Perspective of digital services: A review Vol..1 No.1

Perspective of services: A review Roopa. E , Coorg Institute of Technology, Ponnampet– 571 216 . South Coorg, India Contact No. 09611652574, Email: [email protected]

M. Krishnamurthy Documentation Research and Training Centre, Indian Statistical Institute, 8th Mile Mysore Road, Bangalore 560059, India Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Purpose of this paper is to present trends in digital library services research in 21 st century along with the theme of the articles to readers to understand the past research in the field. It is also intended to presents the role of librarian in digital era. The study is based on the published English articles covered by LISA, LISTA and Google scholar using key terms digital library in title field and service in abstract field from the year 2000 to 2013. Review is presented after thorough study of full text articles. This work shows importance of digital library and the predominant developments in digital library and services. Findings revels that providing digital service is very important and need of the day as users perceived it positively and understand the benefits of it. There is no evidence of services provided in India. Many digital reference services are provided and evaluated in western countries.

Keywords - Digital library, Digital library services, Library services, Digital reference service, Repositories.

Article Classification - Literature Review

Introduction walls. The term digital library is often used and it is playing key role in serving large number of The rapid expansion of the information clientele. According to (Borgman, 1999) Digital technology, internet and the World Wide Web are a set of electronic resources and (WWW) has a great impact on how libraries are associated technical capabilities for creating, managing their collections and providing searching and using information. In this sense services. Now are dealing with the they are an extension and enhancement of concepts like electronic library, digital library, information storage and retrieval systems that virtual library, hybrid library and library without www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 1

Perspective of digital library services: A review Vol..1 No.1

manipulate digital data in any medium (text, information resources, databases of text, images, sounds; static or dynamic images) and numbers, graphics, sound, video, etc. and (4) a exist in distributed networks. set of tools and capabilities to locate, retrieve and utilize the information resources available. With the introduction of digital library concept, According to (Wilson et al., 2002) the term institutional repositories, e-journals, e-books, e- digital library is now a days used to indicate book and e-journal bdatabases, wiki’s, blogs etc. both the system that implements the service of a the word dissemination of information resources globally accessible library and the digital is replaced with services, (Chua et al ., 2008) so content of the library itself and of documents libraries all over the world are undergoing that are maintained and disseminated. (Rahman fundamental paradigm shifts in the way they see et al., 2004) define digital library services as their users and how they offer the services. (Li, “services those are delivered digitally through 2006) these information services range from computer networks. It maintains all, or a online bibliographic instructions, computerized substantial part of its collection in computer library catalogs, digital libraries, distance accessible form as an alternative, supplements, learning services, e-databases, instant messaging or complements to the conventional printed and services, inter library loan and document microforms materials currently dominated services, ready references, virtual classrooms, library collection. Electronic/Digital information virtual references, and so on. These digital services are providing: CD-ROM facilities; library systems and services can be accessed and Electronic transmission of documents; utilized as easily as googling. (Han and Maintaining of on-line subscriptions and Goulding, 2003) These easy-to-use digital purchase; Access to online periodicals, including library system and services are provided, which free online journals; E-mail and electronic alerts enable users to access information on their own. from publishers of journals and Handling of As a result, the paradigm of information websites and databases”. accessing & searching is shifting away from professional-mediated mode to end-user self- Role of librarians service mode. So in order to understand the shift Librarians are uniquely positioned to play a of information service and trends, evaluation of major role in the digital era and they have to digital services is important. undergo changes in the way they operate and provide information services to users. Definition According to (Sreenivasulu, 2001) librarian will

become the guardian of digital information and (Borgman, 1999) defines digital library as (1) a will be the vehicle to reserve democratic access service; (2) an architecture; (3) a set of www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 2

