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2021Dafyddephd.Pdf Bangor University DOETHUR MEWN ATHRONIAETH Rhwng Trawsfynydd a Pharis Agweddau ar Waith John Rowlands Dafydd, Elis Award date: 2021 Awarding institution: Prifysgol Bangor Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 Rhwng Trawsfynydd a Pharis Agweddau ar waith John Rowlands Traethawd PhD Elis Dafydd Ysgol y Gymraeg Prifysgol Bangor Rhagfyr 2020 i CYNNWYS Diolchiadau iii Crynodeb iv Rhagymadrodd 1 Pennod 1: Juvenilia (1957-1961) 5 Pennod 2: Lle Bo’r Gwenyn (1960) 41 Pennod 3: Yn Ôl i’w Teyrnasoedd (1963) 58 Pennod 4: Ienctid yw ’Mhechod (1965) 81 Pennod 5: Llawer Is na’r Angylion (1968) 102 Pennod 6: Bydded Tywyllwch (1969) 122 Pennod 7: Arch ym Mhrâg (1972) 143 Pennod 8: Tician Tician (1978) 168 Pennod 9: Beirniadaeth lenyddol 188 Casgliad 217 Llyfryddiaeth 221 Atodiad A 250 ii Diolchiadau Carwn ddiolch yn gyntaf oll i Ganolfan Hyfforddiant Doethurol yr AHRC am gyllido’r ymchwil hwn, ac am arian ychwanegol a dderbyniais ar ddiwedd y cyfnod cyllido swyddogol oherwydd y pandemig. Hoffwn ddiolch i’m teulu a’m ffrindiau am eu cefnogaeth a’u cyfeillgarwch. Dylwn dynnu sylw penodol at gymorth yr unigolion canlynol, a’m cynorthwyodd yn ymarferol drwy dynnu fy sylw at wybodaeth a deunyddiau, ac rwy’n dra diolchgar iddynt am sawl sgwrs fuddiol, ac am gymorth personol: Gruffudd Antur, Simon Brooks, T. Robin Chapman, Guto Dafydd, Rhodri Llŷr Evans, Catrin Hart, Dafydd Glyn Jones, Non Mererid Jones, Llŷr Gwyn Lewis, Gareth Miles, Gruffudd Eifion Owen, Mair Rowlands, Eluned Rowlands, Nans Rowlands, Sioned Puw Rowlands, Robat Trefor, Elen Mererid Williams. Er bod cwblhau a chyflwyno’r traethawd PhD hwn yn achos llawenydd, mae’n destun tristwch hefyd gan ei fod yn nodi diwedd fy nghyfnod yn fyfyriwr yn Ysgol y Gymraeg, Prifysgol Bangor. Hoffwn ddiolch o waelod calon i Jason Walford Davies, Jerry Hunter, Aled Llion Jones, Peredur Lynch, Angharad Price, Robat Trefor, a enwyd eisoes, Gerwyn Wiliams a Manon Wyn Williams am yr holl gymorth, yr holl gefnogaeth a’r holl ysbrydoliaeth a gefais ganddynt cyn ac yn ystod y project hwn, dros gyfnod o bron i ddeng mlynedd. Mae’r diolch mwyaf un, wrth gwrs, yn mynd i’m cyfarwyddwr, Angharad Price. Bu’n diwtor delfrydol, yn gwybod pryd i annog a phryd i rybuddio, pryd i ganmol a phryd i geryddu. Bu’n fraint cael cydweithio â hi ar y project hwn a chael manteisio ar ei gwybodaeth a’i doethineb, a braint yw cael dweud: ‘Disgybl wyf, hi a’m dysgawdd’. iii Crynodeb Astudiaeth yw hon o waith John Rowlands (1938-2015), a chanolbwyntir yn bennaf ar ei gyfraniad i faes y nofel Gymraeg drwy gyfrwng ei nofelau ef ei hun a’i feirniadaeth lenyddol. Yn y bennod gyntaf trafodir ei gefndir bywgraffyddol a theuluol cyn edrych yn fanylach ar y gwaith a gyhoeddodd yn Forecast a’r Dyfodol, Omnibus, Ffenics ac Y Dyfodol, cyhoeddiadau