TRAINING MANUAL ON NON−SEWERED URBAN SANITATION DISPOSAL ACCESS TO TOILET & OR REUSE CONTAINTMENT NON SEWERED CIRCULAR SANITATION SYSTEM EMPTYING TREATMENT & TRANSPORT PUBLISHER Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi RESEARCH TEAM Shubagato Dasgupta Senior Fellow, Centre for Policy Research Anju Dwivedi Senior Researcher, Centre for Policy Research Ambarish Karunanithi Senior Research Associate, Centre for Policy Research Swati Dhiman Research Associate, Centre for Policy Research Deepti Raj Research Associate, Centre for Policy Research Neha Agarwal Research Associate, Centre for Policy Research TRAINING MANUAL DESIGN Bipin Bihari Nayak Designer, Centre for Policy Research Disclaimer This training manual focuses on addressing the issues in the sanitation value chain, particularly in non-sewered networks. The training manual has been prepared referring to several other relevant documents with proper citations. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form (electronic or mechanical) without prior permission from or intimation to the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi. The full report should be referenced as follows: CPR (2017), ‘Training Manual on Non-Sewered Urban Sanitation, 2017’. Text from this report can be quoted provided the source is acknowledged. Suggested Citation Karunanithi, A., Raj, D., Diwedi, A., Dhiman, S., Agarwal, N., Dasgupta, S. 2018. 7UDLQLQJ0DQXDORQ1RQȀ6HZHUHG8UEDQ6DQLWDWLRQ. CPR Research Report. New Delhi: Centre for Policy Research. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10074.44484 CENTRE FOR POLICY RESEARCH Dharam Marg, Chanakyapuri New Delhi – 110021 Write to us: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS MODULE I: SANITATION AND ITS RELEVANCE 1.1 Sanitation 2 1.2 Components of Sanitation 3 1.3 Impact of Poor Sanitation 16 1.4 Summary 18 MODULE II: SANITATION FLOW DIAGRAM 2.1 What is a Sanitation Flow Diagram? 20 2.2 Components of SFD 20 2.3 Purpose of SFD 20 2.4 Summary 20 MODULE III: INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR WASTEWATER AND SANITATION 3.1 Acts and Policies 22 3.2 National Rating Scheme for Sanitation 25 3.3 Odisha Urban Sanitation Policy and Odisha Urban Sanitation Strategy, 2016 25 3.4 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, 2005 37 3.5 Swachh Bharat Mission, 2014 38 3.6 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), 2015 39 3.7 Smart Cities Mission, 2015 39 3.8 International Experience in Wastewater Monitoring and Pollution Control: European Union 39 3.9 National Experience in Wastewater Monitoring and Pollution Control: Prodes, Brazil 40 3.10 Summary 40 MODULE IV: URBAN WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 4.1 Wastewater Management Systems 42 )DFWRUV,QȠOXHQFLQJWKH&KRLFHRI6WUDWHJ\ 4.3 Summary 51 MODULE V: INTRODUCTION TO FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT 5.1 What is Faecal Sludge? 54 5.2 Need for Faecal Sludge Management 54 4XDQWLȑFDWLRQRI)DHFDO6OXGJH 5.4 Characterization of Faecal Sludge 57 5.5 Physico-Chemical Constituents 58 5.6 Operational Factors Impacting the Variability of Faecal Sludge 62 5.7 Stages of Faecal Sludge Management 63 5.8 Summary 63 MODULE VI: CONTAINMENT AND HANDLING OF FAECAL SLUDGE 6.1 Containment Systems for On-site Sanitation 66 7HFKQLFDO)DFWRUV$ȞIHFWLQJ)DHFDO6OXGJH&ROOHFWLRQ 6.3 Emptying Faecal Sludge 74 6.4 Transporting Faecal Sludge 85 6.5 Occupational Hazards and Safety 86 6.6 Summary 87 MODULE VII: TREATMENT OF FAECAL SLUDGE 7.1 Introduction 90 7.2 Objectives of Treatment 91 7.3 Faecal Sludge Treatment Technologies 91 7.4 Decision Matrix 111 7.5 End Use of Treatment Product 111 7.6 Site Selection for Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant 119 7.7 Summary 124 MODULE VIII: OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING OF FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANTS 8.1 Introduction 126 8.2 Integrating O&M into the Planning Process of FSTPs 126 8.3 Receiving Faecal Sludge at the Treatment Plant 128 8.4 Operations and Maintenance Plan 129 8.5 Asset Management 131 8.6 Monitoring 132 8.7 Record-keeping 134 8.8 Plant Safety and Security 136 8.9 Administrative Management 138 8.10 Coordination 141 8.11 Summary 142 MODULE IX: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT 9.1 Introduction 144 9.2 Financial Models 144 9.3 Summary 154 MODULE X: COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT 10.1 Introduction 156 10.2 Evolution of Community Participation in Urban Programmes in India 156 10.3 Informal and Formal Spaces of Participation in Urban Programmes 157 10.4 Community Engagement Structures in Angul and Dhenkanal under Project Nirmal 157 10.5 Summary 158 MODULE XI: PLANNING FOR FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT 11.1 Planning 160 11.2 Exploring the Situation 161 11.3 Developing the Management Concept 165 11.4 Developing Financial Arrangements 170 11.5 Choosing Technology 170 11.6 Implementing the Concept 171 11.7 Summary 171 