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Index

Aagaard, T. 553–4 recognised worker rights (IRWR) Aarhus Convention 66–67, 70 475–6, 485 Abbott, K. 363, 552, 561–2 US Office of Trade and Labor Affairs Abi-Saab, G. 322, 323 (OTLA) review and report process Adams, Z. 9–10, 111–23, 131, 133, 306 480–81, 486 Africa US Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Act Chinese investment and aid programmes and Latin American agreements, 162–3 dispute settlement process 479–80 Sub-Saharan Africa, child labour see US-Jordan trade agreement 478–9 Sub-Saharan Africa, child labour and Americas, labour rights and trade agreements, fragile states CAFTA-DR (Central African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of America/Dominican Republic) the Child 538, 544 arbitration use 403–4 African Commission, Centre for Minority Congress approval 486 Rights Development (Kenya) v. Kenya 68 dispute settlement process 479–80 agriculture sector 145, 147, 353–4 Guatemala freedom of association case 473, see also migrant workers 480–84, 493 Albertson, P. 13, 282, 305, 403, 404, 474–93 Guatemala freedom of association case, Allain, J. 29, 523–35 arbitral panel request 482, 484 Allen, W. 52, 55, 56 Guatemala freedom of association case, Alston, P. 14, 57, 192, 308, 320, 324, 327, Enforcement Plan (EP) 473, 482–4 328, 476, 514 Americas, labour rights and trade agreements, Americas, labour rights and trade agreements Latin America, May 10 template 474–93 and ‘adopt and maintain’ clause 485–6 Canada agreements 490–91 Colombia, ‘Action Plan Related to Labour EU agreements, Generalized System of Rights’ 487–8, 493 Preferences (GSP) programs, Labour Education in the Americas Project preferential tariff treatment 476–7 (US LEAP) 488, 489 EU agreements, trade agreements 489–90, labour rights organizations and trade 492–3 unions, opposition from 486–7, 489 EU agreements, trade agreements, legislative changes and complaints 486–9 ‘sustainable development’ chapters Anderson, B. 241, 371, 373, 427 489, 490 Anghie, A. 124, 128, 136 ILO standards ‘strive to ensure’ clause 478, Anner, M. 101, 103, 105, 130, 217, 273, 276, 479, 485 278, 282 NAFTA, North American Agreement on Antoine, R. 9, 18, 100, 284–97 Labour Cooperation (NAALC) and Arato, A. 263 complaints mechanism 477–8, 490, arbitration 491 Guatemala freedom of association case 482, US Generalized System of Preferences 484 (GSP) programs 475–7 procedures, international framework US Generalized System of Preferences agreements (IFAs) 228 (GSP) programs, Guatemala labour Southern Africa Development Community rights reforms 476 (SADC), Commission for Conciliation, US Generalized System of Preferences Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) (GSP) programs, internationally 460, 463, 464, 472

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566 Research handbook on transnational labour law

arbitration use in deciding international labour Balotra, S. 540 issues 395–407 Bamu, P. 19, 27, 455–73 arbitration process 397–9 Banana Republic experiment, private labour breaches of contract 397 regulation 366–7 confidentiality concerns 405–6 Bangladesh employment disputes involving international Accord on Fire and Building Safety 336–7, organizations 405 340–41, 370–71 future prospects 405–6 Rana Plaza Arrangement on payments to ICJ involvement 399–400 victims and their families 337–8, 341 and ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rana Plaza (building collapse) 21, 24, 104, Principles and Rights at Work 402–3 218, 228, 336, 361, 370, 394 ILO instruments and voluntary system of Banks, K. 227 arbitration 399 Barenberg, M. 76–92, 104, 135, 282, 289 international disputes and internationalized Barnard, C. 119, 203 labour practices 396–7 Bayart, 547 ‘international labour dispute’ definition, Beaudonnet, X. 313, 325 need for 406 Beaumont, P. 444, 447, 450 labour-specific agreements 399–400 Bellace, J. 8, 14, 20, 103, 181–93, 200, 316, legal basis and written agreement 397 334, 499, 500 arbitration use in deciding international labour Benjamin, P. 462 issues, investment and trade agreements Bensusán, G. 17, 103, 136, 273–83, 404 400–404 Bercusson, B. 196, 197 CAFTA-DR (Dominican Republic–United Berg, J. 80, 135 States Central American Free Trade Bernal, F. 347, 348, 350 Agreement) 403–4 Bertóla, L. 276, 277, 280 EU free trade agreements 402–3 Betten, L. 13–14 investor protection 402 Bhagwati, J. 22 Model bilateral treaties 400, 401 Biddulph, S. 153, 155, 159 ‘non-lowering of standards’ clauses 401 Bilchitz, D. 95, 102 North American Free Trade Agreement Blackett, A. 13–31, 62, 63, 218, 230–43, 248, (NAFTA) 403 253, 254, 258, 259, 421, 460 South Africa Model BIT, ‘Minimum Blanchard, F. 303 Standards for Human Rights, Blanchard, O. 127, 129 Environment and Labour’ 402 Blanpain, R. 195, 198 US free trade agreements 403 Bogg, A. 164 Arendt, H. 232–3 Boisson de Chazournes, L. 9, 21, 30, 65–75, Argentina, structural adjustment programme 205, 320, 420 130 Bonnet, M. 540, 545, 546–7, 549 Arthurs, H. 6, 13, 23, 31, 42, 559 Botero, J. 83 Asante, A. 21, 333, 343–56 Brautigam, D. 162 Ashiagbor, D. 6, 437 Bravo, K. 344 Atleson, J. 38, 39 Bronfenbrenner, K. 217 austerity 9–12, 114–119, 123, 164–167, 172, Bruun, N. 197, 198, 201 175, 306, 541 anti-austerity activism, Spain see Spain, Cammett, M. 84 anti-austerity activism strategies Canada Australia, Tang (slavery and sex workers) 527 Americas, labour rights and trade Auvergnon, P. 540 agreements 490–91 Avilés, A. 4 corporate governance cases 55, 59, 63 temporary migrant labour regulation see Baccaro, L. 112, 119 under racism and regulation of migrant Bakvis, P. 131, 132 labour, temporary labour migration and Bales, K. 525 removal of unfreedoms

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Index 567

Caraway, T. 84, 129, 130, 133, 136, 137 global working conditions, perceived link to care economy, care work, care worker 3, 23, worsening 153 145, 234, 237–241, 503, 543 industrial action, permission of limited 158 see also domestic workers International Labour Organization (ILO) Carrington, M. 368 re-engagement 151–2, 161 Castells, M. 53 international norms, engagement with Castles, S. 138, 146, 430 160–63 Cazes, S. 80, 135 Labour Contract Law 155–6, 157, 159 Central America labour demand exceeding supply 158 CAFTA-DR see Americas, labour rights and labour disputes 155, 156, 158 trade agreements, CAFTA-DR (Central labour hire arrangements, limiting excessive America/Dominican Republic) use of 156, 157, 161 labour rights see Mexico and Central Labour Law 151, 152–3, 155 America, human rights based labour labour law reforms, ‘second wave’ 154–60 policy and labour rights labour law revival and market reforms Charnovitz, S. 5, 10, 19, 26, 204, 205, 216, 150–52 400, 411–24, 500–501 minimum wage level rises 158–9 Chigara, B. 21, 333, 343–56 perceived as threat to labour standards child labour 24, 28–30, 43, 72, 81, 100, 102, (1990s) 152–4 105, 181, 221, 333, 367, 374, 376–384, short-term contracting reforms 155 393, 402, 458, 475, 477–9, 531, 536–7 social security measures 157 children’s organizations and working state intervention and mediation 155, 157, children, protection of 548–9 158–60 education access 379, 381–2, 384 trade and investment negotiations 401 global incidence of child labour 537, 538–9 trade unions 155, 212, 270–71 globalization and liberal policies, effects of Twelfth Five Year Plan 157, 158–9 547 workers’ regulation exclusions, concerns ILO Decent Work Agenda 545 over 160 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles workforce contract formalisation, promotion and Rights at Work 544–5 of 156 parents, parental interest 374, 380–1 Chinkin, C. 321, 322 persistence 539–43 Christodoulou-Varotsi, I. 332 regulation in India 376, 377–8 Chuang, J. 29 religious choice 382, 384 civil law effects 40–43, 105, 287 SADC Code of Conduct on Child Labour civil servants’ right to strike 200, 201 459 civil society, non-governmental organizations sex discrimination and education 541 (NGOs) 4, 15, 29, 37, 47–8, 69, 97, 154, State decline, effects of 547–8 159, 204–6, 207–8, 210, 214, 216, 217, UNICEF 537–8 263, 276, 280, 341, 344, 363–5, 394, China 11, 150–63, 212, 270, 305, 371, 401, 475, 480, 483, 488, 490–2, 561 Africa, investment and aid programmes CJEU see EU, Court of Justice of the 162–3 European (CJEU) bilateral relations, concerns over 162–3 Clapham, A. 94, 95, 97, 106 challenge to labour law 150–63 Claussen, K. 6, 218, 305, 395–407, 423 cheap labour availability 153–4 Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) 46–7, 49 collective contracts, promotion of 157–8, Cleveland, S. 52–3 159 climate change and labour 551–63 countries emulating China 154, 161–2 bargaining power inequality 555–6 economic growth effects 152–3 environmental and labour law, differing employment termination conditions 155–6 objectives 556 freedom of association violation 160 ‘green jobs’ concept 557 fundamental labour rights, violation claims ILO Green Jobs Initiative (GJI) 552 154 legal model to address climate change 557

