“Butch : A Misunderstood Breed?” Student Name: Jade Williams Student No: 11226099 University of Amsterdam Department of Social Sciences Programme: MSc Sociology: Gender, Sexuality and Society First Supervisor: Margriet Van Heesch, PhD. Second Supervisor: Gert Hekma, PhD.

Submission Date: July 10th 2017

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Foreword

First, I would like to offer my thanks to the University of Amsterdam for allowing me the opportunity to conduct research in an area that I am truly passionate about. To Margriet Van Heesch and Gert Hekma, your knowledge and passion for Gender and Sexuality inspired me. I thoroughly enjoyed working with and learning from you.

Next, I would like to thank Karla Thomas. You have been there through four years of studying and have consistently offered your support. You have relocated to a new country with me, listened, helped, offered moral support and even wiped the tears away. I could not have done this without you.

Finally, I would like to thank all of those who participated in my research. This thesis is dedicated to every person who refuses to conform to gender norms and who continues to be themselves regardless of the discrimination that they face.

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Table of Contents Chapter One Introduction 1.1 The Experiences That Opened My Eyes 5 1.2 Digging Deeper into the World and How to Do So 7 1.3 Butches, How Can I Help You? 8 1.4 Collecting and Analysing Data 9 1.5 To Leave You with an Outline 12

Chapter Two How Has the Butch Lesbian Emerged in History and in Existing Research and Theory? 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 What is a Butch? 14 2.3 How Was She Criminalised, Pathologized and Excluded from the Normal? 14 2. 4 What Has She Survived? The Butch in Life and in Literature 18 2.4.1 Radclyffe Hall and Great Britain 18 2.4.2 The United States Butch: 1930 Onwards 20 2.4.3 Surviving the Hetero and Homo Norms 21 2.5 Conclusion 24

Chapter Three The Butch Survey: How Do People Perceive the Butch Lesbian Today? 3.1 Introduction 25

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3.2 Data Collection 26 3.3 She Must Be Manly 27 3.4 The Butch in Love 28 3.5 How to Be Butch 29 3.5.1 Looking Butch 30 3.5.2 Butch Hobbies 31 3.6 Conclusion 33

Chapter Four Are the Butch Identifying Lesbians Still Proud and Visible in Society? 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Meet the Lesbians 35 4.3 Being a Butch 42 4.4 Challenging the Stereotype 45 4.4.1 “We Are Women!” 45 4.4.2 When Butches Love Butches 47 4.5 Proud or Disappearing? 49 4.6 Conclusion 52

Chapter Five Conclusion 5.1 The Research That Opened My Eyes 52 5.2 Butches, How Did I Help You? 53 5.3 Findings and Recommendations 54

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REFERENCES 56 APPENDICES 61

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Experiences That Opened My Eyes

“Hard-... yeah, that’s what I’d call myself. I mean I’m by no means a princess but I’m definitely not a butch. I don’t like the word butch...” were the words of a female I interviewed in the last quarter of 2016. Sat opposite me; Lisa, an attractive, short haired, self-identified, lady loving, male clothe wearing lesbian, told me she didn’t want to be called butch. Until this moment, Lisa had been drinking her beer in a seemingly relaxed manner and appeared to be enjoying engaging in our conversation. Albeit, once the topic of ‘butchness’ arose, I watched Lisa cross her legs and sit upright. Putting down her beer, she clenched her hands together and rested them on her left knee. The curved smile and friendly eyes that had been visible on her face for the entirety of the previous hour had disappeared and now been replaced with straight lips and a stern expression. It was almost as if Lisa had adopted a defensive position perhaps without realising, because she felt that the idea of her being associated with the butch label was some kind of attack. I tried to make my fascination with her body language as discreet as possible, though I couldn’t help but be intrigued by the reaction that she subconsciously provided. The experience with Lisa was not the first time I had experienced shunning of the butch label. I, as a masculine presenting lesbian, had in fact reacted in a similar way earlier in the year. Sat by the bar, casually sipping a glass of white wine; I was enjoying a relaxing evening following a long day at work. Suddenly, a male approached me and said,

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“I think if you dressed like a girl and grew your hair a bit, I would want to go there with you. What do you think?”

Yes, he really did. The words of this heterosexual, outspoken man had instantly overwhelmed me with a feeling of discomfort and confusion. Reflecting on this incident, my feelings were based on my lack of understanding for this man’s mindset. What was it about my image that made me lose my ? Why did this man think I would be more desirable if I had longer hair and different clothing? I began to question what it meant to be a non-feminine female and moreover, what the consequences were. By dressing and appearing a certain way, I felt that I had grown to fit the ‘butch’ category without even realising. Although the man did not say the word butch, I felt like his declaration showed that I, to outsiders, was masculine and therefore less desirable. This came as some shock to me as although I choose to wear male attire and style my hair short, I still remain submissive and sensitive in terms of emotional state and actually describe myself as having an ‘inner princess’. I suppose if I am completely honest, I might say that I was somewhat insulted and offended by this labelling and it really made me feel like my identity and femininity were dismissed, and had become invisible as a result of the butch image. Only then did I understand that to me personally, butch was not beautiful. This is not the first time this kind of incident has occurred. However, each time that I have been faced with dialogue like this, usually from heterosexual males, I feel like I am awakened and I realise that although I identify as female in my own right, this is not always understood by others. My fascination with this topic led me to studying Gender and Sexuality at the University of Amsterdam. Pursuing research regarding labels and their consequences, allowed me to meet fellow lesbians like Lisa. Later, I realised that not only did the heterosexual, predatory male view ‘masculine’ females negatively, but masculine lesbians themselves, did too. What was the reason for this? How had I, as a proud, masculine presenting lesbian, become ashamed to look boyish… or butch? Why is butch not beautiful?

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1.2 Digging Deeper into the Lesbian World and How to Do So

Before beginning to analyse the results taken from the research, it will be necessary to perform close reading of texts deemed relevant to the topic. The sources of literature and research that have been selected for close reading will provide insight from differing perspectives as will the results from research conducted exclusively for this project. As the participants of the research have been selected on an international level, the results produced will, geographically, offer insight to experiences and perceptions on a broad spectrum. In taking a mixed methods approach to conducting research, it is anticipated that the results produced will be valid and valuable. Utilising quantitative and qualitative methods in the form of a survey and structured interviews, the intention is to collect strong data which will therefore lead to better analysis and a more precise conclusion. Whilst the data and information collected for this research will form two chapters, close reading of literature will also take place prior to the analysis of results thus creating a broader understanding of the topic and the opportunity to link theory to new findings. The literature will include sources such as academic journals, empirical studies and theoretical texts along with at least one autobiography. Finally, to inject more authenticity, a slight auto-ethnographical approach will be adopted throughout the analysis thus allowing I, as a researcher, to reflect on experiences lived by myself before potentially linking them to the experiences of others and perhaps some published theory. As discussed by Carolyn Ellis, auto-ethnography is a qualitative research

7 | Page method that allows the researcher to become the subject and through self-focused, context- conscious application, aids the interpretation about the self and others similar to the self.1 This being the case and reasserting the use of other techniques, the overall approach to this research ought to be described as pragmatic with triangulation being utilised. By taking this approach, it will be possible to focus on and examine findings from multiple sources and viewpoints therefore again aiding the development of a strong and accurate study.

1.3 Butches, How Can I Help You?

The topic of labelling and the butch label, is one that is relevant to me on both a personal and academic level. Being a lesbian who is outwardly ‘boyish’ and therefore one who may fit the butch stereotype, I seek to understand where negative stereotypes have emerged from and furthermore, the level of misunderstandings and misconceptions surrounding butch lesbians in society today. Whilst there has been vast research conducted and literature written regarding lesbianism and LGBT issues, there is a scarce amount of recent studies that aim to determine the level of misconceptions surrounding those who identify as butch. Having previously explored the negative effects of labelling and categorisation within the LGBT community, it is now that I wish to hone in and base this thesis purely on the labelling of butch lesbians. The main question and that that I wish to conclude on is,

“Does the butch lesbian remain misunderstood by members of both heterosexual and LGBTQ communities?”

1 Ellis, C. (2004). The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel About Autoethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira and Ngunjiri, F., Hernandez, K C., & Chang, H. (2010). Living Autoethnography: Connecting Life and Research. Journal of Research Practice, 6(1), E1. 8 | Page

In order to answer this question, it will be necessary to first answer the following sub- questions:

“How has the butch lesbian emerged in history and in existing research and theory?” “How do people perceive the butch lesbian?” “Are the butch identifying lesbians still proud and visible in society?”

Initially reviewing the history surrounding masculine lesbians, I will analyse the depths of discrimination in terms of the crimination, medicalisation and pathological approaches to homosexuals. Later, I will place focus on literature that documents the survival of the butch lesbian in the twentieth century. Bringing together theoretical approaches and literary sources such as novels and autobiographies, I will outline how the butch lesbian has emerged in society, over the last two centuries. To follow, I will present and analyse findings from The Butch Survey along with responses provided in interviews with butch identifying lesbians. In doing so, I intend to add to the existing body of knowledge while also raising awareness of unnecessary, negative perceptions of butch lesbians. Should it be the case that the butch lesbian does remain a misunderstood member of society, this thesis will argue that butch lesbians should be celebrated rather than criticised as now, I realise that butch is beautiful too. I will now continue by discussing the chosen approaches to data collection and analysis for this research project.

1.4 Collecting and Analysing Data

As aforementioned, one approach to research has been that of a quantitative kind with a survey being created and cascaded via an online platform. The survey has been created using www.surveymonkey.com and is very short in length, with respondents being asked to provide

9 | Page their gender, age group and their perception of the term ‘butch’ when associated with lesbian women. The results will be quantitative in terms of the selection of age and gender but will also provide qualitative outcomes as an open ended question is also included. The respondents have accessed the survey via a link that was circulated using the Facebook social networking site. Whilst the survey could initially only be viewed by those on my list of friends, it was possible to then use the snowballing method by asking others to share the link to their own network of friends. In total, the survey received 85 responses from a pool of people who varied in gender, age and opinion. As the survey was cascaded using social media and with the snowball effect being used, it is likely that the respondents originate from various different backgrounds and cultures. With regard to collecting data of a qualitative nature, the decision was taken to approach people once again via online social networking platforms. Albeit, this time around, Instagram and its hashtag feature have been utilised. By searching the hashtag ‘butch lesbian’, it was possible to reach out to butch identifying lesbians from all over the globe. Unlike Facebook, I was not limited to my own group of known friends and the reliance of the snowballing method but rather, was able to connect to women who would otherwise been out of my reach. Likewise, as the women were themselves using the aforementioned hashtag, it was clear that they were openly identifying as butch and it was precisely these people that I wanted to speak to. After sending direct messages to over fifty butch identifying lesbians on Instagram and explaining my position and aspirations as a researcher, I received nine positive responses from those wishing to participate in a structured interview either in person, via Skype or by providing text answers. To approach and recruit potential participants from a range of different backgrounds, it was considered most suitable to utilise social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram. Though this approach to research is not without its possible flaws, it has been proven that in the modern era, it is one of the most effective ways to build rapport and recruit participants. With studies showing that almost half of the adult population are likely to check

10 | Page their social media accounts at least once daily, it was anticipated that locating participants would be a simple process.2 Whilst it is the case that social media offered the abovementioned benefits, it must be said that social media as a research tool, has been criticised in terms of ethical considerations. For this reason, it was necessary to provide each interviewee with a consent form that outlined the reasons for research and their confidentiality and anonymity rights. Each person that proceeded to interview stage had returned an electronically signed copy of the form. Similarly, regarding the survey that was cascaded via Facebook, each participant was made aware of the reasons for research and their right to anonymity. The decision to conduct interviews of a structured format was based purely on its ability to provide consistency in terms of the responses received. Though it is the case that semi structured interviews could have been useful for this project, it seemed more beneficial to address matters with each individual and therefore gauge similarities and differences in responses given to the same questions. Moreover, as interviews have taken place via Skype and in some cases, with individuals who are not fluent in the English language, it was appropriate to remain somewhat simplistic in terms of conversation. As previously mentioned, it was the intention to reach out to butch identifying lesbians who resided in different parts of the world thus providing an insight into the butch figure on a universal level. For the purpose of the research, the lesbian ‘type’ being focused on are those who identify as butch. However, in some cases, the butch women interviewed also labelled themselves ‘soft butch’, ‘’ and ‘boyish’. Each interviewee has been granted complete anonymity and for this reason, the names of the interviewees have changed. In order of interview, the following butch lesbians have become part of the research: ➢ Kate, aged 39 from Amsterdam, Netherlands. ➢ Ellen, aged 28 from Dublin, Ireland. ➢ Jess, aged 25 from South Wales, UK.

