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"*"IIIIIII'IIIEIIIS III MIII IIIIIIIIIIII

Series P-23, No. 16

JANUARY 1966

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE John T. Connor Secretary

Bureau of the Census A. Ross Eckler Director

Conrad Taeuber Assistant Director

POPULATION DIVISION

Howard G. Brunsman Chief

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. CONTENTS

Page 2 P opulation growth Changing a ge structure fExcess o females : Changes i n nonwhite population Geographic d ifferences in population growth 10 I ncrease in metropolitan population 13 D ecline in farm population 13 I nternal migration 17 M obility of the population 18 I ncreased enrollment in schools and colleges 19 G reater educational attainment 21 M arital status 22 C hange in number and types of households 24 M ore children per family 25 G rowing labor force 26 L ower unemployment rate 27 M ore professional and technical workers 28 H igher family income 28 H igh and low-income families 30 I ncome of Negroes Foreword

Its i now five and a half years since the last major census of population in the United States, the 1960 decennial census, provided a composite picture of the Nation's people—their geographic distribution and their social and economic characteristics. In the postcensal years, the population not only is growing rapidly but also is changing its places and patterns of living. Some parts of the country are experiencing major increases in population while others are at a standstill. The farm population is dwindling as families move to metropolitan areas. Residents of the central cities have continued to move to the suburbs. Levels of education and income are rising, and working habits and occupational attachments are changing. Evolving State and Federal programs to meet the country's rising social problems are focusing attention on special groups of the population and thereby increasing the need for up-to-date information. Since 1 960, the Bureau of the Census, by means of estimates and sample surveys, has provided in formation on some of the broad aspects of population change and growth. Included in its current program are estimates of the population of the United States, the 50 States and District of Columbia, the largest metropolitan areas, and selected outlying areas. Annual sample surveys have provided information on the characteristics of the population relating to local mobility and internal migration, size of school and college enrollment, levels of education, marital and family status, household formation and composition, childbearing, and family and personal income. Monthly statistics collected by the Bureau of the Census for the Department of Labor have provided information on the size and characteristics of the labor force, its occupational distribution, and the extent of unemployment. sIt i the purpose of this report to bring together within the covers of a single publication the most significant facts presented in the various series of current population reports. Thus, its aim is to portray in summary terms, the population of the United States at mid-decade. Information i s presented here for the Nation as a whole, with cross-classifications by age, color, sex, and residence. Limited statistics on some subjects are shown for regions. Data for States and the 38 largest metropolitan areas are limited to estimates of total population. Conspicuously lacking are data for small areas—the Nation's more than 3,000 counties, 5,000 urban places, and 23,000 census tracts, for which data on a wide range of subjects were presented in the reports of the 1960 census. Updating in formation for these small areas and collection of data in greater detail for States, metropolitan areas, and the Nation as a whole cannot be accomplished through the present limited program of sample surveys and i ntercensal estimates. lllllil‘lllilllfl ill Mill llllliilllfl

Population Growth tively little effect, because the death rate remained fairly stable during the period, and immigration

During the first half of the current decade, the in recent decades has been a relatively minor in Nation's population increased nearly 2.8 million factor population growth. per year, about the same as in the 1950’s, reach

ing a total of 195 million in August 1965. This Changing Age Structure fairly steady increase in numbers, however, repre

sented a slight decrease in the rate of population Gains in population were greater in some age a growth. Largely as a result of declining birth groups than in others, largely because birth rates rate, the growth rate fell during the late 1950’s, have varied from one period to another in the

and a continuation of this trend is reflected in the past. The population in the age groups 30 to 34 estimates for the first half of the present decade. years and 35 to 39 years decreased between 1960 Other factors (death rates and net immigration) and 1965 because these ages comprise the popula contributing to population gain or loss had rela tion born in the late twenties and early thirties, 2 Total population of the United States: 1950 to 1965

Mººns 2 00 Figure 1 -- - -

Total-Popul A TIon ------G AR-E- Forces ove-R-Eas

ToTAL R Es DENT Poº-L-AT-C-

Y.

1955

Current P opulation Reports, series P-25, Nos. 302, and 321. Figure 2 Figure 3 Annual g rowth rate Population r eaching selected by components: 1950 to 1964 ages: 1950-51 to 1964-65

Rate p er 1,000 population Millions 28.0 5 .0 --- * 26.0 24.0 • * *** - *** -- ... • ** Births _* 2 20 40

200 - - - - Ace 6 18.0

1 60

14.0

12.0 -"2.0 - Ace 1 a

100 -- a---

3.0

1.0 A ce 65 6.0

4.0 ------2 0 ------

0. •-H 1 950 1955 1960 1984 1950-51 1955-56 1960-61 1964-65 Note: R ate per 1,000 midyear population, including Armed Forces overseas. YEARs ( Jul-Y 1 to June 3o) t SOURCE: Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 302. SOURCE: Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 321.

