P e r LH ° ! ■ u ( o K-3 4 The Kanyana Wt Met

What Nlakes a Red Guard. INTERNATIONAL HOUSE STUDENTS' CLUB MAGAZINE •

UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND Looking inside VOL. 1. OCTOBER 1967. Indonesia • International House, How it began INTERNATIONAL HOUSE STUDENTS’ CLUB

VOL. 1. OCTOBER, 1967.

CONTENTS thc WALES T itle Page Author TRAVEL SERVICE What is Kanyana? 3 E d ito ria l

What Makes a Red Guard? 5 Bob Reece

Some thoughts on Contemporary Indonesia 8 Penders, C.L.M.

Communism in Indonesia 10 Peter Wicks

The Sangkum Reastr Niyum 12 Pang K im Hong is available The Land of Saffron Robe — Thailand 15 Visut Baimai

Culture History and its Residues in South-East Asia 16 Donald J. Tugby FREE through Social Structure — Papua/New Guinea 17 Renagi Lohia POEMS 18 Paul Burza every branch Of Myths And Camus 21 R agbir, S. B.

Grandpa, Your Pants Were Down 23 Ray Beilby

Surrealistic College Or in Defence of Surrealism 24 Alfred Fernandz

The Story of International House — How It Began 25 Howard Cook

The F irs t 1,000 Days 26 Jeff Spender

Looking Ahead — The Warden's Letter 27 Ivor M. B. Cribb

I.H . Brisbane, 1967 28 Photograph

The President's Report 29 Alfred Fernandez

Sports 30 Dave Baguley

Social Report 31 Bill McCormack

Spy Report 32 Ray Beilby

Picture Round-up 33 Photographs the WALES BANK OF NEW SOUTH WALES 1967 Student D irectory 36 — AUSTRALIA'S FIRST B A N K ... AUSTRALIA’S LARGEST TRAVEL SERVICE COVER:

Students and Buildings of International House; '2 47 5 symbolic of KANYANA, “ the meeting place."

1 Kanyana COOKS

the INTERNATIONAL * TÄT *

name in TRA VEL! Edited by PETER KEDIT

Offices in OCTOBER, 1967, VOL. 1. HONG KONG SINGAPORE NEW ZEALAND Published by The Students' Club, U.S.A. International House, in fact, let's face it, we've got offices in 58 countries. University of Queensland.

Patì EDITORIAL COMMITTEE And most important of all, it doesn't Hon. Secretary/Business Manager: cost any more to do your business through Lawrence Hanschar COOKS So — whenever you travel — either inter­ state or Overseas Members: On Holiday Peter Bowman On a Cruise A. Kanesin On a Tour Bill McCormack In a Party Or on your own Dave Baguley Consult the world's oldest and largest Geof Underwood Travel Agency COOKS TRAVEL AGENCY Views expressed in this magazine may not WORLD TRAVEL SERVICE necessarily be that of the Students’ Club. 278 EDWARD ST., BRISBANE - Tel. 2 2379 All copyrights for signed articles arc reserved by the respective authors. YOU MAY THINK WE’RE A BIT SQUARE BUT THAT'S BECAUSE WE KNOW ALL THE ANGLES

2 Editorial What Is Kanyana

'T'HOSE people who have experienced living with the Australian Aboriginals, or A who have at least worked with them, will know how even the most educated natives in employment will still insist on having their "walkabouts".

The Aboriginals do not take their that at least it is a move in the right direction. occasional holidays because of irresponsible In times of nuclear peril when yellow, brown and white men possess the power to destroy wanderlust. It is to fulfil an ancient need, not only themselves and their enemies, but to answer the call of the bush, where they the world itself, surely the world would be a gather at a secret place to practise their better place if it paid attention to the simple ancient cult. ..Safe from intrusion, they carry but eloquent motto of International House — out the mysterious rituals, which according "That Brotherhood May Prevail." to their mythology, are their spiritual and Rudyard Kipling once wrote "East is East temporal welfare. Old men talk of the "dream and West is West, and never the twain shall time" when these ancient people arrived in meet." But East is meeting West, and the Australia. Ther'e are feats of strength and reports in the daily press show with what endurance and the elders discuss tribal busi­ disastrous consequences on occasion. East ness, arrange bethrothals, and young tribesmen must meet West in an atmosphere of brother­ undergo their initiation into the various hood. And brotherhood must start some­ where. Why not in International House? degrees of manhood. International House is a proving ground . . . an experiment of "living together" the most One tribal dialect calls such a gathering important to be learned in the world of Mao place, "Kanyana", which is the name taken and L.B.J.? for your first annual magazine. It is fittingly called when the similarity of ideas and situa­ Most importantly. International House is tions is considered. "Kanyana" was to the a place of work, a place of thinking and Aboriginals a gathering place for members learning. The young Red Guard in this issue of the tribes — a sojourn to revive ancient is a sharp reminder of the troubled times of knowledge and to admit young men into the Asia. This young Red Guard has stopped full power and dignity of manhood. Surely, thinking. She has allowed a party, a new while the "initiation" of young students into order, to do it for her. University life could never be as painful as that of a bush native, International House is A farmer ploughs back into the land a "Kanyana" of the world tribes. We will all some of his profits because he knows that if go away a little wiser from our life in Aus­ he is an ingrate and refuses to acknowledge tralia and our stay in our "Kanyana". This is that gratitude is an essential factor of life the the reason for the choice of this proud word land will become barren and he will starve. as the title of our first annual magazine. After months of planning and heartbreaks, we Surely we, as young Australian, African. have finally produced a result. It is a small American, Canadian and Asian "Intellectuals", beginning, but as somebody once remarked, have a responsibility to "put something back", the best way to begin a long journey is to thus ensuring that our world is a better place take the first step. when we depart. We use the term "our world", not Mao's or L.B.J.'s. We must live International House is still young. It is up to our motto "That Brotherhood may Pre­ a brotherhood still in search of a tradition. vail" for the rest of our lives, not merely While some might feel that if might not reach while we are students gathered together in fully its potential, they should surely agree our "Kanyana".

3 It is, therefore, the purpose of this in South East Asian History, University of magazine to provide a means whereby we Queensland, and Dr. D. J. Tugby, Senior can express the ideals and opinions nurtured Lecturer in Anthropology & Sociology, Univer­ elsewhere and as a result of meeting and living sity of Queensland, were delivered at the at Intetrnational House. seminar. The article on the Red Guard, was part of a talk given by Bob Reece, a post­ By so doing, we hope to see this magazine graduate student in History from Queensland as the forerunner of future, modern, quality University, to the Students' Club. Mr. Reece college magazines. We would like to see was a member of a party of Australian students college magazines setting down attitudes, who visited China recently. opinions and ideas propounded by student members on matters relating to both Australia The 'yellow' section of the magazine deals and the world. By this, it is meant that a with Students' Club's activities of the year. shift away from the usual college magazines, dealing almost entirely with internal college The ancient bushmen of Australia went activities, should be made. away from their "Kanyana" invigorated and refreshed men. We must do the same. It With this in mind, the theme of our first is up to you. Within the University of issue is concerned with a topic of current Queensland we are a newly estblished college interest and importance, Australia's Role with with a basically different foundation concept. Asia." The main articles concerning this are The essence is not on traditional rules and excerpts from papers delivered to the college academic pursuit, but on a responsible co­ seminar on the above topic held during second existence and interchange of ideas and cul­ term. Articles by C.L.M . Penders, Lecturer tures.

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MAN'S RECURRENT DILEMMA — HIMSELF

Much travelled in the realms of thought, Man seeks, but often finds not. What he hopes and dreams for Seems utterly beyond the law That binds him to a common existence. His instincts are undeniably repressed, Society claims yet another victim of conscience. Nevertheless, flights of ecstasy are so impressed Upon his mind at times That rejection of conformity speaks the influence of wines. Too often man treads on paths of idealism, Not willing to admit the sad betrayal Of his quest for realism. Exhaustion of explorations outside of man himself though gradual, Is proving that the time is ripe For an invasion of virgin territory. The fields now conquered wipe Aside other more outstanding records of victory. Man has finally triumphed or failed with the drugs Now available for elevated mental excursions. For faults in morality or be merely pseudo-solutions? W ill the after-effects prove to be plugs — Tom Soo.

4 What Makes A Red Guard by Bob Reece

The author, a post-graduate student in History from Queensland University, was a member of a party of 57 students from Australia and New Zealand who toured China in February this year under the auspices of the Australian Overseas student Travel Scheme. This article is an extract of a talk he gave to the College. It describes his meetings with Red Guard university students in Canton.

Red Guards reciting from the “ little red book" of Mao's quotations. A U R conversations with medical and art students in Canton, first at our hotel on ^ the evening of our arrival and the following morning at the Sun Yatsen Medical School, gave us some idea of the part which the Red Guards are playing in the Cultural Revolution. We also learnt something of the direction of educational reforms and the application of "Mao's thought" — the social science of Marxism- brought up to date by Mao — in the field of medicine. After dinner at the East Hotel, we trooped into the large being introduced by a girl who was probably specially assembly room and sat down at tables with interpreters and chosen for her almost painfully penetrating voice. Red Guards to wait for the concert which had been specially First of all, everyone stood to sing “Tung Feng Hung” arranged for us. At my table there were six girls in the (The East is Red) second year of the six-year medical course and whose From the red cast rises the sun, average age was 20. Later they were joined by five final-year In China appears Mao Tse-Tung. men students whose average age was 24. All were dressed He works for the people’s welfare, in padded blue or khaki coats and trousers, although some of He is the people’s great saviour. the girls wore padded floral jackets. When our interpreters introduced us they giggled and blushed and when we asked Chairman Mao loves the people, questions they often huddled in a whispered discussion before He is our guide. answering. With their glossy black hair and rosy complexion He leads us onward they looked like a knot of shy but excited 14-year-olds. And, despite their political chatter, thas is how I will always To build up a new China. think of them. They told us that they had first heard about the Red Guards The Communist Party is like the sun, when the newspapers and radio reported that Mao had re­ Wherever it shines, there is light. viewed them in Tien An Men Square on August 18, 1966. Where the Communist Party goes, The first committee of the Canton Red Guards was formed There the people are liberated. two months later. Their medical college formed its com­ “Tung Feng Hung” is also the name of the famous opera mittee on October 25 and most of its members came from performed for the Liberation celebrations of 1959, a filmed peasant and labouring class backgrounds; they joined the version of which has been showing in Sydney recently. Red Guards to defend “Mao’s thought” and to prevent re­ Russian assistance in musical direction and choreography visionism”. Just as we were asking about the structure of was very important and the welling notes of the finale sound the Red Guard organisation the concert began, each item for all the world like some Cossack song.

5 The programme consisted of about 12 songs and dances The next morning our buses (two Czech, one Russian) accompanied by two excellent piano-accordionists, a cello and took us to the Sun Yet-sen Medical College and as we stepped Chinese flute and violin. All the performers were medical down to the footpath we saw three boys pasting crudely and art students dressed in military uniform and caps except executed big-character posters on a wall which was already for the red collar tabs and star which distinguish the People’s a crazy patchwork of posters and cartoons of all sizes. Their Liberation Army men . Each soloist or group marched in, poster criticised Tao Chou, the Minister for Propaganda, for came to attention and saluted a large portrait of Mao before being “two-faced”—for saying one thing in propaganda re­ turning to the audience to give their item. Most of the songs leases but acting in quite a different way behind the people’s had been written during the last six months and all of them backs. Nearby, a professionally printed cartoon poster at­ were revolutionary in theme. Some were actually based on tacked President Liu Shao Chi. The large matting notice quotations from Mao, and one group had memorised the boards on either side of the path leading to the building entire text of Serve the People, one of Mao’s three famous where we were to meet the Red Guards were also overloaded parables setting out the social ethic of New China. Others with posters, many of which were 24 pages of closely written praised “Mao’s thought” and exhorted students to “open characters. Here and there little bunches of blue and fire on the revisionist counter-revolutionary line”, reiterating khaki students were quietly copying extracts into their note­ the main theme that “rebellion is justified”. The dances were books with tiny ballpoint pens and in many places we performed with a gusto which often overcame artistic restraint. noticed that parts of posters had been amended or crossed Most incorporated military movements and skilful use was out. made of the red flag as a background for dramatic group poses. The Medical College has 2500 students who were follow­ ing the six-year course and a further 100 following a three- For one whose revolutionary consciousness is not so year course. However, the re-organisation of the educational highly developed, the highlights of the concert were a bril­ system will almost certainly mean the shortening of these liant tenor soloist and a group of girls in Tibetan costume courses and the lengthening of time spent in gaining who performed two dances commemorating the “liberation “practical experience” in the factories and on the communes. of the Tibetan people’^ “Golden Hill in Peking” and “Golden Altogether, the College has a staff of more than 400 teachers Sun in Peking”. These tunes were probably the most enchant­ and 800 nurses and we were told that there have been no staff ing that we were to hear during the entire three weeks. The changes since the Cultural Revolution began. words of the tenor’s first song I had seen from the bus which took us to the hotel— After the speech of welcome from a Red Guard leader and four or five Mao quotations read in unison from the “little red book” we continued the line of questioning of People of Asia, Africa and Latin America yearn the previous evening with three men students. The first, for liberation. We will use our fists to shatter Liu Jung-shih, was the son of a poor peasant and came the chains which bind us. United as one we from a village 300 kilometres from Canton; Yaun Tung-lin will march together to victory. We plan to was the son of a middle peasant from a town 180 kilometres from Canton; the third student, O Ching-hua was the son of destroy all the evils of imperialism, headed by a Canton doctor. They had travelled to Peking to be reviewed the United States. with hundreds of thousands of other Red Gaurds by Mao in September 1966 and their train fares and accommodation Finally we heard “Liberate the South”— a Vietnamese had been provided by the state. Later they went to the Army song. countryside to help fight the drought.

