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C2 Domain Ontology C2C2 DomainDomain OntologyOntology WithinWithin OurOur LifetimeLifetime Paper ID 120, C2 Concepts and Policy Track International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium 2009 15-17 Jun 2009 Ms. Leslie Winters Dr. Andreas Tolk USJFCOM Old Dominion University [email protected] [email protected] BottomBottom LineLine UpfrontUpfront DevelopmentDevelopment ofof aa practicalpractical C2C2 domaindomain ontologyontology isis feasiblefeasible inin thethe nearnear toto midmid termterm EffortsEfforts shouldshould followfollow thethe principlesprinciples andand bestbest practicespractices ofof thethe AppliedApplied OntologyOntology communitycommunity whilewhile reusingreusing existingexisting C2C2 modelingmodeling artifactsartifacts toto thethe extentextent practicalpractical WhatWhat isis ““OntologyOntology””?? PhilosophyPhilosophy--basedbased DefinitionsDefinitions MerriamMerriam Webster:[7]Webster:[7] 1. a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being 2. a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of things that have existence Wikipedia:Wikipedia: [8][8] The study of the nature of being, existence or reality in general, as well as of the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences Philosophy-Based definitions emphasize REALITY… InformationInformation ScienceScience DefinitionsDefinitions WikipediaWikipedia [12][12] A formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the properties of that domain, and may be used to define the domain GruberGruber [13][13] A formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization … Information Science definitions emphasize CONCEPTS KeyKey TermsTerms andand ConceptsConcepts Realism vs Relativism Level 1 Entities (reality): The Realist Fallibilism objects, processes, qualities, states, etc. in reality. Realistic Perspectivism Level 2 Entities (concepts): Universals Cognitive representations of this reality on the part of researchers Particulars Particulars and others. Classes Level 3 Entities (artifacts): Concretizations of these cognitive Relations representations in (for example Tuples textual or graphical) Entity Levels representational artifacts. From Smith [6] C2C2 DomainDomain OntologyOntology WorkingWorking DefinitionDefinition C2 Domain Ontology: A composite formalized representational artifact, comprising a taxonomy as proper part, whose representational units designate C2 universals, defined classes, and relations between them. The C2 domain ontology may be used as a reference to describe and reason about C2 in general, or about C2 particulars when applied to a dataset pertaining to these particulars Recommended artifacts per C2 Ontology Technical Exchange, Jan 2009: [17] 1. A natural language vocabulary explicitly describing C2 representational units 2. An OWL-DL instantiation of the C2 representational units 3. Rules (e.g. constraints) expressed in a logic language such as SWRL OntologyOntology andand thethe SemanticsSemantics SpectrumSpectrum From Obrst, L. (2003): ―Ontologies for Semantically Interoperable Systems,∥ Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, November 2003,pp. 366-369. OntologyOntology TypesTypes && ApplicationsApplications OntologyOntology ApplicationsApplications DescribeDescribe somethingsomething (the(the world,world, aa particularparticular domain)domain) OrganizeOrganize informationinformation IntegrateIntegrate disparatedisparate informationinformation representationsrepresentations InferInfer informationinformation aboutabout somethingsomething byby applyingapplying ontologicalontological relationsrelations AdvanceAdvance knowledgeknowledge aboutabout somethingsomething CommonCommon OntologyOntology TypesTypes ReferenceReference OntologiesOntologies ApplicationApplication OntologiesOntologies OntologyOntology LevelsLevels FormalFormal oror UpperUpper LevelLevel OntologiesOntologies IntermediateIntermediate oror MidMid--LevelLevel OntologiesOntologies Regional,Regional, LowerLower--level,level, Material,Material, oror DomainDomain OntologiesOntologies SimpleSimple PostPost OfficeOffice OntologyOntology IllustratingIllustrating OntologicalOntological LevelsLevels SampleSample UpperUpper LevelLevel oror FormalFormal OntologiesOntologies BasicBasic FormalFormal OntologyOntology (BFO)(BFO) [24][25] SuggestedSuggested UpperUpper MergedMerged OntologyOntology (SUMO)(SUMO) [26] DescriptiveDescriptive OntologyOntology forfor LanguageLanguage andand CognitiveCognitive EngineeringEngineering (DOLCE)(DOLCE) [27] SampleSample BiologicalBiological