when t here was a marked decline in the number fExcess o Females of births. The population born just after World War II reached age 6 by 1953 and age 18 by 1965. The e xcess of females over males continued to Thus, the high birth rates since the war resulted increase during the 1960's, and in 1965, for every in increases in the preschool and elementary school hundred women in the country, there were 96.4 population in the 1950's and in the high school men. Overall there were 3.6 million more women and college age population in the 1960's. than men. This gap in numbers between males and females was greatest in the oldest ages (60 These v arying amounts of increase for different and over), because the increase in life expectancy age groups have an important impact on the has been greater for women than for men, and t Nation's educational and social welfare facilities because a generation of immigrants among whom and are reflected in the changing size and age of males predominated is passing. the labor force and in the demand for consumer goods. Between 1960 and 1965, approximately 4.1 million children per year reached age 6, the age Changes i n the Nonwhite Population at which most children enter elementary school. The population reaching age 18 averaged 2.8 mil The n onwhite population increased more lion annually for the first four years of the decade rapidly than the white population during the but jumped to 3.7 million for the period July 1964 early 1960's, about 13 percent compared with 8 to June 1965. This is the age at which many young percent. Higher growth rates for nonwhites people enter college, become subject to military occurred at all ages except 18 to 24 years but were service, enter the labor force, or marry. About most marked for the childhood ages. The non 1.5 million persons per year reached age 62, when white p opulation under 14 years of age increased “ retirement is permissible under recent revisions 14 p ercent, compared with 5 percent for the white of the Social Security law. population. Nonwhites represented 11.9 percent

4. - Figure 4 f igure 5 Males p er 100 females: Males p er 100 females, 1950 to 1965 by age: 1965, 1960 and 1950

Males p er 100 females Males p er 100 females 100 ------(REsident P opul ATION )

*

T. 1950 1 955 1960 1965 5 1 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 AGE source c urrent population Reports, Series P-25, No. 321. SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 321.

Figure 6 Population b y age and sex: 1965 and 1960

- MALE FEMALE

- 1 965 (July) - 1 965 (July) TOTAL 95,114,000 TOTAL 98,704,000 - 1 960 (April) [ 1 960 (April) TOTAL 88,331,000 TOTAL 90,992,000

º º

.

Total r esident population in millions

source: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 321. Change i n white and nonwhite population by age: 1960 to 1965 Percent + 40

+35

+30 -

+25 H -

- | + 20 * - - + : | º +15 9 - -

- t - - +10 - > - | +5 - - - |

º ". 0. fºr tº

- - - - –5 - - -

~ . SOURCE: Current population reports, Series P-25, No. 321. | -a, N º º/sº of t he total population in 1965, compared with nearly twice that for the country as a whole. 11.4 p ercent in 1960. Since the nonwhite popula Threef o the four most rapidly growing States tion of the United States is largely Negro (over were in the West, with only Florida in the re 90 percent), patterns of growth for nonwhites mainder of the country keeping pace with this largely reflect those of the country's Negroes. rapidly growing region. Whereas all regions showed some gain in population in the 1960's, the Differences i n patterns of growth resulted in a Northeastern and North Central States increased difference in age structure for the Negro popula at a rate below the national average and the South tion as compared with the white population. The only a little above average. The rate of increase Negro population was younger—approximately picked up somewhat in the South and decreased 37 percent were under 14 years of age, compared with 28 percent of the white population. Com in the North Central region during the present decade, suggesting that net migration from the paratively fewer Negroes were found in the oldest South has slowed considerably and that the ages—whereas nearly 10 percent of the white population was 65 and over, only 6 percent of the northern industrial areas are not attracting in Negro population was in this oldest age group. migrants as they were in the 1950's. Nevertheless, the States along the eastern seaboard from Con necticut to Virginia, which include the greater Geographic D ifferences in Population part of “megalopolis,” the metropolitan belt ex Growth tending from Boston to Washington, continued to show increases well above the national average. Geographic d ifferences in population change As a r esult of differences in rates of population during the first half of the 1960's were generally growth, some States moved up in rank and others similar to those for the latter half of the previous slipped to a lower position. Notable among such decade. The West continued to be the fastest changes were the displacement of New York by growing region, with an annual rate of increase California from the number one position, the ad

Figure 8 Age d istribution of Negro and white population, March 1965

Percent 30 MALE 20 - i i |

FEMALE

20 10 | - T H Under 5 : -ºn-ºn 1 4-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

fYEARs o AGE

SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-20, forthcoming report.

796-000 O - 6 6 - 2 Figure 9 Average a nnual percent change in population by states

1960o t 1965 0.5

0.A & | º -A ºl.

0.9 º- Wººs

\ 03 11

** Ju-ºº: \s 2A

–05 º- 22 70 c. 10

0.9 - \

T. 1A …”

1.2

1.9

United States increase 1.5 Alaska 2.2 Hawaii 2.2 3.0

(2) Less than 0.05

1.8 1950 to 1960

0.2

1 .5 - d

0.4 I

--

| 0.6 Y 5.5 -

ſº - * 2.8 \ 40 1.3

7 -

l -

~ 55 0.4

(1) 0.6 united States Alaska 5.6 º increase 1.7

Hawaii 2.4 2.2 - º \ \ y (2) Less than 0.05

Percent increase --- C 2 .5 and over [-] 1.7 to 24 13 to 1.6 C 0.6 to 1.2 [] less than 0.6 or decrease

SOURCE. C urrent Population Reports, Series P-25, Nos. 304 and 3.17. Fºur States r anked by population: 1965

Millions o f persons 94 o r total 1. 2 3 . 4. 5 6 7 8. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 18