The main speech of the evening, which was read from In September each grade of student at Sun Yat-sen had typed sheets, was a good example of the florid oratory organised its own Red Guard brigade and a Headquarters affected by Red Guard leaders and their unoriginal mono­ was formed for the entire medical school. Already fifty tonous reliance on military metaphors and political clinches. per cent of the students were members. Applicants fill in a form which is examined by the brigade leaders and When we asked the students at our table why there was passed on with a recommendation to Headquarters who such a need for a huge revolutionary movement if there was make the final decision. Students of “bourgeois” origin can only a “handful” of revisionists, they replied that their be admitted if their past actions demonstrate that they are influence was out of all proportion to their numbers. Some, true revolutionaries; evidently these applicants are required for example, were in important positions of authority within to have taken part in revolutionary activities such as writing the Communist Party and others had key positions in indus­ high character posters, political discussions, rallies and work try and education. They said that some members of the on communes and in factories. Canton city committee and the Kwantung provincial com­ mittee had been guilty of “revisionist” tendencies and the To illustrate this point, our three students quoted from Red Guards had arranged confession sessions for those who Mao:— had not confessed of their own accord. Then we asked, given the assumption that ideologies arise directly from economic How should we judge whether a youth is a revolutionary? conditions would it not be more effective to remove the How can we tell? There can only be one criterion, material conditions which might perpetuate “bourgeois” for Whether or not he is willing to integrate himself example the private plots on the communes? Their answer to this was Mao’s teaching that public opinion must be with the broad masses of workers and peasants and prepared first before changes would take place. does so in practice.

6 When we asked if they thought there was any kind of officials who failed examinations. A boy whom they described social discrimination against those who were not interested “very loose or what we call individualistic” was allowed to in joining the Red Guards they replied that its function is stay on at the University because of his father’s influence to provide a central corps of revolutionary leadership even after he had failed a number of examinations. amongst the students and that it is not intended that every­ one should join. Nevertheless we felt that social pressure The President had not been following the Party’s Line must account for much of the membership. that education must serve the politics of the workers and peasants by integrating with productive labour. Furthermore, Knowing that the Central Committee of the Communist he had failed the University Party Committee with “out and Party had abolished the old university entrance examinations out rightists”. Power in the University was in the hands of in June 1966, we were interested to find out something about experts who ran the institution on their own terms and the system which would take its place. The students were neglected the political aspect of education. Far from quick to point out that since the Cultural Revolution was educating towards the success of the proletariat, the system still in progress, it was difficult to predict the form of changes was actually encouraging “bourgeois” thinking. Bourgeois in the educational system, but they listed three criteria which ideas were spread in very “subtle” ways — for example, would provide the basis for future university selection:— students were told that“ even the moon in America is brighter than in China”. (i) excellence in political ideology; Finally, the President was taken to a large rally where (ii) excellence in academic work; a number of witnesses were assembled. He was invited to (iii) class origin—the class line of defend himself but he knew that all the evidence was against him and he declined; the students then asked him to study the Party would be carried out the policies of the Party very carefully and to compare these and more students of peasant with his past actions. At the same time he was required and labouring class origin to engage in physical labour to assist his ideological remould­ would be admitted. ing. It was explained to us that this labour was not intended as any kind of punishment or humiliation but as a process When Chinese students talk about “excellence in political of social rehabilitation:— “In our country, labour is hon­ ideology” they refer to the quality of “redness” or devotion oured”. Until he shows signs of being “among the people” to the masses and Mao’s thought rather than to academic he must remain under supervision, but if he turns over a knowledge of “political science” in the Western sense. They new leaf he will be given another change. refer to a degree of class consciousness which marks a person out as a true revolutionary. Furthermore, they believe that such a person must necessarily succeed in his vocation Already there is some indication of a new orientation in because he possesses the strongest possible motive in his medical services. Since the beginning of the Cultural Revolu­ desire to serve the people and his willingness to deny his tion at the University last September, 72-man teams of own selfish interests. students and lecturers have been visiting the outlying com­ munes in Kwantung province. Students are acutely aware Our three students attributed the rapid progress which of the disparity between medical facilities in country and China has been making in the field of surgery to the en­ city and they want to see the “mass line” applied more thusiasm of the young proletarian doctors rather than to rigidly. In other words, they want medical training to fit the needs of the masses and this will almost certainly mean superior equipment or medical facilities. the dilution of the existing academic curriculum. Many When we objected that there was no necessary connection have in mind the example of the Red Army’s medical service between the individual’s desire to “serve the masses” and his during the wars against the Japanese and the Kuomintang. skill as a surgeon or physician, they were openly incredulous. Two weeks later we were to hear of this first-hand from They would not accept the proposition that many doctors one of its founders, the American doctor George Hatem, who might even serve society more usefully than at present by has been living in China since 1933. following their own “selfish” lines of research which could result in important discoveries . At Canton station hundreds of Red Guards were fare- If educational reform is one of the basic aims of the welling us with songs and slogans shouted in unison when Cultural Revolution, what are the main criticisms of the I slipped off to inspect the locomotive which was to haul us old system? Our students explained that even after 1949 to Peking. Above its cold, Cyclopaean eye the inevitable discrimination against poor peasant and labouring class students continued in the selection for university places. The framed portrait of Mao (albeit a little smoke-blackened) academic authorities used examinations to expel students stared grimly down the tracks. Beneath it a red-painted from poorer fafnilies who succeeded in gaining admission slogan proclaimed that “The People’s Revolution, led by and retained students of bourgeois origin even when they Mao Tse-Tung’s thought, is a great and historical progressive were academic failures. steam-train!” As if this were not enough, the coal truck echoed: The students claimed that such cases were not isolated ones —at least 21 students from poor families had suffered from this “persecution”. On the other hand, the President had been We will be eternally loyal to our great leader, Chairman much more lenient towards the children of “bourgeois” Mao!”

7 Some Thoughts on Contemporary Indonesia

By C. L M. PENDERS (Department of History - University of Queensland)

0 N E of fhe major problems confronting most Asian nations today is political and ideological segmentation. Vietnam and Malaysia are obvious examples. I feel, however, that the best example of such segmentation is provided by Indonesia.

The motto on the official coast of arms of the Republic or modernists, who have attempted to reform Islam in of Indonesia reads: Unity in Diversity. In fact this motto order to bring it more closely into line with the demands of is no more than an aspiration. As an Indonesian friend the modern world. Most modernists, which was banned by recently told me: “We in Indonesia have a great deal of largest Islamic party, the Masjuni, which was banned by diversity, and very little unity as yet.” Any student of the Sukarno in 1958 because it attempted to form an Islamic Indonesian scene should realize from the outset that Indo­ state. nesia, in the sense of being a fully fledged and united state, The second major category I would term the cultural has still not been realized. There still exists what the nationalists. These oppose both complete Islamisation and Indonesians call much sukuism or tribalism, even amongst Westernization. The cultural nationalist movement began the intellectual section of the population. Recently, for during the 1920’s with the founding of the so-called Taman example, a senior army officer from northern Celebes Siswa, a national school movement which provided the (Minahassa) asked me: “Why is it that the Minahassa has philosophical basis for Sukarno’s party, the P.N.I. Taman no national hero, Why are nearly all the national heroes Siswa, strongly influenced by Rabindanath Tagore in India, Javanese,” Similarly, one of the Sudanese leaders in advocated a cultural synthesis between east and west. It Bandung told me that part of the reason for the present strongly condemned the attempts of many Western-educated anti-Sukarno reaction was that people in West Java or Indonesians to imitate the Dutch in all aspects of life. The Sunda have become thoroughly annoyed with what he called leader of the movement, Dewantoro, wrote in 1938: “Javanese imperialism”. “ . .. .We felt a faint semblance of happiness or satisfaction In addition to these regional differences, which often go in our hearts, when we had the opportunity to have contact very deep, Indonesia is severely segmented in the ideological with Europeans, to speak Dutch also with our countrymen, and political sense. An outline of the reasons for this to appear in Western dress, to furnish our houses in Western segmentation is absolutely necessary for an understanding of style. We went even further in our desire to imitate: a the present-day situation. Ideologically speaking, Indonesians party would be considered common or boorish without a can be divided into four major categories. Firstly, there Western menu: without a jazz band, without a glass of are the Muslims. Some might object because they have Dutch gin... .Thus, we would he at a level with the Dutch. read that more than 90% of Indonesians are Muslims. Nevertheless in all this we found but little, which in accord­ Ostensibly, this is probably correct, but in fact this statement ance with generally accepted cultural standards, could be needs serious qualification. Islam has had a different im­ considered to be of true intellectual value. ...”. 2. pact in various parts of Indonesia. For example, West Java, The motto adopted at the founding of the Tasman Siswa was “Kembalilah kepada alam-mu” (Let us return to our or Sunda, is usually considered as fairly orthodox Muslim. inner selves). The reasons for this return to national culture Most ethnic Javanese, however ,are not true Muslims, and were further explained in the Declaration of Principles of their religious position is a very syncretic one. Most the Taman Siswa: Javanese still adhere to what is called Agama Djawa, a “....With regard to the future we find ourselves as a mystical, tolerant type of religion, which has been character­ people in a state of confusion . Misled through imaginary ized by one prominent Javanese as follows: needs, which as excretions from a foreign civilization are “What is the Javanese Philosophy of Life? Does it difficult to meet from our own resources, we ourselves have originate in Buddhism, Brahmanism, Hinduism, or Islam? actively contributed to the disturbed state of mind. We All four of these do not completely reflect our philosophy were always in a stats of discontentment. .. .In this con­ of life, but they are part of it. The animism of the earlier fusion, our own culture must be the starting point from period and the theosophy of the present are also intermingled which we must progress. Only on the basis of our own with it, even the Christian religions in the form of Catholicism civilization can a peaceful reconstruction occur. In this and ‘Protestantism’ have been absorbed in our philosophy of national form, without imitation, should our people appear on life .... ”1 the international stage.” 3. Orthodox Islam is far more prevalent in Sumatra, especially The third important category are the groups of seculaT in the west (Minangkabu) and north (Atjeh). There is a Western oriented Indonesians. With the introduction of further distinction in Islam between the old orthodox groups, Western education on a larger scale from the end of the such as the Nahdatul Ulama, which continue to adhere to the nineteenth century, there appeared a new elite of Indonesians. four madhabs or legal interpretations, and the new orthodox These adopted political views ranging from European con- 8 servation to communism. The Western-oriented group op­ feared an imminent coup by the Communists. Under the posed both Islamisation and cultural nationalism. The NASAKOM principle ,the P.K.I. has been able to penetrate position of these people is perhaps best described by the the various organs of government. Even some Islamic organ­ Socialist leader, Sutan Sjahrir, who wrote in his memoirs as izations and the armed forces were being infiltrated. In follows : Central Java almost 40% of the army was communist-influ­ “ .. .. Here for centuries there has been no intellectual, no enced. Furthermore, despite ostensibly anti-Chinese policies cultural life, no progress anymore. There are the much at home, the Djakarta-Peking axis was established in foreign praised eastern art forms — but what else are these than policy. Why did Sukarno allow this to happen? My own the rudiments of a feudal culture, which for us, people of investigations in Indonessia suggest the following conclusions. the twentieth century, our problems, our outlook are Both his friends and enemies agree that Sukarno is a first twentieth century... .To me the West means effervescent, class egoist; a man who wished to be recorded in history as surging life, the dynamic. It is Faust whom I love, and I a great world leader. His egoism is so strong that he wanted am convinced, that only the West, in this dynamic sense, to remain in power at any cost. However, Sukarno could can liberate the East from its slavery....” 4. no longer depend on the army command for support, and he The Christians form the fourth major category. Because feared the eventual emergence of a military dictatorship. The of their better education, the Christians have played a only major force he could depend on were the communists. political role far out of proportion to their actual number In any case, Sukarno firmly believed in the eventual victory (6% of the total population). Major concentrations of of the communist forces. Whilst not himself a Christians are in North Sumatra, North and Central Celebes, communist, Sukarno considered himself the great leader, the Moluccas, and some of the lesser Sunda Islands, such in the image of Sun Yat Sen, who made the great as Flores and Timor. changeover to communism in Indonesia possible. This brief analysis of four important groups gives some Sukarno’s rule has come to an end. Power is now held explanation for the division and segmentation of Indonesian by a new regime, consisting of the military, assisted by political and social life today. Sukarno, Indonesia’s first groups of academics. Reviewing the first twenty-one years of President, clearly perceived these inherent divisions in the the Indonesian republic, one Indonesian academic recently Indonesian situation. His own social and cultural background made the following statement: comprised many of these strains, including Islam, cultural “ . .In the last twenty years, we have done nothing else nationalism, and Marxism. Sukarno possesses essentially a than play politics and make a nuisance of ourselves inter­ syncretic personality and outlook. In 1941, he wrote: nationally. The economy and the social welfare of the “ ....W hat is Sukarno? A nationalist? A Muslim? A people were forgotten. It is the task of the new order in Marxist? Sukarno is ....a mixture of all these “isms” . . . . Indonesia to remedy this situation and to concentrate on I am definitely a Nationalist, I am definitely a Muslim, I economic development.” am definitely a Marxist. The synthesis which in my own This academic did not explain, however, why Indonesians opinion is an extremely good one....” were forced to play politics . My answer would be that in Sukarno saw his main function as unifying Indonesians in fact Indonesians could do nothing else, because of the exist­ the national struggle. Persatuan or unity has always re­ ing ideological segmentation. Of course, every party and mained his great motto. In the post-war situation, Sukarno group subscribed to a programme for the betterment of the objected to liberal democracy. Convinced that a multiple people as a whole. But each party wanted to reach this party system would not work, he advocated in 1945 the objective in its own particular way. The ideological seg­ establishment of a one party system. A majority of national­ mentation was so great and deep that no consensus of ists rejected this at the time. The period of constitutional opinion was possible on the question of what the new democracy turned out to be a complete failure because of Indonesia should be like, and what kind of social and the continuous bickering of the various parties. No national economic development plan should be adopted . policy of development was possible under such conditions. The result is that first liberal democracy, and later The deterioration of the economy and the armed uprisings guided democracy, have been replaced by a functional gov­ in Sumatra and Celebes in 1958 gave Sukarno and the army ernment of the armed forces and groups of academics. The the opportunity to play a more prominent role. Sukarno essential problem, however, has not yet been solved. The introduced his system of guided democracy which attempted militant student groups, KAMI and KASI, want a two-party to cut across ideological differences. Representation in the system, with programmes of socio-economic development government was largely on functional lines. Groups such as which cut across ideological differences. It is still doubtful the army, the labour organisations and so forth, were given whether the new spirit is strong enough in Indonesia to1 representation. Political parties Masjumi and P.S.I. which make the older politicians co-operate, when the national opposed Sukarno, were forbidden, and their leaders Sjahrir, elections are held in 1968. If not, then undoubtedly the Mohammed Roem, and Natsir, were placed under arrest. country will revert to “playing politics”; this time perhaps Three major forces remained active on the Indonesian political with power in the hands of the Muslim parties. scene: the army, Sukarno, and the communists (P.K.I.). The P.K.I. had gradually come to the force again in a re­ Reference: organized form after the debacle of Madium in 1948. 1. Srasoegondo: Op welke wijze kan bij de opvoeding van Initially Sukarno was able to balance these forces to his de Landskinderen de Inheemsche cultwur meer tot own advantage, Gradually opposition to his policies became haar recht komen? Djawa, 1924. stronger. Much came from army critics, especially the 2. Survardi Surianingrat (Ki Hadjae Dewantoro): Nationale Djakarta High Command. Although Sukarno attempted with Opvoeding, Brochuren Series Wasita, 1938, pp. 33-34. the introduction of such ideas as NASAKOM, to keep the 3. Beginselverkaring Taman Siswa Karja Ki Hadjar country united, such criticism forced him to move increasingly Dewantoro, op.cit. to the left. By the middle of 1965, many Army leaders 4. Sutan Sjahrir: Indonesische Overpeinzingen.