DomainDomain OntologiesOntologies Genome Ontology (GO) [28] Describes gene products by associated processes, cellular components, and molecular functions 24,000 terms organized into 3 ontologies Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Semantic Network [29] Thesaurus-like ontology 1 million biomedical concepts & 5 million concept names stemming from 100 controlled vocabularies and classification systems Open Biological Ontology (OBO) Foundry [30] 60+ biomedical ontologies from participating members Vision to become interoperable through a common design philosophy BiologicalBiological DomainDomain OntologicalOntological LayeringLayering Figure 2: Ontological Layering in the Biological Domain (Stenzhorn [37]) NASANASA DomainDomain OntologiesOntologies NASANASA ExplorationExploration InitiativeInitiative OntologyOntology ModelsModels [31] ((NexIOMNexIOM )) Supports NASA Constellation Program Family of approximately 140 ontologies working across hundreds of datasets Formalizes the way NASA computers and personnel refer to NASA elements, their scientific and engineering disciplines, related work activities, and their interrelationships Facilitates information retrieval, aggregation, reasoning, etc. to generate information, enable interoperability, and inform decisions NASANASA OntologyOntology ArchitectureArchitecture Graphic used with permission of Ralph Hodgson, Top Quadrant [31] AdditionalAdditional OntologyOntology ArtifactsArtifacts NumerousNumerous ontologyontology artifactsartifacts availableavailable throughthrough onlineonline librarieslibraries andand searchsearch engines,engines, e.g.e.g. SchemaWeb • http://www.schemaweb.info/eb OntoSelect • http://olp.dfki.de/OntoSelect/ IllustratesIllustrates thethe growinggrowing popularitypopularity ofof webweb--basedbased ontologyontology solutionssolutions HoweverHowever…… OntologyOntology CaveatCaveat Not all ontology is good ontology Many (most?) ontology development efforts are not following basic principles and best practices of Applied Ontology, e.g. with respect to: Precise definition of vocabulary terms Useful and appropriate classification schemes Proper use of basic ontological relations Methods for partitioning a domain Rationale and benefits of the realist perspective Reuse of existing formal, intermediate, and domain ontologies As a result, many (most?) ontologies do not accurately represent their domain and/or do little to solve information integration problems C2C2 DomainDomain OntologyOntology C2C2 DomainDomain OntologyOntology RationaleRationale C2C2 demandsdemands thethe abilityability toto organize,organize, integrate,integrate, andand understandunderstand largelarge quantitiesquantities ofof informationinformation ApplicationApplication AreasAreas OperationalOperational C2C2 C2C2 ConceptConcept DevelopmentDevelopment C2C2 TrainingTraining C2C2 CapabilityCapability ManagementManagement PotentialPotential C2C2 OntologyOntology ContributorsContributors C2 Data Models & XML Schemas C2 Taxonomies C2 Core Joint Capability Areas JC3IEDM Universal Joint Task List C2 COI Artifacts C2 Capability Models C2 Architecture Products NATO C2 Conceptual Model JointJoint CapabilityCapability AreasAreas ((JCAsJCAs)) [41] Tier 1 JCAs: U.S. DoD authoritative Command and Control Tier 2 C2 JCAs: Force Application Organize management construct for Battlespace Awareness Understand partitioning military capabilities Net-Centric Planning partitioning military capabilities Building Partnerships Decide Logistics Direct Force Support Monitor Provides taxonomy and vocabulary Corporate Management & Support for defining C2 from a process perspective Tier 1 JCA’s may be considered an intermediate ontology-like construct that relates C2 to the larger DoD capability domain US Joint Staff J7 maintains an authoritative mapping between JCAs and the Universal Joint Task List (UJTL) [43] C2C2 CoreCore VocabularyVocabulary andand ConceptualConceptual ModelModel Emerging U.S. DoD approach to facilitate understandable and interoperable C2 data sharing Includes a conceptual model and vocabulary for commonly exchanged C2 data Extended from the U.S. Universal Core [5][44], which may be considered an intermediate ontology-like construct COIs and mission-specific constructs extend from C2 Core to lower domains JointJoint ConsultationConsultation CommandCommand andand ControlControl InformationInformation ExchangeExchange DataData ModelModel (JC3IEDM)(JC3IEDM) Doctrinally based, comprehensive product based on ~ 20 years of C2 domain expert inputs [46][47]
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