California 9.6 N ew York 9 .3 Pennsylvania 5.9 |linois 5.5

Texas 5.4 Ohio 5.3 M ichigan 4.2 New Jersey 3.5 Florida 3.0 Massachusetts 2.8 North Carolina 2.5 Indiana 2.5 Missouri 2.3 Virginia 2.3 Georgia 2.2 Wisconsin 2.1 Tennessee 20 Minnesota 1.8 Louisiana 1.8 Maryland 1.8 Alabama 1.8 Kentucky 1.6 Washington 1.5 Connecticut 1.5 Iowa 1.4 South Carolina 1.3 Oklahoma 1.3 Mississippi 1.2 Kansas 1.2 Colorado 1.0 TOTAL Arkansas 1.0 U .S. POPULATION Oregon 1.0 - 193,818,000 West Virginia 0.9 Arizona 0.8 Nebraska 0.8 New Mexico 0.5 Maine 0.5 Utah 0.5 R hode Island 0.5 Dist of Columbia 0.4 Hawaii 0.4 Montana 0.4 South Dakota 0.4

Idaho 0.4 New Hampshire 0.3 North Dakota 0.3 Delaware 0.3 Nevada 0.2 Vermont 0.2 Wyoming 0.2 Alaska 0.1

SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, series P-25, No. 3.17. vancement of Texas to fifth in size, displacing continued to be registered in its metropolitan Ohio from that position, and the rise in rank of areas. Among the 38 largest metropolitan areas, States in the southwest. those which experienced the most rapid growth The rate of increase of the Negro population during the 1950’s generally continued to be the varied widely among regions, mainly because of fastest growing. Three areas in southern Califor interregional migration. The West showed the nia, three in Texas, and two in Florida were among greatest gains in Negro population and the South the dozen highest ranking large metropolitan areas the smallest. Whereas the Negro population for in terms of growth rates. Four metropolitan areas the country as a whole is estimated to have in passed the one million mark between 1960 and creased by approximately 11 percent, it showed 1965, bringing to 26 the number of areas in that little change in the South, and by contrast, in size class. Los Angeles replaced Chicago as the creased by 24 percent in the Northeast, 23 percent second largest metropolitan area. in the North Central region, and 59 percent in the West. These changes represent an extension of The metropolitan population overall increased trends observed during the 1950’s. Consequently, about twice as rapidly as the nonmetropolitan the regional distribution of the Negro population between 1960 and 1965, and the proportion of the is changing; whereas only one-third of the Negroes population living in metropolitan areas (now more lived outside the South in 1950, that proportion is than 3 out of 5) continued its upward trend. Com now approaching one-half. pared with the previous decade, however, there appears to be some slowing down of metropolitan Increase in Metropolitan Population growth, from an annual rate of 2.3 percent in the 1950's to 1.9 percent in the first half of the current The bulk of the Nation's population growth decade. The contrast between the heavy gains in

IlgurnIl Average annual percent increase Negro population in population by region: by regions: 1950, 1960 and 1965

1960 to 1965 and 1950 to 1960 Percent of lofal Negro population 70 Percent

3.0 |> -monm5 so :Jusnnmo [:1 I man 2.5 - 1 so I

/ 40

Us.-198ll in l965 30

1.0 20

.5 10

0 Northeast North South wm Central uomnusr mm scum was! comm

1 uni. CvrronlPopulnfionReports,Sena: P45, Nos. 304 and 3|?v SOURCE.CunernPcpululionRoper“,Saris: P-ZO,forlhcomingroporl.

10 figure3 1 Negro p opulation-average annual rate of i ncrease: 1960-1965 a nd 1950-1960

NORTHEAst

NORTH C ENTRAL

1960-1955 L l 1950-1960

SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P.20, forthcoming report

Figure 14 Population o f the 38 largest standard metropolitan statistical areas

SEATTLE: * EVERETT PATERSON. Pomab s º- ſ

Boston MINNEAPOLIS: st Paul Swift P ROVIDENCE. - > PAWTUCKET. WARWICK EVELAND… PITTSBURGH SAN F RANCISC0. clºna. NEW YORK OAKLAND DAYTON e . - NEWARK INDIANApolls e º "09LUMBIS PHILADELPHIA CINCINNATI KANSAS CITY BALTIMORE S AN BERNARDIN0. LOS ANGELES. RIVERSIDE. wº LONG BEACH ONTARIO

ANAHEIM. N DIEGO sº/*-*Nºtº º GARDEN GROVE DALLAS e )

ſ - | - * - Al HOUSION Cº-º: ^ - sº ºw orlºs TAMPA. san A ntonio" St. PETERSBURG - MIAM

e 5 00,000 to 1,000,000 \! e 5 ,000,000 to 10,000,000 O 1,000,000 to 5,000,000 O 10,000,000 and over

SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-25, Nos. 298, 308, and 312 38 largest standard metropolitan statistical areas ranked by percent change in population: 1960 to 1964

1964 A verage annual percent change

AREA º +2 +4 +6 +8 +10 +12

Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove, Calif. 1 1,041

San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario, Calif. 2 994 Washington, D.C.-Md. Wa. 3 2,339

Houston, Texas 4 1,447

Dallas, Texas 5 1,260

Denver, Colo. 6 1,079

Atlanta, Ga. 7 1,169

Miami, Fla. 8 1,057

Tampa-St. Petersburg, Fla. 9 870

Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif. 10 6,734

New Orleans, La. 11 1,001

San Antonio, Texas 12 787

San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. 13 2,909

San Diego, Calif. 14 1,133

Columbus, Ohio 15 821

Rochester, N.Y." 16 774

Portland, Oreg. Wash. 17 883

New York, N.Y." 18 11,291

Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, N.J. 19 1,273

Newark, N.J. 20 1,808

Indianapolis, Ind. 21 981

Kansas City, Mo.-Kans, 22 1,168

Philadelphia, Pa...N.J. 23 4,632 L 1960 to

Seattle-Everett, Wash. 24 1,179 - 1950 to 1960 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. 25 1,578