Perspective of digital library services: A review Vol..1 No.1

to information. The digital librarian role will students move away from the physical library increasingly towards offering consultancy to the and immerse themselves in the digital library. In users and providing digital reference services, research libraries (Maron and Smith, 2009) electronic information services, navigating, librarians have to provide new services in searching and retrieval of digitized information networked digital environment that are through web documents that span the universal accessible to end users directly, and many of the digital library or the global digital library. services are essential tools for scholars Similarly (Krishnamurthy and Chan, 2005) conducting research, building scholarly mentioned that digital librarian is required to networks, and disseminating their ideas and manage the digital libraries, organize digital work. knowledge and information to provide universal access and retrieval of digital knowledge and Review of literature digital documents at any time and place. Many efforts are made towards development of Additionally (Sharma, 2000) is of the opinion digital library and its services. According to that professionals have to change themselves as (Borgman, 2000) scholarly professional interest the information professionalist and they have to in digital libraries has grown rapidly since work with e-information resources in the digital 1990’s. Since then many digital library environment. According to (Garcia-Marco 2011) conferences were held and digital library topics libraries aggregate information retrieval systems, were introduced at meetings in variety of books, journals, reference databases, electronic discipline and profession. Many digital projects collections that are not produced by them. As a were also conducted during this time, the major result, librarians facilitating knowledge transfer one was Digital Library Initiatives I and Digital through the effective preservation and Library Initiatives II (popularly known as DLI-I organization of public documents - public and II). Special services through digital library knowledge records - to ensure its social came to being and attracted visionaries and utilization so knowledge is effectively decision makers with DLI-I and II project. Since transferred. Role of librarian changes as per the then there is continuous research in digital type of libraries they are serving. In . We can broadly group digital library libraries, to provide the service and to develop research in two groups. One that provides successful information systems, librarians need services with intervention of librarian like to understand how people relate to information alerting service, digital reference services, SDI, in every social situation. (Lukasiewicz, 2007) in CAS etc. and the other research which covers academic libraries, librarians play an technical aspect of digital library services like increasingly important role in student success as metadata, harvesting system, ontology, www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 3

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improvising search engines etc. For our study and programs, access to technology “petting we have not covered the technical aspect of the zoos” to try out new devices, GPS navigation research. To know the latest trends and for our apps to help patrons locate material inside convenience, we have reviewed research works library buildings, “Redbox” style lending since 2000 to 2013 and the studies are arranged machines or kiosks located throughout the under following headings; digital library community where people can check out books, services, digital reference services and digital movies or music without having to go to the library services through repositories. library itself, “Amazon” style customized book/audio/video recommendation schemes that Di gital library services are based on patrons prior library behavior. According to (Bernard, 2006) relationships between producers, users, documents, and technologies are key elements for best services. Services In order to provide best services many librarians To provide digital library service (Xiao, 2010) and information specialist have examined the explained an overall methodology and case opportunities. Among them (Pomerantz, 2008) study for the innovation and extension of a explored digital library services, in both possible digital library. Author used the three- senses: services provided digitally by physical dimensional structure theory (resources, services libraries, and services provided by digital and organisations/librarians) of the information libraries. He found that libraries provided a service industry and combined with the superb environment for service science to comprehensive analysis with the practical investigate new ways to produce value for users. experiences, in order to provide document He recommended to integrate digital library delivery services (DDS). Further (Shabani et al., services and library service using digital 2012) have attempted to present the resources to provide novel services. Additionally prerequisites for establishing DDS and (Ganaie, 2013) found that libraries are actually investigated the facilities offered by many marching towards achieving the goal of libraries for the clients in academic and research providing pinpointed exhaustive and expeditious institutes. (Koyama et al., 2011) provided inter information to those who are in need of that library loan services (ILL) and found that there information. Research by (Zickuhr, 2013) shows was increase in request for ILL due to that user expectations are high and users would bibliographic service, which enabled users to embrace wider use of technology at libraries retrieve more references. (Moore 2005) Created such as online research services allowing digital and provided digimap patrons to pose questions and get answers from service to assist users in making full use of librarians, apps-based access to library materials cartographic material, which helped users to www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 4