myfyrwyr Bangor yn ystod ei gyfnod yn fyfyriwr yno rhwng 1956 a 1961. Rhoddir sylw penodol i ddylanwad beirdd a llenorion a syniadaethau allanol ar y gwaith. Gyda’r ail bennod, eir ymlaen at y gwaith o drafod y saith nofel a gyhoeddodd rhwng 1960 ac 1978, gan ddechrau gyda Lle Bo’r Gwenyn (1960), ymdrech ar ran John Rowlands i ysgrifennu nofel ysgafn i bobl ifainc. Trafodir cyfoesedd y nofel, dylanwad yr Angry Young Men arni, a sut y mae’n darlunio cymdeithas y cyfnod. Yn y drydedd bennod, trafodir Yn Ôl i’w Teyrnasoedd (1963), nofel sy’n cynnig darlun o fyfyrwraig ifanc herfeiddiol ar y naill law, a darlithydd Catholig a chanddo gymhlethdod Meseianaidd ar y llall. Cynigir yn y bennod hon fod y nofel yn feirniadaeth ar Gymry Cymraeg a droai at Gatholigiaeth am resymau esthetaidd. Adroddir yn fanwl yn y bedwaredd bennod hanes helynt Ienctid yw ’Mhechod (1965), y nofel Gymraeg gyntaf i gynnwys disgrifiad o ryw. Darlunnir y sefyllfa a barodd i Emlyn Evans, rheolwr Llyfrau’r Dryw, ymddiswyddo, yr ymatebion i hynny yn y wasg enwadol a seciwlar, cyn symud ymlaen i drafod y nofel ei hun. Dadleuir mai alegori am ddirywiad Anghydffurfiaeth ydyw. Yn wahanol i’w dri rhagflaenydd, llanc na chafodd addysg brifysgol yw Ifan, prif gymeriad Llawer Is na’r Angylion (1968), y nofel a drafodir yn y bumed bennod. Cyfyngodd moesau a safonau ei rieni ar ei allu i ddewis cael yr addysg honno pe dymunai, ynghyd ag effeithio arno’n emosiynol. Awgrymir bod y darlun a geir yn y nofel o’r cyfyngiadau a osodwyd ar Ifan yn gondemniad o gulni a chlawstroffobia cymdeithasau Cymraeg Anghydffurfiol a thraddodiadol. Rhoddir sylw hefyd i elfennau proto-ôl-fodernaidd y nofel. Cymerodd Bydded Tywyllwch (1969) gam i ddau gyfeiriad newydd drwy gael merch yn brif gymeriad, a thrwy bendilio fesul pennod o’r presennol i’r dyfodol. Yn y chweched bennod, archwilir yr elfennau tywyllach a geir yn y nofel hon, a chan mai ‘nofel ddigon rhyfedd’ y iv galwodd John Rowlands ei hun hi, ceisir egluro rhywfaint arni drwy dynnu sylw at y tebygrwydd rhyngddi a Huis Clos, drama gan Jean-Paul Sartre sydd wedi’i gosod yn Uffern. Yn y seithfed bennod, ceir cefndir hanesyddol meddiannu Tsiecoslofacia gan wledydd Cytundeb Warsaw yn 1968, y digwyddiad a ysbrydolodd Arch ym Mhrâg (1972). Darlunnir ymdrech John Rowlands i lunio nofel ddogfennol drwy gynnwys ynddi ddyfyniadau o areithiau, llythyrau a cherddi, a bernir a oedd y nofel yn haeddu’r feirniadaeth lem a gafodd mewn adolygiad gan Gareth Miles. Nofel academaidd yw Tician Tician (1978), ac yn yr wythfed bennod ystyrir sut y mae hon yn debyg ac yn wahanol i nofelau Saesneg o’r un genre, ac archwilir hefyd y darlun beirniadol a geir o academyddion. Yn y nawfed bennod, rhoddir trosolwg o ddau brif gyfnod beirniadol John Rowlands: y cyfnod cyntaf dyneiddiol-ryddfrydol, a’r ail gyfnod dan ddylanwad theorïau