2 Lunnay, B., Borlagdan, J., McNaughton, D., & Ward, P. (2015). Ethical Use of Social Media to Facilitate Qualitative Research. Qualitative Health Research,25(1), 99-109. 11 | Page

➢ Pai, aged 30 from Bangkok, Thailand. ➢ Amy aged 45 from Birmingham, UK. ➢ Becky aged 29 from Toronto, Canada. ➢ Tyler aged 18 from Stockholm, Sweden. ➢ Kay aged 46 from California, USA. ➢ Shay aged 32 from Pennsylvania, USA. Once interviews were completed, each conversation was documented (see Appendices for one example) therefore allowing patterns and trends to be identified along with differing opinions thus aiding in the formation of a balanced conclusion. To conclude this introduction, I will now provide a brief outline of the focus and details of each chapter included in the thesis.

1.5 To Leave You with an Outline

Having opened the thesis with an introduction that clearly outlined the topic and purpose of my research, I have been able to explain its relevance whilst also highlighting the methods used to research and analysis. In the second chapter, I will discuss the cross-cultural history of the butch lesbian and will therefore build a strong and insightful review of theory and literature. I hope to find answers to my first sub question, namely how the butch lesbian has emerged in history and in existing research and theory. In the third chapter, I will present the findings from ‘The Butch Survey’ and will provide an answer to my second sub question. Trends, patterns and common themes will be highlighted and will later be analysed. When reaching the stage of analysis, I will attempt to link and relate findings, where necessary, to the theories discussed in the previous chapter. In the fourth chapter, I will hone in on my third and final sub question. The structured interviews that have taken place with nine butch identifying lesbians across the world will 12 | Page initially be presented in the form of overviews, in which I will highlight some of the responses given. Later, I will focus on themes identified amongst interviewees along with links to the contents of the second and third chapter. In the fifth chapter, I will reflect on findings in chapters two, three and four and will present an overall analysis. I aim to conclude by answering the main and sub questions annotated in the introductory chapter. Any recommendations for further research will also be offered at this point along with a brief reflection on the research experience. Chapter Two How Has the Butch Lesbian Emerged in History and in Existing Research and Theory?

2.1 Introduction

“She is ‘mannish’ but not at all stylish and at the same time she is definitely a woman. Therefore she has to be ugly – in other words, butch…” are the words used by Sue O’Sullivan in her 1994 publication “Girls Who Kiss Girls and Who Cares”.3 O’Sullivan reflects on previous decades and offers her observation of how a masculine lesbian is perceived by others in society. Almost twenty years on and I, as a masculine lesbian, am intending to determine whether such negative stigma still surrounds butches. To fully understand what makes a butch lesbian and how they have come to be viewed as ‘ugly’, undesirable and perhaps misunderstood, it is relevant to reflect on beliefs dating as far back as the eighteenth century up until present day. In doing so, it will be possible to understand how historic perceptions of masculine females may have led and contributed to the current marginalisation and oppression of butch lesbians.

3 O’Sullivan, S. (1994). `Girls who Kiss Girls and Who Cares?'. In D. Hamer & B. Budge (Eds.), The Good, The Bad and The Gorgeous: Popular Cultures Romance With Lesbianism (pp. 78-95). London: Harper Collins Publishers. 13 | Page

Choosing to focus on the time frame of the eighteenth century through to present day, it is anticipated that a strong foundation of knowledge will be provided prior to reaching a conclusion as the LGBT community has experienced immense movement during this time.4 The literature and theory utilised in this review will mainly be of European and American descent. The reason for this is that European and American theorists have been innovative in terms of developing and understanding homosexuality.5 Moreover, as the majority of participants to the research are native to Europe and the US, the decision was taken to review theories and literature that would be most relevant to their backgrounds and the findings of this research.

2.2 What is a Butch?

Butch is an adjective that can be used to describe a person’s gender or gender performance. To be a butch lesbian, you would usually be a female who is attracted to the same sex and one who adopts a certain image or demeanour that is traditionally considered masculine. Of course, being butch is not that simple. Over the last few decades and particularly since the years of the sexual revolution, various new labels have started to emerge and be used by the lesbian community. Being just a few to mention; ‘stud’, ‘’, ‘he-she’, ‘dyke’ and ‘’ are labels that have been associated with and in some cases, used to criticise masculine lesbians.6 Remarkably, although some of these terms have been used to demean lesbians, many have still chosen to identify themselves with reference to one or more of the labels. Bearing this in mind and for the review of literature and for participants of the research discussed in this thesis, those identifying as a lesbian who is considered masculine, will be referred to primarily as butch.

2.3 How Was She Criminalised, Pathologized and Excluded from the Normal?

4 Morris, B. J. (n.d.). History of Lesbian, , & Bisexual Social Movements. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/history.aspx 5 Morris, B. J. (n.d.). History of Lesbian, Gay, & Bisexual Social Movements. 6 Alison, R. (1967). Lesbianism Its Secrets and Practices. Los Angeles: Medco Books 14 | Page

Prior to the nineteenth century, anal sex acts otherwise referred to as sodomy or buggery were punishable by death in many parts of the world. Viewed as a crime regardless of whether it took place between two men or a man and a woman, this sexual act was deemed intolerable and categorised as a perversion along with matters such as rape and bestiality.7 In 1861, the United Kingdom abolished the death penalty and instead announced a life imprisonment for any people who engaged in such acts and likewise, Germany criminalised homosexuality between males just a decade later. Following on, in 1885, the United Kingdom outlawed oral sex between men but failed to include women in this amendment. Stating that women would not commit such acts and therefore denying the existence of lesbianism, Victoria refused to include females into the legislation.8 For this reason, it has often been claimed that as lesbianism has never been officially criminalised in the UK or in America, they have not been subject to punishment in the same way as gay men. However, reciting instances of punishment, Rictor Norton discusses the prosecution of women cross-dressers who were penalised on grounds of fraud or vagrancy.9 Additionally, it is noted in Norton’s findings that a woman was publicly chastised in the seventeenth century, as a punishment for engaging in sexual acts with another female. And, in the same era, it was reported that after impersonating a man, a woman was sentenced to receive whips and carry out ‘hard labour’ as criminal punishment.10 The impersonation of males was a phenomena that really emerged in the eighteenth century, with masculine women being labelled ‘female husbands’ when they adopted a traditional male role and set up home with a feminine female.11 Whilst cross

7 Oaks, R. (1978). "Things Fearful to Name": Sodomy and Buggery in Seventeenth-Century New England. Journal of Social History, 12(2), 268-281. 8 Seidman, S., & Fischer, Nancy. (2007). Introducing the New Sexuality Studies: Original essays and interviews. London: Routledge. 9 Norton, R. "The Nature of Lesbian History", Lesbian History, 1 August 2003, updated 12 June 2008 http://rictornorton.co.uk/lesbians.htm Retrieved June 17, 2017 10 Donoghue, E. (1993). Imagined More Than Women: Lesbians as Hermaphrodites, 1671-1766. Women's History Review, 2(2), 199-216 and Norton, R. The Nature of Lesbian History. 11 Derry, C. (2017). ‘Female Husbands’, Community and Courts in the Eighteenth Century. The Journal of Legal History, 38(1), 54-79. 15 | Page dressing and lesbianism were not listed as official crimes in Europe or the US, female husbands were seen as criminal fraudsters and were at times, mocked by others in society.12 Progressing from an era during which homosexuality was classified purely as an immoral crime and sin, German theorists such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and Richard von Krafft-Ebing widened the discourse regarding homosexuality, to include medical and psychological factors.13 As a result, the nineteenth century saw homosexuality begin to be considered as biologically innate and this progress was some of great significance, as the homosexual emerged from being a blameful criminal to a ‘sick’ individual.14 According to Ulrichs, a writer frequently deemed the pioneer of the modern gay rights movement,

“(…) is a right established by nature. Legislators have no right to veto nature; no right to persecute nature in the course of its work; no right to torture living creatures who are subject to those drives nature gave them.”15

Sharing views such as these, the intention of Ulrichs was to promote gay rights and end the criminalisation of homosexuality in Germany. Between the years of 1860 and 1870, Ulrichs published a series of pamphlets detailing his theories of sexuality in an attempt to spread awareness and to win support from those in the medical profession.16 In years to follow, Krafft-Ebing; a German Psychiatrist often dubbed as the father of the modernisation of sexuality, worked to offer a new perspective on sexuality. Introducing homosexuality as a topic to be explored within his realm of matters considered to be ‘perversions’, Krafft-Ebing deemed homosexuality to be a ‘degenerative sickness’ and

12 Donoghue, E. Imagined More Than Women: Lesbians as Hermaphrodites and Norton, R. The Nature of Lesbian History. 13 Leck, R. (2016). Vita Sexualis: Karl Ulrichs and the Origins of Sexual Science. University of Illinois Press and Krafft-Ebing, R. (1947). Psychopathia Sexualis: A Medico-Forensic Study. New York, NY: Pioneer. 14 Chauncey, G. (1982). From Sexual Inversion To Homosexuality: Medicine And The Changing Conceptualization Of Female Deviance. Salmagundi, (58/59), 114-146. 15 Barash, D. P. (2013). Homo Mysterious: Evolutionary Puzzles of Human Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 94-95. 16 Duhaime, L. (n.d.). Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, 1825-1895 (Germany). Retrieved June 18, 2017, from http://www.duhaime.org/LawMuseum/LawArticle-1125/Karl-Heinrich-Ulrichs-1825-1895-Germany.aspx 16 | Page further, categorised masculine lesbians as ‘gender inverts’.17 According to Krafft-Ebing, the inverted female is “the masculine soul, heaving in the female bosom”, insinuating that the female has been born in the wrong body and one who should have been a male.18 This foreshadows the coining of Gender Dysphoria, formerly known as GID ( Disorder), which is now a diagnosis given to individuals who feel conflict between their assigned gender and physical identity.19 Whilst the move from criminalisation to medicalisation of the homosexual can be seen as progress and perhaps an end to law enforced punishment, it should be noted that patients were still treated as ‘abnormal’ and the ‘other’.20 Moreover, the ‘medicinal’ treatments undertaken by homosexuals was far from pleasant; with lesbians and gays being involuntarily admitted to psychiatric hospitals up until the 1970s, only to face brutal aversion therapies such as electric shocks and lobotomies, in an attempt to cure them of their sexual deviances.21 Voicing his theory of the treatment of sexuality in the last few centuries, French philosopher Michel Foucault determined that through the historical normalisation of discourse, sexual orientations and desires that stray from the binary have been repressed and therefore viewed as improper.22 Thus, the lesbian who does not display traditional, ‘normalised’ characteristics associated with female gender and sexuality, becomes subject to discrimination and othering. Referring to these socially constructed norms in conjunction with the important of power and knowledge, Foucault introduces ‘bio-power’, which he describes as,

17 Oosterhuis, H., History, & RS: FASoS MUSTS. (2012). Sexual Modernity in the Works of Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert Moll. Medical History, 56(2), 133-155. 18 Taylor, M. (1998). ’The Masculine Soul Heaving in the Female Bosom’: Theories of Inversion and The Well of Loneliness. Journal of Gender Studies, 7(3), 287-296. 19 Smith, S., Junger, J., Derntl, B., & Habel, U. (2015). The Brain – A Review of Findings on the Neural Basis of Transsexualism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 59, 251-266. 20 Plummer, K. (2002). Sexualities. Critical Concepts in Sociology: Sexualities and their Futures. London: Routledge, pp. 23 21 Hart, G., & Wellings, K. (2002). Sexual Behaviour and its Medicalisation: In Sickness and in Health. BMJ, 324(7342), 896 and Scot, J. (2013, June 28). Shock the Gay Away: Secrets of Early Gay Aversion Therapy Revealed. Retrieved June 17, 2017, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamie-scot/shock-the-gay- away-secrets-of-early-gay-aversion-therapy-revealed_b_3497435.html. 22 Foucault, M. (1970). The Order of Things. New York, NY: Random House. 17 | Page

“an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations…”23

In other words, and to offer an example, as the homosexual body was one deemed not useful for society; a ‘technique’ to control and take power of the population was to criminalise homosexuality. This, according to Foucault, is accompanied by another strand of power; being that of disciplinary. Disciplinary power is a second form of bio-power, which looks to control the individual and their body.24 To put this theory into perspective, if a lesbian feels guilty or shameful of her identity, then she has internalised heteronormative discourse and is therefore a subject of disciplinary power. Furthermore, if a lesbian ‘exercises’ heteronormative expectations then she has internalised external discourse, again evidencing disciplinary power.25 Thinking back to my own motivation for writing this thesis, the theories of Foucault appear highly relevant as I, myself, felt embarrassment and shame when being categorised as a butch lesbian. Likewise, a fellow lesbian also discussed in the introductory chapter displayed feelings of discomfort and expressed her rejection of the butch label. This being the case, it can surely be said that ‘de-normalisation’ of the homosexual still has an impact on lesbians in the current era. Similarly, although criminalisation and medicalisation are no longer enforced, the effects of past bio-power has shaped perceptions that have remained through generations. Having outlined some history of how the homosexual came to be known from as early as the eighteenth century, I will now proceed to review literature that was influenced by the likes of Kraft-Ebbing, and will offer further insight into the ongoing oppression of the butch lesbian.