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produce map extracts at a set scale, to generate resources to boost e-learning. He also illustrated their own maps online or download map data to about information gateway that was established use with appropriate application software such to support teaching, learning and research and CAD, GIS etc. He found that digimap activities of the university. (Hunter et.al 2010) service was accepted by many users and highlighted on the research computing lab required more help on data usage. (Roda et al., service where they have merged the traditional 2005) developed digital image library by IT services with traditional library services to digitizing images with the help of professional blur the boundaries between traditional and e- slide/film scanner to overcome preservation, Science librarianship. They have provided the access and reuse problem and they provided service by established strategic partnerships with access to images through a web-based interface publishers. (Peters and Bell, 2006) implemented for easy and interactive activity. (Solbakk, 2012) instant messaging service at the Galludet provided digital newspaper service at The University, that supported to provide better of Norway free of charge in reference service to deaf students. They found collaboration with Norwegian newspaper, who that students thrives on technology and social provided high quality digitalized newspaper tools and suggested to use other cutting edge content. (Joint, 2006) illustrate how there are techniques in addition to chat-based reference common ways of managing both digital libraries service to reach out to the growing student base and VLEs (virtual learning environments) and that feels most comfortable in a technological analyzed that the intrinsic natures of VLE and environment. Further they suggested that digital library are similar, so it gives an podcasting and using wikis are two ways that opportunity to manage and implement them in academic librarians can enhance their services. similar way for providing the services. Further (Robinson, 2008) is of the opinion that (Kurilovas, 2007) created an open source e- there is lot of scope for providing services to learning content and services system which is digital natives in the digital environment. He has referred as digital library of educational recommended to utilize tools like Web 2.0 resources and services (DLE). He has also applications, link resolving softwares, which can created European learning resource exchange combine the convenience of the web with the (LRE) system for schools and has investigated quality of their own resources. (Rios, 2004) built flexible approach to DLE creation and personal digital assistant services (PDAs) to development. Continuing the research (Otubelu, connect students, researchers, clinicians and 2011) appraised the online services provided staff with the biomedical information which through e-library of Nigeria and recommended users need to advance the education, research, to enhance service delivery and use of the online patient care and public service programs of the www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 5

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University of Virginia Health System. He scholarly resources: E-journals; Reviews; highlighted that evidence-based literature search Preprints and working papers; Encyclopedias, could be performed on a PDA and summarized dictionaries, and annotated content; Data; Blogs; answers to clinical questions could be Discussion forums; Professional and scholarly downloaded and read. He recommended to use hubs. (Zickuhr, and Purcell, 2013) found the PDAs to record, transcribe dictating and also for rising popularity of e-books is helping transform fully interacting with the patient record. (Higgs American’s reading habits. (Brynko, 2013) Also 2013) explored how geographical information found that there is increase in demand of e- systems (GIS) can be utilized to provide digital books. On the other hand (Liu and Wnuk, 2009) service and how it support to take decision on found that mere access to information, opening and closure of library services. He computers, and the internet are not enough. The suggested that a network-based GIS system can hardware and software must be upgraded when be used, in conjunction with detailed qualitative necessary and users must have the skills to use information based on user preferences and both hardware and software to search experiences, to plan digital services. (Zhang, competently. They recommended essential 2011) mentioned about website service that was infrastructure like fast internet connection; designed to provide access to China Digital enough workstations for patron; updating and Library for Visual Impairment. She designed maintaining of hardware and software; and website abiding to WCAG2.0 (Web Content sufficient time on computers to accomplish Accessibility Guidelines) and applied blind tasks. Further ( Fox, 2009) found that in order to screen reading software, which allows users to remain flexible with regard to the evolving interact easily. Through huge response he found needs of patrons, libraries should seriously that the service was successful. consider a technology model which would allow the digital library to offer more responsive Resources & Infrastructure services to patrons. He recommended Resources play a great role in digital library technology services offered by the library should services. Providing digital resources itself is a be modularized and separable so that, the service so (Monopoli et al. , 2002) evaluated e- various technology concerns can be addressed journals usage and found that academic individually and enhanced as required. researchers and staff used e-journals more. Problems (Maron and Smith, 2009) investigated range of Identifying the problems in providing services to online resources and found that e-journals are users and in receiving the service by users is the most cited content in all discipline. They very important to analyze and resolve the identified eight principle types of digital problem. In this direction (Gbaje, 2007) study www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 6