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legal taxonomy, importance of 553–4 Colombia, ‘Action Plan Related to Labour traditional perspectives 555–6 Rights’ 487–8, 493 UN Conference on Sustainable Compa, L. 13, 274, 282, 305, 403, 404, Development Outcome Document 552, 474–93 561 competition 13, 50, 54, 57, 77, 152, 186, worker and union solidarity, call for 557 260–1, 275–6, 282, 303–4, 344, 349, climate change and labour, Just Transitions 444, 498 (JT) as goal and challenge 552–3, fair competition/ unfair competition 310, 556–60 343, 349, 355, 417, 438, 498, 499, 502 ‘differentiated responsibility’ approach 559 international competition 411, 414 environmental justice 558–9 organized competition of national labour laws 8 and flexicurity 558 Conley, J. 59 ‘historical emissions’ approach 559–60 consumer citizenship, private labour ILO involvement 558, 561 regulation 368–71 International Trade Union Confederation consumer-driven regulation, private labour (ITUC) campaign for international regulation 364–8 instruments 560–61 consumocratic law 374–84 remapping potential of legal issues 559 producer cooperation and setting of goals strong labour laws and collective 383 bargaining, need for 558 Rugmark code development 378–9 and theory of justice 558, 559 ‘societal information’ provision 375–6, 383 transnational law 560–62 State law complementarity 382–4 United Nations Environmental Programme transculturalism 383–4 (UNEP) programme 561 see also codes of conduct, corporate social codes of conduct 62–63, 191–3, 375 responsibility Rugmark 378–9 contracts see also consumocratic law, corporate social breaches, arbitration use 397 responsibility, private labour regulation corporate governance structures and Cohen, L. 264 practices 56–7 collective bargaining 11, 14–15, 46, 63, 72, importance of, maritime labour law 354–5 77, 81–82, 98, 100, 105, 111, 131, 164, individual see EU, private international law 183, 195–7, 199–201, 219, 221, 223–4, rules, Rome I Regulation and 226, 228, 231–2, 235–6, 240–1, 257, individual employment contracts 260, 271, 275, 278–9, 305, 309, 326, Labour Contract Law, China 155–6, 157–8, 353, 355, 388–9, 391, 393, 402, 458, 159 471, 478, 486, 498–9, 502, 506, 558 subcontracting effects 275–6, 277–8, 431 collective contracts, promotion of, China Cooney, S. 11, 150–63, 212, 270, 365, 500 157–8, 159 Cordova, E. 206, 500 Costa Rica 277, 279 corporate governance structures and practices, Eurozone crisis and structural adjustment corporate decision making structures 115, 116–17, 119–20 51–64, 271 inequality of bargaining power 12–13, benchmarking 54 555–6 ‘business judgment rule’ 55 International Monetary Fund (IMF) and corporate law and model of corporate labour law 127, 133–4 governance 52, 54–6 self-governance, strengthening 264 corporation loyalty by directors and Spain, anti-austerity activism strategies management 54–5 168–9, 172, 175 directors’ fiduciary duties 58–9, 60 see also freedom of association; ILO efficient capital markets hypothesis and Conventions; strike headings; trade shareholder value 55–7 unions employment contracts 56–7 Collins, H. 53 financial performance pressures 57, 61–2

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Index 569

‘holding company’ strategy 52 CAFTA-DR (Central America/Dominican legal connection between business Republic) 479–80 corporation and firm, lack of 52–3 freedom of association in international national labour laws based on model of framework agreements (IFAs) 226–7, integrated firm 54 228 outsourcing 53–4 Mexico and Central America 280 productivity and competitiveness 54 OECD, Guidelines for Multinational shareholder interests and status 55–7, Enterprises 394 59–60, 61–3 and public intervention 69 worker protection policies, need for 56–7 Southern Africa Development Community corporate social responsibility, 57–63, 220 (SADC) see Southern Africa Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Development Community (SADC), Global Compact 60, 61 labour alternative dispute resolution ILO standards 60–61, 63 (ADR) mechanisms ISO standards 59, 60 WTO see World Trade Organization socially responsible investment (SRI) 59–60 (WTO), lessons from ILO, labour stakeholder theory and workers’ status 62 origins of trade dispute settlement see also Bangladesh, codes of conduct, see also social protection corporate social responsibility domestic workers, marginalized workers corruption, anti-corruption 70, 90, 160, 278, 234–6 353, 521, 547 accreditation of agencies and the Costa Rica, collective action 277, 279 implementation of activities 238 Countouris, N. 14 ‘Borloo Plan’ on social cohesion 237 Covarrubias, A. 277 childcare arrangements 240 Cunill Grau, N. 281, 282 collective autonomy, France, regulation of domestic work 236–42 Darbon, D. 540, 547 employment classification 241 D’Aspremont, J. 75, 321, 325 employment relationship 238–9 Daugareilh, I. 218, 221, 223 equitable access to collective bargaining Davidov, G. 8, 61, 258 235 Davies, P. 502 freedom of association and right to Dawson, L. 505, 506 collective bargaining 235 De Boer, T. 443 freedom of expression and freedom of De Burca, G. xiv, 10, 362 association 239 De Cooker, C. 405 justice access 236 De Felice, D. 104 Labour Code 237–8 De Givry, J. 305 labour law, and centrality of collective De Sousa Santos, B. 5, 6, 31 autonomy 231–3 De Wet, E. 31 national collective agreement characteristics Deakin, S. 9–10, 12–13, 54, 56, 80, 83, 237–42 111–23, 131, 203, 226 personal care services 238 Deinert, O. 440, 443, 448 principle of parity 240 Deneulin, S. 141, 143–4 reasonable hours of work principle 234–5 Derman, B. 561 right not to reside in household of employer Devetter, F. 237 234 ‘dialogic’ approach, see social dialogue service cheque program 238 Diller, J. 9, 21, 24, 70–71, 329–42, 361 service provider relationship 237 dismissal protection 128, 155–6, 168, 169, signatory union federations 239 171 Siliadin v. France 242 dispute resolution social protection arrangements 240–42 arbitration use see arbitration use in specific jobs involved in domestic work 240 deciding international labour issues State role 232–3

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territorial scope for ‘targeted’ work, normative environment, legal environment, classification challenges 239 environmental law 31, 261, 551, 554, wage levels 242 556–7, worker representation 231–2 urban environment 542 working hours limitations working environment 206, 214, 432, 503 241unionization, lack of 234 equality/ inequality, non-discrimination/ see also care economy, health care discrimination 3, 10, 12, 16–18, 23, 31, Dominican Republic, CAFTA-DR see 69, 127–9, 138–9, 170–1, 205, 213, 230, Americas, labour rights and trade 232–3, 237, 250, 251, 252–3, 257, 259, agreements, CAFTA-DR (Central 261, 264, 281, 284, 286, 289–90, 303–4, America/Dominican Republic) 340–1, 392, 446, 499, 540–1, 560 Doorey, D. 30, 551–63 accommodation 251 Dorssemont, F. 196, 197, 202 collective bargaining and equality 235 Doumbia-Henry, C. 343 complex and intersecting identities 255–7 Drouin, R. 8, 9, 15, 43, 105, 217–29 effects-based measure for determining Dubois, W. 234 discrimination 251–2 due diligence 9, 68, 73, 93–4, 96, 98–106, equal treatment principle, EU immigration 191, 331, 431 policy 430–31, 436 Dufour, S. 53 Eurozone crisis, inequality and social Dukes, R. 7 deprivation effects 117 Dumas, P. 24–25, 374–84 gender equality, gender inequality 129, 237, Dussuet, QA. 237, 241 257, 333, 391–2 identity groups and intersectionality 215–16 Ebert, F. 26, 70, 124–37, 325, 389, 402, 540 ILO 249 economic adjustment programmes (EAPs), see also ILO Conventions Eurozone crisis 114–17 inclusive equality 247–59 see also structural adjustment indirect discrimination 250–51 economic exploitation, Sub-Saharan Africa inequality of bargaining power 13, 555–6 537–8, 542–3 inequality in labour protection, EU Posted economic growth effects, China 152–3 Workers Directive 449 Edet, G. 546 informal work reduction 257 education, role of 30, 144, 153, 165, 172, 175, Inter-American system on human rights 254, 278, 282, 284–85, 289, 333, 286–7 379–81, 383, 392, 459, 505, 537–49 multiple discrimination 255–7 Elliott, K. 366–7 racial discrimination 261–2, 267, 286 Employers’ group challenge on right to strike see also religion; sexual harassment 316–17, 318, 319, 321, 322, 327–8, 336, structural inequality 148, 234, 247, 253–5 354 substantive equality 251 employment relationship 13, 56, 63, 156, 218, systemic discrimination 252–3, 259 331, 354, 371, 431, 442, 471, 542, 555 Time for Equality at Work 258 see also ILO Recommendations working together transnationally 261–2, Engerman, S. 142 263–4 environment, environmental impact, Equator Principles 73–4 environmental reports, environmental Estlund, C. 13, 17, 158, 161, 212, 221, standards 25, 28, 30, 37, 45, 58–9, 60, 260–72 62, 65–6, 67, 68, 70, 73–74, 89, 103, Etim, N. 546 106, 151–2, 220–1, 239, 271, 307, 353, EU 368, 372, 375, 396, 400, 402, 427, 435, Charter and right to strike 198–9, 201–2 441, 443, 477, 479, 481, 546, 552, 555–6 Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) 46–7, 49 environmental accident 69 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), industrial relations environments 7, 280, 432–435 287 limited engagement with workers’ rights market environment 373, 432–4