9 COMMUNISM IN INDONESIA A Descriptive Analysis of Post-War Developments By PETER W ICKS

N May 23rd, 1965, the forty-fifth anniversary of the Indonesian Communist Party, (P.K.I.), President O Sukarno delivered a speech in which he describsd the P.K.I. Chairman, D. N. Aidit, as the "fortress of Indonesia". Sukarno "embraced the P.K.I." and urged the party to "go onward, onward, onward, never retreat"!-. He declared that the party had three million full members, three million youths, and twenty million sympathisers, thus publicising and endorsing larger membership figures than even the Communists themselves had ever claimed before. With Presidential approval, the P.K.I. appeared to be in a position of unchallengeable setrength, with the possibility of an assumption of power in Indonesia.

However, the situation six months later provided a stark orthodox viewpoint prevailed, however, when Alimin and contrast to this. Many Communists had been killed, and Sardjono assumed leadership of the party. In response to large numbers were under arrest. The P.K.I. leader, Aidit, Moscow’s call for active struggle against “right wing” was missing presumed dead. Most provincial military authori­ nationalism, the P.K.I. became increasingly hostile to the ties had banned Communist activities. For the third time government itself. In September, 1948, some minor P.K.I. in its history, the P.K.I. suffered an enormous reversal. leaders in Madiun decided to stage a coup; an act so badly This drastic change of fortunes resulted from a series of planned that, within three months, loyalist army units had events which began during the night of September 30th, suppressed the insurrection, and most of the major P.K.I. when six senior generals were assassinated during an at­ leaders were killed or imprisoned. The Madiun episode had tempted coup d’etat. The actual details of the “September very serious implications for the P.K.I. Party prestige was 30th” affair remain uncertain, but it certainly had complex severely damaged. Many Indonesians continue to remember domestic and external ramifications. Sukarno once stated, the communist “stab in the back”, a treacherous move at a “You can’t abolish Marxism.” 2 Yet, by 1966, it was evident time of national struggle for survival against the Dutch.5. that, as a party, the P.K.I. had ceased to be a force in In­ It appeared as though the experience of confused leader­ donesian politics for many years, if at all. ship and sterile “oppositionist policy” would continue. The The relationship between communism and the Indonesian surviving party leaders quarrelled amongst themselves, and nationalist movement has been long and complex, and began issued individual, even conflicting, policy statements. In with the very roots of the nationalist revolt. Indonesian 1950-51, the Communists organized a massive strike cam­ nationalism appeared in many forms. The close contact of paign, against the wishes of many other trade union leaders. many Indonesian leaders with European civilization meant P.K.I. statements tendered to reject popular symbols of the introduction to Indonesia of the whole range of Western Indonesian nationalism; for example, Indonesia’s claim to ideas, from conservatism to Marxism. Marxism-Leninism West Iran. Because of such attitudes, the party failed to had a particularly strong appeal. To many thinkers, com­ increase its membership, or attract allies. munism appeared to offer the only satisfactory solution to Against such a dismal background, the P.K.I. National the contrast presented by, on one hand, Western political Conference met in January, 1951. Here control of the party’s concepts of liberty and equality; and on the other, the re­ Politbüro passed from the “oppositionist-opportunist” strictions and authoritarian nature of Western colonialism. leadership to several younger men not identified with previous The few Indonesian students able to study in Europe were policies or failures —Aidit, Lukman, Njoto. The strategy of particularly attracted to Lenin’s writings on imperialism. the “National United Front” was now adopted. An earlier Kahin writes that much of Marixm’s popularity derived resolution of the 1948 P.K.I. Conference had described the from its anti-imperialist content.3. The early Communist Indonesian revolution as a “new-type bourgeous democratic party was a staunch advocate of complete independence for revolution”, for which the P.K.I. must build a “National Indonesia. Unity “Front” of all “progressive and anti-imperialist people”. My concern here is with a description and analysis of 6. The Front must not limit its membership to a small the communist movement in Indonesia in the years of in­ ideologically-trained elite, but expand to allow broad contact dependence since World War II. With the sudden collapse with the population. In his speech, “Towards a New Indo­ of Japan, the non-communist Indonesian nationalists, Sukarno nesia, Aidit pointed to the depressed and worsening position and Hatta proclaimed independence on 17th August, 1945. of the workers, peasants, intelligentsia, and national bour­ Significantly, the P.K.I. has since claimed that Sukarno was geois ie., created by the combined efforts of feudalism and “persuaded” by Aidit, Chareul Saleh, and Wikana.4. The exploiting imperialism. Because each class separately was period between 1945 and 1950 was one of much confusion, too weak to overcome the situation, “only unity, the unity which included a conflict between “nationalist” and “soviet” of all anti-imperialist and anti-feudalist strength, can bring communists, and the formation of several national fronts victory to people’s struggle.”7. by the P.K.I. with other groups. This change in party policy became increasingly mani­ The P.K.I.’s major concern was to determine its fest in the P.K.I.’s behaviour, both in parliament and the attitude to the new “bourgeois republic.” These “national trade unions; in a new acceptance of nationalist symbols; front” tactics gave the P.K.I. some influence over the revolu­ and in a moderation of the Party’s programme. The P.K.I. tionary cabinets of Sutan Sjahrir. P.K.I. support for leaders realized that the party must avoid political isolation. President Sukarno resulted in the appointment of several of Similarly between the P.K.I. programme and the attitudes its members to the Republican legislative body. A more of many in the P.N.I. (Nationalists) resulted in the gradual

10 emergence of a distinct P.N.I. - P.K.I. axis. The P.K.I. offered power emerged under “Guided Democracy”, the President parliamentary support to the nationalists, without demanding and the armed forces. However, with the strengthening and cabinet representation in return. Through this “united front retrenchment of the army, Sukarno increasingly sought the from above “strategy, the P.K.I. gained freedom to organize friendships of the P.K.I. Two factors were behind his the masses. The focal point of P.K.I. - P.N.I. collaboration attitude; his struggle to achieve and maintain a dominant was the two cabinets led by P.N.I. premier Sastroamijojo political position, and his wish to “complete the revolution”. (1953-5, 1956-7). 11. Sukarno conceived of Indonesia as one great family, Meanwhile, party membership grew to 1.5 million in linked together through NASAKOM — government by three 1958, and party units were extended throughout the archi­ major political forces, nationalists, religious and communists— pelago. SOBSI, the largest federation of labour unions, was with Bung Karno himself as leader. The P.K.I. regarded in practice openly committed to support of the P.K.I. The Sukarno as the only political force capable of preventing an rural strength of the P.K.I., particularly in east and central army-influenced, anti-communist government. Java, was impressive. Rural economic distinctions were The P.K.I. gained much from its relationship with difficult to define, but party leaders generally stressed the Sukarno. Yet it also found itself becoming increasingly need to support the poor against the richer peasantry. How­ integrated into the Indonesian status quo, though actual, ever, a very clear contrast did exist within the Javanese formal power proved elusive. The Foreign Minister, Dr. population, based on socio-religious attitudes.8. Three Subandrio, asserted in February, 1965 that “the Indonesian broad groups could be distinguished; the santri-strict Muslims identity includes Communism .... the communist element who tend to a rather individualist and competitive view of is no longer the monopoly of Aidit”, but “now belongs to life; abagan—though nominally Muslim, these adhere to the whole Indonesian people.”12. traditional, communalistic system of values; and prijaji—the Sukarno’s increasingly leftward policies appeared to traditional aristocracy, largely urban and bureaucratic, pos­ favour the P.K.I. during 1965. In Foreign policy, Sukarno sessing similar values to the abangan. Party loyalties tended withdrew Indonesia from the United Nations; intensified to follow these divisions; P.N.I./prijaji; Nahdatul Ulama confrontation with Malaysia; and proclaimed an anti- santri; P.K.I./abangan. This P.K.I. identification with the American axis with China. In domestic affairs, he banned the abangan meant the advantage of a solid rural base of support anti-Communist B.P.S. (Supporters of Sukarnoism) movement, in a vital area of the nation. However, it also attracted the and gave public support to the P.K.I. demand for an armed label “Javanese party”. Growing resentment of Java’s militia of peasants and workers in an effort to counter the domination increased P.K.I. unpopularity in the Outer Islands. power of the army. Such actions increased the antagonism Moreover, the powerful armed forces had successfully of non-Communist groups, Islamic and military. A rapidly resisted P.K.I. endeavours. Part of this was due to the worsening economic situation severely aggravated the political general army/civilian dichotomy in Indonesia. The ideological hostilities. Within this context, there were many rumours in trent of army officers tended to favour the P.S.I. and Masjuni Djkata of a possible coup, perhaps by the army general parties. This reflected a high regard for religion, a low regard staff to check this powerful alliance between President and for anything “international”. The Army and the P.K.I. repre­ P.K.I. sented rival hierarchies engaged in a competition for power, Shortly after 7.00 a.m. on October 1st 1965, Djkarta radio elitist groups which possessed their own spirit and discipline broadcast a statement which charged the council of Generals By the mid-1950’s, the P.K.I. position, though strong, was hind­ with plotting a coup with C.I.A. sponsorship against Sukarno. ered in three major directions. The party possessed little in­ “It was to prevent such a counter-revolutionary coup that fluence outside Javaj within the governmental apparatus, or in Lieutenant-Colonel Untang launched the Septetmber 3th Move­ the armed forces. ment which has proved a great success.”13. By 8.45 p.m. Nevertheless, with the approach of Indonesia’s first national October 1st, another radio announcement established that election in 1955, the P.K.I. benefited from the deteriorating the September 30th movement had failed. Loyalist troops economic situation and rural conditions in densely populated under Major General Suharto, commander of the army’s Java. Hence the party of the “rakjat delata” (common people), strategic reserve, had regained control of Djakarta. polled 6.17 million votes, and emerged as the fourth largest The vital question of the authorship of the coup national party. P.K.I. strength was rather overwhelming in remained an open question for some time amongst academics. east and central Java — a position reinforced by the 1957 Lucien Ray argued that the Untung group acted essentially regional and municipal elections. Denis Warner described the independently of any policy manipulator. 14. Sukarno communist success as a case study in political sagacity and later insisted that the coup itself was only an incident in efficient organization.9. Despite strong discipline, the P.K.I. Indonesia’s ongoing revolution. 15. In a recent statement displayed much opportunism and flexibility in its tactics, and issued in Peking, surviving Indonesian communists admitted successfully created the impression of intense involvement in that they were involved in the abortive uprising. 16. everyday national problems. “To the Javanese Kampong dwel­ Military and religious groups soon held the P.K.I. lers, Communism is not so much an economic doctrine as a entirely to blame. They commenced a large-scale campaign, means of expressing nationalistic fervour.”10. The syncretic which demanded the banning of the P.K.I. for its “betrayal Indonesian peasant could easily accept the little he under­ of the revolution”. Rapidly, the anti-Communist campaign stood of communism, as he might reconcile some old animistic became a total purge, and many known communists were belief with Islam. The P.K.I. adapted its ideology to local killed or imprisoned. “The communists deserved the people’s conditions, and even accepted the basis of the republic, the wrath”, said Hadji Makrus Ali, the Imam of Kediri. In five principles of Panja Sila, which include belief in God. this “holy war”, he declared, to kill the communists was to The 1950’s saw the gradual decay of parliamentary author­ serve both the State and Islam. 17. Meanwhile, Sukarno’s ity in Indonesia, accompanied by deepening economic crisis power was severely reduced; and communism, at least and growing regional discontent. Yet the Communist party in an organised sense, was virtually obliterated from the was unable to attain full power. Two other focal points of Indonesian scene. Throughout its history, the P.K.I. has occupied an am­ References: bivalent position in the Indonesian scene. Because of its situation and desire to win power in Indonesia, the P.K.I. 1. Pauker G. J. “Communism in Indonesia”, in Problems of operated within the nationalist movement. Yet, because of Communism, Voi. 15, p.49. its basic ideology, the party remained to an extent outside 2. Grant, B. Indonesia, (2nd ed.) (Melbourne University the nationalist framework. On occasion, the P.K.I. revealed Press, 1966) p. 58. itself quite alien to the nationalist aspirators of most Indo­ 3. Kahin, G. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia, nesians. The Madiun rebellion of 1948 is an example of (Cornell, 1952) p. 51. this. The intetrnational links of the P.K.I. were always strong, 4. Josey, A. “Sukarno and the Communist Party”, in the However the communists denied any incompatibility here. Bulletin, lune 13th, 1964, p. 24. In luly, 1964, Merdeka, a paper which tended to reflect the views of P.N.I., questioned whether a Marxist-Leninist could 5. Grant, op. cit. p. 63. support the official ideology of the Indonesian state, as laid 6. Hindley, D. “Communist Party Strategy in Indonesia down in Sukarno’s Political Manifiesto (Manipol). Merdeka (1948-59)”, in Australian Outlook, Voi. 13 No. 4, argued that the communists wished to “deflect” the national p. 256. Indonesian revolution into a “class revolution”, using 7. ibid, p. 256. methods of “tyranny and terror”. 18. The P.K.I. press rejected this. They claimed that each 8. Barnett, D. (ed.) Communist Strategies in Asia, (London, of the component parts of NASAKOM was entitled, and 1963) p. 157. indeed sought ,to implement national unity in its own way. 9. Warner, D. Reporting South-East Asia, (Sydney, 1966) Hence the P.K.I. was entitled to pursue NASAKOM on a p. 4L Marxist-Leninist basis . 10. ibid. p. 4L Recent events indicate a firm rejection of the P.K.I. and 11. Hindley, D. “President Sukarno and the Communists: communism by most Indonesians. Despite its success in The Politics of Domestication, in American Political building a mass base and gaining official ideological respect­ Science Review, December, 1962, p. 915. ability, the P.K.I. failed in its bid to achieve power in the post-independence situation. Yet communism has played 12. Kroef, I. M. van der “Indonesian Communism’s “Revo­ a vital, sometimes intimate, role in Indonesia’s development lutionary Gymmastics”, in Asian Survey, Voi. 5, over the past twenty years. Communism won wide emotive No. 5, May, 1965, p. 231. appeal in Indonesia because of its vehement anti-imperialism, 13. Bunnell, F. “Indonesia’s Quasi-Military Regime”, in and its coherent economic and social programme. At times, Current History, Voi. 52, No. 35, lanuary, 1967, the P.K.I. displayed much political sagacity and efficient p. 23. organization. It also made several tragic errors and miscalcu­ 14. ibid, p. 23. lations. Vander Kroef sees a kind of undulating pattern, of 15. ev, D. “Indonesia, 1965: The Year of the Coup,” in advance and decline, in the history of communism in In­ Asian Survey, Voi VI, No. 2, February, 1966, p. 107. donesia. 19. When the party emphasized nationalist goals, 16. The Australian, Monday, luly 10th, 1967. rather than its international ties, then its fortunes prospered. 17. Time, July 15th, 1966, p. 37. Overall, the effect of the communists has been steadily to 18. Kroef, op. cid. p. 224. radicalize the character of Indonesian ideology and political 19. Kroef J. M. van der. The Communist Party of Indo­ life. nesia (Vancouver, 1965) p. 3. The Author: Mr. Wicks is a 3rd year Arts Honours student. THE SANGKUM REASTR NIYUM by Pang Kim Hong M uy-Hieng