Baltimore, Md.” 26 1,811

Louisville, Ky.-Ind. 27 771 Chicago, Ill. 28 6,598

St. Louis, Mo.-Ill. 29 2,217

Dayton, Ohio 30 766

Providence-Pawtucket Warwick, R.I. 31 751

Detroit, Mich. 32 3,918

Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky. Ind. 33 1,320

Cleveland, Ohio 34 1,987

Milwaukee, Wis. 35 1,264

Boston, Mass." 36 3,174 Buffalo, N.Y.” 37 1,305 (gain less than 0.05)

Pittsburgh, Pa. 38 2,360 (loss of 0.4)

* 1963 data SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P.25, Nos. 298, 308, and 312

12 the o utlying parts of the areas and the modest in Figure 17 creasesr o decreases in the central cities has be Decline i n farm population come somewhat less marked in the present decade, 1960 to 1965 suggesting that the trend termed the “flight to the suburbs,” which characterized the past two Millions decades, may be losing some of its impetus.

Decline i n Farm Population

The n ation's farm population, by contrast, con tinued to drop, decreasing about 21 percent dur ing the 5-year period, while the nonfarm popula tion increased by 10 percent. The 12 million per sons now living on farms represent only about f% o change 6 percent of the total population. In 1960, the +4 farm population had numbered 15.6 million, nearly 9 percent of the total. +2

Internal M igration

Phenomenal i ncreases in population in some parts of the country, accompanied by a virtual D-1 N oNFARM lack of growth in others, reflect mass movements - FARM of the population from one State to another and from one region to another. These gains or losses SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series Census ERS (P-27), forthcoming report.

- - i ncrease in population by Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan residence: 1 950-55 and 1950-50

Average a nnual percent increase

1960o t 1965 i [T] 1950 to 1960

Metropolitan

Central c ities

Outside C entral Cities

Non M etropolitan

--

Duº C ºen Population Reports, Series P-20. No 131. and u npublished estimates. Figure8 1 Average annual increase in school enrollment a t each level: October 1960-64 and 1950-60

Thousands

8 00

High s chool

CULLEGE

NOTE: P opulation 5 to 34 years old

SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-20, Nos. 1 07 and 133

Figure 19 Average a nnual net total migration

N

ALASKA – 1 H AWAII +4

State f igures shown in thousands - + 1 00,000 and over +5,000 to +24,999 [º] –5,000o t —24,999 - +25,000 to +100,000 [T] +4,999 to -4.999 D –25,000 and over

1950 t o 1960

ALASKA + 4 HAWAII (2)

SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, series P-25 (2) L ess than 500 No. 304 and forthcoming report

16 Figure0 2 Flowf o migrants between regions, annual a verage (thousands): 1960 to 1965 and 1955 to 1960

NORTHEAST

NORTH C ENTRAL

| 1 980-1985 1955-1850

Source. C urrent Population Reports, Series P-20, forthcoming report.

in p opulation through internal migration represent regions. M ovements between these two regions only the net effect of much greater relocations and the Northeast were smaller in volume but which affect many times the number of people. similar in nature in that they represented large About 6 million people moved between States ly an exchange of population and produced only during the 12 months from March 1964 to March minor net gains or losses. 1965, and about half of these moves involved in Patterns o f net migration for States did not al terregional migration. The volume and rate of ways follow that of the region in which they were migration reflected in these figures are typical of located. Although the South as a whole lost pop the pattern which has prevailed during the first ulation through migration, Maryland and Dela half of the current decade and throughout the ware had substantial gains, and Florida register preceding decade of the 1950's. During the present ed the second highest net in-migration in the decade, as in the 1950's, the West registered net country. gains from internal migration while the other re gions lost population. An average of one million Some a lteration in the migration pattern of the persons per year moved into the West from other late fifties is apparent in the slight acceleration of regions while 600,000 migrated from the West, a population movement into the West during the ratio of 5 in-migrants to 3 out-migrants. Nearly a current decade and lessening of the outward flow third of the total interregional migration had the from the South to the Northeast. West as its destination, with the largest streams of in-migrants coming from the South and the North Central regions. Mobility o f the Population Second in volume to the migration streams into the West were those between the North Central Moves b etween States and regions, however, region and the South, which resulted in a virtually were only a fraction of the total moves taking equal exchange of population between the two place within the country. From March 1964 to

17 Figure21

P0 rcent

AGE 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

75 and over Percent distribution 65 m 74 ' by mobility status “"064 for persons 1 year 351044 old and over, for 301034 the United States: 25mg March, 1965 22 to 24 20 and 21

18 and 19

RESIDENCE A YEAR AGO 14 to 17 >V_ SAME HOUSE :1 DIFFERENT HOUSE 71013 was: - We DIFFERENT no 4 COUNTY

TOTAL

SOURCE; Current Population Reports, Series P-20, forthcoming report. NOTE: "Diflarsmcounty"lflKlUdElpsuom abroadu y", °9°_

figure22 II '' March 1965, 38 mllllon persons changed their resi- Enrollm an‘ in public and deuce—one out of every 5 of the population. For private “hook : October 1 964 most of these (about two-thirds), the change was M‘wo’“ only a local move that did not even cross county 36 lines and may have been just from one house or apartment to another in the’ same community, 32 thus representing only minor social adjustments my": in the lives of the people involved. The movers 28' who crossed county lines, about 13 million, were about equally divided between those who went to . 24 a different State and those who moved to a new Fume home the same State. The relative volume within 22 of various types of moves has remained almost 84 4% unchanged throughout the decade and a half ,6 that such information has been available. Young