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Index 571

CAP spending levels 433 Disclosure of non-financial and diversity occupational safety standards 434 information by certain large companies ‘Europe 2020 – for a healthier EU’ 174 and groups 96 free trade agreements 402–3 Seasonal Workers 26, 427, 429, 431, 437 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) sectoral 429 programs, preferential tariff treatment Single Permit 429 476–7 social policy 116 migrant agricultural workers 425–37 Temporary Agency Work 161 Nautilus International union 43 Transfer of Undertakings 39 ‘Social Europe’ trade 501–2 EU, private international law rules, Rome I sustainable agriculture goal 435–6 Regulation and individual employment contracts 438–54 EU Court of Justice of the European Article 3 (party autonomy and law Community (CJEU) governing contract) 439 CJEU decisions, criticism of 196–8 EU, private international law rules, Rome I CJEU jurisprudence, possible changes Regulation and individual employment 202–3 contracts, Article 8 (‘weaker party’ CJEU Laval case 195–6, 197–8, 451, 507 contracts and habitual place of work) CJEU proportionality test 195–6, 197, 199 439–47 CJEU Viking case 40, 194 CJEU interpretation 441–6, 453–4 collective action constraints 40 employment conditions of migrants and EU Charter and right to strike 198–9, 201–2 problems with interpretation 443–6 European Convention on Human Rights lex causae (law governing contract), limited (ECHR), EU accession to 198–9 relevance 446–7 industrial action recognition 196–7 place of business of employer as connecting See also EU Posted Workers Directive factor 441–3 (PWD) protection principle and conflict-of-laws free movement of services interpretation mechanism 443–4 448–51 transport workers and legal uncertainty Koelzsch 441, 443 445–6 Laval 195–6, 197–8, 451, 507 worker protection and relative weight of Mohamed Aziz v. Caixa Catalunya 173–4 habitual place of work 443–5 ‘negative integration’ through case law of EU, private international law rules, Rome I Regulation and individual employment internal market 114, 116, 117, 120 contracts, Article 9 (free movement of Pringle v. Government of Ireland 121 services) and Posted Workers Directive Rush Portuguesa 448 (PWD) 447–54 Schlecker 442–3, 444, 446, 453–4 application of host State rules to posted TFEU freedom of establishment and workers 448–51 freedom to provide services 194–6 CJEU interpretation 448–51 Unamar 447 enforcement proposal 452, 454 Viking 40, 194 home country control rule claim 451–2 Voogsgeerd 440, 441–2, 443 inequality in labour protection 449 ‘weaker party’ contracts and habitual place mandatory protection rules as overriding of work interpretation 441–6, 453–4 mandatory protection 450–51 EU Directives 118, 161, 196, 426, 436 posting types 450 Abusive practices in consumer contracts Rome I Regulation interaction 451–3 173 European Committee on Social Rights, Blue Card 429–31 Eurozone crisis and structural adjustment Equal Treatment in Employment and 116 Occupation 249 European Convention on Human Rights Employers’ Sanction 432, 436 (ECHR) 116, 117, 198–9 Posted Workers 27, 196, 438, 506–8 European Court of Human Rights

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civil servants’ right to strike 200–1 national-level labour laws, reshaping collective action rights 199–202 116–17 Demir and Baykara 199–200, 326, 502 ‘new economic governance’ 118–20 Enerji Yapi-Yol Sen v. Turkey 200, 201 326, Outright Market Transactions programme 502 (OMT) 121–2 international labour standards 200–1, 325–6 pre-Maastricht exchange rate fluctuations RMT/United Kingdom 201–2 113 secondary strike action 201–2 real economies, lack of convergence 112 Siliadin v. France 242, 527, 529 sanctions 118 slavery interpretation 526–7, 529 social security and pension changes 115–16 Ta˘tar v. Romania 69 Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) 112, 115–16, 118, 120 Trofimchuk v. Ukraine 202 Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Van Droogenbroeck 529 Governance (TSCG) 119, 120 European Employment Strategy (EES) goals unemployment 117 of full employment 82–3 wage levels and employment conditions European Social Charter 116, 198, 200, 502 115–16 Eurozone crisis and structural adjustment Ewelukwa Ofodile, U. 162 111–23 Ewing, K. 164, 221, 316, 500, 502 collective bargaining, legal framework export processing zones (EPZ) 486 governing 115, 116–17, 119–20 debt reduction strategies 117 Fair Trade certification 39, 372–3 draft budget requirements 118 Fan, Y. 159–60 ECB, changing role of 120–23 Fantasia, R. 265 ECB single interest rate policy effects Fashoyin, T. 462, 463, 500 112–13, 114 Felli, R. 558, 559, 561 economic adjustment programmes (EAPs) Fenwick, C. 16, 19, 462, 463 114–17 Fichter, M. 45, 219, 225 Euro Plus Pact (EPP) 119–20 financial crises see Eurozone crisis and European Committee on Social Rights 116 structural adjustment; Spain, European Convention on Human Rights and anti-austerity activism strategies freedom of association 116, 117 Fischer-Lescano, A. 3 European Court of Justice (CJEU), fishing sector, maritime labour law 352, 355 ‘negative integration’ through case law Fishman, R. 165 of internal market 114, 116, 117, 120, Footer, M. 96 121 forced labour, xiii, 28–9, 43, 72, 79, 81, 153, European Stability Mechanism (ESM) 181, 185, 318, 325, 331, 393, 402, 120–21, 122–3 477–9, 499, 509, ‘excessive public spending’ wrongly blamed see also ILO Conventions, Myanmar and 113–14 forced labour; slavery, servitude Fiscal Compact 120 foreign investment and development and German approach to monetary policy assistance 49–50, 162–3, 276, 277 112, 113, 119 France 16, 54, 73, 83, 114, 230, 231, 236–7, Greece, sovereign default 113, 115 239, 241–243, 394, 499, 507–8 inequality and social deprivation effects 117 Fraterman, J. 515 institutional roots of crisis 111–14 Freedland, M. 14, 28 labour market deregulation, thinking behind freedom of association 13–16 114–15 constitutional principle 182–3, 188–9 Maastricht Treaty and monetary union European Court of Human Rights 199–200, 111–12 202 ‘macro imbalance procedure’ (MIP) 118–19 global framework agreement (GFA) 45–6 Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) Guatemala see under Americas, labour 114–17, 120 rights and trade agreements,

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Index 573

CAFTA-DR (Central Gallin, D. 42, 219 America/Dominican Republic) gender 17, 82, 85, 89, 96, 129, 160, 206, 215, ILO Credentials Committee see ILO 237, 249, 255, 278, Credentials Committee and freedom of 286,–87, 333, 375, 391–92, 559 association Gennard, J. 43 Inter-American system on human rights Gereffi, G. 362 288, 291–2, 294 Germany 10, 44, 73, 83, 113–14, 119, 197, lack of universal effectiveness 305–6 260, 378, 442, 48–49, 499 marginalized (domestic) workers, France collective agreements and proportionality 235, 239 test 197 violation, China 160 monetary policy 112, 113, 119 see also collective bargaining Outright Market Transactions programme freedom of association in international (OMT) 122 framework agreements (IFAs) 217–29 Ghai, D. 254 collective bargaining practices 218–19 Glenn, H.P. 30 corporate social responsibility strategy 220 Global South, protectionism 47–9 fundamental labour rights, impact on 224, global supply chains see supply chains 226 global trade union organizing and domestic ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles constraints 37–50 and Rights at Work 220–21, 228–9 civil litigation effects 40–43 implementation mechanisms 222, 223, classification of workers as independent 226–7, 228–9 contractors 41 international labour organisations as Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) 46–7, 49 bargaining partners, recognition of 223 contractors, outsourced workers as multi-level strategies 224, 226 employees of 39–40 negotiating IFAs 219–22 cross-border mergers and solidarity 37, social dialogue and organising 222–4 42–3 transnational corporations (TNCs) 217–18, global framework agreement (GFA), and 220, 223–6 corporation’s subsidiaries and supply and UN Global Compact 72, 221 chains 44–5, 47 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 221 global framework agreement (GFA), freedom of association in international interpretation of standards on trade framework agreements (IFAs), union rights, problems with 45–6 improvement challenges and options global framework agreement (GFA) as 225–9 unfulfilled promise 43–6 arbitration procedures, generalising Global Union Federations (GUFs) 37, 38–9, stipulations 228 44, 45–6 dispute resolution 226–7, 228 ‘Going Global: Organizing, Recognition global production chains 225 and Union Rights’ conference 39 national laws and legal status 227–8 human rights standards and corporate public institutions, role of 228–9 conduct 39 subsidiaries and subcontractors 228 ILO, Multinational Enterprises Programme transnational corporations (TNCs) 44 organisational structure effect 225–6 India, Garment and Textile Workers Union union network creation 226 (GATWU) and G-Star (Netherlands) Freeman, R. 58, 153, 157, 366–7 46–9 Freund, O. 236 international aspirations and national Friere, P. 233 obstacles 38–40, 44, 46 Fudge, J. 8, 17, 28, 145, 248, 257, 258, 425, international development assistance 499 allocation and supervision 49–50 full employment 413–14 International Union of Foodworkers, and Fair Trade-certified tea plantations in Gallagher, M. 152, 155, 156–7, 160 India 39

