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EMIS News PAGE 1 Newsletter of the Committee of inquiry into Emission Measurements in the Automotive Sector

Issue 7 8th Parliamentary term 11 July 2016

Vote on the Interim report on the inquiry into emission measurements in the automotive sector

On 13 July 2016 the EMIS committee will vote on its interim report. Altogether 7 amendments were tabled. A plenary debate is scheduled on 13 September in plenary.

Hearing of Mr Gaspar Gascon Abellan, Chair's words Executive Vice President Engineering, With the series of extremely interesting and information-rich meetings in June and beginning of July, Group the initial phase of the work of the EMIS committee dedicated to gathering of scientific and technical Hearings of the manufacturers start on Wednesday, 13 July evidence is now completed. 2016 with the Executive Vice President Engineering of the Renault Group, Mr. Gascon Abellan. This first phase of work has allowed the EMIS Members to gain the necessary wider perspective of the state of The Renault Group aggregates the Renault, Automobile Dacia and play in research and technology in this complex matter. brands and its business is divided into Nevertheless, these endeavors should not be limited to two operational sectors – automotive and service sector – in over theory and lab tests, but should be brought to European 120 countries. Furthermore the Renault Group has controlling citizens by constant improvements in available vehicles. stake in of Japan as well as stakes stake in AvtoVAZ of Russia

Therefore next week opens a new phase in the EMIS and in Daimler AG of Germany. With over 1 million sold work where the inquiry will start to focus on the car annually in Europe, the Renault share of the European car market industry: top management representatives of share is over 10% and the Renault–Nissan Alliance is the fourth- , Renault and Mitsubishi Groups as well as of largest automotive group in the world. the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA) will be heard. Hearing of Dr. Ulrich Eichhorn, Chief Technology In the wake of recent revelations on the use of defeat Officer, Volkswagen Group devices, the participation of industry in various Commission working groups, as well as the compliance Volkswagen Group with its headquarters in Wolfsburg, Germany is of car manufacturers with existing legal framework on one of the world’s leading automobile manufacturers and the car emissions needs to be considered. I am grateful to all largest car manufacturer in Europe. It operates 119 production invited car manufacturers for their open attitude and plants in 20 European countries and a further 11 countries in the cooperation so far with this committee. Americas, Asia and Africa. The VW Group comprises twelve brands from seven European countries: Volkswagen Passenger Cars, Audi, On 14 July, the EMIS Committee will also start its round SEAT, ŠKODA, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, Ducati, of hearings with former commissioners: Mr Stavros Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Scania and MAN. In Europe 24% Dimas and Mr Günther Verheugen have been invited to of passenger cars are manufactured by the VW Group and its share appear before the EMIS Committee. The hearings of of he world passenger car market amounts to 12,3%. commissioners will continue in September.

I firmly believe that it remains a responsibility of former Interpretation is available in the following languages within the language commissioners to cooperate with inquiries both at profile of EMIS national and EU level to help clarifying issues which On 13 July in 17 languages: FR, DE, IT, NL, EN, EL, ES, PT, FI, SV, CS, HU, LT, LV, PL, SK, RO; were decided under their term of office and on which On 14 July, 9.00 - 12.30 in 18 languages: FR, DE, IT, NL, EN, DA, EL, ES, PT, FI, they had direct and substantial influence. I am therefore SV, CS, HU, LT, LV, PL, SK, RO; happy that Mr. Verheugen has eventually accepted our On 14 July, 15.00 - 18.30 in 19 languages: FR, DE, IT, NL, EN, DA, EL, ES, PT, FI, SV, CS, HU, LT, LV, MT, PL, SK, RO. invitation. Meeting documents: In light of the European Parliament's paperless project I wish you all relaxing and invigorating summer holidays please bear in mind that no paper dossiers will be available in the meeting room. and I look forward to welcome you back after the break Instead, meeting documents are being made available on the following link. to dig together into the next phase of the EMIS inquiry. Webstreaming: The Committee meetings are webstreamed and can be watched live on the EP website or on Europarl TV. Past meetings can be watched or Kind regards, extracts downloaded via the EP Live Multimedia Library. Please note that in

Kathleen Brempt camera meetings are not webstreamed.

Dr Ulrich Eichhorn studied Mechanical and Automotive Engineering at Darmstadt University. He joined Volkswagen AG as Director of Research in 2000 and became in 2003 a Member of the Board of Bentley Motors, responsible for Engineering. From 2012 to 2015, Dr Eichhorn worked at the German Association of the (VDA) as its Managing Director for Technology and Environment, contributing to the development of connected and automated driving and the field of electric mobility. As from December 2015, Dr Eichhorn is leading the Volkswagen's R&D activities as its Chief Technology Officer.

14 July 2016

Hearing of Mr Paul Greening, Emission & Fuels Director, European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA)

Mr Greening, Emissions & Fuels Director of the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA) will present the work of ACEA in the field of emissions policy. ACEA represents 15 Europe-based car, van, truck and bus makers and is the main lobbying and standards group of the automobile industry in the . One of the main missions of ACEA is to define and advocate the common interests, policies and positions of the European automobile industry and therefore representatives of ACEA are also members of various Commission working groups in the automotive sector.