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revealed that the shortage of web technologies, (Zia and Fatima, 2011) found that students have skilled librarians, poor information technology a keen interest in using digital information infrastructure, high cost of equipment and lack through digital libraries because they were of funds are some of the factors militating aware of the importance and usefulness of against libraries providing online information digital resources/ information and wanted to get services. Studying the problems from users benefit of that in their education. Further perspective (Monopoli et al., 2002) found that (Bagudu and Sadiq, 2013) studied the s tudents users adopted a relatively unsophisticated, perception of digital library services. Their study simplistic approach for browsing e-journals. clearly revealed that the postgraduate students They also found that users limited use of have perceived the digital library positively and boolean operators and other commands while agreed that the digital collection is helpful for searching e-journals. Further (McMenemy, their studies. They also found that users are 2012) identified problem in guidance on the satisfied with the digital library service because usage of the resources, as well as confusion and it is easy to use the resources in the digital inconsistency in terminology usage across format. different library services . Analyzing the Digital reference services difficulties in accessing digital content ( Bagudu Digital reference service (DRS) is one of the and Sadiq, 2013) indicated that students important service that is been provided by many experiences difficulties in accessing past libraries around the world. DRS provided examinations question papers as well as other through different formats and models like email digital contents. They suggested that institution and web forms, Ask A librarian services, online can organize training workshop at least once in a chat reference, video conferencing, digital semester for the postgraduate students in order robots, and collaborative digital reference etc. to enable them to effectively utilize and benefit Talking about importance of digital reference from digital content. services (Cloughley, 2004) mentioned that Implications of services libraries and information services have long It is very important to know the feedback about been engaged in providing reference services to the service provided, in this regard (Xia, 2003) their users. Of late with the introduction of found that undergraduates, postgraduates and internet and digital libraries the nature of academic staff had different purposes for using reference service has changed significantly, a information services based on their information number of digital reference services are now needs and they are happy to use the services. available from library and non library She suggested that the basic principle of digital organization. Similarly (Agosto et al., 2011) library services should be to satisfy users needs. www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 7

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indicated that, there is heavy influence of the Evaluation internet on reference services in areas such as To know the success or drawbacks of any virtual communication modes (chat, instant service it is very important to evaluate, with this messaging). They also mentioned that the intension (Diamond and Pease, 2001) analyzed movement towards a more social approach to the reference questions received by the DRS of a reference and research has started with the medium-sized over two year advent of Library 2.0 (blogs, wikis). They found period. They found that the libraries e-mail that the students still need help so reference reference service receives many broad, complex, services are not dead, but the format and or difficult questions. They suggested that communication modes have changed. answer checklist may improve librarians (Krishnamurthy and Chan, 2005) is also of the effectiveness in the digital environment, which opinion that when information is readily can serve as a reminder to reply in a systematic available especially with the help of “google – way, while reducing the problems of overly like” searching on the web, libraries are forced detailed question forms, and bombardment or to focus on digital reference to navigate among hidden assumptions in the answer. Similarly the distributed information resources. To analyzed to which degree the question types popularize the digital reference services (DRS) addressed have changed between the years 1999 (Khan, 2006) illustrated traditional reference and 2006. They found that proportion of ready service and DRS and discussed on the concept reference questions had increased from 33 to and issues related to the use of digital reference 45%, where as the proportion of subject-based in academic libraries. He also provided research questions had decreased from 57 to information on various terms sometimes used 47%. Based on the findings they have concluded for DRS, their history and how they work in that the internet has somewhat reduced the practice. Additionally (Osareh et al., 2009) traditional role of public libraries in mediate suggested prototype for the digital reference topical searching. Contrary to this statement desk service (DRD) after analyzing that the (LaGuardia, 2011) found that there is steady present model was not based on the existing increase in the number of reference questions standards. They proposed a model based on that become research consultations, since the content analysis of DRD of the world’s national initial question is, not surprisingly, just the tip of libraries and views of Iranian library and the research iceberg from the querent and information specialists. They suggested to witnessed paradigm shift in reference question provide DRD service through email. complexity. Analyzing the reference services (Han and Goulding, 2003) found that reference

work, mediated information searching and fee- www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 8

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based services have dramatically declined. Also, (Choi, 2006) examined the extent to which some of the librarians’ intermediary work has digital library projects incorporated reference been substituted by automatic tools, like SDI services to increase the value of the collections service, which is being carried out by resource and support the use of information. For the study providers automatically without human he analysed web-based registry for the mediation. (De Groote et al. , 2005) examined description of digital initiatives in or involving the effectiveness of a one-service-point digital libraries registered during 2005 and managed by reference service in a complex academic library the Association of Research Libraries. He found composed of multidisciplinary and that services in two areas search and digital geographically dispersed libraries and measured reference were implemented in many libraries. the relative success of DRS. Their s tudy He also found that, online reference service (e- demonstrated that a centralized digital reference mail reference service), and bibliographical service is feasible even in a complex academic services were offered the most. (Chowdhury and environment serving a diverse user population Margariti, 2004) discussed the current practices with widely divergent disciplines . Working on followed by the major libraries in Scotland for the same line (Burke, 2008) analyzed reference providing DRS and analysed that DRS are services in forty Australian academic libraries. effective forms of service delivery in Scotland's The results of the survey demonstrated a shift academic, national and public libraries. They are from the traditional, isolated location of the of the opinion that DRS full potential has not yet to the integration of the service been exploited. They found that E-mail is the with other functions similar to the Information major technology used in providing digital Commons model used in US libraries. With reference and recommended to use more similar objective (Dollah and Singh, 2010) sophisticated internet technologies. (Hill et al., studied the effectiveness of DRS in academic 2007) briefed about the DRS “Text A Librarian” libraries in Malaysia. Their study is evident that developed using Altarama’s “Reference By the libraries have provided sufficient access to SMS” product which enabled users to use the electronic resources, skills text message feature of their cell phones to send programs and training on how to use DRS. questions to and receive answers from the Further (Shakeri et al ., 2012) compared library. They found that text a librarian was less traditional reference service and virtual used compared to chat and email services and reference service that is provided using web text a librarian service popularized the ask a form “Ask Us” at national library and librarian service. of the Islamic Republic of Irl and and found that, (Miranda et al ., 2006) have discussed plans for majorly researchers use virtual reference service. current and future assessment of digital www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 9