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mobilization and resistance in Global South Houwerzijl, M. 438, 446, 448, 451 46–50 Howse, R. 26 mobilization and resistance in Global Hudec, R. 416 South, protectionism and reputation human rights 16–18, 39, 67–9, 128, 145–6 concerns 47–9 European Convention on Human Rights multinational corporations 40–41, 43–5 (ECHR) 116, 117, 198–9 outsourcing employees 41 European Court of Human Rights see racketeering concerns 40–42 European Court of Human Rights true global union, understanding of 42 Inter-American system see Inter-American union recognition through ‘card check’ and system on human rights, majority representation (US) 41, 42 constitutionalising labour in universal ‘living wage’ principles, Mexico and Central America see Mexico difficulties in applying 39, 44 and Central America, human rights Walmart campaign and United Food and based labour policy and labour rights Commercial Workers International and soft law 189–91 (UFCW) 60 Hunt, J. 26, 425–37, 438 Workers Uniting cross-border merger 42–3 Huntington, S. 267 Goldin, A. 313 Hyde, A. 20 Grau Crespo, A. 278, 279–80 Hyde, J. 23 Gravel, E. 326 Hyman, R. 90 Greece 10, 89, 112, 114–115, 117, 131, 133, 165, 426 ICJ see International Court of Justice (ICJ) Greer, S. 111, 114, 117, 123 ILO Grotius, H. 346 Better Work program 335, 341 Guatemala and climate change 558, 561 freedom of association case see under corporate social responsibility (CSR), Americas, labour rights and trade opportunities and challenges 60–61, 63 agreements, CAFTA-DR (Central Decent Work Agenda 79–80, 91, 253–4, America/Dominican Republic) 257, 331, 332, 462, 545 labour rights reforms 476 emerging roles 4, 5, 18–21 Guinier, L. 265 IMF and core labour standards 133–5 OECD cooperation 390, 393 Haas, E. 305, 416 re-engagement, China 151–2, 161 Hagen, K. 124, 135 and trade in services 498–9, 499–500 Hainmueller, J. 366 tripartite character 186–8, 204–8, 308, 393 Handl, G. 321 and WTO, see World Trade Organization Hansmann, H. 56 (WTO), lessons from ILO health care, medical care 172, 174–175, ILO Committee of Experts (CEACR), see 337–338, 347, 351, 459, 504–5 under ILO’s supervisory bodies’ ‘soft Heenan, J. 14, 192 law jurisprudence’ Heilmann, S. 151, 155, 159 ILO Conventions Held, D. 254–5, 369 core labour standards 124, 129–31, 133–4, Helfer, L. 19, 207, 513 136–7, 220–1, 308, 324, 386, 402, 479, Hendrickx, F. 227 491, 485, 500–1 Hendy, J. 502 see also child labour, equality, forced Hepple, B. 18, 26, 154, 191, 248, 251, 254, labour, freedom of association 257, 304, 329, 396, 400, 498, 500, 539, Discrimination (Employment and 548 Occupation) 249–50 Herrnstadt, O. 45, 226 Decent Work for Domestic Workers 234–6, Hiscox, M. 366 253 Honoré, A. 366, 527–8 Equality of Treatment (Accident Horsey, R. 510, 511, 512, 515, 516, 517, 518, Compensation) 416 519, 520, 521 Equal Remuneration 250, 391–2

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Index 575

Forced Labour 96, 104, 318, 330–1, 332, Mexico and Central America, human rights 524–5, 532–4, 544, see also ILO, based labour policy and labour rights Myanmar and forced labour 274–5 Forced Labour Protocol 330–31, 332 and UN Guiding Principles on Business and Indigenous and Tribal Peoples 66, 68–9 Human Rights 100–101 Labour Inspection in Agriculture 353–4 and US–Jordan trade agreement 478–9 Maritime Labour 21, 305, 332–41 345, ILO Declaration of Philadelphia 5, 19, 22, 57, 347–52 232, 235, 258, 301–02, 307, 310, Migrant Workers 253, 499, 506 412–16, 418, 458, 498 Minimum Age 72, 279, 377, 458, 537 ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair ratification, non-ratification 20, 85, 129, Globalization 5, 306–07, 333–4, 353 ILO Equality at Work reports 251–2, 258 253, 273–274, 302–303, 305–306, ILO Green Jobs Initiative (GJI) 552 308–309, 311–314, 318, 332–333, 340, ILO Helpdesk for Business 72 349, 352–353, 355, 416, 458–459, 499, ILO ‘magisterial function’ 301, 307–13 515, 534, 537, 545 ILO Multinational Enterprises Programme 44, Convention ratification advantages 309–10 334 Social Security (Seafarers) 350–51 ILO, Myanmar and forced labour 509–22 Work in the Fishing Sector 352, 355 administrative innovations 514–15 Worst Forms of Child Labour 72, 377, 386, delaying tactics 518 458, 531, 536 forced labour assessment 513–15 ILO Credentials Committee and freedom of ILO Commission of Inquiry 516–17 association 204–16 ILO Committee of Experts role 513–14, class and worker identity 206–7 515–16 constitutive practices 211–12 ILO Conference Committee role 514 democratic procedural norms 212–13, 215 ILO Governing Body role 517, 518 governance structure stability 214 interpretations and ‘painstaking’ ILO Committee on Freedom of Association jurisprudence 514 200–201, 202 military regime use of forced labour 515–16 ILO tripartite structure and multi-interest Myanmar facts 511 approach 204–8 Myanmar isolationism and self-interest interest representation 209–13 effects 519–20, 521 internal functioning approach 208–16 as only case of ILO involvement 512 ‘regime change’ recommendation 517 monitoring, civil society groups 214, 216 sanctions threat, effects of 519–20 in relation to Myanmar case 209–10 securing compliance 517–19, 520, 521 West/rest perspective and tripartite structure ‘supervisory’ process 513–14, 515 205–6 ILO normative action 301–15, 316–28, worker identity and tripartite structure 329–42 206–7 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles Rights at Work 304, 308 and Rights at Work 14, 60, 71–2, 97, Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair 201, 393, 485, 499, 544 Globalization 306 freedom of association in international international labour standards, need for framework agreements (IFAs) 220–21, 301–2 228–9 legal balance requirements 314 and ILO normative action 304, 308 ‘regulatory function’ 301, 306, 309–10 ILO, pluralism and privatization in tripartite structure and universality 308 transnational labour regulation 322–23, historical background 307–8 333 labour law and institutions, improving ILO’s supervisory bodies’ ‘soft law effectiveness 312–13 jurisprudence’ 189–193, 316–328, 322, national legislation conformity 311 324 non-compliance procedures 310–11

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ratification reward through strategic use of ILO Strengthening Labour Administration in technical assistance 312–13 Southern Africa projects 461–2 supervision benefits to ratifying Members ILO supervisory bodies 310–11 CAS (Committee on the Application of ILO normative action, reciprocal efforts 302–7 Conventions and Recommendations), economic competition regulation failures influence of 302, 310, 312, 314–15 303–6 Commissions of Inquiry 19, 29, 314, 399, freedom of association and collective 419–20, 423, 493, 512, 516–21, 534 bargaining, lack of universal Committee of Experts (CEACR), General effectiveness 305–6 Surveys 320 historical background 302–3 Committee of Experts (CEACR), Members’ parallel commitments, diversity independence, composition and of 306 expertise 323 monitoring each Member’s overall resolve Committee of Experts (CEACR), and specific (reciprocal) efforts 304 interpretation 316–19, 321, 322, 323, international cooperation in public-private 324–5, 327–8 action 334–9 Committee of Experts (CEACR), international labour standards 330–34; see ‘jurisprudence’ 319–21, 323 also ILO Conventions; ILO and Declaration on Fundamental Principles Recommendations and Rights at Work 322, 324 internationalization of business and capital Committee on Freedom of Association flows 330 (CFA), see freedom of association Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy Employers’ group challenge on right to (MNE Declaration) 334 strike 316–17, 318, 319, 321, 322, national regulatory jurisdiction 327–8 collaboration 332–3 interpretation concerns 317–19, 324–5; see occupational safety and health management also Vienna Convention on the Law of systems (OSH-MS) ISO pilot 339, 341 Treaties transnational industry standard setting ‘soft law jurisprudence’ and development 338–9 over time 316–28 ILO Recommendations 14–15, 65, 182, 191, soft law, European Court of Human Rights 229, 303, 307–309, 313–314, 321, (ECtHR), use of ILO standards 325–6 332–333, 344–345, 347, 351, 355, 430, soft law, legal effects 322–3 462, 498, 510, 544 ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles Consultation and Cooperation between concerning Multinational Enterprises and Employers and Workers at the Level of Social Policy 95, 190, 334, 393, 499 the Undertaking 393 IMF see International Monetary Fund (IMF) Decent Work for Domestic Workers 16, India 231–232, 234–236, 239, 242, 331, child labour laws and Rugmark code Employment Relationship 62, 238, development 378–9 331–332, 354, Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) fishing sector 352 Act (CLPRA) 376, 377–8 HIV and AIDS at Work 392, 543, contract labour 40 Human Resources Development 393 Foreign Currency Regulation Act 49 List of Occupational Diseases 393 Garment and Textile Workers Union Older Workers 392 (GATWU) and G-Star (Netherlands) Safety and Health in Agriculture 353 46–9 Social Protection Floors 543 International Union of Foodworkers, and Forced Labour (Supplementary Measures) Fair Trade-certified tea plantations 39 332, 544 indicators 9, 75, 76–92, 97, 99, 103–4, 118–9, Voluntary Conciliation and Arbitration 282–3, 288–90, 296, 387, 389 Recommendation 399, 462 employment protection, OECD 387