To the eyes of foreign observers, Cambodia is a vast national gathering which has nothing to commonly known as a "land of peace and stabilitv" do with political parties at all. It is neither Right in South-East Asia. Without scepticism, this is the nor Left, but exclusively national, in the sense that dominant trait of a country in which national unity anybody, regardless of his ideology, is admitted has been a material and living reality since 1955, without restriction into its circle. More precisely, just 16 months after the complete independence the Sangkum was the effective means, according acquired by political, diplomatic and non-violent to Prince Norodom Sihanouk, not only to reconcile military acts — conducted by King Norodom "the quarrels and rivalries between political parties Sihanouk (1). and groups (e) by bringing them together in a vast Obviously, this national unity, which injects movement of u n ity ", but it was also essential to into the country a great moral and political force, ensure that the independent Cambodia "should is favoured by the existence of a national movement produce political and social ideology to support her suitably adapted to the aspirations of the Khmer in her rise as a modern nation". However, it was people (Cambodians): the Sang Kum Reastr Niyum quite fortunate that while internal instability was or the Socialist People's Community. predominant in South-East Asia and elsewhere, Formed in 1955 by Prince Nordom Sihanouk, Cambodia was largely unaffected by it. Perhaps the and since then presided over by him, the Sangkum best explanation lies in the fact that Cambodia,

12 like Britain, has a firm , traditional basis: the Men (Phnom-Penh) twice a year and permits monarchy. The attachment of all the Khmer people all citizens to exercise a right and a control over to the throne which, although vacant since 1960, the administrative affairs of the country. Each remains the symbol of perpetual respect to the Minister or Secretary of State has to come and principle of monarchy, is as profound as their answer to questions asked by anyone over the attachment to Prince Sihanouk. domestic affairs. Moreover, anybody at all can put The second factor imperative in bringing the his proposals in the general debate and whether it national unity into existence was based on be implemented or not depends on the majority of Buddhism (about 99% are Buddhist). However, while votes by hand during that time. realizing these two are primary and irreplaceable The debate in the National Assembly has to factors of unity, Prince Norodom Sihanouk strongly be broadcast to the public. Therefore, all people stressed the need that "they had still to be com­ in the country, thanks to radio, are able to keep pleted by the birth, or rebirth, of a constructive abreast with questions of general interests and with dynamism enabling the country to put herself on public affairs. the way to modernisation". To achieve these goals, The members of the Cabinet have to be elected the Sangkum set out plans along the lines of from the National Assembly. Even though there socialism, not, of course, of Engels or Marx, is no opposition party, the Assembly sets up a but "a purely Khmer socialism essentially prag­ Special Committee to select the members of the matic and Buddhist". Shadow Cabinet in order to check on the works of their opponents. In this way, the Cambodian The Khmer socialism, in real terms, is the Parliamentary system operates more or less on the co-existence of state enterprises and private and same basis as that of Britain or Australia. joint enterprises; construction works on a voluntary To avoid civil war on the one hand, and to collective basis such as railways, roads, dams, irriga­ reduce the pressures of external influence on his tion canals, the creation of co-operatives such as country on the other, Prince Norodom Sihanouk production — consumption — credit; the distribu­ has adopted the line of neutrality and of non- tion of land to peasants who asked for it; the alignment. This external policy is based on the adoption of social laws in favour of work forces, "principle of reprocity". Thus, this fundamental and the provisions of free education and health for principle, which is quite often reiterated by Prince everybody. In doing so-, the Sangkum has carried Sihanouk in his official declarations, consists in out an extensive programme to educate people to replying to friendship with friendship, to hostility or understand the problems involved and the duties anything else with an identical attitude. Clearly, to be undertaken. Thus, the implementation of this means that Cambodia always endeavours to this kind of socialism, with the belief that this is have, as the Priminister of Singapore Mr. Lee the best way to follow in order to prosper the Kuan Yew, said, "the maximum of friends and the country, avoids completely any social upheavals. minimum of enemies". In the actual world, the Sangkum impresses It is very fortunate that a small country like the foreign observers a great deal in its unique Cambodia, guided by its dynamic leader, Prince originality. The 1955 general election, under the Norodom Sihanouk, can preserve her independence International Control Commission appointed by and neutrality and peace surrounded by countries the Geneva Conference and under the numerous being engaged in hot war. observers who were invited to be present at the electorial procedures, gave 84% of the votes and NOTES: the total seats in the National Assembly (equivalent to the House of Representatives in Australia) to (1) After many years of disastrous experience with the Sangkum, 13% to the Democratic Party political party factions, King Norodom Sihanouk and 3% to the Communist Party (the Pracheachon). abdicated in 1955 in favour of his father, Attracted with the great result of social and King Norodom Soramerit and formed the economic development realized under the Sanqkum Sangkum. regime, there was an influx of democrats and pro­ (e) As a result of sterotyping the constitution of gressive intellectuals into its circle. As a result, French 4th Republic in the late 1940's, the the 1958 general election left the Communist Partv division of political parties upon bargaining (the Pracheachon), the only opposition party 1 % of for power quickly multiplied. the votes. The third general election held in 1962 again The Author: Mr. Pang is a Cambodian student doing gave the Sangkpm all the seats in the National Economics. Assembly. As there is no opposition, some have charged the Sanokum regime with deootism. This accusa­ tion is without anv justification whatsoever. It is “Man is born free, and is sufficient to see that this great national movement of unitv has allowed the apnearance and develop­ everywhere in chains.” ment of a direct democracy: The National Congress Rousseau. and the popular audience. The former is regularly held in an open air for three days at Veal

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In every Thai village there is at least one wat (monastery) which is used for religious meetings and festive occasions. In the old days, education was practically the monopoly of the wat, with the monks acting as teachers. Today ,most of the wat schools have been replaced by modern municipal and gov­ ernment schools. Education in the official lan­ guage, Thai, is compulsory from 6 to 14 years of age. A number of dialects are spoken in Thailand. North and North Eastern people have slightly dif­ ferent dialects to the central region, where the common Thai language is spoken, while the South­ ern dialect is altogether different. Although the majority of the Thai people are Hinayana Buddhist, there are also about 3% Moslems in the southern provinces and some Christians of all denominations. The present Gov­ ernment of Thailand has declared its policy of up­ holding Buddhism as a means of moral education of the people. This kind of moral instruction is carried out in every school. Thailand has long been known as the land of the saffron robe, and wats are found throughout the country. One is often asked, "Is it true that young men should enter the priesthood once in their life?" Well, yes, they should. But Thailand is the land of freedom, so this is not compulsory . Being Buddhists, parents definitely expect their sons to repay their obligations and show gratitude by entering the priesthood. It is the happiest day May not be the subject of your studies, but whatei er in the parents' lives when they see their son being course you’re taking you’ll find all the necessary books clad in yellow robes. It is a strange scene, with and equipment at the University Bookshop on the great significance. On other occasions, particularly grounds at St. Lucia. When it comes to buying those when a parent has died, it is customary for the sons books, remember that you can make it easy by using to accumulate merit by becoming a monk for a the 10% Students’ Discount on text and reference short period. The usual length of stay is the three books. Take advantage of the convenience, buy your months of the Buddhist Lent, coinciding with the books and equipment from the University Bookshop rainy season, when all the monks gather under the soon .... while you're there, don’t forget our large monastery roof. Yet timing and duration are as range of paper backs. one feels; one may don the yellow robe many times or never; one may stay a few days or for the whole of his life. In Buddhism you are your own master. This is the nature of Buddhists, who love peace, The U ni ver sity both in their own lives and in the world. of Queensland

"O ur Youth today loves luxury. They have bad manners, contempt for authority, St. Lucia. Branch at disrespect for older people. Townsville University Children nowadays are tyrants. They College. contradict their parents, gobble their food and tyrannize their teachers."

SOCRATES, 5 B.C.

15 Culture History and Its Residues in South-East Asia by Donald J. Tugby, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland Cultural continuity We expect the culture or way of life of a people to exhibit some continuity. The consolidation of cultural elements into a persisting pattern is characteristic of the cultures of India and China, which contrast in this respect with the cultures of South-East Asia. The latter is like a person with a multiple personality, exhibiting different patterns of behavour arising from different experiences at different periods of life. Only in South-East Asia has each of the fuor great cultural traditions, the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and North Atlantic exerted a decisive influence* We shall look at the culture history of South-East Asia to see how these experiences of the past are represented in the culture pattern of today. The Poithecanthropoid Phase fruit, bananas, pandanus, and perhaps coconuts. In the 1880's a French botanist working in the Domestic pigs and, later, chickens were kept. jungles of Cambodia re-discovered the magnificent This complex still survives on the margins of temples of Angkor Wat, the material remains of an South-East Asia in New Guinea. Being uniquely Empire which lasted for six centuries. adapted to the tropical zone, it spreads East and The discoveries of Eugene Dubois, made in West, out into the Pacific, and, via India, to Africa. the same era, were even more remarkable because The chicken, which, as an item of diet, is a Dubois, a Dutch physician, consciously set out to South-East Asian invention, spread out of the discover the earliest known human beings in Java. tropical zone, and is now finding its way by the The fossil he found, Pithecanthropus,, proves long route, Europe and North America, into Aus­ to be a very early form of man with counterparts in tralia. China and Europe. The significance of his find The break-up of the South-East Culture Pattern to us is that it shows that South-east Asia partici­ The following phase, the Late Neolithic, saw pated in the human story from the earliest times. Was Australia part of the South-East Asia Cultural the break-up of the South-East Asian culture pat­ Complex? tern because crops were introduced whic hcould be grown only in certain environments. Yes, in the succeeding phase of Wadjak man, Technological advances, the introduction of so called from a fossil type discovered by Dubois the digging stick, hoe and later the plough, followed and kept hidden in a safe in Holland for nearly 30 interaction with the Late Neolithic of northern years. This find is perhaps some 15,000 year sold. At what point do we find a divergence of the India and northern China. Both wet and dry rice, Oriental and Occidental Traditions? two different techniques for rice growing, appeared. The early horticultural phase persisted in the south In the Old Stone Age, an Oriental Palaeolithic tradition of chopper tools, extending from Java to and east where rice did not penetrate. Dry rice peoples became distinguished from wet rice peoples the Pamirs, was distinguished from the first axe tradition of Europe, Africa, the Middle East and in their way of life. most of India. Rice yield up to twenty times as much food from the same piece of land as wheat in the wet In the light of today's technology, the difference between an abacus and a slide rule, a lot more is tropics and therefore provided with gardens, associated with and flows from it. orchards, fish ponds, pigs, and fowls, a food surplus which was a necessary condition for the next phase The chopper tool tradition resisted change and hung on to a late date. But it did die, it could find of cultural development. no refuge, and so we di dnot see it on the cultural Cultural Invasions landscape today. Before leaving the Late Neolithic, I must men­ Separation from China tion a specific event. Around 3,000-2,250 years As we proceed upwards into the next time ago: A small group came in from the North or phase, the Early Neolithic or New Stone Aqe, we North-West with bronze durms and a new art form. come to the first break with China. The Chinese This Dongson culture can be easily traced. It Neolithic of the north and the distinctive early affected Yunnan and N. Indo-China. Its special Neolithic complex of South-East Asia are different. pottery is found in central Vietnam, the Philippines, Around 8000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. the break was Celebes, Borneo, and N. Malaya. Bronzes have in the vicinity of the Yangtze River, the boundary been found in Burma, Malaya, Sumatra, N. Indo- of tropical South-East Asia being then further north China, Yunnan and E. Indonesia. it is at present. The manufacture of bronze articles survives in The distinctive South-East Asian Early Neolithic Bangkok, but for general use bronze was displaced pattern included the cultivation of yams, taro, bread by iron.