23 Foucault, M., & Hurley, R. (1998). The Will to Knowledge. London: Penguin Books, p. 140. 24 Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books. 25 Browne, K. (2015). Lesbian Geographies. Gender, Place and Power. Farnham: Ashgate. 18 | Page

2. 4 What Has She Survived? The Butch in Life and in Literature

2.4.1 Radclyffe Hall and Great Britain

Portraying the theories of sexual inversion that had been coined in years previous, British author Radclyffe Hall produced the infamous ‘The Well of Loneliness’; a lesbian novel published in 1928.26 The novel follows an English woman named Stephen Gordon and her homosexuality, then referred to as sexual inversion. Stephen, carrying not only a name that was considered to better suit a male, appears to act boyish and carry traits traditionally deemed masculine, from a young age. Falling in love with Mary Llewellyn, the pair are subject to prejudice and rejection from society as a result of not conforming to heterosexual norms. This, as depicted by Hall, is not an unusual occurrence for ‘inverts’, who she portrays as being naturally inverted thus supporting the claims of Krafft-Ebing, and reasserting that homosexuality and gender role reversal is something a person is born with.27 Albeit, at its time of publication and for many years later, the subject of sexual inversion and lesbianism were of course highly condemned and viewed as abnormal and this being the case, Hall faced criminal charges of obscenity along with much more harsh criticism from reviewers and the press.28 Nevertheless, The Well of Loneliness remains in print and, deemed one of the most famous lesbian novels of all time, still supports the idea that lesbianism and is innate to those identifying as butch. Moreover, the novel reasserts the long history of troubles and discrimination faced by women who failed to conform to the heterosexual norms imposed by society. After reading The Well of Loneliness, it could be argued that as people who reject the traditional female gender roles and stereotypes, butch lesbians are more inclined to be subject to abuse from wider society as opposed to femme identifying lesbians. This argument is

26 Hall, R. (1928). The Well of Loneliness. Garden City, N.Y: Sun Dial Press. 27 Taylor, M. (1998). ’The Masculine Soul Heaving in the Female Bosom’: Theories of Inversion and The Well of Loneliness. 28 Macnamara, S. (n.d.). The Silent Novel in Radclyffe Hall's Ground-Breaking The Well of Loneliness. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from https://blog.hrc.utexas.edu/2017/06/13/the-silent-novel-in-radclyffe-halls- ground-breaking-the-well-of-loneliness/ 19 | Page justified in a study conducted by Bernard E. Whitley, who concluded that from the array of categories in the lesbian community, the butch is most likely to face discrimination and further, that the display of gender role reversal often leads to instances of homophobia.29 This, along with the theories of inversion and therefore ‘abnormality’, from the likes of Krafft-Ebing, shows that the criticism and discrimination of masculine women has been present for centuries. It is therefore appropriate to continue the timeline of events with regard to the emergence of the butch lesbian while also remaining aware of their segregation from not only heterosexual society, but perhaps from fellow homosexual communities too.

2.4.2 The United States Butch: 1930 Onwards

Published in 1993, ‘Cherry Grove, Fire Island’ by American Anthropologist, Esther Newton, provides a thoroughly researched narrative that recounts the history of a popular gay and lesbian resort located a short distance from New York City. In the piece, Newton reconstructs the camp, sometimes wonderful and sometimes harrowing moments that were experienced on the island between the years of 1930 and 1990. In addition, the book outlines the depths of division that were identifiable within the LGBT community, in terms of race, class and gender expectations.30 In an article titled ‘Just One of the Boys’, Newton proceeds to recount the different types of lesbians who attended Cherry Grove in the post war era, with ‘ladies’ and ‘dykes’ being allocated not only different labels but also differing levels of respect and acceptance within the community.31 The dykes, who are otherwise referred to as the butch lesbians, are identified from the offset as lower class, less wealthy women who entered the scene during the 1960s. As quoted in Newton’s text, dykes had a “hard defensive look... [a] beefy body that says fuck you to men... [and a] dyke slump.”32 Further, it is noted the ladies

29 Whitley, Bernard E., Jr. (2001). Gender-Role Variables and Attitudes toward Homosexuality. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 45, 691-12), p.691-721. 30 Newton, E. (1993) Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. Boston: USA. Beacon Press. 31 Abelove, H., & Barale, M A. (1993). Just One of the Boys: Lesbians in Cherry Grove. The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (p. 528). New York, NY Routledge. 32 Abelove, H., & Barale, M A. The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (p. 533). 20 | Page had no intention of socialising with the dykes, which led to a decrease in attendance and a change in clientele in years that followed. Albeit, whilst it was the case that the butch lesbians were somewhat looked down upon, Newton acknowledges them as being equally resourceful, with their abilities to ‘fight’ for public space being imperative in this pre-stonewall era.33 In works such as those offered by Newton, it is noted that as a culture, lesbianism and more specifically, butch lesbians really became visible in the era that ensued the second World War. According to , it was at this time that butch-femme dynamics formed and whilst it was not deemed socially acceptable by many at this time, lesbians began to openly embrace and display their identities and sexual orientations.34 Likewise, Newton recounts butch/femme relationship dynamics being ‘critical’ in bars during the 1950s and 1960s, with butch lesbians often viewed as erotic figures by those identifying as feminine. Taking into account traditional heterosexual roles that were highly present in society during this era, it is noted that masculine lesbians were mirroring the male in a relationship; usually being a ‘tough guy’ and the ‘bread winner’.35 This, along with the assumption that a butch lesbian must be paired with and attracted to feminine women embodies the notion of heteronormativity; being the idea that because a butch presents herself in ways associated with males, she must also adopt the normative roles that society envisions for a heterosexual male. Bearing this in mind, the question is posed of what comes of the butch lesbian when she fails to fulfil these expectations – what happens if a butch lesbian is not attracted to femme women, but to fellow butches? Though butch/butch relationships have always and do still exist, there is a lack of consideration for them in terms of literature.36 Having reflected on texts that were produced as early as the 1930s and taking into account the history of the homosexual in terms of criminalisation and medicalisation, it needs not be reiterated that the butch lesbian has faced much social scrutiny over the years. However, the topic of labels and expectations is one of great relevance to the discussion of

33 Abelove, H., & Barale, M A. The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (p. 533). 34 Faderman, L. (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. Columbia University Press. 35 Faderman, L. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. 36 Califia, P. (1994). Butch desire. In L. Burana, Roxxie & L. Due (Eds.), Dagger: On Butch Women (pp. 220- 221). Pittsburgh: Cleis Press. 21 | Page the butch lesbian and her place in society. Thus, it will now be useful to place focus on her position in society and her survival of ongoing labelling and oppression.

2.4.3 Surviving the Hetero and Homo Norms

In studies conducted by Heidi Levitt and Katherine Hiestand, it was revealed that butch lesbians feel pressured as a result of such heteronormative expectations and can even feel shame when they don’t conform to the roles that society has historically assigned to them.37 Similarly, a research project conducted by myself in the last twelve months allowed me to reach the same conclusion, with one butch identifying lesbian declaring that she felt inadequate and confused about her identity because she did not completely fit the heteronormative stereotype.38 It is for this reason, apparent that with labels come expectations and with expectations, certainly come pressures. Moreover, the pressure admittedly experienced by butches evidences Foucault’s depiction of disciplinary power.39 Whilst the pressures faced by butch lesbians can be discussed in conjunction with heteronormativity, it is also useful to highlight the issue of homonormativity. Notable in works such as that of ‘Cherry Grove, Fire Island’ with ladies avoiding dykes, right up to present day; with butches reporting instances of abuse from fellow lesbians, it is without doubt that the butch has been considered an outcast from the LGBT community as well as from wider society.40 Returning to past times like those of the ladies and the dykes and proceeding to the era of the sexual revolution, it is useful to highlight that with the rise of feminism in society, butches were rejected from the lesbian community as they were considered to be mirroring the heterosexual male. Furthermore, it was during the 1960s and 1970s that feminist lesbians

37 Hiestand, K., & Levitt, H. (2005). Butch Identity Development: The Formation of an Authentic Gender. Feminism & Psychology, 15(1), 61–85. 38 Williams, J. (2016). Too Straight for the Gays and too Gay for the Straights. Unpublished manuscript. University of Amsterdam. 39 Foucault, M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. 40 Newton, E. Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. Williams, J. Too Straight for the Gays and too Gay for the Straights. 22 | Page argued that one could only be a lesbian if you were, yourself, feminine or feminist. Impeccably and emotionally written, Leslie Feinberg’s ‘Stone Butch Blues’ sets the scene of the masculine Jess Goldberg, who is trying to ‘fit in’ to society and the lesbian community during this time. Albeit, this proves difficult and Jess faces years of abuse, torment and marginalisation from others while she strives to exist and come to terms with her identity. When reflecting on the approach taken by radical feminist lesbians, it is noted that butches were pushed out of the community...

“(…) they drove us out, made us feel ashamed of how we looked...they said we were male chauvinist pigs, the enemy.”41

Though in the case of the novel, much of those discriminating were doing so out of homophobic behaviour and ‘gender policing’, it must also be reiterated that these frictions were apparent within the lesbian community, thus reaffirming the presence with homonormativity.42 The oppression discussed in Stone Butch Blues merely reflects some stigmas still attached to the butch lesbian in today’s society, particularly that surrounding FTM (female to male) transition. With studies showing that more butch identifying lesbians are transitioning and changing their identity to male, it could be argued that the shunning of butches from both the hetero and homo communities along with heteronormative expectations, are forcing some lesbians to give up their female, lesbian identity.43 As noted in the journal by Atticus Lee, if we assume that a butch lesbian is pretending to be a man, we are contributing to socially constructed gender and sexuality norms that depict all “all gay men to be effeminate queens and heterosexual women to be quiet-rinse dishwashers.”44 Therefore, when the masculine female does not fit this heterosexual stereotype, she becomes the ‘other’ and is perhaps left

41 Feinberg, L. (1993). Stone Butch Blues: A Novel. Ithaca, N.Y: Firebrand Books. (p. 11) 42 Detloff, M. (2006). Gender Please, Without the Gender Police. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 10(1-2), 87-105. 43 Lee, A. (2009). The Role of Butch/Femme Relationships in Activism: A Co-Dependent Mutualism. Stanford Undergraduate Research Journal, 8(3), 18–23. 44 Lee, A. The Role of Butch/Femme Relationships in Transgender Activism: A Co-Dependent Mutualism. 23 | Page feeling confused and conflicted by her female identity. However, when the butch lesbian transitions and identifies as FTM, they are not cleared of scrutiny. Historically labelling FTMs as “treasonous deserters”, lesbian feminists are also known to disagree with and further reject FTMs from the community.45 Whilst the topic of transition should be approached sensitively and with the upmost respect, some suggest that butch lesbians are pushed towards transition rather than being naturally inclined to change their identity.46 Similarly, studies have revealed an increase in FTM gender reassignment taking place in adolescence or young adulthood as opposed to that of middle age, which has historically been the case.47 This alone, could potentially present the argument that visibility and acceptance of the butch lesbian is decreasing. Albeit, if viewed from another angle, it could be said that modernity has simply provided butch lesbians with more options. This perspective is adopted by Rochella Thorpe, who reflects on a ground- breaking study that she conducted in the 1990s.48 Interviewing forty-eight women who lived as lesbians between 1930 and 1970, Thorpe found that 10% would transition if they were still youthful. Stating that transition is not treason or betrayal, Thorpe defends butches and FTMs and labels them ‘survivors’. Further, it is suggested that we, as a lesbian community, have not ‘lost’ butches to transition, because they were never ours to ‘have’. Rather, butches have historically fallen under the lesbian umbrella because transition and gender reassignment was not then an option for them. Likewise, Thorpe responds to the question, “where have all the butches gone?” with the suggestion that lesbians who would have historically been labelled butch are now identifying themselves with other labels.49

2.5 Conclusion

45 Rubin, G. (1992) “Of Catamites and kings: Reflections on Butch, Gender, and Boundaries.” In Nestle, J (ed) A Persistent Desire: a Butch-Femme Reader. Boston, MA: Alyson Publications (p. 466-482). 46 Weiss, J. (2007). The Lesbian Community and FTMs. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 11(3-4), 203-211. 47 Thorpe, R. (2015) Where Have All the Butches Gone? Retrieved June 5, 2017, from https://www.pride.com/lifestyle/2013/09/05/op-ed-where-have-all-butches-gone 48 Thorpe, R. Where Have All the Butches Gone? 49 Thorpe, R. Where Have All the Butches Gone? 24 | Page

Having reviewed the history and emergence of the butch lesbian in terms of theory and research, it is interesting to highlight the stigma that appears to have surrounded butch lesbians; dating back as early as the eighteenth century, with masculine females being mocked, deemed a sexual invert and therefore a biological abnormality. Moving on from scientific approaches, it is also possible to identify discrimination faced by butches in the early twentieth century, when reading texts such as that offered by Hall, Newton and Feinberg. When returning to studies conducted in more recent years, it would be justified to argue that although the acceptance of the LGBT community has hugely progressed in many parts of the world, the taboo that has historically surrounded butch lesbians appears to have remained unchanged. Whilst the review of literature and theory undoubtedly offers insight into the oppression faced by butch lesbians, if viewed from another angle, it can be concluded that the butch has survived marginalisation and discrimination for centuries and perhaps continues to do so. Returning to the words of O’Sullivan, it is now that we must understand that the butch is not ‘ugly’, she is not ‘mannish’ and she does not lack style.50 Rather, she rejects gender norms that have been socially constructed and she refuses to be ‘normal’. The butch lesbian challenges what it means to be a lady loving female and she challenges hetero and homo norms. She is a survivor.51 In order to gain clarification and determine how the butch lesbian is perceived in society today, it is now that I will present and analyse the findings of both The Butch Survey and interviews conducted with several butch lesbians. Keeping in mind the points identified in this literature review, it will be possible to establish just how heteronormative today’s society is in terms of butch expectations. Furthermore, through the recording and analysis of butch individual’s experiences and perspectives, it is anticipated that up to date accounts will provide clarity on the existence of the butch lesbian in the current era, therefore allowing an informed conclusion to be reached.

