Poder Y Superpoderes: Rasgos Lingsticos Del

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Poder Y Superpoderes: Rasgos Lingsticos Del PODER Y SUPERPODERES: RASGOS LINGÜÍSTICOS DEL HABLA DE LAS MUJERES EN LOS COMICS DE SUPERHÉROES by MARIO ALBA MANZANA (Under the Direction of Diana L. Ranson) ABSTRACT En este estudio se analizan las relaciones de poder entre los distintos personajes femeninos en los comics de superhéroes. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que las diferencias en el habla de hombres y mujeres se deben a diferencias de poder, esta relación se extrapola a los individuos pertenecientes a un mismo género, en este estudio, el femenino. Así, atendiendo al superpoder de los personajes y a las relaciones de poder con sus interlocutores en cada caso, se analiza un corpus formado por sesenta y seis comics para buscar la frecuencia de cuatro rasgos lingüísticos asociados con el poder: los mandatos, los elementos del registro vulgar y coloquial, las interrupciones y las preguntas de verificación y mecanismos para ganar tiempo. Dichos elementos prueban la existencia de una forma de hablar poderosa frente a una forma de hablar no poderosa. INDEX WORDS: Relaciones de poder, Estudios de género y sexo, Habla de las mujeres, Habla poderosa y no poderosa, Mandatos, Registro coloquial y vulgar, Interrupciones, Preguntas de verificación, Mecanismos para ganar tiempo. PODER Y SUPERPODERES: RASGOS LINGÜÍSTICOS DEL HABLA DE LAS MUJERES EN LOS COMICS DE SUPERHÉROES by MARIO ALBA MANZANA B.A., University of Valencia, Spain, 2002 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2004 © 2004 MARIO ALBA MANZANA All Rights Reserved PODER Y SUPERPODERES: RASGOS LINGÜÍSTICOS DEL HABLA DE LAS MUJERES EN LOS COMICS DE SUPERHÉROES by MARIO ALBA MANZANA Major Professor: Diana L. Ranson Committee: Sarah Blackwell Hildebrando Ruiz Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2004 iv DEDICATORIA Para Virginia, por animarme a que escribiera algo sobre los comics, por apoyarme, y por no dejarme trabajar cuando necesitaba descansar. v AGRADECIMIENTOS Si hay una persona que merece todos los agradecimientos posibles, ésa es mi directora de tesis, la doctora Diana L. Ranson. No quiero ni pensar en lo que hubiera sido de esta tesis sin su constante guía, sus implacables y rapidísimas correcciones, sus absolutamente lógicas y razonables sugerencias, y su ánimo y apoyo a lo largo de todo el proceso con todo lo relacionado con este estudio y con muchas otras cosas que no tienen nada que ver. Gracias por ser una persona tan trabajadora, disciplinada, sincera, accesible y honesta. Ha sido un honor poder trabajar con usted. vi CONTENIDOS Página AGRADECIMIENTOS ..................................................................................................................v LISTA DE TABLAS ................................................................................................................... vii LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................................. viii LISTA DE VIÑETAS ................................................................................................................... ix CAPÍTULO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................1 2 CORPUS ...............................................................................................................11 3 ANÁLISIS, RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ......................................................19 I. Mandatos ...............................................................................................21 II. Expletivos y otros elementos del registro coloquial y vulgar ..............29 III. Interrupciones .....................................................................................37 IV: Preguntas de verificación y mecanismos para ganar tiempo ..............42 4 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................48 BIBLIOGRAFÍA: CORPUS .........................................................................................................53 BIBLIOGRAFÍA: REFERENCIAS .............................................................................................59 APÉNDICES .................................................................................................................................62 vii LISTA DE TABLAS Página Tabla 1: Personajes relevantes en los comics del corpus ..............................................................14 Tabla 2: Relación de mandatos usados por todos los personajes femeninos ................................24 Tabla 3: Relación entre mandatos y superpoderes ........................................................................28 Tabla 4: Relación entre mandatos e interlocutores .......................................................................28 Tabla 5: Relación de elementos coloquiales usados por todos los personajes femeninos ............34 Tabla 6: Relación entre los elementos coloquiales y los superpoderes ........................................36 Tabla 7: Relación entre elementos coloquiales e interlocutores ...................................................36 Tabla 8: Relación de personajes femeninos que interrumpen a alguien .......................................40 Tabla 9: Personajes femeninos interrumpidos ..............................................................................40 Tabla 10: Relación entre interrupciones y superpoderes ..............................................................40 Tabla 11a: Relación entre interrupciones y poder de los interrumpidos ......................................41 Tabla 11b: Relación entre personajes femeninos interrumpidos y poder de quien interrumpe ....41 Tabla 12: Relación de PV y MGT usados por todos los personajes femeninos ...........................45 Tabla 13: Relación entre PV y MGT y superpoderes ...................................................................46 Tabla 14: Relación entre PV y MGT y poder de los interlocutores ..............................................46 viii LISTA DE FIGURAS Página Figura A: Representación del tono en un bocadillo ......................................................................62 Figura B: Número de páginas de los comics del corpus ...............................................................63 Figura C: Orden de lectura de los bocadillos ................................................................................65 ix LISTA DE VIÑETAS Página Viñeta 1: Natalia Kassle en Danger Girl #6, p15..........................................................................22 Viñeta 2: Sidney Savage en Danger Girl #6, p15 .........................................................................31 Viñeta 3: Sarah y la Consejera en Gen13 v.1, #5, p14 ..................................................................38 Viñeta 4: Lara Croft en Tomb Raider #1, p3 ................................................................................44 1 CAPÍTULO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Los estudios sobre las mujeres y su comportamiento lingüístico pertenecen a un campo de investigación que puede decirse se inauguró con la publicación en 1975 de lo que se convertiría en el trabajo más popular de Robin Lakoff: Language and Women’s Place. En esta corta pero tremendamente polémica obra, la autora codifica lo que ella llama la “lengua de las mujeres”, una forma de hablar sustancialmente diferente de la forma de hablar que tienen los hombres. Según Lakoff (1975), todos los elementos que diferencian la forma de hablar de hombres y mujeres responden a una razón de ser básica, tienen un mismo origen que los determina y, al mismo tiempo, condena a la mujer: la falta de poder. En su libro, la autora repasa las distintas características que ella ha encontrado en la forma de hablar de las mujeres, y llega a la conclusión de que todas ellas reflejan la falta de poder que la mujer padece en la sociedad patriarcal. Según ella, “women are systematically denied access to power” (Lakoff 1975:7), viéndose forzadas a adoptar un papel secundario, siempre detrás de los hombres. La autora fue fuertemente criticada por sus afirmaciones. Cameron (1996:38), por ejemplo, no está de acuerdo con Lakoff (1975), a quien critica diciendo que su “negative interpretation of [women’s language elements] is presented as fact”, cuando no son más que impresiones que ella tiene. Según Cameron (1996:38), Lakoff (1975) coloca a las mujeres en una posición de déficit “in which women are seen as disadvantaged speakers 2 because of their early sex-role socialization”. Sin embargo, creo que la interpretación de Lakoff es correcta, ya que realmente existe una posición sin poder, y observamos que los rasgos de que Lakoff habla aparecen en esta forma de hablar no poderosa. Volviendo al origen de esta relegación a un papel secundario por parte de la mujer, su comportamiento se fomenta desde que las niñas nacen –de hecho, y como Berko Gleason (1987:190) apunta, los niños y las niñas “are spoken to differently”-, y se mantiene durante sus años de infancia y adolescencia, de manera que, según Lakoff (1975:7), “women’s language [...] submerges a woman’s personal identity, by denying her the means of expressing herself strongly, on the one hand, and encouraging expressions that suggest triviality in subject matter and uncertainty about it”. Su destino está escrito: la niña, cuando crezca, no será capaz de expresarse con fuerza, no podrá reivindicar y apoyar sus opiniones,
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