16 The late Neolithic complex plus iron, sometimes Bali is a living remnant of this period. worked quite crudely, survives among the mass of This Empire building period of South-East Asian peasants in the mountainous parts of South-East history was interrupted some 600 years ago by the Asia. introduction of Islam which spread very rapidly A second event indicating the direction of cul­ among Malayo-Polynesian speaking peoples. tural diffusion, was the intermarriage of Chinese Islam affected the masses more directly. Its farmers using irrigated rice and buffalo with N. spread over the whole region was prevented only by Vietnamese. A specific type of geometric pottery European interference. produced around 2,200 years ago spread through European cultural influences brought about the Borneo, Philippines, Indonesia, Malayia, Thailand political crystallization of South-East Asia in its and ,S Cambodia. This is proof enough of estab­ modern form, but left unaffected the cultural resi­ lished trade routes over land and over sea. dues of the past which now cross-cut the new The Dongson period was the prelude to a great political boundaries. cultural influx from India and China. China ex­ What' are these residues and their problems? tended its influence into the South-East of what Palaeolithic cultural forms no longer survive is now political China, into North Vietnam and except perhaps among small groups of hunting and into Yunnam. gathering peoples in the Philippines, Malaya and The cultural elements which entered South-East South Thailand. Asia were derived from court circles and elite Early Neolithic culture patterns are common practices in India and China. They affected the in East Indonesia. Late Neolithic patterns are South-East Asian elite, the mass of peasants were characteristic of the peasant masses in remoter left untouched. areas of South-East Asia, in some places with an Thus we have a Sincrization of government in Islamic overlay. Vietnam, and Indicinization in Java. A semiurbanized peasantry, some living in the The areas of culture most affected were religion, city, some around it, is the residue of the empire the concept of the state, city planning, warfare and building stage . the arts. The most important aspect of the European cultural incursion is the Westernization of the in­ These were elements of an urban complex and tellectual class, but even here we have no uniform­ promoted the urban revolution in South-East Asia. ity because some are Anglicized, som eGallicized, Eighteen thousand years ago, when Indian mer­ some Americanized, and some even International­ chants reached South-East Asia, they married ized. The great problem o fall South-East Asian locally. Their descendants developed the empires countries is the intergration of these cultural resi­ of Funan, Cambodia, Shrivijava and Madjapahit. dues in the nation. Social Structure — Papua New Guinea By R. REN AGI, LOH IA (a New Guinea Arts student) Social systems vary considerably in detail the creation of differential living standards, but throughout the Territory, but in outline conform rather as a means of establishing individual prestige to a pattern usual in the Western Pacific Region of and status within the community through the Malanesia (and indeed among indigenous societies* giving of feasts and the performance of complex in many parts of the world), and can be said to be sequences of gift exchanges. based upon the family. Most of the people are agriculturalists en­ The chief characteristics of the social structure gaged in growing food to meet their own needs but are: also producing a few economic crops for sale or a) the prevalence of a subsistence economy with barter. The latter activity has been greatly increased a limited range of differences in individual in the post-war years to form a basis for economic wealth; progress and in the more advanced areas is b) the recognition of bonds of kinship with obliga­ assuming an importance greater than that of tra­ tions extending beyond the family group; ditional subsistence farming. Generally, subsistence c) generally eqalitarian relationships with an em­ farming is based on a system of shifting cultivation. phasis on acquired rather than inherited status; Yams, taro, sweet potatoes and sago and also sub­ and sidiary foods may be found in the one area, but d) a strong attachment of the people to their land. usually one of the four forms the staple food of Other characteristics typical of New Guinea any particular group. Domestic pigs are regarded and other parts of the Western Pacific, and Mel­ as a token of wealth and prestige to be reserved anesia are the small size of the political unit and for feasts and special occasions, rather than a source general absence of formal political institutions. of daily food. Both fishing and hunting are Emphasis is placed on the acquisition of material common. goods, not primarily for personal consumption or (continued on page 35)

17 POEMS

When I strolled triumphantly into Rockerville, THE TRANSCENDENCE OF SATAN The accursed Light continually collected outside the camp, The silken cloud of vapour was wafer thin and BY PAUL BURZA almost black. Some saw the Light but most recognized me; ☆ ☆ I feverishly fed them, and to some I secretly spawned them, And trained them traditionally in the turbid When firstly I flung myself into Adam’s soul, trade I defeated emphatically the first failure of God's Here I was safe, creation. But always on the alert. But now on silent saintly soliloquizing, When I walked into the swingingest pad, My eyes beheld a strangely grotesque sight : The beatniks all queued up and acted picqued Most people became deformed from my first like if I was the fuz. fright, Crippled permanently from the weighty wooden To their contemporary code I was a real cool worthlessness cat, Which sits dejectedly on top of their weighting And with them I shared some skin; shoulders. With the impression I created, the Light became streated. The house hung Light flowed forth from above; It was thrown thoughtfully through my grim But It found it’s frightful path through the misty cell. haze. My mind pains me, and my wounds are beyond Not everyone here liked me; some loved me, pain, But the drowsy light was drowned out by the The malignantly molesting light torments my dreary drove. misty vision, Ah, how much easier to provoke adolescent And finally, I felt a faint refrain, falling into a obscenities in youth righteous relapse to reminiscence. But now all that was before, when I was much younger than now. When I crashed through into Cube city, And now I pose peacefully in Man’s Palace, The squares stared dissatisfied and I felt The cold, clear Light grew warm and soothed remorse. my pains. They actually wash their lilly white hands The merciful Lord looked lovingly down, In pools of the whitest wine! And had mercy on my black soul; Their rites would ruin my moral code; And in the thunder of the fearful night, To hell with them! The Light of the world shone down— The confounded Light continues to cool my The Cold Winter’s night became a warm countenance, summer’s day, And my eyes stare contemptiously in direful The Light billowed into an icendescent crescent of contemplation. white, The lies and the cries died away, and my eyes When I gate-crashed a surfing-safari, were not affected. I found a pretty piece to please my Palestinian palate. The rockers, the surfies, the beatniks, the fuz; Some such souls I found simple to surprise. And even the boastful bigoted squares and cubes, All peered perplexed, Some liked me and some loved me; And prayed painfully for resurrrection. But the burning blue Light grew brighter, The eternal, the profuse brilliance of light, And brought my baneful browsing to an abrupt Layed humble all living souls into liberal lament, end, The black, the tarnished; the stained, and the The Lamp was tarnished, impure— all disappeared, But the Light shone through. Devoured by the licentious cellestial fire.

18 THE KALEIDOSCOPE LOVE'S DECEPTION

Blue is the colour of the sea and the heavens, The memories o f promiscious youth haunt the depths of my conscience; Green is the colour of growth and fertility — The sweet passions of physical ecstasy now torture. White represents beauty and purity. Agony replacing pleasure — pain at a touch; now rots Yellow’s the colour of the golden daffodil — Now rots the organ, once proud, Probing the depths of chastity; giving all — irrepproachable. Gold the colour so high in Man's esteem. Appeasement beyond hope; now to be starved of satisfaction Silver reflects the illustrious moon. Life is now despair, a sea of lonliness — the cloak of love Red is the colour of love and of blood! uncovered. Black is the colour of sin and darkness; The ground covered with a carpet of gold, my hair strewn where I shall die, Violet is the colour of both combined — The world spins dizzily — staring up, the clouds and trees United to symbolize one — slowly fade away — adieu j A colour that sees no other — Death. A gradual movement from darkness to light — a shroud of dew, elysium at last.

The colour beyond have no comparison : They have no characteristic wavelength — No refraction, despersion changes then : They have no material comparison : All united through their purpose — FRUSTRATION They are the colours of perfection, resurrection, and eternity. Now blossoms romance as bloom the orchids o f Spring: The apple blossoms — her love for me blooms. We eat freely of the fruit of life. We love for the love of life and soul. Her skin softer, deeper, smoother than satin; A heart warmer, fuller, more lovable than life. Together we swim in the fountain of youth, Sustaining our souls and warming our hearts. Eternal youth, eternal ecstacy our promise. Hand in hand down the scented paths of paradise we walk —■ Flesh’s cravings and souls yearnings appeased — tangible elysium. POEMS The fruits ripen, fill to maturity, glowing red. The laws of nature can’t concede, but inevitably succeed. Summer — the apple falls a jelly mass upon the grass. The fountain is dried up — depravity ensues. No more shall my voice resound within the gates of her soul: No more shall my hands caress the breasts that gave warmth. Never again shall our lips fuse in an embrace of tenderness Never again shall I watch her dancing eyes OBSESSED Slowly close,, engulfed in the pangs of love. Now I have gone, so shall thieves vainly attempt There She blossoms. The locks on the gates to the Garden of Eden. There she blossoms like a rose in the desert; Her vibrant beauty enchants the moon. Her golden voice resounds to the tune Cf the ascending lark at dawn. Her hair is more refreshing than the coolest INTO OBLIVION stream; As once I pondered in resourceful meditation, I saw the image o f some forgotten jubilation. It glows divinely like a cloud of dreams; And as the image became more clearly formed, Her smile is so warm and so discreet, It vanished as suddenly as it has been spawned, It enlightens my heart when our eyes meet. And left my mind in jubilant oscillation, Much the better or its righteous affection. Her heavenly shape excites my emotions; And is more sacred than an ancient love potion.

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20 Of Myths And Camus By Ragbir S. B.

"Do you know that over a period of twenty-five years between 1922 and 1947, 70 million Europeans — men, women and children — have been uprooted, deported, and killed?" Did you know this, did you?

It is in the context of human suffering, torture, It is not surprising therefore that most of his readers racial hatred and brain washing that Camus signifi­ took the essay as a nihilistic statement of man's con­ cance as a writer becomes apparent. Albert Camus dition. is perhaps, next to Sarte or Gide, the most popular Camus begins his essay on the absurd w ith the writer among young intellectuals both in France and sensational statement: "There is only one serious overseas. His works have a sense of urgency and philosophical problem: "suicide." This reminds a consciousness that appeals to the modern youth. one, of Proudhon's opening salvoes, in that it This is an age which brings out the nihilistic at­ makes us sit up. "The subject of this essay", he titude towards life, and it is our duty to fight it not says is "precisely the relation between the absurd only in ourselves but also in others. In his speech and suicide, the exact measure in which suicide is on receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957, a solution to the absurd." Camus is not concerned Camus spoke of this nihilism: with the moral question about the justification of "Those men who were born at the beginning suicide but with the metaphysical question whether of the First World War and were twenty at the life is worth living. It is only when this question time of Hitler's coming to power and the first rev­ is answered negatively that the question of suicide olutionary trials, who were then confronted, to becomes a serious problem. complete their education, with the Spanish war, the Camus resolves the question whether life is Second World War, the universal concentration worth living into the question whether life is camp. Europe ruled by the gaoler and the torturer, absurd. He makes the answers to the question have now to bring up their sons and produce their whether life is absurd depend on such questions as works in a world threatened by nuclear destruction whether the world is rational and whether our ..... and I believe, indeed that we should under­ existence has a purpose. The feeling of the absurd stand, while continuing to oppose it, the mistaken Camus tells us can arise in one of the following attitude of those who, through excess of despair, ways . Firstly our lives are run on a routine— have asserted the right to dishonour and have "Dress, tramway, four hours in an office or factory, rushed headlong into the nihilism of our day. None meal, tramway, four hours of work, Monday, Tues­ the less, the greater number of us, in my own day, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday at country and throughout Europe, have rejected such the same tempo; the road can be followed easily nihilism and have tried to find some law to live by. enough most of the time. Only one day the why They have had to forge for themselves an art of appears and everything begins in a weariness tinged living through times of catastrophe, in order to be with surprise." It is only on that particular day reborn, and then to fight openly against the death— when the individual questions the value and purpose instinct which is at work in our time." of his existence that he suddenly becomes aware The two main themes underlying Camus's work of the absurd. Secondly it may arise from a realiza­ are firstly the concept of the "absurd" and tion that time is passing by and we are progressing secondly the concept of revolt. The first is em­ towards the grave. bodied in his essay "Le M ythe de Sisyphe", while T hirdly it may arise from a sense of the aliena­ the second idea is worked out in his book "T he tion o f material objects. Lastly we may sense the Rebel". The Rebel is the work of a more respons­ absurd through a feeling of being isolated from ible, critical and mature Camus. In it he criticises other human beings. In all these cases Camus tells thinkers like Hegel, Nietzsche and Marx for building us that there seems to be a disparity between the superstructures and raising concepts such reason, facts and our desire for clarity. This he says is due history, the will to power, to the status of absolute to the fact that the world is really irrational. To concepts. However it is the purpose of this essay show that the world is irrational Camus puts forward to examine Camus ideas on the absurd as propound­ two arguments— (1) that logic does not provide us ed in "Le Mythe de Sisyphe". It should be noted with truth, and (2) that physics does not give us a at the outset that Camus's essay on the absurd was rational explanation of the world. only a tentative attitude. When he first wrote To support his first claim, Camus refers to this essay he felt that to affirm the value of human Aristotle's proof that to assume everything is true life was sufficient without stating that in itself it or to assume everything is false leads in implied ethical and moral values. He was more either case to a logical impasse. This in fact is concerned with the individual and his happiness. the famous Cretan problem. The full form This attitude in the fourties seemed to imply that of the argument runs as follows: If every pro­ history and social ethics were devoid of meaning. position is true, then the contradictory of this pro- 21 position itself must be true; but the contradictory of may be justified by reference to others. But to the proposition that every proposition is true ask for an ultimate end is to fall into a contra­ is that at least one proposition is false. And if every diction in terms. Similarly to ask for a reason for proposition is false, then the proposition that every "the routine of life," in the sense of having to proposition is false must itself be false and con­ justify it by means of an untimate end is to contra­ sequently at least one proposition must be true. dict oneself. It must be pointed out that this paradox has been Having dealt with his propositions and seen solved by modern logicians and is not a problem them to be entirely vacuous one can quite rightly at all. As far as Camus's thesis is concerned it does discard his theory of the "absurd" as another piece not in any way prove the irrationality of the world. of metaphysical nonsense which has to be com­ Camus's complaint against physics is not en­ mitted to the flames. The rest of the book is spent tirely new. One has perhaps got quite used to this on analysing the traditional methods of negating the sort of criticism by the metaphysical philosophers absurd, and the types of behaviour which are ap­ like Bergson and Meyerson. It is quite natural propriate to a person who has become conscious to expect this from them, since they represent the of the "absurd". anti-rationalistic school of thought. Of this criti­ There are two methods of negating the absurd cism of physics all that one can really say is that — philosophical suicide and physical suicide. He Camus does not understand the nature and function attacks Kierkegaard, Chestov, Heidegger, Jaspars of scientific theorising and experimentation. He and Hesserl for committing philosophical suicide says that the physicist enumerates a variety of phy­ by either leaping into faith or the realm of absolute sical laws, inorder to explain the world. But in the reason. Physical suicide on the other hand is a process of so doing he is reduced to speaking of means of negating the absurd but not of refuting it. "an invisible planetary system in which electrons Camus rejects the above solutions and insists gravitate around a nucleus." This to Camus is that we accept the absurd. He tells us to retain merely a metaphor. These metaphors he says will this awareness of the absurd and refuse any other be replaced by newer ones as the result of recent form of escape. This attitude of refusal Camus changes in scientific theory. In point of fact he labels as revolt. It will be noticed that it is quite rejects physics as being capable of providing an arbitary whether one should opt for revolt or suicide. explanation of the world. It is agreed that physists Since Camus has a vested interest in the absurd, he do use pictures but it does not follow from this prefers to give revolt an air of logical inevitability that they are unable to explain the world. Perhaps This reasoning is quite unsatisfactory logically as the best way to answer this objection would be to the choice is made on emotional grounds. In opting ask ourselves what scientific explanation means. It for revolt he says the "absurd man" will be "bound means nothing more than making bold hypotheses to it for ever", and try to live a very intense life— which can be checked by experiments and also at feeling all the passions and new experiences in­ the same time used to predict the occurrence of tensely. Quantity and not quality of the experi­ fu rth e r events. Hence as long as o ur pictures ences will be his aim. One is reminded here of provide these hypotheses and can be shown to be Pater's ethic: correct within the limits of experimental error they "Not the fruit of experience but experience have fulfilled their scientific function. To ask of itself is the end. A counted number of pulses our hypotheses something more is quite ridiculous. only is given to us of a variegated, dramatic life. It seems that what Camus is after is that something How shall we pass most swiftly from point to point, more. Camus is in fact demanding that empirical and be present always at the focus where the great­ propositions be logically necessary. This is to est number of vital forces unite in their purest misunderstand the character of empirical proposi­ energy? To burn always with this hard, gemlike tions because in themselves they do not entail flame, to maintain his ecstasy, is success in life." logical necessity at all. Furthermoré Camus rejects Camus believes that Don Juan, the actor, the empirical criteria to answer the question of the conqueror and the creative artist are the best rationality or irrationality of the world. In rejecting examples of the "absurd man". He considers each the empiricist criteria, he does not replace it by of them in turn. But this part of the argument any other criteria by which we may ascertain the does not add anything very new or exciting to the validity of his claims. He tells us that what makes main thesis of the essay although one might say it life absurd is the fact that the world does not satisfy is very interesting reading. The essay concludes our need for intellectual clarity. He does not tell with a short description of the myth of Sisyphus. us however in what way the world falls short of our Sisyphus like the "absurd man" scorned the gods, standards of intellectual clarity. It seems that hated death and was fond of life. The gods con­ these standards which he is talking about are demned him to a hopeless task in hell. His task definitely not to be found by empirical means, but consisted in pushing a stone up the hill and every- have to be judged by some metaphysical criteria. time he got to the top the stone rolled back to the As to his questions about the meaning and pur­ bottom. Camus believes that Sisyphus is conscious pose of life, one can see again this metaphysical of the hopelessness of his task and this makes him attitude prevalent in his analysis. Men have par­ superior to it. Sisyphus is interpreted by Camus as ticular purposes in life and this gives a meaning to a symbol not of despair but of obstinate happiness. their lives. The criteria by which they choose their And the essay ends on one of Camus characteristic purposes are always empirical, and these purposes phrases, "II fault imaginer Sisyphe heureux." 22 Grandpa, Your Pants Were Down