50 O’Sullivan, S. Girls Who Kiss Girls and Who Cares. 51 Queen, C. (1994). Why I Love Butch Women. In L. Burana, Roxxie, & L. Due (Eds.), Dagger: On Butch Women (pp. 15-23). Pittsburgh: Cleis Press.

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Chapter 3 The Butch Survey: How Do People Perceive the Butch Lesbian Today?

3.1 Introduction

In order to gauge the level of awareness, negativity and heteronormative perceptions still present in modern society, with regard to the butch label, the decision was made to create a short survey using the online platform, Survey Monkey. The survey would later be cascaded using Facebook, with various people sharing to their own network thus resulting in a snowball effect and a pool of varied respondents taking part. The survey was short and simple. By asking the respondent to disclose only their gender, age group and their opinion of what butch means when associated with lesbians, it was anticipated that the responses given would be the person’s true and initial thought, with no further questions swaying or influencing their answers. With this in mind, the aim was to identify any trends that could aid the conclusion of whether negative stigma still surrounds butch lesbians. Furthermore, it would be possible to ascertain whether certain opinions and perceptions are predominantly belonging to a particular age group or gender.

3.2 Data Collection

In total, 85 responses were given to the survey. Of the 85 individuals who responded; 56 were female, 20 male, 7 non binary, 1 trans masculine and 1 transgender. When being asked to stipulate their age group, the majority of respondents selected ages 25-34, almost a third of respondents selected the youngest age group; being 18-24, and the remaining 24.71% of people were split between three groups that ranged from 45 to 74 years old. Though the respondents were not asked to reveal their nationality, it can be assumed that the majority, if not all, of the respondents are of European or American descent. The reason for this

26 | Page assumption is because the survey was initially shared to my personal network which consists purely of these nationalities. Taking the snowball effect, with others sharing the link via their own networks, it could be the case that other respondents of other nationalities have participated. Wanting to collect and gauge responses from a random selection of people, nationality was not deemed a necessity in this part of the research. Rather, the 85 respondents will be used to represent members of wider society, regardless of their nationality.

3.3 She Must Be Manly

Upon receiving the responses, the first approach taken was one that focused on identifying trends in the language used to describe butch lesbians. Perhaps the most prominent trend out of all responses was the referral to the words ‘male’, ‘manly’ and ‘masculine’. Out of the 85 responses, 63 contained such words that were used to describe a butch lesbian. Though there are plenty of instances (see survey responses in appendices) that contain references to the words male, manly and masculinity; I will present a few that can be analysed and used to outline the presence of heteronormativity and stereotyping in today’s society. With one male respondent stating that a butch lesbian is, “Manly [with] more "male" qualities over "female" qualities.” he insinuates that a butch has more male qualities as opposed to that considered female, and therefore somewhat denies her of her femininity. Similarly, a female respondent reveals an opinion that takes a biological stance; “A butch lesbian is a woman with the mindset and mannerisms of a man. They have a male core in their brain and tend to think more masculine than feminine. On the opposite ends of the spectrum are , who maintain a more female mindset.” By believing that butch lesbians have a “male core” in their brain again strips the butch of her femininity and assumes that she is less of a female than someone who perhaps presents themselves differently. This particular notion is identifiable in other responses, with some assuming that butches are more,

27 | Page

“(...) in touch with their masculine side more than their feminine side.” and are “masculine in appearance/tough-looking.” Keeping with the vision of a butch being masculine in appearance and demeanour, a further male respondent added that a butch, “(...) attempt[s] to look more manly, in clothing, appearance, attitude and behaviour…”. Interestingly, another male from the same age group supported this idea. Whilst it’s the case that many responses to the survey, including those aforementioned, can be viewed as problematic, these opinions are particularly troublesome because they are suggesting the butch lesbian wants to resemble a man. Thinking back to the words of Lee, if we assume that a butch wants to be a man or be manly, we are reinforcing gender norms and rejecting anybody who does not fit the binary.52 Similarly, it could be argued that opinions such as these are based on heteronormative presumptions which are therefore pressuring and marginalising lesbians and resulting in them giving up their female identities and transitioning. It is also useful to highlight that this viewpoint was visible in responses that didn’t use the words male, manly or masculine. With at least two respondents answering with “not feminine”, it is again reiterated that butch lesbians are disassociated with femininity.

3.4 The Butch in Love

The abovementioned quotes were easily linked to the presence and issues of heteronormativity and this pattern continues in other ways when reviewing the survey responses. Continuing with the view that butch lesbians adopt male traits, some respondents commented on the role of a butch in a lesbian relationship. One younger female stated that a butch is, “The one in the relationship who acts masculine…” while a male of the same age asserted that she is,

52 Lee, A. (2009). The Role of Butch/Femme Relationships in Transgender Activism: A Co-Dependent Mutualism. 28 | Page

“The more dominant female in the lesbian couple.” Furthermore, another female in the youngest category stated that a butch, “…prefers to date femme women.” Each of these responses and indeed any responses that gave reference to relationship roles, all asserted that a butch lesbian is “the male partner in the relationship” and moreover, that a butch would be paired with and attracted to feminine identifying women only. These opinions can be classified as heteronormative because they are assuming that a lesbian relationship must mirror heterosexual dynamics. Further, they evidence the belief that if a woman physically presents herself in ways that are considered masculine, she must also have a masculine personality and therefore take the “more dominant” role in a relationship. With a female in the older category stating that a butch is, “The male partner in the relationship” it could be argued that there is a resemblance to outlooks and dynamics that were especially common between the years of 1950 and 1970, when it is noted that butch/femme relationships were ‘critical’ in the lesbian community.53 Being aged between 65-74, this particular respondent did live through this era. So, it could be argued that she has retained an outlook that was popular at this time, therefore creating a possible link between this opinion and her generation and age group. Albeit, if returning to the other responses previously quoted in this segment, it is relevant to state that each person shares the same viewpoint and they have lived through different eras and generations. Bearing this in mind, it may be concluded that whilst perceptions and beliefs surrounding butch/femme dynamics were on the rise in earlier decades, they have continued to remain in wider society in years to follow. Reciting the findings of those such as Levitt and Hiestand along with the results of a research project conducted by myself, it should be reiterated that the expectation of butch/femme relationships can often be damaging to the butch lesbian; as it is not always the case that masculine presenting lesbians are attracted or compatible with their opposites. Therefore, when a butch does not conform to the stereotype, she can be left with feelings of

53 Abelove, H., & Barale, M A. Just One of the Boys: Lesbians in Cherry Grove. 29 | Page inadequacy and confusion.54 Similarly, it could be contended that those who deviate from the butch/femme dynamics are likely to experience negative reactions and be subject to homonormative views from others in the lesbian community. Thus it will be relevant to explore the perceptions with regard to butch/butch relationships when reviewing and analysing the interviews in the section to follow.

3.5 How to Be Butch

3.5.1 Looking Butch

The quotes already offered in this chapter do reveal some instances in which people perceive butches to act or appear a certain way, usually being linked to male traits or attire. When reviewing the collected responses, it became apparent that clothing choices, physical appearance and personal interests were a very common theme. In terms of clothing and physical appearance, people believe that a butch is, “More athletic, muscular with really short hair” and likewise, one who wears "(...) men's" pants and loose fitting tops.” A further participant shared her view of butches being, “Thicker girls, short haircut, wearing "male" clothing aka basketball shorts, cut-off t- shirts, cargo shorts, has a deeper voice.” This trend continues with females between the ages of 25 and 34 stating that, “(...) a 'butch' lesbian is a very masculine female, in every way. Walk, dress, hair, mannerisms.” and one who is, “A real hard ass.”

54 Williams, J. Too Straight for the Gays and too Gay for the Straights and Hiestand, K., & Levitt, H. Butch Identity Development: The Formation of an Authentic Gender. 30 | Page

Without doubt, an image that is commonly conjured of the butch lesbian is one who wears clothing that is aimed at the male sex. This is not inaccurate and does indeed reflect the image of many butch lesbians. For instance, if entering the words, “butch lesbian” into a popular search engine, the first one hundred images returned consist of women who have short hair, some wearing tank tops with bound chests, riding motorcycles and in some cases, are overweight or “thicker”; as suggested by one of the respondents. Images A and B give insight into some of the images that are offered.55

A. B. With these images being a mere couple out of hundreds that represent and signify the butch image, it could be contended that views such as those evidenced in the above quotes are justified. However, by automatically assuming that butch means “short hair[ed]”, “thicker”, women who tend to be “brave” and a “real hard ass”, society are reinforcing the labels and stereotypes that restrict and affect many butch lesbians who do not fully fit such moulds. Interestingly, two answers to the survey reveal a perception of butches who choose “traditional American dress” and “[a] leather coat/ 50's greaser.” Perhaps a coincidence, or perhaps not but these respondents are both in the older age categories and both provide a very distinct description which seems to resemble the butch figure who was present during the 1960s, as depicted by Newton.56 Again, it could be assumed that those from the older generation have retained the image of the butch who began to embrace her identity in years following the second world war. Albeit, with an 18-24 year old who imagining a butch lesbian to have, “Short hair, motorcycle jackets [and be] brave [and] outspoken.”

55 (n.d.). Retrieved June 5, 2017, from http://s1.zetaboards.com/L_Anon/topic/8013125/18/ and MainelyButch. (2015, March 02). Butch Lesbians Don’t Exist….Huh? Retrieved June 5, 2017, from https://mainelybutch.wordpress.com/2015/03/02/butch-lesbians-dont-exist-huh/ 56 Newton, E. Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. 31 | Page it is difficult to presume that butch appearance stereotypes are only present amongst those in older age groups.

3.5.2 Butch Hobbies

Not only is a butch expected to physically present and dress herself in a way considered masculine, it is also believed that she is inclined to have ‘masculine’ personal interests too. This is something that has shown to be believed by younger respondents. One female, aged 25-34, stated: “I usually assume 'butch' lesbians don't have the same interests as me (a straight female) such as fashion, romance novels or movies, baking, or other types of 'girly' things. Since the appearance is more masculine, associated to the male, I would assume the person is more interested in 'male' areas and dismissive of female likes, interests, and so on.” Meanwhile, two further females of the same age group suggested that a butch is, “Good at DIY.” and has “…an interest in "masculine things" like cars and power t tools.” These particular quotes again reiterate the presence of restrictive stereotypes that are possibly founded on heteronormative concepts. With all three of the above respondents belonging to a younger age group, it is impossible to claim that stereotyping of the butch stems from older generations. The first quote listed above is of particularly interest as it again justifies the argument that butches are often stripped of their feminine identities. Assuming that a butch female does not enjoy the same interests as a feminine female insinuates that by choosing male intended clothing, a butch automatically enrols herself in hobbies and interests that are presumed only appealing for someone of the male sex. This heteronormative view is also identifiable by others, with the assumption that “cars and power tools” are to only be embraced by men. This, therefore proves the restrictions that are implemented by society. What if a woman prefers to wear male intended clothing but she does in fact enjoy baking

32 | Page and reading romance novels? Likewise, what happens when a butch lesbian is not good at DIY and has no interest in cars? A further presumption was offered by a Non Binary person aged between 25 and 34 who stated that, “Sometimes they will realize they are actually trans men.” It may be the case then that if, as predicted, a butch lesbian does enjoy power tools and cars and does not show any interest in hobbies presumed to be for “straight women”, she feels inclined to identify as male and therefore realise that they are a . This argument that could potentially go unjustified as there are of course many FTM individuals who genuinely need to identify as male. However, it may be the case that some feel forced to identify as male because they can relate to the expectations attached to their butch label.

