Research Trends in Searching Goals and Overview and Browsing
Mark Chignell Review research in search and browsing Department of Mech. & Ind. Engrg. Focus on Information exploration approach Show recent systems and approaches University of Toronto Tilebars, zooming (d), fisheyes (d), information islands (d), dynamic querying (d). Visiting Researcher Discuss applications Keio SFC (Yasumura Lab) Mobile medical, email task visualization, Driving and e-Windshield (d),
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Part A. Search and Browsing What is Information Retrieval?
Information Retrieval “the location and presentation to a Hypertext user of information relevant to an Information Exploration Tools information need expressed as a query” (Korfhage)
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What is Hypertext? URLs: Links in the Web (Uniform Resource Locator)
Linked Information Way of identifying and accessing a web World Wide Web: A Hypertext with Billions page: of Documents (Web Pages) Example http://www.cs.wcu.edu/~abw/index.html
“where” “how” Address or name of server Type of transaction “what” (protocol) Resource requested
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1 Visualization of User Path Through a Website (VR group at NIST)
Hypertext Link Structure
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Information Retrieval Task Why use search engines?
Too much information to browse Links are unreliable Links do not provide enough “Context”
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Search Engines
Web Browser Interface to search on Web Large Index (billions of documents) Crawler (bots) to update index Back- End Presentation of Results (List format) Boolean
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2 Showing Information in Context Showing KeyWords In Context (KWIC)
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Research Systems for TileBars (Visualization of how Keywords are Information Exploration distributed through the Document: Marti Hearst)
TileBars WebBook eBooks SeeSoft
Example (Next slide): What research is ongoing to prevent osteoporosis?
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WebBook (Xerox Parc)
Use book metaphor (animated 3D): next & previous links analogous to books, familiar, effective display
Can be bookmarked, put on a shelf Various way to collect URLs: relative-URL, Topic, Hot List, Search Reports 17 18
3 Web Forager (Hypertext books in 3D space) E B o o k
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Annotations in eBooks Using the Book Metaphor
Annotation Tracking appearance of Characters
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SeeSoft: JungleBook Characters Interaction Systems
Information Islands (David Modjeska, John Waterworth) Zooming (Pad++, Ben Biederman) Fisheye Views (George Furnas, Ramana Rao, Carl Gutwin) Dynamic Queries (Ben Shneiderman)
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4 Information Islands: DEMO Zooming: DEMO
Modjeska, Waterworth, Chignell Zooming & (University of Toronto, Umea University) Panning control 3D VR World Representing portion of with a pen Yahoo Catalogue as “information islands” Implemented in the Cosmo Player (VRML)
Pad++ by Bederson http://www.cs.umd.edu/ hcil/pad++/
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Hyperbolic Browser Fisheye DEMO
Rao (Xerox Parc) Fisheye views magnify focus point Enables users to see both a focus region and the surrounding context in the limited Fisheye window
Video http://www.open-video.org/details.php?videoid=5009&surrogate=storyboard
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Data Querying: Data map with colour (Tufte, 1990, p. 40) Dynamic Query Demo
Works well with Map-Oriented information Key attributes become “sliders” to set Sliders are moved to create Queries Direct manipulation: Interactive Feedback E.g.: Dynamic Queries with U.S. Census Data
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5 Applications Mobile Medicine
Handheld Clinical Evidence for Doctors Mobile Medicine Portable Stress Management Email Task Management Computing in Cars
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Architecture Design Challenges for PDAs
Small screen (e.g., table layout problematic, What kinds of info are most useful to limited amounts of text) clinicians? Wireless Server Limited input method What is the most effective way of Devices have limited memory querying evidence- Filter Additional considerations: based resources? Doctors are busy: abandon search > 30sec How do we format XML server Not necessarily technology enthusiasts answers? Target audience unfamiliar with evidence-based resources Clinical Acute Gov’t Evidence Medicine Guidelines
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Sample Design Prototype Which search style would you use?
myocardial infarction, aspirin
Myocardial infarction, aspirin
“It’s fast and straight- “I’ve never seen this forward” before but it’s obvious what to enter…except “I like having all the that COMPARISON topics displayed on a thing…” single page” 35 36
6 Which format do you prefer and why? Is the information relevant?
Statistics that provide evidence First-line therapy for effectiveness for anxiety such as NNT, CI, “table is cleaner and I get the number I need to make my decision right away” Drug dosage, cost Odds Ratio “I don’t have the few seconds it takes to decipher what the X & Y axis 37 represent” 38
Design changes: Design change: Use tables for numeric data Chapter headers
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Design changes: Portable stress management tool Use bullets and highlights increase ability to cope (physical) change stressful decrease anxiety environment (cognitive)
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7 ER Portable stress management tool Tasks Representation in Email
(Automatic) scheduling of Stress factors Internal representation of tasks exercise and relaxation Human perception & cognition External Human memory Central executive representation of tasks Issues • representational gap (different than affordances) • tasks not visible • all tasks look the same • require active “maintenance” Email UI 43 44
ER S1 Introducing Alternative Task “TimeStore-TaskView” Views Pending task info (subject, sender, keywords) Internal representation of tasks Human perception UI1: Outlook Inbox & cognition
Human memory External Central executive representation of tasks UI2: TimeStore-TaskView
Based on TimeStore - Prof. Ron Baecker, et al. t – pending task date Email UI 45 46
S2 WebTaskMail - prototype Application: Computers in Cars
driving simulator
“instrumented” car
Web Email program (db driven). Implemented in HTML/JS/PHP/MySQL http://www.emailresearch.org/webemailtaskstudy/inbox.php
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8 Example: Personalized Example: The Mobile Office Communication Systems
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E-Windshield Demo Example: Drowsiness Warning
MIT Media Lab Project (Ted Selker) Using the Windshield as a large display screen Mixed Driving, Entertainment, Communication, Information Access Services
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Safety Concerns Summary Information Exploration is a hot area Distraction Mobile Information use especially Added Workload/Stress while driving Many exciting research ideas and prototypes, but… System database lacks detail and/or not current Not enough evaluation of what works Not enough testing with real applications Problems with inattention and lower situation awareness? Medicine and Driving are just two of many real work applications of information exploration/use Role of Driver is less clear. How should drivers be trained to use the new technology? Many research opportunities!
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9 Readings on Information Exploration and Information Visualization
John A. Waterworth and Chignell, M. H. "A model of information exploration" in Hypermedia 3(1), (1991), 35-58, 1991. Bodner, R.C. and Chignell, M.H. “Dynamic Hypertext: Querying and Linking”. ACM Computing Surveys 31(4e), December 1999. (http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/ACM_HypertextTestbed/papers/39.html) Marchionini, G. “Information Seeking in Electronic Environments”. Cambridge University Press, 1995. Card, S.K., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B. (Eds). Readings in Information Visualization , Morgan Kaufman, 1999. Card, S. K., Robertson, G., and York, W. The Web Book and the Web Forager: an information workspace for the World-Wide Web. Proceedings of CHI'96, 111-117.
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