Medium 2 0.5 Item (English) Total Avg. per Ship Pot, Small 3 0.75 Pot, Copper 4 1.33 Cauldron, Large Copper 4 1 Kettle, Copper 1 0.33 Jug, Copper (half arroba for wine) 8 2 Cauldron, Copper 4 1.33 Funnel 34 8.5 Jug, Copper 6 2.00 Funnel, Tinplate 6 1.5 Funnel, Tinplate 7 2.33 Funnel, Wood 1 0.25 Funnel, Copper 4 1.33 Measure, Copper (azumbre, half azumbre, Measure, Copper 9 3.00 29 7.25 quartillo, half quartillo) Measure, Copper, 1/2 cuartillo 2 0.67 Spoons, Iron 16 4 Measure, Copper, 1 cuartillo 2 0.67 Oil Cruet, Tinplate 48 12 Measure, Copper, 1/2 azumbre 2 0.67 Ceramics: Half Arroba 30 7.5 Measure, Copper, 2 azumbres 1 0.33 Ceramics: Quarter Arroba 30 7.5 Spoons, Wood 36 12.00 Ceramics: jarro 78 19.5 Spoons, Copper 25 8.33 Ceramics: jarillo 60 15 Escudilla, Wood 396 132.00 Ceramics: plato 3 0.75 Plato, Wood 336 112.00 Ceramics: plato and escudillas, white 230 57.5 Taza, Wood 96 32.00 Ceramics: plato, yellow 270 67.5 Mat 6 2.00 Ceramics: escudilla, yellow 342 85.5 Basket 28 9.33 Ceramics: taza 6 1.5 Olive Jar 98 32.67 Mat 100 25 Cask 3 1.00 Pail 45 11.25 Balance Scale 8 2.67 Olive Jar 520 130 Weight, 4 libras 8 2.67 Cask 192 48 Weight, 2 libras 8 2.67 Butt 18 4.5 Weight, 1 libra 8 2.67 Barrel 48 12 Weight, 1/2 libra 8 2.67 Barrel Head 20 5 Weight, 1/4 libra 8 2.67 Tallow Candle (libras) 971 242.75 Lantern 34 11.33 Binnacle Lamp, Tinplate 3 0.75 Firewood (cartloads) 6.5 2.17 Firewood (cartloads) 61 15.25 1575 Fleet (3 ships) Axe, Iron 30 7.5 1558 Fleet (4 largest ships) Food-Related Equipment for 1558 and 1575 Fleets Antón Guillén, soldier Juan Martín, drummer Francisco de Arriola, sailor Melchor González, soldier Weaponry 1 gold-plated dagger Weaponry Weaponry Weaponry 1 sword with waxed 1 lance 1 sword 2 old sword belts 1 sword scabbard 1 leather shield 1 sword belt, old 1 white leather sword belt
Horse Tack halter, and rope Horse Tack Horse Tack Horse Tack 1 new riding saddle with 1 pair spurs 1 headstall with 2 halters blanket 20 horseshoes 1 pair spurs 1 bridle with reins, 4 tumplines Clothing 1 pair white taffeta breeches Clothing 1 cloth cap, old Clothing Clothing 1 quilted leather doublet 1 red livery cape 1 quilted armor coat 1 pair shoes 1 old blue tunic 2 purple jackets from 1 deerskin doublet with 1 brown cape 1 jerkin 1 pair sandals 1 old green tunic Mexico velvet-trimmed sleeves 1 black cape and smock 1 jacket, wool, old 1 worn black tunic 1 brown smock from Mexico 1 sleeveless leather doublet 1 pair brown cloth stockings 1 cloak, brown, old 1 shirt of Biscayan linen 1 pair of handmade white 1 new Cordoban leather 1 pair linen stockings 1 jacket, serge 1 shirt wool stockings jerkin 1 pair gloves 1 yellow taffeta doublet, old 3 old shirts 4 pairs of shoes 1 old sheepskin jerkin 1 red bonnet 1 purple taffeta doublet, old 2 pairs old white breeches 1 sackcloth jacket with 1 new black cloth cap 1 linen doublet 1 pair old red trousers yellow velvet sash 1 pair new waxed Cordoban 1 shirt 1 old cloak 1 linen jacket leather boots 1 shirt, linen 1 old cape 4 linen shirts from Mexico 1 pair old Cordoban leather 1 shirt, Rouen linen 3 old caps 1 linen shirt from Spain boots 1 