3.6 Conclusion

Before proceeding to review and conclude on each of the themes discussed in this chapter, it is important to highlight that some responses were more informed and less heteronormative, therefore promoting a positive perception of the butch lesbian. One younger female stated that butches are: “Lesbian girls that don't act and dress and behave feminine, according to the norms of this society considering femininity. A more masculine girl.” This person reiterates the masculine associations to the butch but recognises that gender norms are socially constructed. Similarly, another female answered: “Butch? To me it means a woman who likes to dress a bit more masculine, without undermining her femininity. Butch women appear stronger on the exterior, but people need to learn not to judge a book by its cover and automatically presume they want to be men. It's simply a style, as it wearing croc shoes. Not to everyone's taste but it shouldn't stop people from wearing them.” Finally, a third female shows the acceptance for a butch lesbian to exist without having to transition to the opposite sex by describing a butch as, 33 | Page

“(...) a woman [who] styles and behaves masculine but doesn't have any desire to become male instead of female.” Each of these answers shows a consideration for the butch lesbian and her right to be feminine and/or masculine should she so wish. Therefore, these particular respondents do in some ways, evidence that not every person in wider society carries perceptions that can be considered negative or heteronormative. Though some can positively describe a butch lesbian, others do not agree. Of the responses provided, two people asserted that the word butch is insulting and should not be used to describe anybody. Perhaps this opinion is justified if reviewing some responses that could be taken offensively. With two of the youngest participants depicting a butch as, “[a] redneck version of lesbian. Purposely trying to look like a man.” and one who is “(...) angry and ha[s] a lot of attitude towards others.” it is certainly possible to understand why people may view the word butch as a negative label. With someone referring to the word ‘redneck’, we are instantly taken back to the events described in “Cherry Grove, Fire Island”, where ‘dykes’ were viewed as a lesser class member of the community.57 More responses that could be equally as offensive are those implying that a butch lesbian identifies as she does because she “(...) can’t get a man.” Furthermore, one female implies that a butch is “frumpy”; thus reiterating the “dyke slump” that Newton refers to.58 Lastly, more than one respondent has asserted that a butch lesbian is aggressive, angry and unsociable which contributes to the formation of a negative stereotype. When reviewing the responses, is interesting to once again highlight the age categories; being that most of the insults and more negative perceptions have been given by the youngest people to complete the survey. Having created and cascaded The Butch Survey with the intention of determining the types of perceptions present in modern society, it has been possible to uncover and reveal the

57 Newton, E. Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. 58 Abelove, H., & Barale, M A. Just One of the Boys: Lesbians in Cherry Grove.

34 | Page level of heteronormative and stereotypical views adopted by a range of respondents. Moreover, it is relevant to note that many people expect butches to behave and look a certain way, whether this is regarding relationships or personal interests. Although a small selection of respondents are able to positively view and understand the butch lesbian, many do not. Therefore, the outcome of this survey provides clarity to how the butch is perceived by people in society. Thus, substance is added to the argument that butches remain a marginalised, oppressed and misunderstood breed. Switching the perspective to that of the butch lesbian herself, a presentation and analysis of interviews will now ensue in a bid to conclude whether the butch is still a proud and present member of the lesbian community. In doing so, it will be possible to present a real depiction of the modern day butch and will aid a conclusion of how misconceptions may affect the life of the butch lesbian.

Chapter Four Are the Butch Identifying Lesbians Still Proud and Visible in Society?

4.1 Introduction

Aiming to determine just how proud and visible butches are in the current era, a new perspective is offered to the issues already highlighted in this paper; with butch identifying lesbians answering questions and providing an insight into their feelings and experiences. In total, nine individuals were interviewed. Four of the interviews were conducted via Skype, one in person and the remaining four were given as text answers using a Microsoft Word document. Covering eight countries and three continents, the respondents are based in the UK and Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, Canada, USA and Thailand. Each of the interviewees with now be introduced in the form of a brief overview. Later, answers will be analysed in more depth and any trends identified will be discussed in conjunction to previous research and theory. 35 | Page

4.2 Meet the Lesbians

Interview One: Kate aged 39 from Amsterdam, Netherlands. Kate; a self-professed, butch lesbian woman, perceives butch lesbians to be “…actually, just women.” Feeling comfortable with her identity since coming out and announcing her sexual orientation, Kate discusses the stereotype that is often associated with butches; being “short hair, crew cuts, quite tough and aggressive…” Albeit, now adopting this label herself, Kate states that these descriptions are “old fashioned” and inaccurate. Implying that one can have butch features rather than purely being butch, Kate notes that her dress sense, hairstyle and mannerisms are butch but states that she “…can also be a princess”. However, Kate admits to identifying as butch and perhaps embracing certain aspects of the stereotype like short hair, because “(…) it’s that stereotypical that it’s hard to brush off. It’s known amongst everyone else that if you’re butch then that’s what you are.” Interestingly, Kate recalls the negative connotations attached to the butch label and states, “I would maybe like to call myself butch but I wouldn’t like others to call me butch… because I know that they’re referring the old stereotype – they’re not understanding the way I define myself as butch. They’re defining me as some aggressive, man beating lesbian from the 1950s.” When asked if she had ever encountered abuse or negative reactions from others in society, Kate stated that this is indeed a regular occurrence and that she does often feel stripped of her femininity. With regard to the visibility of the butch, Kate feels that the lesbian community was different twenty years ago; when it was “butch this and butch that” compared to now when she “(...) doesn’t come across [butches, or the term butch] that much anymore”.

Interview Two:

36 | Page

Ellen, aged 28 from Dublin, Ireland. Identifying herself as “female with an inclination towards masculine”, Ellen states that she dislikes labels and therefore does not call herself butch but recognises that from an outsider’s perspective, she does have “some correlation with the butch label”. Wearing male intended attire, binding her chest, cutting her hair short along with her interest in cars and motorcycles are, in Ellen’s mind, features of her appearance and personality that may be considered butch. However, Ellen contends that she is still very much in touch with her “feminine side” as she “celebrate[s] feminism, [is] not afraid to show [her] emotions and enjoy[s] pampering [herself] on occasions...” Recalling several labels that might now be adopted by masculine identifying lesbians; Ellen believes that, “(…) butch lesbians are visible but the community is so vast and varied that they just don’t stand out like they used to.” Further, Ellen claims that because society is now much more accepting of the LGBT community, butches are less inclined to have to maintain a tough demeanour to protect themselves. Rather, according to Ellen, the butch identity is now “(…) all just about a fashion statement and how you act in the bedroom.”

Interview Three: Jess, aged 25 from South Wales, UK. Describing her gender as “(…) female, but more manly”, Jess views butch as a label that should be worn proudly by lesbians rather than one that should be negatively perceived or avoided. Noting that a lot of people do not understand labels, Jess explains that people will often refer to a butch as a ‘dyke’, which she finds insulting and homophobic. When asked to share any negative responses from the wider public regarding her butch appearance, Jess advised that she had been subject to a great deal of verbal abuse and has, on more than one occasion, been told that she should transition and be a “real man”. This kind of torment has affected Jess and made her question her own identity and at one point, led to her considering FTM transition. She proceeded to discuss this issue in conjunction with butches carrying babies and stated that although she would like to carry a child, she fears that she “(…) would

37 | Page look like a man carrying a baby” and therefore be further criticised by others in society. Not limiting the judgment and abuse that she has been subjected to, Jess claimed that both hetero and homosexual people are often negative towards butches. According to Jess, butch lesbians “hide away” and there is definitely a need for more butches in gay bars and in society.

Interview Four: Pai, aged 30 from Bangkok, Thailand. Highlighting several ways in which lesbians, and more specifically masculine lesbians, identify in Thailand, Pai begins her interview by providing insight into various labels and roles. Previously identifying as an out and proud butch lesbian but now changing her identity to “FTA – Female to ”, Pai compares gender and sexuality labels to that of everyday objects and nature. Stating, “Human, trees, tables, pens, water … let you know what is this and what is that. And we will know like those are trees or we are LGBTQ”, Pai believes that labels and connotations are merely a way to identify and separate people into categories and they do not therefore represent a person or even a person’s sexual orientation. Still referring to herself as female, with the pronouns of she and her, Pai has recently commenced a course of Testosterone injections and at this moment, prefers to be known as an androgynous female or ‘FTA’ and has no plans to transition to male in the future. Though Pai admits to feeling some confusion regarding gender identity and her ability to fit a certain category, she still depicts a butch as “(...) a kind of lesbian who loves girls, [who has a] tomboy style [and whom] some[times] hide their chest [and] cut their hair like a guy but they don’t want to be a man.” Although, according to Pai, there are many different styles and labels for Thai lesbians to adopt and many of which are highly present in society, living as a butch lesbian in Thailand is not necessarily easy. Pai recounts some experiences of homophobia in which she has been propositioned by heterosexual men and told that she should “give men a try”. In addition, Pai highlights frictions within the LGBT community and asserts that boyish lesbians and FTM individuals are often criticised and looked down upon by others. Although ‘butch’

38 | Page is not a popular term in Thailand, Pai states that this form of identity is not one that is becoming less popular in society. Rather, people generally “like to be who they want to be” and are openly able to explore their sexualities and .

Interview Five: Amy aged 45 from Birmingham, UK. A self-identifying butch lesbian, who others might not consider to fit the butch stereotype, is how Amy chooses to describe herself. Having not had a great deal of experience on the LGBT club scene, Amy believes that her interpretation of the butch label is somewhat different to that adopted by others. Seeing butch as a term that is often applied to overweight or heavier lesbians, rather than women who wear male clothing and have short hair; Amy contends that she has always identified as butch, particularly in previous years when she was carrying more weight. Though Amy’s responses show her to embrace her identity and her self-professed ‘butchness’, she does admit that the label carries negative connotations and she may not welcome others referring to her or viewing her as a butch lesbian. Noting that she has heard the term butch be used to insult or offend women who deviate from feminine norms, Amy claims that much discrimination she has personally faced has been from heterosexual males who perhaps view butch lesbians as a “(...) curiosity, or a novelty, sometimes an object of ridicule…” Amy has been ‘off’ the gay scene and has socialised mainly in heterosexual spaces and is therefore unsure of the current visibility of butch lesbians in the community. However, working in ‘uniformed services’, Amy states that she does encounter fellow butches on a regular basis. This, along with her limited experiences of LGBT events, leads her to believe that “butchness is very much celebrated” in society and if this is not the case, “(...) it may be because of the infiltration of heterosexuals at gay venues…”

Interview Six: Becky aged 29 from Toronto, Canada. 39 | Page

Introducing herself as a butch lesbian, Becky asserts that she is female, “(...) physically and psychologically… made up of different aspects of being female.” Commenting further on her identity, she states that she “(…) like[s] stereotypical feminine items like pretty underwear and make up… [but] wear[s] male clothing and ha[s] very short hair but this does not make [her] feel any less female.” Perceiving a butch as someone who generally dresses and behaves in ways considered masculine, Becky argues that one can display a combination of stereotypical masculine and feminine traits. Albeit, Becky admits that this identity can be subject to social scrutiny as she recalls strangers, usually heterosexuals, referring to her as a boy or using the pronoun ‘him’. Furthermore, she highlights that her mother was “very upset when [she] cut all [her] hair off.” Overall, Becky feels that butch characteristics are viewed as intimidating and that others in society become confused at the sight of a masculine female. Being inactive on the LGBT scene, Becky feels unable to determine whether the butch breed are decreasing in society. Albeit, she feels that as progress has been made over the years with regard to the acceptance of in society, butch lesbians are likely to still be as present in the community as they have been in previous eras.

Interview Seven: Tyler aged 18 from Stockholm, Sweden. Tyler identifies as a butch lesbian who wears male intended clothing, has short hair and who likes to feel like the ‘butcher’ one in a relationship. Stating that she has received negative reactions from heterosexuals who often assume she wants to be male, Tyler asserts “People think butch lesbians are just trying to be men or boys, but that’s not what we are trying to achieve with our image.. we want to be masculine women as we feel more comfortable that way and sometimes more confident.” Reiterating the general stereotypical expectations of a butch, being one who dresses and behaves in certain ways; Tyler advises that although she does identify with some of these characteristics, she also like to wear make-up and therefore displays features considered to be 40 | Page feminine. Proceeding to evidence some pressures felt by butch lesbians, Tyler advises that carrying a baby would make her feel less butch and therefore less inclined to want to reproduce. Finally, Tyler asserts that the butch breed are dying out and suggests that less than half of the lesbian community would likely reject this label.

Interview Eight: Kay aged 46 from California, USA. Kay, a Native American who resides in California, is a butch identifying lesbian who uses the word butch to describe “a more masculine female”. Stating that you will “(…) never catch [her] in a dress unless it's Halloween”, Kay feels most comfortable when wearing dark, baggy clothing and sporting a ‘freshly shaven’ haircut. Although Kay feels like the butch label itself no longer carries as many negative connotations, she reflects on instances in which she has been judged and discriminated and states that “Hetero people usually think [she’s] a man hater.” Moreover, Kay advises that although she does not attend LGBT bars or events anymore, she believes that the butch breed are less visible and that “those who used to identify as butch are now identifying as transgender.” The reason for this, according to Kay, is that “(…) society has made it clear that being a man is easier.” Discussing this issue further, Kay contends that “(…) by 2025 there will be more transmen because the stigma behind masculine women is becoming too hard to bare.” Whilst Kay is happy in her own skin and is proudly identifying as a “butch, old homo”, she shows concern for masculine lesbians and asserts that people are too pressured by heteronormative expectations.