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reference including e-mail, live online reference, evaluate ten questions that were submitted to and online instruction using evaluation program each of the four services by seven students of like RUSA, SERVQUAL, LIBQUAL and Scottish primary school was considered. She WOREP- Wisconsin-Ohio reference evaluation found that IPL had provided best answer and program. They have analyzed that WOREP is link for resources than other services. Author the best evaluation system. They found that Suggested that improvements in the design of setting standard for each type service offered is the question form and services geared towards necessary for effective review of digital certain sections of society, such as children in reference service, which provides library staff particular, would improve the nature of the with essential information in enhancing service offered. Assessing realtime reference reference, instructional process practice and services provided 24/7 (Bernard, 2006) found understanding how user utilize the services. that the very efficient search service with the Evaluating the DRS software (Cloughley, 2004) option of full-text searches was offered and reports on the performance of five free digital email reference service was provided but reference services (DRS) in answering ten realtime service was not provided by all projects reference questions. She described and studied 5 under study. He also found that 75% of the popular DRS Allexperts, The Answerbank, projects provided online user instruction Questionpoint, Electronic reference service, services. Working with similar objectives KSU library email reference service and UCLA (Bakar, 2011) studied myths and realities of Ask a librarian usage. She found that KSU email digital reference services to determine whether service is the fastest in providing response and developing countries in Asia and Pacific region also identified that Answer book had special have caught up yet with the realities of offering facility of pop up answer screen for similar kind digital reference services in real time with a 24/7 of question. Further (Lochore, 2004) assessed operating mode. He found that none of the the performance of the freely available DRS. To countries surveyed had an academic library that evaluate she submitted ten questions - five offered virtual reference services in real time purely fact-finding, and five on the subject of and 24/7 basis is a myth rather than a reality. political affairs to three DRS. The findings Users need show that DRS deliver generally accurate Identifying user need to provide new service and information although the time taken to do so extend the services is important, with this varies. Working on the same line (Henley, 2004) intention ( Johnson and Magusin, 2005) points compared the performance of four digital out that student in digital libraries are reference services: Ask Bob; Ask a Librarian; susceptible to intermediation. They highlighted Ask Zach and IPL Youth Ask a Question. To that academic librarians play an increasingly www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 10

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important role in student success as students practices; clarifying content models and move away from the physical library and metadata practices; developing and immerse themselves in the digital library. They implementing unique functionality. In his found that students are overwhelmed by the opinion, to develop a logical plan, library staff various resources and need effective guidance must understand the many factors of the local from librarians through reference desk, chat or environment, both in terms of what is possible other modes of communication. Further today as well as what will be required tomorrow. (Buckland, 2008) of the opinion that there is Further (Kesavan, 2009) provide step-by-step need to develop structures appropriate to digital guidelines for planning, designing, developing technology, to fulfill user’s needs, and to the and managing DL projects and offering digital users work environment. He suggested that for library services. He defined the DL concept, optimizing reference library service as a whole elaborating the need for DLs and identified the librarian has to equip with all the tools and resources for DL collections, and also provided technology required to provide service in digital practical approach for development of DL. He environment. also drew digital library policy document along with emerging issues. Digital library services using repository (Borbinha, 2004) has created a national digital During the initial stage of digital library library, which has been envisioned as a coherent development we have witnessed the emergence group of services and resources for users. It is of a novel scholarly publishing and developed and maintained by professionals with communication model in the form of electronic the involvement of external agents. He provided or digital repositories (IRs) (Johnson, 2002) technical solutions by integrating with the defined a digital IR as “any collection of digital traditional library services. (Takle, 2009) material hosted, owned or controlled or mentioned that Norway digital library was disseminated by a college or university, created by digitizing all forms of material irrespective of purpose or provenance”. published in Norway and digital materials, using (Cervone, 2008) emphasized on creating three guiding principles. Author analyses that it contextualized digital repositories that are useful is in the process of establishing itself as a digital to users in a broad range of endeavors. He national library and taking a key role in the explored five areas that need to be considered country's digital library service. (McGrogy et al., and addressed for digital repository i.e selecting 2007) briefed about process carried the foundational repository software package; out to create digital repository for print disabled appropriate hardware infrastructure; defining in Canada. They analyzed that with digitization, general content submission and ingestion clientele have timely access to greater choice of www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 11