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Index 577

international labour see international labour ‘Five Pensioners’ v. The Republic of Peru indicators 289–90, 295–6 progressiveness, Inter-American system on Huilca-Tecse v. Peru 292 human rights 289–90, 294–6 Milton García Fajardo v. Nicaragua 292, Indonesia, IMF assistance 129–30, 131 293 industry standards, setting 338–9 Simone André Diniz (Brazil) 286 informality (labour market), informal International Court of Justice (ICJ) 68, 200, economy, informal sector 17, 161, 247, 317, 322–3, 326, 399–400, 419–420, 257, 278, 308, 331, 468, 541, 546 422, 424, 514 517, 519 Inter-American system on human rights, Diallo 320 constitutionalising labour 284–97 Human Rights Committee case law, use of 326 labour rights 291–3, 294 Pringle v. Government of Ireland 121 legal framework 284–5 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina principle of non-discrimination and equality v. Uruguay) 68 284 International Covenant on Civil and Political Protocol of San Salvador 285, 288–90, 293, Rights (ICCPR) 100, 531 294, 296 International Covenant on Economic, Social right to work and right to associate 291–2, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 100, 104 294 international framework agreements (IFAs), strike action rights 292–3 global framework agreements (GFAs) 8, trade union leaders, protection of 292 15, 38, 41, 43–5, 105, 217–229, 324, 561 Inter-American system on human rights, freedom of association in IFAs 220, 223–4, constitutionalising labour, economic, 225–6 social and cultural (ESC) rights 284–90, International Labour Conference (ILC), right 293–6 to strike see strike, pushback on right to, access to justice and due process in labour International Labour Conference (ILC), context 287–8 2012 General Survey common law versus civil law jurisdictions ‘international labour dispute’ definition, need 287 for 406 information access 287 international labour indicators 76–92, See also non-discrimination and special attention to indicators vulnerable groups 285–7 academic researchers, indicator systems platform to address labour cases 293–6 constructed by 83–4 progressiveness indicators 289–90, 294–6 bureaucratic command-and-control methods race discrimination 286 of regulation, perceived failure of 77 right to a fair trial 287, 288 collective bargaining, replacement of right to work and freedom of association standard-setting and enforcement 288 through 77 salary and pension cuts 294–5 complex political institutions, problems social security rights 296 changing 88 state’s duty to eradicate discrimination elites, influence of 90–91 286–7 European labour indicators and European Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Employment Strategy (EES) goals of (IACHR), Inter-American Court 18, 94, full employment 82–3 284, 291, ILO indicators of ‘decent work’ 79–80, 91 Belo Monte Dam 67–8 indicator-driven regulation, rise of 76–7 Abrill Alosilla v. Peru 288, 290 Inter-American Commission on Human Baena-Ricardo v. Panamá 288, 289–90, Rights 87 291, 292 labour representatives, restricted influence Dismissed Congressional Employees 91 (Aguado-Alfaro) v. Peru 296 ‘new governance’ and performance metrics Finca La Exacta v. Guatemala 288, 292 88

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power and democracy 90–92 IMF as sporadic promoter and frequent transnational networks, regulation by 77 deregulator of labour law 129–32 UN Office of the High Commissioner on inconsistencies between discourse and Human Rights 87 practice 132–4 US Bureau of International Labor Affairs Indonesia assistance 129–30, 131 (ILAB) and National Academy of labour law as instrument for minimum Sciences (NAS) indicators 81–2, 87 protection of workers 128–9 World Bank ‘Employing Workers labour law as obstacle to growth and Indicators’, criticism of 80–81, 83 employment 127–8 international labour indicators, sub-indicators ‘labour market flexibility’ programmes 131 78, 80, 81, 82, 83 Mexico, decentralization of collective labour relations 131 data problems 87 minimum wage legislation 128–9 enforcement actions and institutional policies of member countries, influence on resources, measurement of 89 126–7, 130, 132, 135 framing and applying 84–6 policy prescriptions and objectives of input vs. outcome 87–90 growth and employment creation, link legal competence, reasons for need for 85–6 between 132–3 Principle Components Analysis (PCA) 86–7 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for regime type comparisons 89–90 developing countries 126 similarly situated countries, comparison Romania, labour law reforms, concerns over problems 89 133–4 weighting and aggregating 86–7 socioeconomic human rights policies 128 International Labour Organization see ILO World Bank as main reference point 135 international labour standards see also ILO International Organization of Standardization Conventions, ILO Recommendations (ISO) voluntary standards 338–9, 342 and European Court of Human Rights International Trade Union Confederation 200–201 (ITUC) campaign for international interpretation, and terminology concerns instruments 560–61 318–19, 324–5 investment and trade agreements see need for 301–2 arbitration use in deciding international pluralism and privatization in transnational labour issues, investment and trade labour regulation 330–34 agreements International Maritime Organization 21, 349 ISO (International Organization of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Standardization) 59, 60, 338–9, 341, 342 labour law 124–37 ITO (International Trade Organization) Argentina, and structural adjustment procedures 421–2, 423–4 programme 130 centralized collective bargaining role 127, Jenks, C. W. 20, 22, 318 133 Jessup, P. 22, 61, 348 dismissal protection laws 128 Jordan, US-Jordan trade agreement 478–9 ‘dual employment protection’, avoidance of Just Transitions (JT) see climate change and 128 labour, Just Transitions (JT) as goal and employment, emphasis on bringing workers challenge into 128 external influences and Global South 136–7 Kahn-Freund, O. 223, 555 financial assistance arrangements and Kalula, E. 457, 461, 462 conditionality 126 Kay, T. 282, 478 Greece, labour market restrictions, concerns Kennedy, David 5, 7, 23, 31 over 131, 133 Kennedy, Duncan 7 ideological bias 134–7 Kenner, J. 111 ILO’s core labour standards, compliance Keynes, J. 22 with commitment to 133–5 Kilpatrick, C. xiv, 10

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Index 579

Kingsbury, B. 30, 75, 266 ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Klabbers, J. 322, 334 Globalization 353 Klare, K. 4 Maritime Labour Certificate 345, 348–9, Knox, J. 96 355 Kohiyama, T. 389, 390 ‘no more favourable treatment’ clause 345, Kolben, K. 9, 24–25, 45, 97–8, 218, 274, 349 361–73, 426 open registries 346 Kornblum, W. 264–5 Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Koskenniemi, M. 7, 31 Port State Control, certification and Kraakman, R. 56 inspection powers 347–50, 355 Krause, R. 44, 227 social security 350–51 markets Labour Inspection 545–6, 431, deregulation, thinking behind 114–15 on-farm system of inspections 435–6 efficient capital markets hypothesis 55–7 safety inspections 21 globalization and liberal policies, see also under Bangladesh Sub-Saharan Africa 547 La Hovary, C. 8, 14, 20, 74, 184, 191, 200, migrant labour regulation 142–3, 144, 146 274, 305–306, 316–28, 334, 500, 514 and neoliberal ideology 77 La Rosa, A. 420 reforms, China 150–52, 161 Lamour, M. 394 Marshall, F. 260 Langille, B. 8, 18, 20, 25, 141–2, 144, 164, Marshall, S. 19, 63, 153 192, 254–55, 258, 399, 421, 498, Martin, E. 93 509–22, 535, 553, 555 Martin, I. 8, 46, 51–64, 102 Latin America, May 10 template see Martin, P. 145, 497, 503, 505 Americas, labour rights and trade Martin, S. 273 agreements, Latin America, May 10 Martin-Huan, J. 237 template Marx, K. 7, 11, 140, 142, 154, 233, 372 Lazarus, R. 556 Maupain, F. 19, 79, 184, 248, 301–15, 316, Leary, V. 16, 25, 26, 204 323, 326, 328, 386, 420, 509–10, 515, Lee, Chang-Hee 151, 156 516, 518, 520, 522 Leys, C. 139–40 Mbaye, K. 544 Liu, M. 156, 159–60 Mechlem, K. 319, 324, 326 Locke, R. 15, 94–5, 101, 103, 164, 271 Merrett, L. 440, 444, 446, 448 López, J. xiii, 12, 16, 164–76 Mexico, decentralization of collective labour Lörcher, K. 199, 200, 201, 202 relations 131 Lowenfeld, A. 504 Mexico and Central America, human rights based labour policy and labour rights McConnell, M. 305, 343, 349, 350, 355 273–83 McCorquodale, R. 93–4 Costa Rica 277, 279 McCrudden, C. 252 development level effects 276 McEleavy, P. 444, 447, 450 dispute resolution 280 Majone, G. 433, 501 employee interests, lack of representation Mankowski, P. 445, 446, 448 275–6 Mantouvalou, V. 325 foreign direct investment effects 276, 277 Mares, R. 95–6 governance strategy suggestion 282 maritime labour law 21, 306, 332–41, 343–56 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights at agriculture sector implications 353–4 Work 274–5 decent work concept 343–4 ineffectiveness of respect for labour rights decent work deficit, addressing 344–6 277–80 fishing sector implications 352, 355 international treaties, disappointing effects flags of convenience 345, 346, 352 273–5 ILO Convention Concerning Work in the judicial system and labour inspectorate 278, Fishing Sector 352, 355 280