people in their twenties were the most mobile ,2 segment of the population. With advancing age the tendency to move decreased, and moves were 8 890% only about one-fourth as frequent among persons

above 45 years of age. 4 34.0% 65.2% 0 Increased Enrollment in SChOOlS [murmur man $011001 count and Colleges ANDmomma NOTE: Population5 to I“ yoursold. . _ _ SOURCE:CurrantPopulationReports,SeriesP40, No. 133and Increases in population were accompanied by 'M'mmlre "W'- L l growth i n enrollment in the Nation's schools. Figure 23 School e nrollment—kindergarten through college Percent e nrolled in school —increased 5.4 million from 1960 to 1964, an in for s elected crease of one and one-third million a year. Most October 1 950 to 1964 of the 56 million school children and college stu Percent e nrolled dents in 1965 were enrolled in public schools, 100 private schools accounting for about one-sixth of 90– – the enrollment in elementary school and kinder ND16 A 17. YEARS garten, one-ninth at the high school level, and one 80–H L–- third at the college level. Whereas the rates of in crease during the 1950's had been greatest at the 70H — 5e Y ARs elementary school and kindergarten levels, the 1960's saw this phenomenon shift to the high 60–1– school and college level. During the first four years 50-4- of the decade, the country's high schools added an average of 640,000 students a year to their total 4 0 —H ND18 A 19 YEARs enrollment, and its colleges enrolled 270,000 more * students each year. Gains in elementary school 30+--T enrollment averaged 350,000 annually, consider ably below the average of nearly a million a year 20–H O2O T 24 YEARS for the previous decade. 10– Added enrollment in the high schools and col leges, however, reflected more than mere increases | | | | l | | in the population of those ages. There was an in 1950 ' 52 '54 '56 ' 58 '60 '62 ' 64 creasing tendency for young people to complete SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-20, Nos. 129, 133 cºnd forthcoming report. high school and to continue their education be yond the high school level. Consequently the pro portion of young people in their late teens and 4Figure 2 early twenties who were enrolled in school in Persons5 2 years old and over creased. This trend, observed during the 1950's, who have completed 4 years of has continued into the present decade. high school or more: 1952-1965 The Nation's kindergartens, too, are growing. Percent 5 0 Kindergarten enrollment, less than a million in 1950, had grown to two million by 1960 and in creased further to nearly 2.5 million by October w-r- 1964. More than two-thirds of the children 5 years 50 ------of age were enrolled in kindergarten in the fall of 1964, compared with one-half in 1950. 40. ---- Greater E ducational Attainment

Increased s chool attendance at the high school 30 and college levels led to a rise in the overall level ------of attainment in education for the Nation's ------population. In the early 1950's about 40 percent 2 0 of the white adult population (25 years old and over) and 14 percent of the nonwhite adults were high school graduates. By the end of the decade, 10 the proportions were 45 percent and 20 percent; and by 1965 they had risen to 51 percent and 29 percent. During the same 15-year period, the num 1952 1957 1 959 1962 1985 ber of college graduates nearly doubled. source: c urrent Population Reports, Series P-20, Nos. 99, 121 and Although t he nonwhite population as well as forthcoming report, and unpublished data.

19 lº - N - .

.

M edian school years completed by the white and Negro population: March 1965 Median s chool years

SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Female series P-20, forthcoming report C. White more than Negro D. White more than Negro

------º º - N : ºf § º *

$ººses T - º º

º - - - - - ºs, | - º - - s Figure 2 6 Marital s tatus by color and sex: 1965

Percent º

- 8 0 MALE FEMALE

70

-wife A Bsent

++ se U and aesent

50 Z

5 0

- u E

- --

40 —#— - o ~

[ ] I -II [ _ Single M arried Widowed Divorced Single Married Widowed Divorced

Source: Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 144 -

: the white showed gains in education, the gap be tween e ducational levels of the two races persisted. figure 27 s tatus by age and sex: 1965 The 1965 figure of 29 percent of nonwhite adults Marital Male F emale widowed with a high school education was still well below Percent Married [T] Married or Divorced the level the white population had reached in 1952. At t he younger adult ages, these differences were less striking. A look at the Negro population shows that the median level of education (half . were below this level and half had gone beyond) was from 2 to 4 years lower for Negroes than for the white population at ages above 35 years; but below age 35, the differences narrowed to one year or less for most ages.

Marital S tatus

Two o ut of three persons 14 years old and over in the United States in 1965 were married. Of the remaining third, some had been married and were now widowed or divorced and some had never married. Most of the latter were in the age group 14 to 24 years old. In this young age group, one 14-24. 2 5-34 35-44 45-54 55-54 55 and ºver of the women were married but only one third SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, series P-20. No. 144. fifth o f the men. Above age 35, 90 to 95 percent figurean Change in Number and Types of Age at first marriage: Households 1950 to 1964 Households increased 900,000 per year during Median age (J-ycar moving average) the first half of the decade, more than keeping 24 pace with the growing population. The 57.3 mil lion households in 1965 included 41.6 million with a head and wife present, 6 million containing other types of families, and 9.5 million in which the household head had no family present but lived alone or with persons not related to him. From 1960 to 1965, as in the previous decade, the rate of increase was greatest among house holds other than those of the husband-wife type. FEMALE While husband-wife households increased 6 per cent, other households increased 16 percent; and in the latter group, one-person households in creased 25 percent. The proportion of married couples without their own household decreased substantially dur ing the 1950's and has continued to decrease dur ing the 1960's, reaching the low figure of 2 percent. Relatively more nonwhites than whites shared the households of others. 1950 1855 1960 154

SOURCE CurrcnlPopulationReports,SeriesP40, Na. 144.