LEAFING THROUGH THE 1898 BULLETIN By RAY BEILBY

Yes, grandpa, I caught you with your pants down the sported by Dr. Tarrant — FRCSE, LRCPE, LRCSI, LMRCPE other day. Found out at last, you old devil. For years, you’ve — the Dr. Tarrant who had perfected “a new method of stared at me from that grey photo on the wall. You were healing” which was “absolutely free from Merpury”. He always something of an ideal grandpa — but you’ve had me reminded you that “No Man or Woman should marry — fooled. With your proud stance, you had convinced me you without first assuring themselves that they are in perfect were a man almost superhuman in your physical and moral health” and that “no man will accomplish a noble purpose, strength and that I was the child of a lost generation. And become eminent, or achieve greatness, whose nervous system those pure and noble poems, novels and short stories you wrote is deranged?” Do you recall, grandpa, that the dangerous about yourself —for shame, grandpa. I was sure the world symptoms indicated by Dr. Tarrant included “Blushing; had gone to the pack and that men of our day are not as Constipation; Desire for solitude or drink; Bashfulness; Fear virtuous as they were in yours — “the good old days” as of Insanity or Suicide; Inclination to Throw Yourself Down you call them. When over Water; Inability to keep your Thoughts off Impure Subjects; Dreams; Fear of Impending Danger”? You do, But now I know, grandpa, you’re just a bloody old perhaps? hypocrite — because, grandpa, I really did catch you with your pants down. For a moment, the other day, I stopped The cause of your “early follies” is not hard to find. reading your Bulletin accounts of your daring rescues, your No doubt, you invested a few shillings in the wares of battles with the elements, and all the rest of your romantic that advertiser who offered you “2 Secret Lovers photos” for clap-trap. Grandpa, I was shocked to see the real you — 1/-, “52 transparent cards” for 3/-, “Love letters, 12 of the the you that I found in the advertisement columns of an best you ever read” for 2/-, and for 1/- “2 sure ways to 1898 Bulletin. Here was the truth about you that seems to please”. Was it Madame Panza who attracted you with her have died with the years while your glorified fictional offer of “The Ballet Girl with 22 Racy Illustrations, depict­ vision of yourself has lived on. Grandpa, what dissipated, ing her Theatrical and Domestic Life” for 1/- and “The Life, constipated creature lurked behind those whiskers? Adventures, and Confessions of a Sydney Barmaid” for 1/6? Your pants were, as I say, down. Why, grandpa, I A quick trip to two other Sydney bookshops would have wonder? Were they ordered down by “Sydney’s leading supplied your shelves with the following titles — Crisp Tales specialists”, Drs. Freeman and Wallace, who chose each from the French, Phallic or Sex Worship, The Woman of week to deliver a “warning” to “despairing young men” who Fire, Romance of a Fair Girl’s Bathroom, Clara Stanley’s had lost their will power “by continually committing (them­ Amours, A Wily Widow, Best Way to Get on, and What to selves) to those habits of dissipation or abuse that unfit do and how to do it. Certainly you could not have ignored (them) for nearly all walks of life?” Grandpa, did you Mr. R. W. Skinner who advertised “The Soiled Dove, being recognise yourself in the good doctors’ advertisement? — the History of a Gay Young Lady, very spicy; Miss Skittles, for there under the heading “Failing Manhood”, you would the Girl with Six husbands, also very spicy; Sapho’s Gay have read “When your manhood begins to go you will Life in Paris; Maria Monk; Ovid’s Art of Love, Byron’s twitch and show signs of premature weakness . . . Do your Don Juan — all very spicy; Sterility and Impotence”. On facial nerves twitch? Have you pains in the small of your second thoughts, however, your strides (as you call them) may back? Have you shooting pains? Do you feel fatigued? have been down as a result of your investment in a little Does your head swim? Do your knees knock? Does your book entitled The Triumph of Love whose publishers hand tremble?” You didn’t feel that “Failing Manhood” claimed “Every man who would know the grand truths, the applied to you? Then it may have been “Nervous Debility” plain facts, the old secrets, and the New Discoveries of — that “affliction (which) destroys ambition, organic strength, medical science as applied to Married Life, who would atone energy and hope”. Perhaps you answered “Yes” when the for past follies and avoid future pitfalls, should write for our doctors asked “Do you shun society? Are you losing flesh? wonderful little book, showing how to attain complete man­ Do you sleep poorly? Do you have hot flushes? Have you hood”. Or you may have recently purchased the Lover’s no manly vigor? Do your hands and feet sweat? Has the Encyclopedia which “(considered) the subjects from the brightness left your eyes? Do you feel unfit to marry?” time you meet until you two are one”. Possibly it was not Drs. Freeman and Wallace who ordered them down. It may have been the “trebly-qualified” Dr. Some may consider I judge you too harshly but remember Gibbons whose advertisement on the same page was ad­ this. Even had you been a clerical grandpa (Church of dressed to “Young men! and Those who wish to Marry! . . . England, of course) in 1898, in your ordination examination who, as the result of early follies, or excesses of more mature paper, you were expected to be able to answer this —“Write age, suffer from any of the following symptoms, namely:— a description of your intercourse as a minister with some drowsiness in the daytime; irregularity of bowels; halos or person in whom you have been specially interested, or to circles round candles; unpleasant dreams; fear of something whom you have been spiritually useful. State the method dreadful about to happen; falling out of the hair”. — But you adopted, and the apparent results of your efforts”. you may not have read this page, grandpa. Instead you Don’t deny it, grandpa. It was reported in the Bulletin on may have been attracted by the impressive array of letters 9th July, 1898—page 10 to be exact.

23 In all fairness though, we must not overlook the fact that pills in order to ensure “the healthy activity of the vital that garment may have been as it was because you could have apparatus”. I’m sufe few of your fellows could have been recovering from a bout of constipation. Under the resisted these Pills considering that an “emphatic City Testi­ heading “Merit recognised. Virtue triumphant. Bile Beans monial” was submitted by Mr. C. M. McCroy as well as for Biliousness”, the manufacturers informed you that others from “Curly” Williams (“the world’s champion club “strong praise” had come from “a Sydney woman” who, swinger”), Mrs. Maud Hughes, and Miss Mary Crossthwait after “9 months continued suffering” (which had “her medical (“a young lady cured at Ultimo”). With too many of your adviser completely baffled”), had had a “miraculous cure “push” boasting healthy “vital apparatus” and “the strong effected by Bile Beans”; and in Melbourne, Bile Beans right arm of youth”, it is no wonder then that Dr. Cart­ “marvels” in restoring four people to health caused people wright advertised “Female Tablets” since “Nothing causes of that fair city to be “astounded”. When you got down Girls and Women so much Worry and Distress as Irregulari­ to the facts, however, you discovered (admit it) that the ties and Delays”. With you around, Grandma would have Beans were just the thing for your condition. Certainly you done well to heed the advertisement addressed to Married would have followed the instructions to take several beans Ladies who, for four penny stamps, could receive a book each day as directed. The following extract from the advertise­ “deeply concerning (their) welfare” or for 1/6 an “elegantly ment may suggest the reason for the disordered dress. bound”, “Improved Edition” of Wife’s Guide and Friend. “Pursue this course for 8 or 10 days, and then omit taking You were at times apparently virile grandpa — if nothing the Beans for a single night, but, nevertheless, the next else. In view of this, we know that you had no need to morning make an effort, whether there is any desire or not, seek the help of the “Vacuum process” by which “wasted or to have a passage at the same time in the morning that the shrunken parts of the Human Body (were) enlarged and Beans operated the day before . . . It must not be put off developed to normal size and vigour” and that you had no use beyond the usual time, as the old habit will return again”. for Capillarine (10/6) “the only certain Moustache producer” — as that grey photo on the wall attests. Or I wonder did you take Dr. Williams’ “Pink Pills for I read no further, grandpa, but I now know what you mean Pale People” which gave “the elastic Step, the ringing laugh, by the “good old days” — you gullible, lecherous, old and the strong right arm of youth” to those who took the hypochondriac. Really, grandpa, I’m disenchanted.

A SURREALISTIC COLLEGE OR IN DEFENCE OF SURREALISM

A college has matured. We were gawky. A college has no time for intellectual hibernation. Amidst a pot-pourri of taken its posture in this campus. Two years old and we cultures, some good, some others with good exponents, the are now vocal and unpedestrian. days are crowded. Some say the sun rises in the East; others the sun sets Late, some evening sorrows are drowned in drink. In­ in the West. The pagodas in the twilight zone pulsate with hibition slinks into the night while we set to put things sensitivity under the rays from both sides, right. The cellar is filled with controversy over some A college can be considered as an establishment for forgotten white-washed war in the Far-East. But here our hoarders. Rooms to be let to a select few. The Students’ heightened senses dissect it with merciless precision. Who Club as a catering body? Somebody to do the dirty work is the victor and who is the victim, the burning question of and maintain house services. It depends on the individual. the perennial war. Inhibition sets in at cock-crow. Some people differ. I beg to differ. We will come under trial. We will be accused. An Vocal expression is an uncommon commodity. The intellectual and social ghetto? A half-way house to nowhere? saffron-robed inhabitants cast off their robes. Now it is a Who will be our accuser? Judge us not by appearences. hive of activity. Expression in activity? We suffer from Overcoming differences is our business. We preach a mild intellectual insomnia. philosophy, sometimes a story to tell, some other times an This year we have tried to be different. A college can idea to sell. A salesman with ideas? A people not used grow in a rut. We feel the need for non-conformism to express vocally often have a different language. Sometimes simply because outmoded traditions are being broken down it is in their manners, sometimes in their work, sometimes everyday. They can be broken down by society in which in their poetry, but we in our activity. Will you still accuse cause it will be a long wait before we realise a few truisms. us? Escapism is the most prevalent latent social disease. Society Some fight for lost causes. We fight for so-called lost shuns sudden change. To quote an example, it was only causes. The myth of the sullen people explodes in the through accident that there has of recent been criticism on corridors. The calm sets in. The sun rises in the east and the fresher system in the other colleges by the campus and sets in the west. We in the twilight zone are still a light society at large. The thief in the night might have slipped to some people. away in the guise of tradition while we played at catch-me- “A state in a street or some place where it would if-you-can. We have been fortunate. The foundation mem­ normally be found is just a statue, as it were, in its bers of this college had the foresight to erase anachronisms right mind; but a statue in a ditch or in the middle from college life. To-day by choice rather than chance of a ploughed field is then an object in a state of we continue the search for futuristic ideas. surrealism. Subjected to continual pinpricks on a conscience we have A.Z.F.

24 THE STORY OF INTERNATIONAL HOUSE

HOW

IT

BEGAN

By HOWARD COOK (President, International House New York)

INTERNATIONAL HOUSE NEW YORK

O travel over 3000 miles to the other side of the world and to meet people there who T share one's own ideals and purposes is a thrilling experience and one which I have just experienced, while visiting three International Houses in Australia. Travelling to Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne with Sheridan Warrick, the Director of International House in Berkeley, California, was an adventure we both shall long remember.