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Mexican automobile industry, lack of NAFTA (North American Free Trade distribution of economic success 277 Agreement) 403, 477–8, 490, 491 negative convergence of labour rights 275–7 national action plans, UN Guiding Principles non-governmental organizations, on Business and Human Rights 97 international agreements, involvement national legislation of 281–2 corporate governance structures and subcontracting and outsourcing effects practices 54 275–6 freedom of association in international technology reliance effects 276–7 framework agreements (IFAs) 227–8 temporary contracts and subcontracting global trade union organizing see global effects 277–8 trade union organizing and domestic trade union rights’ violations 278–80 constraints wage levels and working hours 278 home country control rule claim, EU Posted migrant workers, migrants 145–6, 148–9, 251, 267–70, 332, 417, 425–7, 429–30, 432, Workers Directive 451–2 436–7, 438, 443, 448, 459, 460, 491, international cooperation in public-private 498–9, 506 action 334–8 EU governance of migration 427–32 labour laws, reshaping, and Eurozone crisis Council Resolution on admission of third 116–17 country nationals 427–29 legislation conformity, and ILO normative equal treatment principle 430–31, 436 action, ‘magisterial function’ 311 GAMM (Global Approach to Migration and regulatory jurisdiction collaboration 332–3 Mobility) 428 state intervention and mediation, China law Hague Programme on legal immigration for 155, 157, 158–60 employment purposes 428 State role, marginalized (domestic) workers, See also ILO Conventions, ILO collective autonomy 232–3 Recommendations State’s duty to eradicate discrimination, Miles, R. 142, 427 Inter-American system 286–7 Milman-Sivan, F. 15, 30, 204–16 and working together transnationally 260, Mitchell, L. 57, 58, 60, 63 269–70, 271–2 Molina Rojas, N. 278, 279–80 national security issues 148, 428 Moreau, M. 136, 203, 218, 222 Nedelsky, J. 232 Morin, M. 51, 54, 61 Netherlands, G-Star and Garment and Textile Morris, G. 164 Workers Union (GATWU), India 46–9 Mosley, L. 271, 273, 275, 276, 277 non-State actors, ‘dialogic’ approach see Muchlinski, P. 102, 106–7 ‘dialogic’ approach and non-State actors Mudarikwa, R. 19, 27, 455–73 Nononsi, A. 13, 536–50 multi-level, multi-level governance 4, 26, 172, Nørlund, I. 151 174, 224, 230, 456, 562 normative action, ILO see ILO normative multinational corporations, enterprises, action operations 15, 17, 21, 25, 37–40, 42–4, Noussia, K. 395 47, 49, 71, 75, 91, 94–5, 205, 217, Novitz, T. 3, 8, 16, 28, 40, 164, 183, 316, 275–7, 282, 334, 361, 370, 393, 402, 438, 497–508 497, 500, 504–5, 561 Nussbaum, M. 18, 232 see also OECD Guidelines Munck, R. 145, 146, 148 Obradovic, D. 212, 215 Mundlak, G. 16, 98, 235 Ocampo, J. 276, 277, 280 Murray, G. 6, 54 occupational health and safety, workplace Murray, J. 221, 329 safety and health 77–78, 84, 96, 103, Musukubili, F. 462, 463 104, 221, 274–275, 295, 339, 341, 353, Mutua, M. 26 435, 446, 459, 507, 558–9 Myanmar and forced labour see ILO, agricultural workers 430, 434–6 Myanmar and forced labour extractive sector safety and security 72–4

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Index 581

Investment and trade agreements 400, 475, Pataut, E. 441, 448 477–9, 485, 491, Petersmann, E. 418 Posted Workers 450 Phelan, E. 419 respondeat superior principle 103, 104 Piore, M. 215, 429 seafarers’ safety, health or security 333, Pitkin, H. 211, 212 343, 347–8 pluralism, pluralist 4, 7, 23, 62, 218, 221, 230, seasonal workers 440 241, 329, 331, 334, 339, 342, 375, 552 strict liability 106 reflexive law, reflexive approaches 4, 6–7, Accord on Fire and Building Safety in 9, 30–31, 271, 375 Bangladesh 218, 228, 336–337, 370, interlegality 23 397, new governance 4, 88, 205, 214, 362 Voluntary Principles on Security and polycentric legal ordering 3, 23, 552–3, 562 Human Rights 72 trade union pluralism 25, 85, 389 OECD, diffusion and leveraging of transnational labour norms 385–94 Politakis, G. 185, 186, 249, 303, 308, 309, employment protection indicators 387 318, 534 Employment of Women Recommendation Poruthiyil, P. 46 and Declaration 391–2 Posner, E. 415–16, 560 freedom of association complaints 390 Posthuma, A. 26, 402 Gender Equality in Education, Employment Potter, E. 344 and Entrepreneurship Recommendation Pourtrier, R. 540 392 poverty reduction 126, 258, 540–41 Guiding Principles in the textile and Pries, L. 44–5, 329 garment sector 394 private international law rules see EU, private ILO cooperation 390, 393 international law rules, Rome I labour law and economic development links Regulation and individual employment 386–7 contracts link between core labour standards and private labour regulation 361–73 trade 386 Banana Republic experiment 366–7 Recommendations and Declarations 391–4 Bangladesh Rana Plaza collapse see Spain, labour law reform responses 388 Bangladesh ‘Strategy for Employment’ 387 brand reputation and image influence 367 OECD Guidelines for Multinational collective responsibilities 365–6 Enterprises 25, 39, 47, 94, 96, 102, 324, communication technology effects 370–71, 334, 388, 391–2, 393–4 371–2 dispute resolution 394 and company codes of conduct 191–3 follow-up mechanism 388 consumer citizenship 368–71 Model Supply Chain Policy 102 consumer-driven regulation 364–8 National Contact Points (NCPs) 393–4 ‘direct trade’ sourcing process 372–3 Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) ‘ethical consumerism’ doubts 367–8 approach and influence 387–8, 390–91 Fair Trade certification 39, 372–3 Oelz, M. 325 firms’ contractual relationship factors 365 Olufemi, E. 405 firms’ reputational damage fears 365, 367 O’Rourke, D. 62, 63, 364 global supply chain regulation 361–2 Osieke, E. 208, 209 global supply chain rise and decline of Ostrom, E. 562 direct employment 362–3 outsourcing 41, 53–4, 131, 276, 363 imagined community 371–3 see also supply chains transnational labour activist networks Owens, R. 258 (TLANs) 363–4, 365–6, 372 see also codes of conduct, corporate social Papadakis, K. 222 responsibility Paris Memorandum of Understanding see privatization 329, 341, 547, 549 under maritime labour law productivity