Interview Nine: Shay aged 32 from Pennsylvania, USA. Identifying as ‘gender queer’ and one who does not “fit in to the female or male genders but [rather, has] traits of both and [is] somewhere in between”, Shay still presents herself as a butch lesbian who embraces her masculine traits and appearance. 41 | Page

Like many others, Shay is proud of her orientation and physical identity, but proceeds to highlight the negative stigma that surrounds the butch label. Referring to the term butch, Shay explains that some people “(...) [are] disgusted by it… [and believe] being butch is basically wanting to be a man… they say that butch women are ugly and are even slobbish in appearance.” The idea that butch lesbians are viewed as women who want to become men is something that Shay cannot comprehend and states that it “(…) is furthest from the truth [and she is] not transgendered and [does] not want to become a man at any point.” Being subjected to various heteronormative comments and even having her life threatened as a result of being butch, Shay argues that people find it hard to accept individuals who stray from the gender binary and traditional gender roles. Albeit, regardless of the stigma that appears to surround the label, Shay insists that butch, as a breed, is not dying out. Frequently encountering fellow butches and masculine lesbians in local bars and in the community, Shay has not witnessed a decrease in visibility of the butch in society but does suggest that many lesbians are now adopting labels such as androgynous and tomboy. Further, Shay states that although some hetero and homosexual people struggle to understand those identifying as butch, there are still many “(…) who do enjoy the butch people of the world” and further, that “Some people see them as, what [she] like[s] to say, ‘handsomely beautiful’. Some people don’t just see a woman that looks like a man. Those are the people that have helped [Shay] accept and be proud of being a butch person.”

Having introduced each interviewee and provided a short insight into their views and experiences, it will now be possible to highlight trends, similarities and even opposing opinions, that are noticeable amongst the responses. Through the analysis of full transcripts, it is relevant to consider any interesting findings and common trends, in conjunction with results from The Butch Survey and the theory and research that was deciphered in chapter two of this thesis. In doing so, it is anticipated that an insider’s view will be offered into the

42 | Page life of a butch and that such a view will hopefully work to oppose the conceptions shared in The Butch Survey.

4.3 Being a Butch

A common theme that became apparent when analysing the interview transcripts, was the level and types of discrimination still faced by masculine lesbians in the current era. When asked to recount the most recent instances of ‘abuse’ they had been subject to, over half of the interviewees claimed that insulting comments had been made by heterosexual males. Further, as stated by Amy, the term butch is often “(…) used as an insult about women, whether they are lesbian or not, when describing them in generally unkind terms.” For Amy, unkind comments were made more so when she was previously carrying more weight and therefore better suited societies perception of the butch. According to Amy, if a woman does not fit in with what society and the media depicts as ‘feminine’, they are likely to be scrutinised. For this reason, Amy doesn’t believe that “(…) any woman would ever consider the term ‘butch’ to be a compliment.” Similarly, Kate recounts times when heterosexual males have called upon her for physical assistance, perhaps in a work setting, rather than asking women they consider to be feminine. This kind of behaviour makes Kate assume that she is seen as ‘one of the lads’ which again reiterates the idea that butches are stripped of their femininity. Though each interviewee explains that discrimination isn’t limited to heterosexual males, it is contended by Ellen that, “(…) heterosexual males want to validate themselves as men by challenging a butch woman. Apparently, that’s the way they make themselves feel tough.” Taking this opinion into account and hearing another interviewee, Kay, state that “Hetero people usually think [she’s] a man hater”, it is interesting to reflect on some of the findings from The Butch Survey. With some responses implying that women become butch because they cannot secure an intimate relationship with a male and moreover, that butch women are ‘man haters’, the claims of Ellen and Kay are justified. Perhaps it is the case that

43 | Page heterosexual males feel threatened by the butch lesbian and her ability to be attractive and appealing to other women. Likewise, the general presumption that a butch woman is ‘tough and manly’, as repeated by many of the interviewees, may make the heterosexual male feel threatened. Keeping with the discussion of discrimination, it is useful to highlight that much of negative reactions experienced by the women interviewed were based on heteronormative outlooks. For Shay, comments from family and friends such as “(…) you are such a pretty girl… you should wear more feminine clothing… you would be really pretty if you put some makeup on and wear girl clothes”, are all taken offensively. Likewise, people asking questions like “why don’t you grow your hair out?” examples the presence of heteronormativity in society, with many assuming that women should mirror the stereotypical heterosexual female. Of course, the interviewees did also recount some instances in which they have faced homonormative reactions. Stating that she has received negative reactions from gay men, Ellen determines that like heterosexual men, gay men are sometimes threatened by a woman’s ability to be masculine. Further, Pai discusses the exclusion of ‘toms’ or butches from the Thai lesbian community, stating that butches will often be looked down upon if they do not fit a certain group or stereotype. This particularly statement resembles the exclusion faced by ‘dykes’ in the Cherry Grove, occurring over half a century ago and in a different continent to the one where Pai is based, thus evidencing that such discrimination still exists across the world.59 Without doubt, hetero and homo normative views heavily contribute to the negative perceptions of a butch lesbian. Not only do heterosexual males and fellow LGBTQ people often marginalise butches, but heterosexual women do too. Recalling the times when she has been told she is in the wrong bathroom, Kate explains that women automatically presume she is a male and will often call her ‘sir’ if they do not get a good view of her face. The reason for this, according to Kate, is because of her appearance. Having short hair and wearing male

59 Newton, E. Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town. 44 | Page clothing is for Kate, and for other women interviewed, perhaps where the discrimination begins. Noting that “(…) both heterosexual and homosexual people find it difficult to accept that a woman can stray from the norms”, Shay suggests that people should be more open minded when it comes to physical appearance and expression. Bearing this in mind, and returning to Foucault and his theory of normalisation, it ought to be repeated that the gender binary is socially constructed and exists as a result of discourse being normalised.60 Just because a woman is not biologically male, does not mean that she should and cannot embrace the appearances traditionally deemed masculine. This view is further supported by Shay who argues that “(…) there is more to this world than male and female and that clothing does NOT have a gender!” Moving on from the negative experiences shared by the interviewees, it is now that their right to femininity will be voiced louder. The next sub chapter will, using the words of the lesbians, argue that regardless of their physical appearance or demeanour, they are still women.

4.4 Challenging the Stereotype

4.4.1 “We Are Women!”

Before using the conversations that have taken place in the interviews, to argue that butch lesbians are still very much women, it is useful to briefly review some perceptions that were aired in The Butch Survey. Remembering that over two thirds of respondents viewed the butch as a ‘manly’, ‘male’ and ‘masculine’ figure, it was concluded that many people presume she must act or present in a way associated with males. Furthermore, it was suggested that butch lesbians aspire to be male and in some cases, have male tendencies that are biologically innate. Similarly, it was noted in the introductory chapter that Krafft-Ebing

60 Foucault, M. (1970). The Order of Things. 45 | Page based his theories of inversion on the notion that butches were ‘a masculine soul’.61 How is it the case then, you might ask, that butch women still feel feminine? People such as many of those who completed the butch survey and even famous sexologists such as Krafft-Ebing determine that a butch is in some ways male, so how can she retain her femininity? As highlighted in her introduction, Becky told me that she identifies as butch and she does indeed enjoy DIY and gaming; being some interests that might be considered for males only. However, she does not have a butch personality. Rather, she “(…) feel[s] soft and gentle and sensitive… [has] girly traits [and] lady like manners.” Likewise, Ellen explained that she correlates with the butch stereotype by the way that she chooses to dress and with her personal interests including that of motorcycles and cars. Albeit, like Becky, she appreciates her feminine side and isn’t afraid to show her emotions. Again, this contrast to the butch stereotype is noted in the responses offered by Kate and Amy, with the determination that they have a ‘princess’ side, often wear make-up and take pride in their appearance. In Kates words, “we are women!” Thinking back to Newton’s recollection of the butch having a ‘slump’ and in O’Sullivan’s words, them being ‘manly’ and ‘ugly’ and furthermore, recounting survey responses arguing that the butch is a ‘frumpy’ ‘redneck’, it is easy to identify a stark contrast between an outsider’s perception of the butch and a butches personal view of themselves.62 Returning to the discussion of heteronormativity, this thesis has so far evidenced that throughout history and until present day, many hold the view that a masculine presenting lesbian must want to mirror or in some cases, be a man. With this in mind, I found it interesting to understand how butch lesbians felt about reproduction and carrying a baby as this is of course, something that can usually only be experienced by a person assigned female at birth. Interestingly, most of the interviewees advised that carrying a baby is something that they wish to experience in their life time. Whilst interviewees such as Ellen and Becky

61 Taylor, M. ’The Masculine Soul Heaving in the Female Bosom’: Theories of Inversion and The Well of Loneliness. 62 Abelove, H., & Barale, M A. The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (p. 533) and O’Sullivan, S. Girls Who Kiss Girls and Who Cares. 46 | Page explained that they would feel totally comfortable conceiving a baby, there were some who told me that they might be more inclined to adopt, as they feel there are already lots of children who need parents. This, along with all but two interviewees advising that they would not fear social reaction to them carrying a baby, was refreshing to hear. However, this is not the case for Jess, who would like to carry a child one day but feels uneasy about how others might view her. Similarly, Kate told me that she feels she “(…) would look quite awkward [and that] maybe people would look at [her] and think it looks strange.” When returning to theory previously covered, it could be argued that Kate has internalised the heteronormativity that she has been a subject to. Moreover, as a result of disciplinary power, discussed by Foucault, Jess and Kate experience these internalised feelings of shame.63 Later, Kate explained that she has never had the desire to carry a child but she does still want to be a parent. In this case, perhaps the situation can be viewed from another angle, being that in a heteronormative society, “people expect every woman to want to do child birth” when it is simply not always the case. Calling for a society that looks beyond the gender binary, Shay reasserts that, “Being butch doesn’t mean you can’t be a woman”. This particular statement is one that sums up my feelings, as a lesbian and a researcher, when reflecting on my own personal experiences. Opening this thesis with an anecdote that detailed moments in which I had felt ashamed of carrying the butch label, I now understand that being butch is a part of an identity. It is not something that defines a person, their personality or their interests. For this reason, no masculine woman should ever be criticised for her choice of clothing or the way that she styles her hair. Furthermore, as a society, we should accept that people of any gender are free to explore and identify as they wish rather than demonising them for not fitting a particular gender category or stereotype. As noted by Queen, the butch is a female who survives and challenges the restrictive gender norms. She is a woman.64

63 Foucault, M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. 64 Queen, C. Why I Love Butch Women. (pp. 15-23). 47 | Page

4.4.2 When Butches Love Butches

When reviewing literature in an earlier chapter, the question was posed of what happens when a butch is attracted to another butch. How is this received by people in both heterosexual and LGBTQ communities? This area of interest emerged after learning about the history and expectations surrounding the butch lesbian, with them known to be paired with femme lesbians in the post war era.65 Later, when reviewing the responses given to The Butch Survey, it became apparent that such expectations still exist, with respondents commenting on relationship roles and in all cases, presuming that the butch would be the more dominant of the two. After asking each interviewee for their opinions on butch/butch relationships, in order to gain an insiders perspective, a varied response was offered. The majority of the women interviewed stated that they saw no problem with two butch lesbians dating as Ellen claims, “You fall in love with someone’s heart and mind, not their label.” However, when commenting on what others think about butch loving butches, it was noted that “There are people who do not feel like butches should date butches. Some femmes don’t like dating butches either, claiming ‘if I wanted to date a man I would’.” Likewise, Kate talked of a fellow butch who, when approached by another masculine lesbian on a dating website, reacted angrily and said ‘Why the fuck are other butches viewing me? I’m butch so why do I want another butch?’.” According to Shay, “It’s almost like people perceive butches just as if they were straight men. That they should date very feminine women.” This being the case, it is possible to again identify the effects of heteronormativity. Not only have respondents to a survey assumed that butch lesbians must be ‘dominant’ and in a relationship with a feminine woman, but some lesbians have themselves internalised this view. In doing so, anything other than a butch/femme relationship becomes stigmatised. This view can be further justified when analysing the opinions of Amy, who admitted that she has been embarrassed to be seen with

65 Faderman, L. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America.

48 | Page friends who are in butch/butch relationships. For Amy, if she is in spaces that are predominantly occupied by heterosexuals, “(...) [the] sight of two butches together… draws attention to the couple and their surrounding circle, which has always been unwelcome for [her].” Amy reiterates that she feels uncomfortable in these situations because two ‘obvious’ and ‘stereotypical’ lesbians being together provides ‘entertainment’ and ‘amusement’ for heterosexuals. Contrasting to this view, Pai states that butch/butch relationship dynamics are common in Thailand, with them often being labelled ‘Tom Gay’ or ‘TG’. Further, in her own words, Pai explains her feelings on the discrimination of butch loving butches by saying that people and especially LGBTQ people, should accept these women for who they are and who they love. Adding to this viewpoint, Shay claims, “People in society never understand why certain people are attracted to other people if it doesn’t conform to their cookie cutter idea of gender roles.” And, although Shay openly embraces her butchness and admits to sometimes acting chivalrous in a relationship, she admits that she does not always like to take the lead or be the dominant one. Recognising the presence of heteronormativity, Kate accused people of viewing butch/butch relations as abnormal only if they were influenced by such a mindset. Moreover, when describing her , who may also be categorised as butch in terms of her looks, she notes that she “(…) can also be a princess” and that “(…) she is feminine in her own ways…” When hearing the words of the interviewees, I was sometimes shocked and at other times, I could relate. Being a boyish lesbian who is attracted to butches, I myself am a butch loving butch. In my own personal experience, I have dated women who identify as butch but who do not fit the ‘tough’ stereotype that is often depicted. I am attracted to butch women because they are attractive to me and they are women. To learn that fellow lesbians feel shame and embarrassment at these relationship dynamics brings some sadness because it again evidences that historical views and discourses are still very influential in society. In the next sub chapter, I will continue to discuss issues that emerge as a result of heteronormative stereotyping. Furthermore, I will utilise the views of the interviewees to 49 | Page determine whether butch lesbians still feel proud or whether they are disappearing from view, perhaps as a result of the ongoing misconceptions that surround them.