That I felt a special kinship with the House in Brisbane together with his wife Florence began to invite foreign was due in part to what I learned from President Bert students to their home for suppers on Sunday evenings. Martin, who played such an important role in the establish­ These Sunday suppers became a tradition from which emerged ment of the International House in Brisbane. He had the Intercollegiate Cosmopolitan Club of the City of New somehow secured a copy of a film of our International York, and later the first International House. House in New York, that was made soon after World War These Sunday suppers, along with a National Night or II, and had been showing it to anyone interested in the idea, two, evenings of discussions of world problems, trips to in Australia and throughout Southeast Asia. To know that places of interest, hospitality in homes of Americans, these the showing of this film had in a small way contributed are all still a vital part of International House in New York. toward the establishment of three International Houses in Out of these activities the Intercollegiate Cosmopolitan far off Australia was very exhilarating. Club was born. The four purposes outlined in its constitu­ As I jetted back to the U.S., I thought about the role tion of 1913 were: Bert Martin and others had played in the founding of the 1. To unite for their mutual benefit, socially, intellectually, beautiful International House in Brisbane. Their obvious and morally, students of all nationalities in the colleges, dedication brought to mind the fervor of our own Harry universities, and professional Schools of New York City; Edmonds and how it all began. 2. To promote friendly relations between foreign students It was in the fall of 1909 when Harry Edmonds, then a and American students; Y.M.C.A. secretary at Columbia University, passed a Chinese 3. To bring foreign students in contact with American home student on the steps of the University library. He nodded life; to the student and wished him a good morning. The 4. To promote the world’s peace movement through better student was overcome. “ Thank you for speaking to me,” understanding among the students of the world. he said. “ I have been in New York for three weeksj and the very same ideas are incorporated in the statement of pur­ you are the first person who has spoken to me.” pose o f the Brisbane House which I have before me, on the Impressed by the loneliness expressed in these few words, Life Membership Card in the House which I proudly carry as spoken by a stranger in a strange land, Mr. Edmons, a momento o f my visit to Brisbane.

25 By 1921 there were 620 members of the Cosmopolitan the first year’s residents. It is interesting to note that today Club, from 65 countries. Mr. Edmonds’ dream expanded. only 8 per cent, of this group is served by the House,, so The realization of what could be accomplished “if the large has the foreign student population of the city grown, students, the future leaders of different lands had an oppor­ and so many, the institutions catering to the special needs. tunity to live together under one roof” inspired him further. Although Mr. Edmonds retired as director in 1935, to be followed by Mr. John L. Mott, and in 1955 by this writer, Mr. Edmonds had already conducted a survey of living he remained passionately active in the expanding, world-wide conditions available to foreign students in the city and was international house movement. Under Mr. Rockerfeller’s appalled by their inadequacy. Most were isolated from commission he surveyed possible locations of other such each other and from the American community. Over a centers and as a result Mr. Rockerfeller donated funds that ten year period he had observed how individual differences made possible the erection of International House of the fade when students from different countries were given the University of California in Berkeley in 1930, the one at the chance to meet together periodically. The conviction grew University of Chicago in 1932, and the Cite Universitaire in in him that if he could erect a house as a shelter and center Paris in 1936. where daily experiences could be shared, along with scholastic hopes and dreams, this understanding, this fading of dif­ Now, forty-three years after the building of the first ferences, would become more noticeable. such House in New York, there are over 60 other Houses and centers serving the needs of foreign students in sixteen In 1920 Harry Edmonds was able to transmit his zeal different countries. Harry Edmonds, now an octogenarian, to John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Within a matter of months Mr. looks back to his meeting with the lonely foreign student Rockerfeller donated the site of land on Riverside Drive whose plight ignited the dream. “To have seen it come to on which International House presently stands. He also pass in one’s own lifetime is beyond anything which one provided three million dollars to build and furnish the first might aspire to, or hope for . . .” is the way he puts it. such institution in the world. Yes, I thought when I got home, it has all come true and International House opened its doors to 500 foreign and the torch has been passed on to a new generation, a genera­ American students in September of 1924. Almost half of tion which shares the same commitment to furthering the the foreign students in the city of New York were among gaol of universal brotherhood. The First 1,000 Days:

It seems to me to be an appropriate time to have a country. There are some Australians whose friendship I clear-eyed look at International House after its three years highly value, others I place at less value. What I am sug­ of existence, and try to access its success and shortcomings. gesting is that International House should not pretend to “cotton wool” relations. It can clear away any wooly First of all with regard to the broad aim of the college. prejudices standing in the way of the full confrontation of The motto of International House, “That Brotherhood May Prevail”, can be made meaningful, but not in the more people as people, and life in college should give a student grandiose dimensions sometimes proposed. the opportunity to assess people, regardless of their origin, by the same standard of values. This to me is the most To hope that International House will solve the world’s important function of International House. One learns problems, that life in college will be a veritable “love feast” that no country has a monopoly of goodness, or selfishness, of harmony and goodwill seems to put the aims impossibly or generosity or tolerence. One learns that there are prob­ high, and to suggest this to Rotary clubs and others is lems of universal application, and a general consensus of to delude them. What can be achieved and has been hopes and ambitions. We have to jettison any approach of in some cases, is much mor e moderate, and in the benevolent paternalism, and learn to live in a genuinely long term equally as valuable. It is this: on a personal honest, genuinely reciprocal world of human relationships. level, the college can cultivate a sense of genuine tolerence and understanding, so that people from whatever country This requires a few initial efforts. Australians have thep come are assessed subjecitvely on their worth as to understand the difficulties of overseas students — initially people. I feel very strongly about this, yet curiously in­ language, food, a very genuine homesickness, even simple articulate. things like using our knives and forks. Perhaps the biggest, yet least often mentioned, is the starkly reduced possibility What I am suggesting is that International House of meaningful female companionship. Overseas students has got to be honest and realistic about what it can and have to learn to respond to perhaps gauche approaches to should do. The “kindness with overtones of patronage” friendship by Australians. sort of image, the naive but very generous approach of “all these people are guests in this country, so let’s go out of our Looking back over the last three years, there are some way to be nice to them” is in my view artificial and un­ aspects of life in International House that deserves comment. desirable. What we have to learn if relationships with The custom of greeting everyone by first name as one passes folk from overseas are to really matter and not be just the in the corridor is a very important one, and ouht not to lapse. sugar coating on a dream world, is that there are going to I was very impressed by the South East Asian Evening this be overseas students with whom our relationships are going year, and nights like this should be a lot more common. I to be nothing more than formal. There will be others whose am thinking of joint functions between the M.S.S.A. and company one finds worthwhile and significant. It is the International House at college, for instance, and encouraging same way with friendship with people from one’s own the O.S.A. to have its socials here, or have a barbeque and

26 dance in the games room. The Students Club has also to living from day to day, and started a sinking fund to provide encourage better relations with other colleges — dinner ex­ boats, squash courts, perhaps a swimming pool — in short chances should be frequent, and the Port and Coffee evening started to think of more than themselves. The billiard table, held last year should be repeated. I think it is also time and the general “American Aid” type financing of the that former students of International House formed an associa­ Student Club are points of more disquiet. So too is the tion. Perhaps it could be called “The Old Internationals”! personal bickering at Student Club meetings.

There are two matters of increasing concern I wish to The second matter is more than a common by-the-way. mention. The first of these is our injunction to the Students’ The college has not yet evolved a genuine intellectual ethos. Club and to all students not to become “all takers and no There ought to be more music, more good books, more givers.” room coffee parties for discussion, in general a more extensive I can see signs that this could be happening. When one looks interchange of ideas between the members of colige. at the facilities here, at the liberal life that is encouraged, International House already has a reputation as a happy at the reliance and trust that is invested in the students to do college, an academically successful college, a very liberal and the right thing rather than achieve this by sanctions, students adult college, in which the trivalities of “the fresher system” here have a lot to appreciate and be thankful for. I suspect and the myth of college superiority have given way to a more that students overall are not sufficiently appreciative of what honest and dignified way of life. I hope that the real has been done for them, particularly in the provision of success achieved in the first three years is merely the future facilities. It is about time that the Students’ Club stopped greatness of International House taking root. Jeff Spender.

had its origins in the ancient civilisations of China, The Warden's Letter . . . India, Greece and Rome. Even more important is the proposition of an academic climate which will help the individual to fulfil his educatonal aspira­ tions. Other objects can be achieved only as con­ LOOKING AHEAD comitants as this academic goal is successfully at­ tained. It is for this reason that now, and in the "For I dipt into the future as far as human future, the 20% ratio of post-graduate students will eye could see, be maintained. Saw the mysteries of the world and the In the wider sense, it is hoped that International wonders that would be." House will be able to play a more extensive role in the life of the University and the community as If one only could! However, three years of suc­ a whole. It is part of our job to try to bridge the cessful existence has justified the belief of our gap between Australian parochialism and the over­ founders that there was, and is, a need for a Col­ seas tendency towards reticence and retirement; lege such as ours and the number of applicants opened with "May brotherhood prevail and may already received augurs well for the future. many people smiled cynically when formal dinner is our homes everywhere be blessed." Yet the con­ Physically, the next step is the construction of cept of brotherhood is still a workable one but it a unit for fifty girls, an enlarged dining room and requires active measures to guard against the loss kitchen, an administration building and flats for of warmth and personal concern as an institution married tutors. This will bring our population to increases in size. Any discrepancy between the 150, which is thought to be the maximum number ideal and its practice is in a large measure correct­ if any degree of personal intetrest and pastoral care able by human beings. is to be maintained. Such an increase must bring about certain administrative changes, and a more So it is with this final thought on the future that consciously directed effort will have to be made in I leave you — International House will continue the areas of orientation, counselling, tutorial pro­ to flourish provided each member makes a con­ grammes, hospitality, vacation employment and the scious effort to contribute something of himself like. The greatest problem will be that of frag­ to others and to the generous spirit of the College. mentation; the loss of a family, friendly atmos­ Members of International House are pledged to phere; the tendency for ethnic cliques to form- No the principle of brotherhood, which pledge I set doubt, the foundation students still remember with out, hopefully in conclusion. most affection, 1965, when sixty-four students were thrown together for the first time. The pattern "As light begets light, so love, friendship they set of co-operative living still exists but some and goodwill are passed from one to another. of the first, fine, careless rapture has been lost. We, who have come from many nations to live in one Fellowship in International The function of International House past, pres­ House, promise one another to pass the lig h t ent, and future, must be to provide a meeting place wherever we go." — an environment congenial to cross cultural education. This is not a new idea. The cross cultural Ivor M. B. Cribb, education movement of which this College is a part W arden.

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blinded me at least. But still in my dreams I The President’s Report recall the intelligent ogre handing the strings. There was sense to this Kafka-like play. Puppets (or, Alfred's Dream.) have always seemed to me like children learning to walk- Then it suddenly dawned to me that I was looking for the story in the puppets. I had HOW WOULD YOU write a report on the forgotten the ogre up above. He had lost his College? This, I put to you, because it has been sense of proportion. Puppets had to be loved. a nagging problem with me for some time now- Their sphere of activity is limited. You just can­ Write it like a novel? not play war games with puppets. That was why “ You can begin a story in the middle and create the puppets' attempts were feeble. Then came the confusion by striking out boldly, backward and fade-out in my dreams. forward. You can be modest, put aside all mention Let us try the other direction. The pre-July of time and distance and, when the whole thing days. Then in my dreams it was the hey-day of is done, proclaim, or let someone else proclaim, the chessboard. The posturing of the pieces made that you are finally, at the last moment, solved sense. I followed the moves but the game seemed the space-time problem. Or you can declare at never-ending. The players must have left their the very start that it's impossible to write a novel finish for another night but that night in my dream nowadays, but then, behind your own back, so to has never come. I dream now only of sane chess speak, give birth to a whopper, a novel to end all board, and an insane puppet show. novels." (Gunter Grass, “ The Tin Drum") I still cannot understand why I dream of these Let us be conventional. Let us try to start at things- But then we have still not managed to the beginning and end at the ending. What would decide on a definite approach to the problem of you say should be the beginning of the report? I writing a report on the college. We have tried should perhaps write down, in general terms, what Gunter Grass's advice and failed. We were on the I feel, should be the body of the report. Something horns of a dilema and have arrived at a stale mate. about the guts of the college. But this is a dif­ What recourse do we have? Let us try the individ­ ficult proposition simply because what I have to ual, the man of the College and leave my tortured express in this regard will be hard to understand, dreams alone. But Guntetr Grass has this to say: chess-board and a puppet show. Oddly there is a It is like this: I dream of two things recurrently; a "I have also been told that it makes a good similarity between this hallucinations in the night. impression, an impression of modesty so to speak, There always seems to be a deliberate posturing if you begin by saying that a novel can't have a of the pieces or of the puppets. But there is a hero anymore because individuality is a thing of difference between the posturings. In the case the past, because man — each man and all men of the chessboard, it seems to me that the pieces together — is alone in his loneliness and no one are antagonistic, cautiously aggressive seemingly is entitled to individual loneliness, and all men innocent. However, in the case of the puppets, lumped together make up a 'lonely mass' wthout their posturing evokes laughter or tears. Some­ names and without heros". times I dream, like the “ fade-out" in clever films, Tell me, how would you write a report on the of the chessboard giving way to the maionettes at College? That is the plaintive cry of a dreamer, play- Perhaps we ought to junk ths approach because interpretations of dreams is a matter for believe me. the psychologist. Of course, my dream has Freu­ dian overtones. Let us drop this approach of beginning at the beginning and instead try the middle. But then we are in the thick of it. Before 1 am overcome with claustrophobia let us begin striking out. What Executive is the middle? What happened n the middle of President: A. Z. Fernandez the year? Say, the month July. It comes back to Vice-President: David Watson me now. I had a hangover and everything seemed Hon. Secretary: Peter Wicks Hon. Treasurer: John Boyd topsy turvy. 1st year rep: W. Milroy 2nd year rep: W. McCormack I cannot strike-out boldly from the middle. But 3rd year rep: W. Heatley this brings to mind the curious situation that 4th year rep: K. Price started developing in mid July. We had a bizarre situation of puppets changing their facade. Their chameleonic behaviour was not making sense. It