REFERENCES 173 ANNEXURES Annexure I: Recommended per capita water supply for institutions (CPHEEO, 1999) 178 Annexure II: Standards for provision of toilets as prescribed in the Manual on Water Supply and Treatment (CPHEEO, 1999) 178 $QQH[XUH,,,1RUPVDQGVSHFLȑFDWLRQVIRUFRPPXQLW\DQGSXEOLFWRLOHWVDVSHU6%0 8 JXLGHOLQHV LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Sanitation as a barrier to the faecal-oral pathway Figure 1.2: Components of sanitation Figure 1.3: General depiction of water supply network in a city Figure 1.4: Different toilet structures Figure 1.5: Flow of human waste through the sanitation chain: Urban India, 2011 (Census 2011) Figure 1.6: Examples of inadequate sanitation in India (GIZ, 2015) Figure 1.7: Economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India (GIZ, 2015) Figure 3.1: UN Sustainable Development Goals Figure 4.1 : Schematic diagram of centralized wastewater collection and treatment (Bakir, 2001) Figure 4.2: Schematic of intensive wastewater treatment systems (WWT, 2017) Figure 4.3: Schematic of extensive wastewater treatment systems (Ecoideaz, 2017) Figure 4.4: Schematic of settled sewerage (UNEP, 2017) Figure 4.5: Schematic of simplified sewerage (UNEP, 2017) Figure 4.6: DEWATS configuration scheme (BORDA, 2017) Figure 4.7: Typical succession of treatment process within DEWATS (BORDA, 2017) Figure 5.1: Schematic differentiating excreta, faecal sludge and wastewater Figure 5.2: Wastewater treatment through various sanitation systems (India Urban) Figure 5.3: Stages of faecal sludge management Figure 6.1: Shallow pit latrines Figure 6.2: Simple pit latrines Figure 6.3: Borehole latrines Figure 6.4: Ventilated Pit Latrine Figure 6.5: Pour flush latrines Figure 6.6: Single or Double Pit Figure 6.7: Composting latrines Figure 6.8: Septic tank Figure 6.9: Aqua-privy Figure 6.10: Rate of accumulation of sludge and scum (Franceys et al., 1992) Figure 6.11: Procedure to check a septic tank Figure6.12: Components of Manual Diaphragm Pump Figure 6.13: Gulper in action (Strande et al., 2014) Figure 7.1: FS treatment options Figure 7.2: Schematic representation of Imhoff tank (Karunanithi, A. 2017) Figure 7.3: Schematic of the zones in a settling-thickening tank Figure 7.4: Twin settling-thickening tanks Figure 7.5: Schematic overview of an unplanted sludge-drying bed Figure 7.6: Black Soldier fly pre-pupae Figure 7.7: Schematic representation of the LaDePa machine Figure 8.1: Manifest form for Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC, 2016) Figure 8.2: Settleability tests performed on-site at the Manila Water South Septage treatment facility in the Philippines Figure 8.3: Record-keeping to track the loads delivered, time, date and driver’s details Figure 8.4: Safety Instructions on a notice Figure 8.5: Starting-up period of faecal sludge lagoon system, San Fernando City, Philippines Figure 9.1: Generic FSM business model (Rao et al., 2016) Figure 9.2: Model 1: Discrete collection and treatment model (Strande et al., 2014) Figure 9.3: Model 2: Integrated collection, transport and treatment model (Strande et al., 2014) Figure 9.4: Model 3: Parallel tax and discharge fee model (Strande et al., 2014) Figure 9.5: Model 4 Dual licensing and sanitation tax model (Strande, L., 2014) Figure 9.6: Model 5: Incentivized discharge model (Strande et al., 2014) Figure 10.1: Schematic showing formal and informal spaces Figure 10.2: Model for community engagement under Project Nirmal Figure 11.1: Stages in the planning process (IRCWASH, 2017) LIST OF TABLES 7DEOH5HFRPPHQGHGSHUFDSLWDZDWHUVXSSO\IRUWRZQVDQGFLWLHV &3+((2 Table 1.2: Water quality standards for various purposes (CPCB, 2008) 7DEOH6WDWXVRIZDWHUVXSSO\LQ2GLVKD 3+(2 ZHEVLWH 7DEOH7HFKQRORJLFDORSWLRQVIRU266XQGHU6%0 8 Table 1.5: Wastewater contaminants (adapted from Metcalf and Eddy (1991) 7DEOH6ROLGVPDWUL[VKRZLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQYRODWLOHȍ[HGGLVVROYHGDQGVXVSHQGHGVROLGV 7DEOH(ȚȜOXHQWGLVFKDUJHVWDQGDUGVDVSHU&3+((2PDQXDO Table 1.8: MSW generation per capita Table 1.9: Composition of MSW 7DEOH5ROHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIGLȚIHUHQWWLHUVRIJRYHUQPHQW Table 5.1: Reported faecal production rate (Strande et al., 2014) Table 5.2: Reported urine production rates (Strande et al., 2014) 7DEOH5HSRUWHGVWDQGDUGVRIIDHFDOVOXGJHIURPGLȚIHUHQWVRXUFHV 6WUDQGHHWDO Table 5.4: Pathogens and disease symptoms Table 6.1: Quantity of wet faeces excreted by adults (Franceys et al., 1992) Table 6.2: Faeces accumulation rate (Franceys et al., 1992) Table 6.3: Faeces accumulation rate (Franceys et al., 1992) 7DEOH5HFRPPHQGHGLQȍOWUDWLRQFDSDFLWLHV )UDQFH\VHWDO Table 6.5: Advantages and limitations of manual and mechanized emptying Table 6.6: Summary comparison table of manually operated mechanical equipment 7DEOH&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGLȚIHUHQW9DFXWXJV Table 6.8: Summary table for mechanized mechanical sludge emptying equipment (Strande et al., 2014) Table 6.9: Barriers to health