4.5 Proud or Disappearing?

As mentioned previously outlined in the review of literature and theory, the visibility of the butch has been discussed by scholars such as Rochella Thorpe. In her study, Thorpe determined that butches are not disappearing from visibility but rather, are finding new ways to identify themselves and in some cases, are choosing to transition.66 Perhaps the ability for a masculine lesbian to transition is one that ought to celebrated, as this is something that has not always been an option for them. Albeit, it is noted that butches are often forced towards transitioning and changing their gender as a result of heteronormative pressures and expectations.67 Recounting the responses given in The Butch Survey that implied butches ‘attempt’ or want to be men, along with the assumption that “Sometimes they will realize they are actually trans men...”, it seems relevant to gather the butches perception of this topic in order to reach an informed conclusion. Moreover, it will be possible to gauge the level of pride felt by the individuals interviewed. First, it is necessary to point out that I have secured interviews with nine females who do either openly identify as butch or feel they have some correlation with the label. This being the case, it can be said that butch lesbians do still exist. The questions that I would like to answer are whether the butches feel proud of their identity and whether they feel that as a community, the butch lesbian is as visible as she should be. Jumping back in to the interview responses, there are divided views on whether the butch is visible. Almost half of the lesbians stated that the butch lesbian is still active in society. However, those that made this assertion, also discussed the emergence of new labels in conjunction with the butch. Stating that they may also identify as dykes, Pai assumes that butches are more flexible with gender labels. Likewise, Ellen claims, “(…) there are so many

66 Thorpe, R. Where Have All the Butches Gone? 67 Weiss, J. The Lesbian Community and FTMs. 50 | Page labels for everything now, there’s more than one label for butch.” And, agreeing with Ellen, Shay notes, “I think that the butch label isn’t necessarily dying out. I see so many more ways to identify these days: tomboy, androgynous, etc.” Interestingly, the remaining interviewees opposed these views and quickly contended that the the butch label is dying out. The reason for this, according to Kay, is because “(…) those who used to identify as butch are now identifying as transgender.” When asked why she thinks this is, Kay said “I think society has made it clear that being a man is easier.” Both Tyler and Jess supported this view and stated that younger lesbians are less likely to identify as butch. Returning to the theories of Atticus Lee, it is relevant to remember that studies suggest more young people are transitioning.68 Therefore, the opinions of Kay, Tyler and Jess are somewhat justified. Furthermore, Jess explains that she has questioned her own gender as a result of being told that she should transition. This alone, supports the views of Lee and suggests that some young lesbians are pressured into feeling like they should become male. Though the interviewees did not a reach a consensus with regard to butch visibility, the majority of them did state that they are openly butch. To Jess, identifying as butch makes her feel proud and likewise, Shay ‘embraces’ her butchness. However, although she refers to herself as butch, Kate did state that she wouldn’t like others to associate her with the label. Telling me that “They’re defining [her] as some aggressive, man beating lesbian from the 1950.”, Kate insinuated that she does not feel proud of the label. In addition, Ellen told me that she hates labels and although others would call her butch, she doesn’t like to place herself in this category. With this in mind, a further quote from Shay seems appropriate, “Some people may feel like they shouldn’t identify with being butch because of the way others in their life have made them feel about it.” Could it be that the taboo which has evidently surrounded masculine lesbians for centuries, is still having a negative effect? With varying opinions such as those offered by the interviewees, it is difficult to determine whether, as a whole, the butch label is one that is

68 Lee, A. The Role of Butch/Femme Relationships in Transgender Activism: A Co-Dependent Mutualism. 51 | Page worn proudly. Moreover, the heteronormative concepts that have been discussed throughout this thesis continue to affect butches and in some cases, leave them questioning their own identity and pride.

4.6 Conclusion

Having worked through an array of issues that were discussed with each interviewee and being able to reflect on findings of The Butch Survey and previously discussed theory, it is possible to form some conclusions. A theme that has been prominent throughout the analysis of the survey and the interviews is heteronormativity. Hearing the views of the butches themselves has not only challenged some of the perceptions discussed in theory and in the survey, but it has allowed them to have a voice of their own. Although some of the lesbians interviewed do not feel proud of the label, they still represent women who do not conform to gender norms. Furthermore, they have shown that they are not always confined to the stereotypes that surround them, but rather are strong women who stand out from the crowd. It may be the case that the butch label is not as visible in society and the reason for this is perhaps that more labels are emerging. Others contend that butches are too affected by misconceptions and are even pressured into identifying as a different gender. However, what remains and what is evident from the interviews with nine butch lesbians, is that there are still masculine or butch women in our society who present as themselves and who give a tremendous fuck you to the restrictive norms that are put in place in society. That for me, as a masculine female, is pride and visibility in itself. I will now proceed to the final chapter in which I will return to the main aims of this thesis and now, having gained access to multiple perspectives, will offer a conclusion.

Chapter Five Conclusion

52 | Page

5.1 The Research That Opened My Eyes

Opening this thesis with an anecdote that recalled instances in which masculine lesbians, myself included, had rejected the butch label, it is now that I can reflect on my findings and return to these particular moments. Though, at the time of interviewing Lisa, I was unaware of the extent of stigma that surrounded butches and also, would likely have still rejected the label myself, I was still shocked to hear that she did not want to be called butch. At this moment, I realised that butch is something a lesbian should not be ashamed of. Furthermore, it is an existence that people other than butches should learn to embrace. After discovering that a masculine lesbian like Lisa was offended by the term butch and then reflecting on my own feelings, I became fascinated with the topic and wanted to understand how it had come to be that butches were not always celebrated in society. Later, when reviewing the long history of oppression and expectations faced by butch lesbians, I began to understand how present misconceptions have formed. Finally, when analysing the responses to The Butch Survey, it was confirmed that huge misconceptions do still exist, especially when later comparing some perceptions to the perspectives offered in interviews. Overall, this project has opened my eyes to the history of the butch and it has made me appreciative of the label as opposed to fearful. Butch, to me, now represents a brave, confident woman who continues to challenge gender norms and who has the courage to be who she is, in a society that does not always welcome her.

5.2 Butches, How Did I Help You?

The aim of this research was to determine the development and level of misconceptions in society and their potential effects on butch lesbians. This thesis has provided an explanation of how the butch has emerged over the last two centuries while also documenting the 53 | Page expectations and stereotypes that she has been confined to. By interviewing nine lesbians who either do or could be labelled butch, it was possible to challenge the perceptions that The Butch Survey proved, do still exist in society today. The responses given to the survey and in the interviews provide an up to date insight to how the butch is currently viewed and how she continues to survive discrimination, therefore adding to the existing body of knowledge. It is hoped that the issues uncovered and discussed in this thesis will educate people on what it does and does not mean to be butch. This thesis continually argues that the butch label should be understood, celebrated and embraced and it acts as support to all of the butch lesbians who are still strong and openly existing in the world today.

“Please, don’t presume to lecture me on how to react to the oppression I’ve been living with and actively changing for 59 years. I’m fairly certain I know how to do it because I’ve been doing it my whole fucking life. I will say what I think, because I’m flat out tired of people telling me I shouldn’t, especially as a woman especially as a butch dyke especially as a non- gender conforming individual.”69

…were the words recently spoken by out and proud celebrity butch, Lea DeLaria. Her constant fight against hate and misconceptions reiterates the strength and courage that I contend ought to be celebrated rather than criticised. Not only is it important that butches themselves challenge stigma and misunderstandings, but it is imperative that research allows the butches voice to be heard. This, being precisely what I hope to achieve.

5.3 Findings and Recommendations

69 DeLaria, L. (4 July 2017). ““Please, don’t presume to lecture me on how to react to the oppression” [Instagram post]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BWGVlPQhk2-/?taken-by=realleadelaria 54 | Page

To offer answers to the main and sub questions outlined in the introductory chapter, it is concluded that the butch remains misunderstood by members of the heterosexual community. Having reviewed the history and theory of the butch and after analysis of the interviews, it can also be determined that she remains misunderstood by members of the LGBTQ community. In my own case, I would argue that being ashamed to be labelled butch was due to lack of understanding and also my internalisation of what I perceived to be normal. By cascading The Butch Survey and therefore asking the question ‘how do people perceive the butch lesbian?’, it was revealed that many misconceptions do still exist. To mention but a few, the notion that a butch is attempting to be or wants to be a man, along with the expectations surrounding appearance, interests and even relationship roles, were all matters that were challenged during the interviews discussed in chapter four. Offering their personal opinions, the women interviewed made it possible to respond to the answers given to the survey which at times, revealed contradictions. This being the case, it is possible to argue that the butch lesbian is not the person that many expect her to be. She does sometimes wear make-up and she does not always want to take the lead in the relationship. She is a woman who rejects the traditional concepts of what it means to be feminine or masculine. She is not always proud and she may not be as visible as she should be, and this may be a result of more modern gender labels emerging or even a consequence of the pressure she faces. However, what is certain is that she is misunderstood. Reflecting on the studies conducted, I feel that the exploration of literature and theory aided a strong understanding of how stereotypes and negative perceptions have formed over the years. The results of The Butch Survey and the conversations that took place with the lesbians provided a great insight into the current status of the butch and the issues she faces. In the future, I would recommend that bigger samples are used in research. If continuing with this project, I would like to hone in on the heteronormative viewpoints that were evidenced in the survey in order to understand whether the person’s background has contributed to their opinions. Furthermore, I would interview at least five lesbians from each country in a bid to compare viewpoints and experiences on a cross cultural basis. Overall, I deem this study a

55 | Page success and if it should achieve anything, it will be the visibility offered to the lesbians who have finally had their say.

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APPENDICES

1. Preview of The Butch Survey:

2. Responses to The Butch Survey:

Butch? To me it means a woman who likes to dress a bit more masculine, without undermining her femininity. Butch women appear stronger on the exterior, but people need to learn not to judge a book by its cover and automatically presume they want to be men. It's simply a style, as it wearing croc shoes. Not to everyone's taste but it shouldn't stop people 61 | Page from wearing them. 4/7/2017 12:39 PM Can't get a man 4/7/2017 11:42 PM Masculine. Leather coat. 50's greaser. 4/7/2017 4:02 PM Masculinity 4/7/2017 8:33 AM Short hair, motorcycle jackets, brave, outspoken 4/7/2017 7:06 AM short hair, tomboy-ish 4/7/2017 5:08 AM A strong, forceful woman more on the masculine side 4/7/2017 3:58 AM Man-like...androgynous...... but still female. 4/6/2017 11:51 PM A person who identifies as female but chooses to be more masculine in dress and behavior. 4/6/2017 10:17 PM Short hair, masculine, often a bigger woman, baggy clothing 4/6/2017 9:22 PM Muscular. The same as it does for any gender or sexuality. 4/6/2017 9:17 PM traditionally American masculine dress, hair style, demeanor; not negative, if that's what you're shooting for; simply descriptive. 4/6/2017 8:05 PM Masculine personality. Short hair. Doesn't necessarily dress in a feminine way. 4/6/2017 4:51 PM Thicker girls, short haircut, wearing "male" clothing aka basketball shorts, cutoff t-shirts, cargo shorts, has a deeper voice 4/6/2017 3:03 PM Butch is a lot of things - often, it's either a descriptor of certain behaviors or it's something someone identifies as. I've noticed that people who use butch often use dyke to describe themselves. There's a short hair, "men's" pants and loose fitting tops, as well as an interest in "masculine things" like cars and power tools. As a descriptor it takes the place of "masculine" for queer people, especially women. 4/6/2017 2:39 PM A typically more masculine appearance. I would associate someone who is 'butch' to have a short hair-cut and to wear clothing such as jeans and shirts. I also associate it with a rejection of traditional femininity. 4/6/2017 2:36 PM More athletic, muscular with really short hair 4/6/2017 2:13 PM A more "masculine" female. 62 | Page