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582 Research handbook on transnational labour law

corporate governance structures and Canada, Stream for Lower-skilled practices 54 Occupations (SLO) 145 increased productivity objective, EU international human rights frameworks Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 145–6 432, 433 migration management 145–6 regulation of labour as factor of production national security and racialized 28–30 differentiation of migrant labour 148 progressiveness indicators, Inter-American neoliberal migration and low-skilled labour system on human rights 289–90, 294–6 146 protectionism, Global South 47–9 precarious migration status as mechanism public international law see under ILO for distributing resources and privileges 147 Conventions, ILO normative action, remittance-driven approach 146 individual treaties UN Human Development Report, public participation in governmental Overcoming Barriers 146 decision-making processes 66–7, 69 Ravallion, M. 152, 539 public policy 90, 296, 339, 341, 435, 447–8, Reich, R. 267 451, 540, 548 religion 85, 100, 249, 253, 255–57, 261–62, Putnam, R. 262–3 382, 384, 392 remittances 146, 233 racial discrimination 261–2, 267, 286 reputation concerns 47–9, 365, 367 see also equality Reuss, A. 142, 143 racism and regulation of migrant labour Richmond, A. 267 138–49 Rigaux, M. 8 Bretton Woods and new international right to fair trial, Inter-American system 287, monetary system 140 288 capability (human freedoms) approach right to ownership, and slavery 527–8 141–4, 146 right to strike see also freedom of association classical liberal assumptions about labour and ILO crisis 184–57 markets 142–3, 144 constitutional principle of freedom of development studies 139–44 association 182–3, 188–9 labour law as human development 141, Employers’ group challenge 316–17, 318, 142–3 319, 321, 322, 327–8 socio-historical processes in constructing European Court of Human Rights see freedoms, impact of 143–4 European Court of Human Rights, Third World and ‘self-estrangement’ collective action rights, and prospects critique 140 for change in CJEU case law, and unfree labour 142–3 jurisprudence on right to strike racism and regulation of migrant labour, ILO General Survey 181–4, 184–9 temporary labour migration and removal Spanish legislation 166–72, 175 of unfreedoms 145–9 Riisgaard, L. 222, 223, 224 border control use 146 Rittich, K. 16, 104, 140 Canada, Agricultural Stream (AS) 145 Robé, J. 3, 52, 53 Canada, legal protections for workers 147–8 Rodgers, G. 5, 205, 498 Canada, Live-In Caregiver Program (LCP) Rogowski, R. 6–7, 16, 30 145, 147 Romania, labour law reforms, concerns over Canada, racialized dimensions of Canada’s 133–4 labour migration programmes 146–7, Romanos, E. 172, 173 148 Rosado Marzan, C. 63, 223, 226 Canada, recruitment of workers from the Ruggie, J. 16, 39, 95, 437 global South 149 Rugmark see consumocratic law, child labour Canada, Seasonal Agricultural Workers and thickening of soft law, child labour Program (SAWP) 145, 147 laws and intervention of Rugmark

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Index 583

Ruhl, J. 551, 554, 556, 559 Bellagio-Harvard Guidelines on the Legal Ruhs, M. 432 Parameters of Slavery 527–8 Ruiz Fabré, H. 9, 104 conventional definitions 525–6 Rule of Law 4, 5, 75, 140, 170, 276, 311–2, Global Slavery Index 528 457, 521, 548 servitude legislative history 528–32 slavery legislative history 525–8 Sabel, C. 77, 205, 213, 214, 216 Smith, A. 22, 503 Salzman, J. 551, 554, 556, 559 Smith, A.A. 5, 11, 19, 138–49 Salzmann, J. 385, 386, 389, 390 Smith, M. 39–40 Samson, K. 307–8 Smith, S. 553 sanctions 118, 519–20 social capital, need for formation of 262–3, Sand, P. 67 266, 268 social dialogue 8, 15, 17, 21, 65, 134, 206, Sassen, S. 4, 254 217–9, 222–4, 226, 229, 231, 254, 280, Schlemmer, B. 545, 549 282, 323, 334–5, 340, 344, 462, 558 Schlemmer-Schulte, S. 126 delegation of regulatory powers by Schmitter, P. 215 governments to national agencies 70 Schömann, I. 44, 46, 220, 228–9 dialogic approaches 8–9, 21, 65–66, 74–75 Sciarra, S. 229 Equator Principles 73–4 Scott, J. xiv, 10, 362 public participation guarantees 66–7, 69 Scott, S. 429 Rio Declaration on Environment and seafarer see maritime labour law Development 66 Seck, S. 94, 105 standard setting pressures 70–71 Seeliger, M. 44–5, 329 UN Global Compact Labour Working Seidman, G. 62, 364, 383 Group 72 Seifert, A. 199, 200, 201 social protection Sen, A. 18, 138, 141–2, 232, 258 corporate social responsibility strategy 220 Servais, J. 19, 511, 514 EU Seasonal Workers Directive and services immigration policy 430–31 free movement, EU Posted Workers European Social Charter 116, 198, 200, 502 Directive see EU, private international marginalized (domestic) workers, France law rules, Rome I Regulation and 240–42 individual employment contracts, non-State actors, responsibility and Article 9 (free movement of services) transparency 70–75 and Posted Workers Directive see also dispute resolution service provider relationship, domestic social regionalism 25, 27, 455, 460, 472 workers 237 social security 5–6, 115–16, 157, 296 trade in see trade in services, commodities soft law 9, 14, 20, 24–5, 29, 44, 96, 184, and beneficiaries 189–93 sex see gender and child labour see consumocratic law, sexual harassment 237, 241, 318, 392 child labour and thickening of ‘soft law shareholder interests 55–7, 59–60, 61–3 jurisprudence’ see ILO supervisory bodies’ Sharma, A. 378, 381 ‘soft law jurisprudence’ Shelton, D. 308, 321, 330 strike, pushback on right to 189–93 Sheppard, C. 16–18, 233, 234, 247–59 thickening 24–5, 189–93, 316–28 Shotwell, J. 307 solidarity 12, 15, 17, 38, 166, 168, 171–2, Shue, H. 102 175–6, 201–2, 217, 219, 260, 264–5, Siemens campaign 45 268, 272, 371, 534, 540 542, 557 Simma, B. 319 ‘solidarity associations’ (employer-led) 279 Slaughter, A. 77 cross-border solidarity, transnational slavery, servitude 29, 100, 105, 142, 146, 261, solidarity 37, 207, 271 290, 331, 367, 377, 523–5 regime solidarity 457 Australia, slavery and sex workers 527 solidarity-building 261, 267, 269

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584 Research handbook on transnational labour law

solidarity strikes 197 speedy procedures 469, 471 South Africa 27, 50, 94, 103, 132, 368, 402, Spain, anti-austerity activism strategies 455–6, 460–3, 466–7, 468–73, 526 164–76 South Korea 133, 389–90 15M movement 167 Southern Africa Development Community conflict and protest, place for 164–5 (SADC), labour alternative dispute Constitution, and freedom of expression and resolution (ADR) mechanisms 455–73 freedom to strike 169–70 ADR adoption, causes and driving forces ECJ ruling against Spain’s mortgage law 460–68 compatibility 173 Charter on Fundamental Social Rights employment dismissal cases 168, 169, 171 458–9 financial crisis effects 165 Codes of Conduct 459 healthcare sector, ‘Europe 2020 – for a Commission for Conciliation, Mediation healthier EU’ 174 and Arbitration (CCMA) 460, 463, hospital privatisation and ‘white wave’ 464, 472 protests 174 country comparisons 465–8 ILO Conventions, role of 172 ILO core Conventions ratification 458 ‘indignados’ movement 172 ILO Decent Work Agenda 462 Labour Law Reform measures 167, 172 ILO Strengthening Labour Administration Labour Market Reform measures 168 in Southern Africa (SLASA) project Mohamed Aziz v. Caixa Catalunya 173–4 461 PAH (Mortgage Victims’ Platform) 173–4 ILO/Swiss Improving Labour Systems in right to strike and role played by law and Southern Africa (ILSSA) project 461–2 jurisprudence 166–72 Industrial Relations Conference 461 solidarity through ‘waves’ of protest, and institutional independence of SADC 457 court involvement 172–4 labour law reforms 462–3 strikes, incidence of 166–8, 169 labour migration issues 459–60 strikes, proportionality and mutual sacrifice labour and social protection 458–60 considerations 171 memoranda of understanding (MOUs) with unemployment levels 165 neighbouring countries 463 Spain, labour law reform responses 388 pre-existing labour dispute resolution Stevis, D. 45, 206, 225, 557, 558, 559, 561 challenges 463–4 Stewart, F. 257 Protocol on Employment and Labour 459 Stone, K. 13, 57, 175, 344 regional cooperation 458 Stout, L. 55, 59, 63 SADC history 456–7 Strauss, K. 28 SADC Human Resource Development strike, right to see right to strike; freedom of Sector 458 association ‘South African effect’ on labour reform strikes 462–3 Inter-American system on human rights sovereignty issues 457 292–3 supranational extent of SADC 456–7 Spain, anti-austerity activism strategies vulnerable groups of workers, protection for 166–8, 169, 171 458–9 US New Jersey steel plant wildcat 265 Zimbabwean land reform programme 457 see also collective bargaining Southern Africa Development Community structural adjustment 540–1 (SADC), labour alternative dispute Sub-Saharan Africa, child labour and fragile resolution (ADR) mechanisms, states 536–50 performance assessment 468–72 economic exploitation and infringing on accessibility 469–70, 471 right to learn and play 537–8 effectiveness and settlement rate 470 economic exploitation and transformation quality assessments 471 of traditional placement system 542–3 resource access 470–72 normative framework of child labour and its simplicity and informality 468–9 limits 544–6