Figure29 Households by type: 1950 to 1965 of the population at each age were or had been Millions married. Beginning with age 55, the proportion 60 of women who were widowed increased rapidly, but a similar increase in proportion of widowed men did not occur until after age 65. 5. FEMALE There were important differences in the marital HEAD status of the white and nonwhite population. “EA” ‘ML 2 Relatively fewer nonwhites were married, and OTHER among the married there was greater likelihood / that the married couple would not be living to gcther. One out of five nonwhite married women were living apart from their husbands, but only HUSBAND—WIFE 1 out of 20 white women were in this situation.

The trend toward younger marriages, which characterized the 1940’s and early fifties, slowed somewhat after the midfifties. In 1950, half the women had married by the time they had reached age 20.3 years. The median age declined further to 20.1 years by 1956. Then followed a gradual 0 rise which has persisted into the present decade, 1950 1955 1960 1955 bringing the average age at marriage for women SOURCE:CurrentPopulationReport‘,Sarlu 7-20.Na. HO. to 20.3 years in 1960 and 20.6 years in 1965.

22 By a ge 25, most adults had established their figure so own households; and, throughout the middle adult wºrn. couples not having years, t he vast majority were married household their o wn household, by color: heads or wives. As age advanced, increasing num 1950, 1 960, and 1965 bers, especially among women, became widowed and either remained in their own homes as heads Percent 1 5 with no spouse, or gave up their households and moved in with relatives or into rooming houses or 14 1 3 homes for the aged. With the help of various pro wºrre D -1 12 grams of assistance for the aged, many were able Nonwºre 11 to continue maintaining their own homes; and in - 1965 approximately half of those 75 years old and 10 over who had no spouse were still heads of their 9 own households.

The i ncrease in one-person households and other households with no family tended to reduce the average size of households. On the other hand, the trend toward larger families tended to increase the size of those households containing families, and the net effect was that average household size remained quite stable throughout the 1950's and 1950 1 950 1985 the first half of the present decade. Source: c urrent Population Reports, series P-20, Nos. 106 and 144, and 1 950 Census of Population, volume iv, Part 2, chapter D.

Figure 3 1 Household s tatus of the population 14 years old a nd over, by age and sex: 1965

Percent M ALE FEMALE P ercent

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Male: H ousehold head with wife present - H ead with no L A ll other persons Female. W ife of head spouse present Source current Population Reports, series P-20, No. 144. More C hildren Per Family t Families w ith head under 65 In t hose families in which the head was under years old, by number of own 65 years old, two out of three had children (one children under 18: or more sons or daughters under 18). Between 1965 and 1950 1950 and 1965, the proportion of families with no 100% 1 00% children declined substantially while the propor THREE OR M0RE tion with 3 or more children rose from 1 out of 6 THREE OR M0RE CHILDREN to 1 out of 4. Nonwhite families in the same age CHILDREN 1.6% 25.7% span were similar to white families in that the º same proportion, 1 out of 3, had no children. A CHILDREN greater proportion of the nonwhite families, how Two --- ever, had 4 or more children, indicating that CHILDREN - --- among families with children nonwhite families ONE CHILD tend to be larger. ONE 23.5% CHILD The f irst half of the decade showed a continua 20.2% tion of the upward trend in the number of children born to American women. Women 25 to 34 years WITHOUT W ITHOUT CHILDREN old in 1964 had already borne nearly as many CHILDREN 4 1.9% children on the average as those 35 to 44 years 34.7% old, although they had more years to go before reaching the end of childbearing. They are ex pected to average 3,200 to 3,400 children per 1,000 1965 1 950 * Source: current Population Reports, series P-20. forthcoming report, and 1950 Census of Population, volume IV, Part 2, Chapter A.

Figure4 3 Families w ith head under 65 Children e ver born per woman, years old, by number of own by age: 1950, 1960 and 1964 children under 18, by color: 1965

ºu C HILDREN Cºlºn

13.0% - W HITE ---

CHILDREN 1 9.9% t

Nonwhite

50 ' 60 '64 || '50 60 '54 '50 '60 '84

15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 years old years old years old t Source: c urrent population Reports, series P-20, forthcoming report. SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-20, forthcoming report.

24 Figure5 3 Children e ver born, by characteristics of woman: 1950 and 1964

Children p er woman” 1

1964 o ver 1950 COLOR

W hite

Nonwhite

REGION N ortheast

North C entral

South

West

EDUCATION E lementary School. 0 to 8 years High S chool. 1 to 4 years College: 1 y ear or more

* w omen 15 to 44 years old; data standardized for age. source: c urrent Population Reports, Series P-20, forthcoming report.