Hearing of representatives of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation

Mitsubishi Motors Company is a multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is the sixth biggest Japanese automaker and the sixteenth biggest car manufacturer worldwide by production. The market share of Mitsubishi Motors on European market is ca 1%. At the present moment Mitsubishi does not produce in Europe, however, its European sales and distribution headquarters are located in Born, Netherlands and its European design studio Mitsubishi Design Europe (MDE) and the research and development center Mitsubishi R&D Europe (MRDE) are based at Trebur, Germany. Mitsubishi is also majority- owned by Nissan and thus a part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance.

The views of Mitsubishi Motors Company will be presented by Mr Mr Mitsuhiko Yamashita, Executive Vice President and Member of Board, Mr Tohru Hashimoto, Head of Research & Development and Mr Motoyuki Kamiya, General Manager in Certification & Regulation Compliance Department.

Hearing of Mr Stavros Dimas, Commissioner for the Environment from 2004 to 2010

Mr Stavros Dimas held the position of European Commissioner for the Environment between 2004 and 2010 in the Barroso I Commission. During his term in office the EURO5/6 legislation (Regulation (EC) No. 715/2007) was negotiated and adopted, as well as Regulation (EC) No. 443/2009 on emission performance standards for new passenger cars. During his hearing, it is expected that he will provide insight into the negotiations of these legislative pieces, and the role and interaction of relevant EU and national actors in the process of the decision-making on emissions limits and measurement.

Hearing of Mr Günter Verheugen, Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship from 2004 to 2010 (tbc)

A hearing of Mr Günter Verheugen, European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry from 2004 to 2010 is foreseen. Mr. Verheugen, who had at first declined the EMIS invitation, has now accepted to come after summer.

2 Last meeting

At its extraordinary meeting of 4 July 2016 in Strasbourg, the EMIS Committee of Inquiry concluded its initial evidence-gathering phase, by hearing the key findings of the study on ‘Legal obligations relating to emission measurements in the EU automotive sector’ and holding a hearing with the European Federation of Transport and Environment.

4 July 2016

Presentation of the study on ‘Legal obligations relating to emission measurements in the EU automotive sector’ by Mr Günther Lichtblau and Ms Gudrun Stranner, Environment Agency of Austria

The study, carried out by the Environment Agency of Austria (Umweltbundesamt), examines the legal stakeholder obligations with regard to emission measurements in the European type- approval process and offers insights into the practical implementation of type-approval procedures throughout the EU.

Mr Lichtblau’s view is that the existing legislative framework on emission measurements leaves too much room for interpretation. Due to the large number of stakeholders involved – 28 national type-approval authorities and more than 300 technical services – both the interpretation of the legislation and the technical expertise vary significantly throughout the EU.

Furthermore, emission testing is exclusively carried out in the laboratory in accordance with the outdated New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), which dates back to the 1960s and does not enable to detect illegal defeat devices. Verification of the test results is difficult too, since an independent re-testing by a third party is not possible and voluntary market surveillance programs on national level are rare.

Mr Lichtblau concluded that to improve the situation, the EU should establish a clear and transparent structure, definitions and standards in emission measurements. The new Commission proposals on RDE are going in right direction, but in order to guarantee a proper functioning of emission abatement systems under real driving conditions, a mandatory in-service conformity testing, the publication of test results and a real enforcement of penalties are needed.

A discussion with the Members on several issues followed:

 Complex legislation: in the author’s view emissions testing could have been made intentionally very complex, thus leading to several loopholes as well as to different time periods in the type-approval procedures; due to the high complexity of emissions testing, most Member States authorities are not able to conduct in-house tests and rely solely on the results from car manufacturers;  Comitology: these committees are often divided into sub-working groups of highly technical nature, where Member States are replaced by representatives of the industry. In Mr Lichtblau’s view these working groups are not needed and only the overall emission limits should be fixed by comitology; then, independent in-service conformity checks should be performed;  Boundary conditions: real-life testing should reflect the wide array of boundary conditions in the EU, and conformity factors should be foreseen only for extreme situations (which represent only 2-3% of the total driving performance);  Failure to respond to problems in emission measurements: already in 2006 the issue of the shortcomings in emissions measurements system were pointed out at a meeting held during the Austrian Presidency and the Commission was

3 alerted; however, industry claimed that further improvements would be too expensive and cause job losses; the Commission agreed with this assessment;  Reliability of type-approval system: there are two possible alternatives – either to set up a EU centralized authority or having a clear set of common standards; not all EU countries need a TA authority, and even well-equipped TA authorities and services are not able to detect defeat devices due to the outdated NEDC.