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Index 585

United Nations Convention on the Rights of ITO (International Trade Organization) the Child (CRC) 544, 545, 548 procedures 421–2, 423–4 universal compulsory education and its trade in services, commodities and limits 546–7 beneficiaries 497–508 subcontracting effects 275–6, 277–8, 431 trade in services, commodities and Sukthankar, A. 19, 24, 37–50, 103, 136 beneficiaries, industrialisation and trade supervisory bodies’ ‘soft law jurisprudence’ in goods 497–502 see ILO supervisory bodies’ ‘soft law EU and ‘Social Europe’ 501–2 jurisprudence’ ILO migrant worker Conventions 499, 506 Supiot, A. 22, 51, 53, 54, 57, 64, 230, 232, ILO standards and functions 498–9 233, 538, 542, 544 ILO standards and functions, challenges to supply chains 6, 21, 24, 38, 43–44, 76, 96, 499–500 101–107, 152, 190, 265, 267, 270–1, WTO and ILO collaboration 500–501 330–1, 335–36, 342, 361–6, 368–9, trade in services, commodities and 371–3, 394, 426, 500 beneficiaries, labour standards evasion international framework agreements (IFAs) 503–8 225 cross-border trade in services, developing International Labour Conference (ILC), countries and export of skilled labour 2012 General Survey 190 505–6 subcontracting effects 275–6, 277–8, 431 cross-border trade in services, GATS Mode see also outsourcing 4 – movement of ‘natural persons’ sustainable development 30, 66, 74, 254, 312, 504–6 338, 344, 435, 477, 489–490, 501, 536, EU Posted Workers Directive and free 548–549, 562 movement of services 506–8 UN Conference on Sustainable EU Posted Workers Directive and free Development 552, 561 movement of services, legal protection sustainability goals 258, 435–6 concerns 507–8 Swartz, D. 478 ‘means of production’, understanding of Sweden, collective bargaining 197–8 503 Swepston, L. 19, 185, 512, 520 services trading definition 503 Swiatkowski, A. 201 trade unions Sykes, A. 415–16 China 155, 212, 270–71 global see global trade union organizing Tangian, A. 83, 86 and domestic constraints Tapiola, K. 19, 161, 186, 512, 520 Latin America, May 10 template 486–7, Tarrow, S. 168 489 technology, technological innovation 3, 22, leaders, protection of, Inter-American 78, 153, 276–7, 370–2 system on human rights 292 technology of governance 76 marginalized (domestic) workers 234 Temba, F. 464, 468, 469, 470, 471 network creation 226 Tessier, H. 541 rights’ violations, Mexico and Central Teubner, G. 3 America 278–80 Theron, J. 471 Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) Thomas, A. 303, 412 387–8, 390–91 Thomas, C. 140, 312 see also collective bargaining Thompson, D. 213 training, role of 78, 241, 278, 313, 325, 335, Thouvenin, J. 12, 19, 39, 385–94, 498 339, 353, 355, 386, 391, 392, 459, 461, trade agreements 462, 463, 471–2, 505, 538, 541, 545, and arbitration see arbitration use in 549, 558 deciding international labour issues, transnational corporations see multinational investment and trade agreements corporations bilateral arrangements 63–4, 162–3, 332, transnational labour activist networks 400, 401 (TLANs) 363–4, 365–6, 372

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transport workers and legal uncertainty, EU and International Covenant on Economic, 445–6 Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) Travieso, M. 389, 390 100, 104 treaties occupational health and safety and see under Aarhus Convention; EU; human respondeat superior principle 103, 104 rights; ILO Conventions; trade OECD Model Supply Chain Policy 102 agreements;Vienna Convention on the operational principles 98 Law of Treaties as possible legal action shield 104–6 Trebilcock, A. 3–31, 45, 93–107, 231, 331, ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework 345, 387 95–6, 191, 192–3 Trebilcock, M. 24, 140 reductionism of richer body of human rights law 97–8, 104 Trubek, D. 4, 140 state national action plans, proposed 97 substantive scope in relation to labour UK issues 100–101 Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of supply chain dilemma 101–3 Employment) Regulations 39–40 tort law and duty of care 106 Workers Uniting cross-border merger 42–3 UN Global Compact and direct involvement UN Aarhus Convention 66, 67 of enterprises 94–5 UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 537–8, 544, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights 546 (UDHR) 100, 104 Declaration on Education for All 544, 546 UN Human Development Report, Overcoming UN Conference on Sustainable Development Barriers 146 Outcome Document 552, 561 UN Human Rights Council 191, 192–3 UN Convention on the Protection of the undocumented workers 268, 269 Rights of All Migrant Workers unemployment levels 115, 117, 128, 165, 413, (ICRMW) 499 414 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child unions see trade unions 376, 544, 545, 548 Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN Convention on The Law of the Sea (UDHR) 100, 104, 221 (UNCLOS) 346 United States (US) UN Economic and Social Council Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ECOSOC), Supplementary Convention (ILAB) indicators 81–2, 87 on the Abolition of Slavery and In re Caremark Derivative Litig. 59 Servitude 529–32 Cintas Corporation v. UNITE HERE 40–41 UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) 561 Doe v. Wal-Mart Stores 63 UN Global Compact 61, 70–72, 94–5, 190, free trade agreements 403, 474–495 221 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) UN Guiding Principles on Business and programs see under Americas, labour Human Rights 71, 93–107 rights and trade agreements business reporting, information and global supply chains, Banana Republic indicators 103–4 experiment 366–7 and civil law 105 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. 52–3 cross-overs between developments in LEAP (Labour Education in the Americas corporate social responsibility and Project) 488, 489 public international law norms 95–6 Model bilateral investment treaty 401 firms’ risk management strategies and multinational corporations and civil human rights commitments 102–3 litigation 40–41 foundational principles 98–9 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) 41 and ILO Declaration on Fundamental Office of Trade and Labor Affairs (OTLA) Principles and Rights at Work 100–101 review and report process 480–81, 486 and International Covenant on Civil and Overnite Transportation v. International Political Rights (ICCPR) 100 Brotherhood of Teamsters 41

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Index 587

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt and working hours, Mexico and Central Organizations Act (RICO) 40–42 America 278 Service Employees International Union Walby, S. 254, 257 (SEIU) 41–2 Walmart campaign and United Food and Siemens campaign 45 Commercial Workers International Smithfield Foods v. United Food and (UFCW) 60 Commercial Workers 40 Warneck, W. 40, 196, 198 Sodexo v. SEIU 41 Weil, P. 321 South Chicago steelworkers, working Weisband, E. 229 together transnationally 264–5 Weiss, M. 61, 191–2, 255, 327 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Act Weissbrodt, D. 485 Weller, J. 274 and Latin American agreements Wilkinson, F. 3 479–80 Williams, C. 52, 59, 61 undocumented workers and anti-union Wills, J. 128, 129, 223, 224 discrimination 268 Wolfrum, Rüdiger 9, 104, 127, 319 union recognition through ‘card check’ and Woods, N. 126, 127, 365 majority representation 41, 42 Workers Uniting cross-border merger 42–3 US-Jordan trade agreement 478–9 working hours 234–5, 241, 278 Wackenhut Corporation v. Service working together transnationally 37–50, Employees International Union 40 260–72 Walmart campaign and United Food and social capital, need for formation of 262–3, Commercial Workers International 266, 268 (UFCW) 60 transnational trade union solidarity actions Workers Uniting cross-border merger 37–50 42–3 workplace diversity and discrimination Utting, P. 15 problems 260–64 workplace voice, disappearance of 260 Vallée, G. 12, 13, 230, 231 demographic characteristics and corporate Valticos, N. 183, 185, 307, 320, 323, 325, hierarchies 267, 268 420 language and communication problems 268, Van der Heijden, P. 18 269, 270 Van Hoek, A. 6, 27–28, 227, 397, 438–54, politics of immigration 267–9 506 World Bank ‘Employing Workers Indicators’, Vanqa-Mgijima, N. 235 criticism of 80–81, 83, 135 Varoufakis, Y. 113, 117 World Trade Organization (WTO) Verge, P. 12, 13, 53, 54, 230, 231 dispute resolution 25–7 Vidmar, J. 31 trade in services and ILO collaboration Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 500–501 200–201, 293, 523 World Trade Organization (WTO), lessons Von Potobsky, G. 183, 185 from ILO 411–24 Vosko, L. 254, 258, 499 developing countries, lower obligations 415–16 wage levels GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Eurozone crisis and structural adjustment Services) 417 115–16 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and marginalized (domestic) workers, France Trade) 414–15, 416, 418, 422 242 ILO Declaration of Philadelphia 413, 414, minimum wage levels 128–9, 158–9 415–16, 418 reductions, Inter-American system ILO origins 412–13 294–5 ILO trade liberalisation policies 415 universal ‘living wage’ principles, international competition, shielding difficulties in applying 39, 44 domestic economies from 414–15

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most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment for Permanent Court of International Justice foreign-service suppliers 417 (PCIJ) involvement 419–20 World Trade Organization (WTO), lessons reparation principle, absence of 421 from ILO, labour goals transplanted into Treaty of Versailles 418–19, 421 trading system 413–18 WTO dispute settlement understanding fair labour standards 417–18 (DSU) 422–4 full employment 413–14 migrant worker protection 416–17 Young, I. 24, 207, 365, 366, 369 special and differential (S&D) treatment 415–16 Zack, A. 25, 399, 405 trade and development 414–15 Zandvliet, R. 18 World Trade Organization (WTO), lessons Zeitlin, J. 205, 213, 214, 216 from ILO, labour origins of trade dispute Zemanek, K. 322 settlement 418–24 Zimbabwe, land reform programme 457 compliance by defaulting state, focus on 421 Zimmer, R. 8, 14, 20, 40, 194–203, 326, 397, ILO Constitution procedures 420–21 451, 507 ITO (International Trade Organization) Zumbansen, P. 6, 23, 61, 562 procedures 421–2, 423–4 Zürcher, G. 145

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