Marcsaidd ac ôl- fodernaidd. Diweddir y bennod drwy roi sylw manylach i’w waith beirniadol ym maes y nofel. Yn yr Atodiad, cynhwysir y nodiadau a ysgrifennais i ar erthyglau beirniadol, erthyglau golygyddol, adolygiadau a cholofnau newyddiadurol John Rowlands. Mae’r nodiadau hyn yn fodd i ddilyn llwybr syniadaeth feirniadol John Rowlands dros gyfnod estynedig o amser, a hefyd yn fodd i weld pa themâu a syniadau a ymddangosai dro ar ôl tro yn ei waith, yn ogystal â pha anghysonderau ac anghytundebau a’i nodweddai hefyd. v Datganiad Yr wyf drwy hyn yn datgan mai canlyniad fy ymchwil fy hun yw’r thesis hwn, ac eithrio lle nodir yn wahanol. Caiff ffynonellau eraill eu cydnabod gan droednodiadau yn rhoi cyfeiriadau eglur. Nid yw sylwedd y gwaith hwn wedi cael ei dderbyn o’r blaen ar gyfer unrhyw radd, ac nid yw’n cael ei gyflwyno ar yr un pryd mewn ymgeisiaeth am unrhyw radd oni bai ei fod, fel y cytunwyd gan y Brifysgol, am gymwysterau deuol cymeradwy. vi Rhagymadrodd Fel yn achos John Rowlands, barddoniaeth a âi â’m bryd innau pan oeddwn yn iau, ac un o’r cyfrolau a daniodd y diddordeb hwnnw ynof oedd Iwan, ar Daith, cyfrol deyrnged i Iwan Llwyd, a gyhoeddwyd ddiwedd 2010. Un o’r ysgrifau y cefais y mwyaf o flas arni yn y gyfrol honno oedd ‘Rhai atgofion coleg’ gan Wiliam Owen Roberts, a chan mai cwta flwyddyn oedd tan yr awn innau i’r brifysgol fy hun, roeddwn yn hoffi meddwl y byddai fy nyddiau coleg innau’n rhai digon tebyg i rai Iwan Llwyd, yn cynnwys mynd i gyfarfodydd gwleidyddol tanllyd, strymio gitâr ar fy ngwely ar brynhawniau glawog, a dyfynnu’r Cywyddwyr uwchben potiau peint. Ond os mai gwlad arall yw’r gorffennol, roedd angen rhywfaint o gymorth ar y myfyriwr ym Mangor y 2010au i ddeall sut oedd hi ar fyfyrwyr Aberystwyth ddeng mlynedd ar hugain a mwy ynghynt, a dyma ddilyn cyngor Wiliam Owen Roberts fod ‘Tician Tician John Rowlands wedi llwyddo i bortreadu rhyw gymaint o naws du [sic] y cyfnod yn ardderchog... y gwrth-Gymreictod moel a’r tyndra a oedd yn bodoli ar y pryd’.1 Gan fod y nofel allan o brint ers blynyddoedd, bu’n rhaid imi aros tan imi gyrraedd Bangor er mwyn gallu benthyca’r nofel o’r llyfrgell, ei darllen a’i mwynhau yn arw – ar y pryd, beth bynnag. Dyma droi wedyn at y nofelau eraill, ac fel yr oedd Tician Tician yn portreadu naws cyfnod penodol, roedd llawer o’r nofelau eraill yn gwneud yr un peth: Lle Bo’r Gwenyn yn ddarlun o fyfyriwr iconoclastig ym Mangor ddiwedd y 1950au a dechrau’r 1960au, Ienctid yw ’Mhechod yn ymestyn cortynnau’r nofel Gymraeg mewn cyfnod o newid cymdeithasol, ac Arch ym Mhrâg yn cynnig sylwebaeth ar un o ddigwyddiadau mwyaf arwyddocaol cyfnod y Rhyfel Oer o safbwynt trwyadl Gymreig. Roedd y tair arall, Yn Ôl i’w Teyrnasoedd, Llawer Is na’r Angylion a Bydded Tywyllwch braidd yn dywyll imi ar y pryd.
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