º ywomen b age 45—about 50 percent more than Growing L abor Force is needed to replace the population. The p attern of change in number of children By M arch of 1965, the civilian labor force had born to women 15 to 24 years old reflects some reached a total of 74 million persons, a gain of slowdown in early marriage and childbearing about one million a year since 1960. Half of since 1960, but it is too early to say whether this the 1965 labor force were men 20 to 54 years means that women in this cohort will have fewer of age; one-third were women; and one-sixth children as they pass through life than women were boys below age 20 or men over 54. in some older cohorts. 7About 7 percent of the male population 14 years old and over and 37 percent of the female Ratesf o childbearing were different for women population of that age were members of the labor of different races, educational levels, and regions force—that is, they had jobs or were looking for or types of residence. Nonwhite women had more work. Relatively fewer young men were in the children than white women, and farm women had labor force, partly because of a tendency to con more than nonfarm women. Women living in the tinue education longer and partly because of the Northeast had lower rates than women in any of decreasing opportunities for the unskilled to enter the other regions. The North Central region and the labor force. Because of more comprehensive the West, which were well below the South in Social Security and welfare programs for older 1960, had greater increases during the period; and people, men are less likely now to continue work by 1964 these two regions had rates that were ing beyond age 65. The decline in self-employ close to those for the South. Women with higher ment, also, has contributed to earlier retirement, educational attainment had fewer children on the because a self-employed person has more chance average and also registered smaller increases in of continuing to work, sometimes on a reduced childbearing between 1950 and 1964 than women basis, than a salaried worker, who is more likely with less education. to have to make a break. Thus, the steady decline

25 | | | | |

l -

Civilian l abor force by age and sex: March 1965

FEMALE MALE

Source: B ureau of Labor statistics, Employment and Earnings. vol. 11, No. 10.

Percent i n labor force by age in l abor force participation for the Nation's male and sex: March 1965 and 1960 population continued into the present decade.

Percent For women, on the other hand, there has been a 1 00 FEMALE long-term trend toward greater labor force par ticipation, and this trend is reflected in the labor 80 — 1965 — force data for all except the extremes of the age — 1960 60 range. For the same reasons observed for men, women in the oldest and youngest ages were less 40 likely to be in the labor force in 1965 than in 1960.

20

0 Lower U nemployment Rate

1 00 MALE Unemployment a ffected about 5 percent of the

80 country's labor force in March 1965. This repre sented a considerable reduction from the level of

60 - nearly 8 percent in March 1961. Unemployment has continued to affect some groups more seriously than others. Although employment rates have improved substantially since 1960 for nonwhite men, nonwhites still had considerably greater un employment than whites. For young people just |4-17 1 8-24 25-34 35-44 45-64 65 and over entering the labor force, who traditionally have Labor s tatistics, Employment and Earnings, high unemployment, rates remained high in the 10, and vol. 11, No. to. present d ecade. Unemployment for women did not d ecrease as much as for men, and in 1965 Figure 39 there w ere relatively more unemployed women Change i n each occupation than men. In 1960, unemployment had been group: March, 1960 to 1965 greater for men. Percent - 2 0 20 40 60 80

TOTAL More P rofessional and Technical E MPLOYED Workers

PROFESSIONAL Advances i n technology and automation during A ND TECHNICAL the 1950's brought about changes in the distribu

tion of workers among the various types of occu 0THER W HITE pations, with increasing proportions of the coun COLLAR try's employed going into professional and technical occupations and smaller proportions in BLUE to blue collar and farm occupations. For the work C OLLAR force as a whole, these changes had lost some of their potential and continued at a slackened pace in the current decade. For nonwhite workers, SERVICE however, the rise in number of white-collar jobs

FARM

8Figure 3 Unemployment b y selected l characteristics–March 1960-65 SOURCE: B ureau of labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, i vol., 6 No. 10, and vol. 11, No. 10. º Percent

1 8. Figure0 4 yº. Occupational distribution of the 15 º employed by color: March 1965

Percent 0 1 0 20 30 40 50

14 º PROFESSIONAL w hite

--- AND T ECHNICAL Nonwº-hite ---

12 ------OTHER | ------WHITE - C OLLAR - 1 0 *

BLUE C OLLAR 8

T------SERVICE - -~~~~ ------º

FARM ------| -

SOURCE: B ureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, vol. 11, No. 10.

0. 1 960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1985 &ntilºce: B ureau of Labor Statistics, Employmer and Earnings, was e specially striking. While the total number of and more at the upper levels. Incomes over employed n onwhites increased 15 percent, those $10,000 w ere reported by only 7 percent of the in professional, technical, and similar occupations families in 1949, but by 15 percent in 1959, and rose 73 percent. Other white-collar jobs, includ 22 percent in 1964. Conversely, 65 percent of all ing those of managers and proprietors and clerical families had incomes under $5,000 in 1949, but and sales personnel, increased 30 percent. Less only 41 percent in 1959, and 35 percent in 1964 than 4 percent of all nonwhite workers were in were below that amount. professional and technical jobs in 1950 and only 5 percent in 1960. But between 1960 and 1965, High a nd Low-Income Families this proportion rose to 8 percent. Family i ncome in 1965 showed little evidence Higher F amily Income of any change in the inequalities in distribution of aggregate income among families at various Except f or a few minor recessions, the country income levels. At the highest level, $15,000 and has experienced continued prosperity for the past over, were only 6 percent of the families, with 19 20 years. Since 1950, family incomes have doubled. percent of the income; and, at the opposite ex Rises in consumer prices have absorbed some of treme, under $2,000, were nearly 10 percent of all this increase, but there has nevertheless been a families, with less than 2 percent of the income. substantial increase in real purchasing power. If If families are divided into fifths from the lowest the amounts are expressed in constant dollars to the highest income, the lowest fifth received (figures adjusted to remove the effect of price only one-twentieth (5 percent) of the total in changes), there was still a 53 percent rise in aver come, whereas the top fifth received two-fifths age (median) family income during the 14-year (41 percent). These relationships have stayed re period. In terms of constant dollars, there were markably constant throughout the 1960's and the relatively fewer families at the lower income levels preceding decade.