4/6/2017 1:40 PM Masculine in appearance/tough-looking 4/6/2017 9:10 AM A woman who has traits which are stereotypically masculine. 4/6/2017 8:46 AM A more dominant female 4/6/2017 8:45 AM A woman with a more masculine (though still distinctly female) personal presentation 4/6/2017 5:36 AM A masculine-presenting lesbian, who identifies as a woman-loving-woman and conforms to a number of masculine-coded stereotypes, such as in dress, manner of speech, movement, and hairstyle. 4/6/2017 5:34 AM Purposeful frumpy or manly dressing to imply their role in the relationship. 4/6/2017 1:09 AM A woman who dresses or styles their appearance to look more masculine. 4/6/2017 12:43 AM the male acting one /the dominating one 4/5/2017 11:03 PM Someone looking and acting in a way associated with males although female by gender 4/5/2017 10:42 PM Manly 4/5/2017 9:49 PM A somewhat 'masculine' looking woman in terms of haircut, clothes et cetera. 4/5/2017 9:34 PM My personal association with the word would be a woman who's appearance in clothing or hairstyle displays characteristics that are commonly associated with a masculine gender expression. But that is just my direct association with the word and of course it is an identity that people should decide for themselves if it applies to them. Also, they do not necessarily have to be a woman. 4/5/2017 8:46 PM A butch lesbian is a woman with the mindset and mannerisms of a man. They have a male core in their brain and tend to think more masculine than feminine. On the opposite ends of the spectrum are femmes, who maintain a more female mindset. 4/5/2017 8:41 PM tending toward traditionally masculine fashion and/or mannerisms, not particularly feminine (in the traditional sense) 4/5/2017 8:40 PM For me there are two connotations of butch when referred to in this context: Appearance and attitude: Non-femme* look in regards to clothing, style, hair etc. Feeling comfortable in clothing which traditionally would be identified as male. *Femme - feminine style i.e. Wearing skirts/dresses, full coverage makeup, 'traditional' idea of what girls wear etc. 4/5/2017 8:32 PM 63 | Page

Not very feminine 4/5/2017 8:12 PM A lesbian woman who has so called "masculine" outer appearances. To me personally, butch doesn't really relate to character traits but rather a certain boyish tough look. 4/5/2017 8:11 PM Flannel shirts, short hair, tough girl vibe 4/5/2017 8:03 PM Not fem 4/5/2017 7:53 PM Someone who still classifies them self as a woman but has features that some would class as manly e.g. Short hair, lots of tattoos, dark clothing, loose and male clothing. They typically shy away from the general 'female' stereotype. 4/5/2017 7:51 PM I think the word Butch means a Lesbian who dresses and looks more 'manly' short hair ect rather than more girly 4/5/2017 7:33 PM Someone who is in touch with their masculine side more than their feminine side 4/5/2017 7:24 PM I would say butch means the girl in the relationship who dresses more masculine and acts more masculine 4/5/2017 7:20 PM A woman who portrays stereotypical, masculine gender norms 4/5/2017 7:10 PM masculine 4/5/2017 7:04 PM Masculine look 4/5/2017 6:47 PM It means a lesbian who looks more masculine and could be mistaken perhaps as androgynous or gender queer situationally. 4/5/2017 6:39 PM A woman who prefers a "masculine" presentation and affect. Sometimes they will realize they are actually trans men. 4/5/2017 6:38 PM The word "butch" indicates a woman (cis, trans, or nonbinary) that is more masculine presenting. 4/5/2017 6:32 PM A lesbian who is presenting herself in a stereotypical masculine manner. It can be physical characteristics as well as behavior, clothing etc. I would use the words: tough, manly, strong. I know this is a narrow-minded view on identities and stuff. This is just the stereotypical image of a butch for me... 4/5/2017 6:11 PM More manly looking 4/5/2017 5:55 PM 64 | Page

Overtly masculine in presentation. Contrasted with "femme" lesbians who are stereotypically overtly feminine in presentation. 4/5/2017 5:44 PM A more masculine form of the female identity 4/5/2017 5:43 PM very masculine female 4/5/2017 5:25 PM Manly. More "male" qualities over "female" qualities. 4/5/2017 5:05 PM A butch lesbian is someone who prefers (sometimes) to wear male clothing (which is gender neutral anyway, forget tags and rules!) and may well prefer the more dominant role in a lesbian relationship 4/5/2017 4:59 PM An attempt to look more manly, in clothing, appearance, attitude and behaviour 4/5/2017 4:55 PM The more dominant female in the lesbian couple 4/5/2017 4:35 PM Looking more male than female and tough looking 4/5/2017 4:27 PM Tough women 4/5/2017 4:11 PM Someone who is going to make me cabinets for my birthday. 4/5/2017 3:31 PM The male partner in the relationship 4/5/2017 3:07 PM I think it mostly has to do with outward projections: masculine appearance (short hair, typically men's clothing, not particularly slim), unfeminine behaviour (loud, very 'present' in social gatherings). I usually assume 'butch' lesbians don't have the same interests as me (a straight female) such as fashion, romance novels or movies, baking, or other types of 'girly' things. Since the appearance is more masculine, associated to the male, I would assume the person is more interested in 'male' areas and dismissive of female likes, interests, and so on. 4/5/2017 3:04 PM Manly 4/5/2017 2:59 PM I am not native English speaker. I had to google it, and yes, it is supposed to be lesbians with more masculine look, so to say 4/5/2017 2:51 PM Insulting Stereotype 4/5/2017 1:49 PM Short hair, masculine dress sense, aggressiveness towards males and heterosexual females. 4/5/2017 1:49 PM That word shouldn't be used! 4/5/2017 1:43 PM 65 | Page

I would say a 'butch' lesbian is a very masculine female, in every way. Walk, dress, hair, mannerisms. 4/5/2017 1:39 PM For me butch is a word used to describe how someone looks, the clothes they wear. 4/5/2017 1:28 PM Females who identify/look how we perceive males to look 4/5/2017 1:03 PM Masculine 4/5/2017 12:52 PM Redneck version of lesbian. Purposely trying to look like a man. 4/5/2017 12:40 PM A butch lesbian has short, crew cut hair, wears men's clothing in a grunge or punk style, and prefers to date femme women. I associate butch lesbians with being angry and having a lot of attitude towards others. 4/5/2017 12:32 PM I am not familiar with that word. 4/5/2017 12:32 PM Manly 4/5/2017 12:30 PM I'd usually think of a butch lesbian to be more masculine looking, short hair, male mannerisms, dress sense. A real hard ass. Also though on the other hand it can just mean a tomboyish woman. I know straight women who say they are butch and they are quite the opposite. 4/5/2017 12:27 PM Rough, boyish 4/5/2017 12:24 PM When a lesbian has a more masculine nature that outweighs the feminine energy 4/5/2017 12:18 PM Masculine. Strong. Fighter 4/5/2017 12:07 PM A person who is female (cis or trans or whatever) and has a look that's rather "masculine" 4/5/2017 12:06 PM Male looking 4/5/2017 12:03 PM When a woman styles and behaves masculine but doesn't have any desire to become male instead of female. 4/5/2017 12:00 PM It conjures up an image of a non-feminine acting woman. I tend to imagine her having a short hairstyle and dressing in male clothing or clothing associated with men (trousers). 4/5/2017 11:57 AM Manly. 4/5/2017 11:57 AM More masculine personality and sometimes looks. 66 | Page

4/5/2017 11:51 AM Lesbian girls that don't act and dress and behave feminine, according to the norms of this society considering femininity. A more masculine girl. 4/5/2017 11:50 AM

3. Interview Transcript The questions asked in this interview were asked to each interviewee that participated in the research. This transcript is taken from the interview with Kate, which took place on 12th April 2017 in the Nieuwmarkt area of Amsterdam, Netherlands.

(Recording started) So, the first question I want to ask is how would you describe your gender? I’m a woman. Okay, and what’s your age? I’m 39. Am I right in assuming that in terms of sexual orientation, you identify as lesbian? Yeah. Okay… so what does the word butch mean to you? Erm, butch? Erm… well it can mean, it depends – maybe before I was a bit more educated, it would mean the old-fashioned type of lesbians. Stereotypical, you know – short hair, crew cuts, quite tough and aggressive but obviously since coming out I’ve realised that that’s not what butch women are – they’re actually just women. We are women! So, would you describe yourself as butch? Erm, yes I would absolutely. What ways do you think you are and are not butch? I’m butch in terms of the way I dress and do my hair. Maybe sometimes my mannerisms – but I can also be a princess *laughter*. So do you think when you’re butch, you relate back to that old stereotype you mentioned?

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Sometimes, yeah. I think it’s that stereotypical that it’s hard to brush off. It’s known amongst everyone else that if you’re butch then that’s what you are and there are still jokes made about it like ‘Oh there’s a butch dyke, stay away from her before she beats you up’. So do you think the butch label carries negative connotations? Absolutely, it does. I would maybe like to call myself butch but I wouldn’t like to call myself butch. Erm, because I know that they’re referring the old stereotype – they’re not understanding the way I define myself as butch. They’re defining me as some aggressive, man beating lesbian from the 1950s. I mean, did lesbians even act like that back then anyway? I don’t know of any that have or do now. Have you ever experienced any negative reactions from other people as a result of your butchness? Yeah, you get it wherever you go. Do you mean negative as in from the gay community or from straights? Either, from homo or hetero people. Do you have any examples? Well you’ll get the comments from girls – “you’re in the wrong toilets”. Erm, they automatically stand behind you in queues and automatically assume that because you’ve got short hair you’re a man and they’ll call you sir. People that don’t make eye contact with you at counters, women see a frame and presume you’re a man because of your appearance and your demeanor. It’s only when they make eye contact that they apologise. Also if something needs doing in a room – the man will ask me to help them out but they never ask another woman who is maybe wearing a skirt or that has a more feminine appearance. Like “Ugh you’re one of the lads”. So, they’re thinking about this stereotype and kind of taking away your femininity. You know, like forgetting you are a woman? Yeah, absolutely. Okay cool. So, what do you think about the butch label being less heard of? If you think back to previous years, maybe when you first entered the gay scene, do you think butches are less visible now? Yeah, you don’t hear it that often anymore. Go back 20 years and it was butch this butch that. Every lesbian you saw, someone would classify them as being butch. I guess it was always a negative label. Now it seems like people are defining themselves in other ways. Maybe having more labels or no labels at all. I don’t come across it that much anymore unless maybe it’s a joke between gay people i.e. “look at how butch you are”- just mocking, not really meant in a negative way. I suppose that links in with your statement earlier of you perhaps being more offended if someone called you butch rather than you labelling yourself as butch.

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Exactly. It’s used to mock isn’t it… I don’t want to be mocked. But I know that I am butch, so what do I do? Just to go back to what you just said, maybe because more labels are now available, the butch one isn’t used? Well you’ve got the LGBT community and every year another letter gets added. Everyone is trying to fit into a bracket or a label and that’s kind of crazy because you shouldn’t have to label yourself. There are so many more ways to be accepted now rather than just having a couple of options that lead to segregate. Maybe there are more options for ‘butch’ women now – maybe they fit more than one label, like andro. How do you think people perceive butches? Ideally, they wouldn’t think anything bad about it. I know that people will automatically think she wants to be a man. They hear butch and they think of tough and manly. Butch is masculine. Are there still set expectations then, for how a butch woman should act? She shouldn’t have to act. But generally, they’re expecting butch women to have short hair, men’s baggy clothes, men’s shoes and a real masculine ‘one of the guys’ demeanour. It’s not always this way though. I wonder what happens then if a butch person doesn’t fully fit the stereotype? Like what happens if a butch lesbian goes with another butch and aren’t attracted to the fem figure? I think it can be received perfectly fine… it only seems abnormal to people that are in the heteronormative mindset. You still have people that expect that heteronormative type and so some butches try to fit in with this by going with a fem. I know a butch lesbian who got angry because other butches were viewing her profile on a dating site. This to me, is her trying to fit in with heteronormative expectations. “Why the fuck are other butches viewing me? I’m butch so why do I want another butch?” – I mean come on, she’s clearly trying to fulfil the male female dynamics. It’s sad. My girlfriend has short hair so maybe she would have butch tendencies but I know she’s more a princess than a butch… which bracket does she fall into? Who am I going for? She is feminine in her own ways but maybe others would say she looks butch. Okay well last questions then. In terms of family planning and the butch lesbian, would you be comfortable carrying? I, personally... I think I would look quite awkward carrying. I don’t think it would suit me. Maybe I am more ‘manly’ acting. Maybe people would look at me and think it looks strange. So, you’re conscious of how others might feel about it?

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I guess I am yes… but this isn’t the whole reason why. I’ve just never had the desire to have a child inside me. I have a maternal instinct but I don’t want to carry, I don’t want to go through all that. Either you do or you don’t. People expect every woman to want to do child birth, not me. Maybe there’s still time. I understand… Okay well I’ll stop now. Do you have anything else you want to add? Erm no. Drinks are on you. *Laughter* (Recording ended)

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