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information resource. They found that clients being developed by Eduprise to improve the were able to access library services quantity and quality of digital teaching independently. (Russell, 2010) opinion that resources, which provides service to the faculty depository libraries face a changed environment across the country who have created a wealth of for managing collections and providing user digital resources for teaching and are willing to services, but the inflexibility at the heart of the share them. It also supports faculty to find system has made it difficult to allocate resources related resources. Vidyanidhi, the Indian Digital and collaborate to respond to this new Library of Electronic Theses initiative, is environment. They discussed initiatives of highlighted by (Urs and Raghavan, 2001) ASERL, which has provided federal depository mentioned that vidyanidhi digital library project library collections service and online access to demonstrate the utility of digital library digital and digitized copies without fee. (Veiga technologies to maintain, enhance access and et al ., 2007) presented an overview of a self- increase visibility of Indian academic research. archiving service for the Brazilian digital library They have also discussed about various issues of computing (BDBComp). They found that they related to project design, development and have built an easy, comfortable, and useful self- management. (Southwick, 2006) mentioned archiving service for BDBComp, which can be about national digital library for electronic easily utilized by users for submission and theses and dissertation (BDTD) built based on accessing the content. Their study forms the the Open Archives Initiative. He also mentioned basis and provides guidelines to conduct new that, BDTD has been integrated with the and better experiments with other similar self- international initiative: the Networked Digital archiving services and systems. Library of Thesis and Dissertation (NDLTD). (Ghosh, 2009) examined the developments in (Ramakrishna, 2009) describes the setting up of ETD repositories, in particularly PhD thesis the digital library at the JSW Steel Ltd., which repositories, in India and performed a provides users a single window access to preliminary study to explore the possibilities for structured information from their desktop. He creating a national repository for the deposit, has found that digital library has helped in discovery, use and long-term care of research saving users valuable time and enabling library theses in an open access environment. He found staff to create and provide more effective that digital preservation of theses and information services to the users. Further dissertations is already in progress, though some (McArthur et al., 2004) described iLumina a of them are still in a preliminary stage. He digital library of undergraduate teaching proposed to construct a reservoir of extensive materials in science, mathematics, technology doctoral research and an Indian portal to enable and engineering (SMETE) education that is www.ijnglt.com International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies 12

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preserving of scientific and technological upgrade the services and initiate new services. research materials in the country and to provide The advent of digital resources available in global view of Indian institutional research varied forms like e-journals, e-journal databases, assets. (Wenqing and Ling, 2013) discussed e-book databases, web-blog, information on about China Academic Digital Library websites, institutional repositories, information Information System (CALIS) a national digital on internet etc., have raised challenges to library library for higher education, which provids to manage the information resource potentially services and access to resources containing more tailored to the needs of user. In order to meet than seventy million records of all kinds of these challenges digital services need to be information such as bibliographic data, theses provided at shortest possible time. This review and dissertations, conference papers, preprints, revealed that research and practice in digital courses, pictures, audio and video material, libraries has made way for innovative services scholarly web pages, etc, to all 1,800 Chinese and exploded many issues in digital library such academic libraries and universities. It offers as infrastructure, creating awareness, providing many services like centralized information training to user community etc. Future trends search service, inter-library loan and document points towards need for extensive research in delivery, information consultancy service, digital libraries especially in services aspect and collaborated Q&A service etc. for the transformation of libraries as community information centers. With the advance of Conclusion research and practice digital library has ability to Digital library and digital library services are not extend extensive services. a new concept. Research on digital library and services are been conducted frequently to

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