Hearing of European Federation of Transport and Environment (Mr Jos Dings, Executive Director)

Mr Jos Dings presented briefly his answers to the written questions by the EMIS Committee. In his view, the current situation is the result of the dysfunctional emissions measurement system in Europe. To solve these issues, Europe needs a new alliance with industry and a functioning internal market with efficient rules. In the following Q&A session, EMIS Members discussed the following main subjects with Mr Dings:  adequacy of emission measurements: the use of test vehicles chosen by the manufacturers (‘golden cars’) was never properly scrutinized, because of industry’s attitude by which everything that is not clearly prohibited is allowed; even the most sophisticated tests can be manipulated, therefore open access to test data is necessary to unlock the potential of external experts; PEMS testing used to be very expensive, but is much more affordable since 2010-2011, however, back then the focus was rather on particulate matter;

 Air quality and emission standards: the current system is structurally flawed, a single Commissioner/department should at the same time have the responsibility for air quality and emission measurements, as it happens in the U.S.;  Cooperation by Member States: there have been substantial differences between the Member States in their willingness to cooperate towards better air quality standards;  Representation of stakeholders in working groups: the low representation of non-industry stakeholders is due to the high specialization of sub-working groups; the high-level working groups are more balanced, however these groups often merely rubber-stamp decisions;  Exceedances of the emission limit values on diesel engines: problems with NOx on light duty vehicles started to occur between 2000 and 2005, although similar problems on trucks were known back in 1997 when Euro3/Euro4 was implemented; the Commission was aware of the situation, but did not act, since a NOx limit of 120 mg/km was considered technically not feasible, thus the focus was set on CO2 reduction;  Impact assessments: there are insufficient resources for impact assessments in the EU (100 000-200 000 EUR in the EU compared to several millions dollars invested in the United States when the decision to legislate is taken);  Recommendations for the future: according to T&E: - a clear set of benchmarks and sanctions, as well as open access to test data are needed for the system to work; sufficient resources should be allocated to this aim; - a central independent EU agency ensuring proper implementation should be set up (avoiding the current system of competing national services); - more focus should be put on in-service conformity, as even with a limited budget a lot can be done (e.g. a random sampling of 20% of car models); - cars that fail the tests could be removed from the market, but there is a wide range of alternative remedies too; - Europe still performs well in environmental standards, but the United States are better when it comes to their enforcement; part of the fines which VW will have to pay in the US will be used to develop clean vehicles.

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Latest News

Germany

The German Bundesdag decided on 7 July to establish an inquiry committee to investigate whether the German government could have done more to prevent the diesel emissions cheating scandal. It will also look whether Germany implemented relevant EU rules correctly.

German authorities are also investigating whether the Italian car manufacturer Fiat has installed emission cheating software in its cars. Namely, the German transport ministry found that Fiat cars' emissions on the road were much higher than in the official test. However, the Italian car manufacturer has refused to meet the German Transport Minister to discuss emissions, arguing that it only needs to explain itself to the Italian authorities.

United Kingdom

On 21 April 2016 the UK Department for Transport published the report of their Vehicle Emissions Testing Programme. This programme was commissioned by the Secretary of State for Transport in order to establish whether Defeat Devices were in common use by vehicle manufacturers.

On 7 July 2016, the Department of Transport published the data from the tests. This second document, entitled “Vehicle Emissions Testing Programme - Data”, complements that report by providing an overview of the individual tests of which each vehicle assessment was comprised. This information is intended to aid understanding of the detailed data collected in the programme. The data could be found in excel sheets (one sheet per model) here.

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Useful Links

 2016 Presentations, Speeches, Transcriptions  Study - Legal Obligations relating to emission measurements in the EU automotive sector  Official Letters and State of Play of Invitations to EMIS Hearings  Briefings and Fact Sheets  Documents provided by EEA following EMIS Committee hearing of 24 May 2016  List of EMIS Members, List of Coordinators and List of EMIS Rapporteurs and Shadow Rapporteurs  Call for evidence  Committee Hearings  EMIS meetings calendar, 2016  EP decision of 17 December 2015 on setting up a Committee of Inquiry into emission measurements in the automotive sector  Rule 198 of EP Rules of Procedure on Committees of inquiry  Interinstitutional decision of 19 April 1995 on the detailed provisions governing the exercise of the European Parliament's right of inquiry  Publicly available documents on automotive industry (DG GROW) For further links, please visit the EMIS website.

Contacts and suggestions

For further information please contact [email protected] or visit the EMIS website. Composition of EMIS Secretariat:

Head of Secretariat

Elisa DAFFARRA

Administrators Assistants

Anno AEDMAA Diane BELIN (assistant to Head of Secretariat) Emiliano IMERONI Christine VANDENEYCKEN Maria JUUL (committee assistant)

Nora KOVACHEVA Eivyda BUDVYTYTE

Marcia MAGUIRE

If you wish to receive the EMIS Newsletter, please send an e-mail with your contact details and "Newsletter" in the subject field to: [email protected]. Next committee meetings:  30 August, 2016, 15.00 – 18.30 (Brussels)  5 September 2016, 15.00 – 18.30 (Brussels)

The closure date of the current issue: 11 July 2016 Newsletter Editors: Anno AEDMAA, Eivyda BUDVYTYTE, Maria JUUL, Nora KOVACHEVA

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