Figure1 4 Family i ncome in constant (1964) dollars: 1947 to 1964

1947

1 948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953 ºUnder º $3,000o t $4,999 T $ 5,000 to $6,999 —- 1954 f

1 955 |

1956

- - -— $7,000 to $9,999 — 1957

1958 1959 | | 1960 | = === $10,000 a nd * 1961

1 962

1963

I I I i 0 . 10 20 30 40 6 0 70 80 30 100 & fPercent o families SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 47.

28 not" 42 Under$3,000 $100010 $4,999 Income in 1964 by family characteristics - - :1 ssloootomgg :1 moooand ow

AGE OF FAMILY HEAD COLOR 4% NON Unde 25 to 34 WHITE WHITE 25 yrs. year;

EDUCATION OF FAMILY HEAD 323,544 "1%, ‘5,35

25% ELEMENTARY 111011 W° 8 years SCHOOL q 28% 4 years

55 m 64 years o E E COLLEGE clutocil 4 years years 5%» Of more 38%

49%

SOURCE:CurrenlPopulationRoper“, SO'lll F60, No. ‘7.

Figure4: Difll‘lblltifll of families and There is a recurring pattern, too in the charac income by level of family teristics associated with high and low income. In q income in 1964 Fem," come was below average for young families (with Income 0 10 20 30 the head under 25 years old) but even lower for 'm' ' H’ " V V’ families in which the head was over 65, the usual distill? age for retirement. Families in the middle age groups had the highest incomes. Families whose head was a high school graduate had incomes to nearly $2,000 greater than those whose head had mm only an elementary school education; and if the '' mag family head was a college graduate, the family income was $2,500 greater on the average than if $6M a $1,999 he had only finished high school. Families whose heads were professionals, technicians, company officials, etc., were at the upper end of the income m 32:38 scale, whereas families of farm workers and per ;mm sons employed in private households were at the PERCENT or to ' _ $3.998 - Au- FAMII-IEB lowest extremes. The lower incomes‘ of nonwhite with white families mm *1. families compared I were to $2399 associated with their lower level of educational attainment and their concentration in lower paid occupations. ‘gm; _ Some families had low incomes because the source CvrronlPopulation11mm. 5.11» P-oO,No. 47. _ family head worked only part time and some be , h . g ,4] cause there was no worker in the family and the

29 income c ame from such sources as pensions and and t he median income of Negro women in this welfare payments. Income was comparatively low category was $2,200, about three-fifths as much for families with a woman as the head, partly be as for white women. In all regions of the country, cause many of these women were part-time incomes were substantially lower for such Negro workers or were nonworkers dependent on other men, but the differences were most striking in the income and partly because of the generally lower South. Negro women had incomes that were close compensation received by employed women. to those of white women in the North and West; but in the South, where the majority live, their incomes were about half the amount received by white women. Incomef o Negroes i The l ower level of income received by the The c harts presented here have reflected some of Negro population is illustrated by figures on the accomplishments of the American people in the income of year-round, full-time workers. For all last five years as well as some of the problems that races, the median income of this group in 1963 still challenge the citizen and his government. The was $6,100 for men and $3,600 for women. (The Bureau of the Census, through its current statistical median is the middle amount, half the workers programs, strives to report as promptly as possible receiving more than this amount and half receiv the continuing changes in our population. For up ing less). Negro men who worked year round full to-date descriptions of individual communities, how time had a median income of only $3,900, about ever, we must wait for the neart decennial census in two-thirds the amount received by white men; 1970.

Median i ncome in 1963 of white and Negro year-round full-time workers

MALE FEMALE $7,000

white

$6,000 -

$5,000

$4,000 - NEGRO

$3,000 —

-

$2,000 — -

$1,000 — - —-

-

- United North & South Unit North & South States West cuments West SOURCE: C urrent Population Reports, series P-20, No. 142. Non-clºculº PHOTO CREDITS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page 3 WashingtonEvening Star Elisabeth A. Larmon. of the Population Division, planned the page6 Cor!Prune", content and wrote the text. of this report. in consultation with NotionalMansion Association Henry S. Shryock. Assistant Chief (Program Development). pageIO-ISCori PtsmlL NationalEducationAssociation Population Division, and Norman Lawrence. Staff Assistant. m 20306 Young,In, Office of the Director. GeorgetownUniversity Matthew F. Lynch was responsible for the graphic design of the report.

Where to Find Additional information P-25 Population Estimates. Monthly estimates of the total population of the United States; an nual mid-year estimates of the population of More detailed statistics on the subjects covered States, by broad age groups, and of the United in this report are available in reports published States by age, color, and sex; annual estimates of annually or more frequently in the Current Popu the components of population change. Estimates lation Reports series of the Bureau of the Census. of the population of selected metropolitan areas Following is a description of each series, including and their component counties. of the a list of the subjects on which reports are pub Projections lished: future population of the United States and States. P-27 Farm Population (Census-ills). Data on P-20 Population Characteristics. Current na the size and selected characteristics of the farm tional and, in some cases, regional data on geo population of the United States. Issued jointly graphic residence and mobility, fertility, educa with the Economic Research Service, U.S. Depart tion, school enrollment, marital status, numbers ment of Agriculture. and characteristics of households and families, P-60 Consumer income. Information on the etc. Occasional projections for some of these sub proportions of families and persons at vari jects to dates approximately 20 years in the future. ous income levels. Also data on the relation ship of income to age, sex, color, family size, ed P-23 Technical Studies. Infrequent reports on ucation, occupation, work experience, and other methods, concepts, or specialized data. characteristics.