pair brown breeches 1 old felt hat 1 pair blue linen trowsers 2 pairs white Cordoban 1 pair velvet breeches, old 1 small cowl 1 pair small white taffeta leather shoes 1 pair sackcloth trowsers 1 stocking trowsers 1 pair new cowskin 1 pair 1 pair black stockings 1 pair old boots of Cordoban 1 pair old brown velvet sandalsshoes 1 velvet cap, old leather breeches 1 black cloth cap, old some old buttons Bedding Bedding Bedding Bedding 2 blankets 1 blanket 1 old pillow with a cushion 1 linen sheet 2 pillows 1 old mattress Equipment/Personal Items prayer books in Spanish Equipment/Personal Items Equipment/Personal Items some needles Equipment/Personal Items 1 pair barber scissors 1 padlock, keyless 1 box of combs 1 glass water sprinkler 4 ceramic platos (1 broken) 1 awl 1 hammer some old writing desks? 1 pitcher 1 ceramic olla 1 brush 1 stitching awl some quill pens 4 knives 1 Biscayan machete 1 box with 4 combs 1 set of knives 1 brush 1 prayer book 1 knife with a yellow handle 1 embroidered green silk 2 shoehorns and a brush 1 bar of soap 1 old calendar some wooden prayer beads handkerchief 1 image of La Magdalena 1 water gourd 1 smashed gold necklace 2 hand cloths 1 dining napkin 2 pairs of tailor’s scissors Supplies bobbins Supplies 2 bundles cord Supplies Supplies 12 skeins Portuguese thread 12 dozen bands of leather 20 bars of soap a piece of a blanket some pieces of old linen 5 bars of soap 1 lb. drover’s thread 1 roll black wax 12 skeins of fine thread 2 parchments for drums some pieces of old cloth 1 string of garlic 8 skeins fine thread 6 copper plates 2 balls of fine thread 4 strings of glass beads 1 old sheepskin 1 bundle white thread 6 balls thread for letters some black thread a little thread and silk 2 balls crossbow thread some thread 18 fishhooks 1 ½ quires of paper Containers Containers Containers Containers 1 canvas sack 1 bag 1 old pouch 1 white box 1 wooden box 1 box Personal Estates from Luna Expedition, 1559 Infantry Pay Rates Captain 40 ducats per month Average Auction Price by Category, Spain, 1544 (ducats) Ensign 15 ducats per month 1.4 1.3 Sergeant 8 ducats per month Squad Leader 6 ducats per month 1.2 Soldier: Arcabusier 4 ducats per month 1.2 Soldier: Pikeman 3 ducats per month Soldier 2 ducats per month 1.0
0.8 0.8 0.7 Maritime Pay Rates 0.6 0.5 0.5 Master 16 ducats per month 0.5 Ship’s Clerk 12-15 ducats per month Boatswain 12 ducats per month 0.4 Steward 12 ducats per month 0.2 Notary 12 ducats per month 0.2 0.1 0.1 Diver 12 ducats per month 0.1 0.1 0.1 Gunner 10 ducats per month 0.0 Carpenter 9-12 ducats per month Water Bailiff 8 ducats per month Artilleryman 7 ½ ducats per month Caulker 6 ducats per month Sailor 6 ducats per month Ship’s Boy 3 to 4 ducats per month Cabin Boy 3 to 4 ducats per month
Mid 16th-Century Spanish Price and Pay Structure Items Amount wooden trays (bateas) 98 olive jars (botijas) 1,152 barrels 26 iron barrel hoops 2,237 casks 853 petacas/petates 803 copper cauldrons 7 measures 13 funnels 10 balance scales 2 grinding stones and pestles 3,600 libras + 2
Food-Related Containers and Equipment purchased for Luna Expedition uwf.edu/luna