29 competition. Not a bad effort, eral times they dragged them­ House News as the top teams have their selves out of bed after college own squash courts. functions. On one memorable SPORTS by Dave Baguley occasion Dave Easton came ATHLETICS straight to the courts after an 11-9 victory. (Hulbert 2 Thank goodness for “Verboten?’. Hugo Jackson penalties, McDuff field goal). Earlier in the year our ath­ Hockey! ! Our only premier­ was always the freshest, Dave ship this year came when our St. John’s College, aided by letes (despite several injuries), saw us into third position in Watson the most dogged, Chris Hockey XI swept all before good kicking and lucky O’Neill the most brilliant, and them to take the honours for bounces, overwhelmed us 38-0, the I.C.C. Athletics Carnival. Matthew Antwi was selected in Mike Pemberton vaguely re­ the second successive year. but Leo’s and Cromwell (both called having played the game the I.C.C. team, but it was However, our honour was victorious over Johns), could many years ago. never lowered in any sport only manage 6-3 and 8-3 vic­ essentially an all-round team effort. Results in brief: and all our teams earnt the tories. ROWING Matthew Antwi (2nd in 100 respect of our opponents. Our final match against the metres and 200 metres); John One heavy night at Verboten premiers, Emmanuel, was lost, Coonan (5th in 800 metres); completely nullified the HOCKEY 9-0 in the goal-kicking de­ Lawrence Chu (3rd in high months of training put in by The overall strength of our partment, as our fellows looked jump); Dick Darvall (4th in the rowers when they were hockey may be seen by our the superior side. hurdles); Tham (3rd in javelin, beaten into last position in the six man representation in the Special mention must go to 2nd in hop, step and jump); eights race at the I.C.C. re­ I.C.C. team — Clive Leinster John Coonan whose “furious” Moi Tapaelava (3rd in shot- gatta. We gained a fourth in (captain), Chris O’Neill (vice­ crash-tackling was felt by every put); and Paul Wraith (4th in both the fours and novice fours captain), Ray Hendle, Liew All centre in opposition college discuss). and a third in the novice pairs Choy, Kanesin and Ragbir teams. (He was selected in event. Bhatal. Clive, Chris and David the I.C.C. team.) CRICKET Baguley were also selected in SWIMMING Last position was not a the Queensland Intervarsity All previous I.H. swimming BASKETBALL worthy position for our cricket team and Clive played for performances were eclipsed by team which, at full strength, Brisbane Seniors several times About the Basketball games: this year’s fifth placing in put up good showings against during the season. Clive’s ab­ The spirits were good — the I.C.C. carnival. It was a their opposition. Unhappily, sence against St. lohn’s helped excellent. good allround team effort, several players were unavail­ them to force a one-all draw We played well. shown by the fact that we were able in the matches against with us, but apart from this The mascots — you should never beaten into last place in Kings and Cromwell. David “Choy-boy” kept our goal in­ have seen them! any race. I.C.C. representation Baguley and Graeme Hopgood tact while Ray and the other The cheers: superb. (Even the was a just reward for Graeme gained places in the I.C.C. forwards piled up 28 goals refs had to suppress a smile Hopgood’s magnificent swims team. Here are the scores:— against the opposition. now and then. Thanks, in the 100 and 200 metres free­ chaps!) Vs. Johns. I.H. 1st Innings, 58 I.H. vs. Kings, 4-0, Leinster style, where he came first and After the games the wine: (Hopgood 18, Hinde 15). 2nd 3, Grope. third repectively. The remain­ waoo! Innings, 6-38 (Cribb 14 n.o.). vs. Leos, 11-0, Hendle 6, der of our points came from And the quotations on Mon­ Johns 1st Innings 6-60 (Suth- Greg Power’s third in the 50 Leinter 2, Davidson, Wat­ day — boo. erst 4-28). son, Grope. metres butterfly event. Our position is not too bad Vs. Leo’s, I.H., 6-157 (dec.) vs. Johns, 1-1, Hendle. —it all depends on how you (Hopgood 77 n.o., Stevens 23, Outside of I.C.C., we see vs. Emmanuel, 3-0, Hendle, look at it. Look at it my way: Baguley 19.) Leos, 8-165. that Tokyo is the destination Mohamed, Watson, We drew with the team that (Baguley 5-47, Hinde 2-28). of fencer Jeff Spender later on vs. Union 6-0, Hendle 4, came 2nd, (St. John’s 27-27). Vs. Kings. Kings, 1-180 (dec.). Leinster 2. this year when he will com­ Kings played a little better than I.H. 1st Innings, 62. 2nd pete in the Olympic style Uni- vs. Cromwell, 3-0, Watson, we (41-24), and came first. We Innings, 0-38. (O’Neill 23 verside as a member of the Mohamed, Leinster. n.o., Hendle 15 n.o.). ran over Emmanuel and Union. Vs. Union. I.H., 7-127 dec. Australian University team. That leaves Cromwell and St. (Baguley 60, Hopgood 28). On the intervarsity level FOOTBALL Leo’s. Let’s say as Mike says: Union, 6-60. (Baguley 5-12). Sam Awuah and Joe Mc- Injuries prevented us from it could have gone either way. Bad light stopped play. Geough represented Queens­ fielding our strongest football (I'll drink to that!)—only, it Vs. Cromwell. I.H. 1st Inn­ land at Soccer and Sam was team in any of the Inter­ went the other way. There we ings, 24. 2nd Innings, 22. selected in the Australian Uni­ college games this season, but are fifth and no player in I.C.C. Cromwell, 1st Innings, 44. versities team. those sent forth into the fray (Hinde 7-20, Renagi 2-24). International House took al­ acquitted themselves extremely SQUASH 2nd Innings, 0-11. most a clean sweep of the well against bigger, faster, and Trampling all his opponents Vs. Emmanuel, Emmanuel, recent Brisbane Badminton title more experienced players. into the polished floor boards 98. (Baguley 5-16, Hulbert when Cary Gan won the A 3-23). I.H., 48. (O’Neill 14). We defeated King’s College, Mike Pemberton led our Grade singles, Tom Soo the 3-0, first up.. (Spender scored squash team of Dave Watson, B Grade singles, and Chris TENNIS the try; I do not know who Chris O’Neill, Ray Hendle, Lau the B Reserve Grade hit the referee). In a fluctuat­ Jim Hirsch and Joe Mc- Our tennis team failed to singles, while Kevin Que Noy ing match Union escaped with Geogh into,third place in I.C.C. win a match this season. Sev­ shared the B Reserve doubles.

30 I.C.C. REPORT — SOCIAL REPORT —

International House, even though finishing “ Hit et Zak. Get afteret Zak" Not a man Seventh in the I.C.C. Competition with 7\, put up calling his dog but the beginning of the Interna­ some very good performances in some sports. tional House Social year — the event — the beginning of the sports day and beer night. No RESULTS: doubt the stars of the Hockey were the warden, a small gentleman from Pakistan and a rather Hockey — ■ finished 1st feeble 007 type personage in the form of Ray Basketball — finished 5th Bei I by who I'm told was still convalescing after a Squash — finished 3rd well deserved attack of Ulcers. In the football the Tennis — finished 6th gentlemen outplayed the Freshers team mainly Cricket — finished 7th due to superior fitness. The physical exhaustion Rowing 8 — very unlucky last which resulted from an afternoon of sport was either Football — finished 6th overcome by the well cooked steaks or forgotten Debating — • finished 2nd under the influence of the beer. It was noted that Swimming — finished 5th the publisher of the results of human frailty, R. Athletics — finished 3rd Beilby, consumed vast quantities of the said bever­ age. However Ray assures me that it's he is not an alcoholic but these Ulcers appreciate a bit of I.C.C. REPRESENTATIVES: beer every now and again. We were prilveleged on this night with a visit by our two Past-Presi­ Hockey — C. O'Neil, L. A. Choy, dents John Teh and Ian Keys, who arrived to help R. Hendle, C. Leinster, with the consumption of the beer — a rather un­ A. Kaensim, R. Bhathal necessary task if I might add. Swimming — ■ G- Hopgood The next social event in the House was the Athletics — M. Antwi South-East Asian evening which has been described Cricket — D. Baguley, G. Hopgood as the best minor social function to be held at the Squash — M. Pemberton University. Many distinguished guests attended Football — J. Coonan including Mr. Bert Martin and Mr. Justice Gibbs, the former being decorated by the Hula girl. The Sports Committee Report star of the show seemed to be that good sort from Pakistan in the fashion parade. He was aided by The Sports Committee met last week and made Tuan and other members of the parade. The New the following awards for College sporting participa­ Guinea band supplied the song, the Malaysians tion in 1967. supplied the dance with the help of the two Tongans, the wine was supplied by The Students' College Blues : Dave Baguley Club, food by the House, and women obtained by Chris O'Neill the students themselves, which all adds up to a very successful evening. Half Blues : Dave Watson Graeme Hopgood The usual First Term Hop was held on Saturday, The Committee made the following recommen­ 22nd April. Faze II provided us with a good night's dations: music. On appearances or non-appearances of 1. Alteration of procedure for award of Half-Blue. people on Saturday morning, the evening appears That the new conditions be: to have been a successful one. (a) that the nominee obtains at least 7 points on the scale for Blues. A beer-night was held on the Thursday night (b) that the nominee make an outstanding of Commen.week and members of the college soon contribution to one sport. put away the fifteen gallons provided. Notably (c) that the final decision on the award rest merry were Peter Kedit and Graham Davidson who with the Sports Committee. set out to capture the female library staff. Graeme Hopgood found it necessary later in the evening 2. I.C.C. to justify his inclusion in the I.C.C. swimming That the Sports Committee of 1968 investi­ team by sprinting the length of the fountains in gate the workings of I.C.C. Sports. front of the Union buildings. It also proved to be 3. Meetings. a night of revenge for the college pair who made (i) that the 1968 Sports Committee meet Grant Vinning row a glass of beer for every course before the Budget meeting, and regularly they rowed in training. I'm told he lived. after this. (ii) that the Wardrobe Keeper report to the The night of July 8th was accompanied by our Sports Committee, and in future his report main social event of the year— "The At Home" be included in the Sports Report to the Music was again supplied by Faze II who kept the General Meeting. floor packed all night. The good music was ac-

31 companied by a very good supper and beer and wine flowed freely in the various room parties which made the night extra good. The evening finished SPY REPORT at 1.30 and most of us started to leave the college at 2.00 a.m. finally reaching the front door by Well, we've had the Valedictory Dinner and about 3.30 a.m. A few stalwarts passed the night in merry making, or what was left of it after the there seem to be few activities of the group which birds were delivered home. have not been ferreted out. Sam Awuah and Kim Price have been exposed — and justly so. Sam, After the HOP NIGHT . . . as usual there should I must admit, reacted best to the charges be the term's Beer Night. But second term almost (through prior experience, no doubt) and refused had to end up 'dry'. The argument was that to deny them. He intended, he said, whilst in there was no money in the kitty. It was like Australia to live and not just to exist. Kim ten­ talking to an empty beer keg to the Treasurer. dered a few half-hearteted denials (obviously not "Nope, no more money." Words went round believing them himself) — but despite these, the that there was to be no Beer Night- Then whispers title of I.H. "Custard King for '67" sticks. Most were heard behind doors . . . a few grumbling would have thought though that, considering the sounds . . . threatening language . . . and jingling denials, he would not have rushed from dinner to of coins. This was followed by more door knocks bring joy to the heart of the sweet and unspoiled . . . more grumbles, more threats, and more coins maiden awaiting him in his "chambre d'amour". until the night of August 3 . . ■ well and behold It's marvellous what sacrifices men will make to . . . there was beer, enough to soak the games answer The Call for Kim sacrificed his share (about room plus those who came. For thanks to the two gallons) of the fifteen gallons which were on generosity of overseas students, who passed the tap in the basement in order to be "on tap" hat round, the college had its Second Term Beer upstairs. Night. Roger came in for a certain amount of rubbish­ ing at the dinner. Richly deserved too it was. While the hideous laughter of Bacchus Unrubbished however was his partner in the August could be heard echoing from the cellar depth when quest, Fresher Milroy. Robert cut a very dashing a record scale of the year was proclaimed — the figure during the stay of those lovely old ladies social committee set to work again for the final and won many a heart — reaching his climax at assault: outside the jacaranda blooms. Third term a very chic wine and cheese tasting evening (in­ has never been a social success. Therefore, hats vitation only) at which he served "home style" off to the committee, who did some marvellous curried rice. C Block Common Room was lavishly jobs in holding a third term hop, and valedictory decorated for the occasion and many privately night. Hop was as usual. This time it was "The commented that the decorations outdid, both in Counts" who provided the cultured atmosphere — imagination and execution, even the best of the unfortunately though, very few remained on the efforts on our South-East Asian Evening. Robert floor to perform the rites. did his best to improve the image of I.H. in the community and I have no doubt that those devoted Valedictory Dinner: October 4. The Social Night wives and mothers left for their country citadels of the year when souls were searched, when hearts breathless at the thought of such a widely-travelled were rendered to those eleven valedictees and toast and such an amazingly-accomplished young man drunk. Yet the food was tasteless. Happy were actually livinq the humble life of a student at those who said 'goodbye' — Sam Awuah, Dick Queensland University. Hinde, Hugo Jackson, Sandy Lawson, Bill Long- Romance has entered the life of one so young, staff, Bob MacDuff, Kim Brice, Roger Ruppanner, Jeff Spender, Singh, and Dave Watson — toasts Raymond Lovitt. See the gleam in his eye these were drunk to them, and though slightly red in days. And Uncle Geoff Bryant brought them to­ the face caused by the lashing expose by Vinning, gether. I think it's so nice of Raymond to offer they parted with some good advice to collegians- to call the first after Uncle Geoff. (See Spy Report and quotations). Zac Rahmani has invested in a corset I'm told. That was far less trouble than going through all Finally, the last social event, on Sunday October those wretched "Keeping Fit" exercises. 8, a tea-party for guests in Martin Hall. It was Ray Hendle had a brief love affair with a dog the Official Naming of Donor's Rooms. Visitors (no, not that shameless and immoral alsation who were shown round the college, photographs taken, trails her wares all over campus — nor her bravely a few kind words were said and the social year amorous beau, the little red pom). The affair was ended with the last guest leaving. a sad one. Ray had rescued his beloved from some sort of dog pound. The end came when Cribb the heartless ordered the pet from the premises. (P.S. That blasted tree beside A block, still But this was as well since Alexander Lawson then blooming purple flowers.) decided not to go ahead with his plan to install B. Me. his horse in the basement of D Block. P. K. (continued on page 38)

32 3. The I.H. Float ,depicting the break-up of the British Commonwealth. A Colonial from New Zealand — Bart McKenzie — in the lead.

4. I.H. Freshers mourn over the body of the unknown fresher. Last rites were given to the corpse at the Freshers' Welcome Ball, at Cloudland Dance Hall.

5. John Hulbert for Dentistry, in the Commen Procession. We don't know who drank the contents — maybe John Does.

6. An exclusive shot of Internationol spy, Ray Beilby, giving a hint at his probable activities when off- duty as a spy.

7. "That Brotherhood May Prevail", I.H. Snoopy joins in the spirit of things with Patricia — the other indispensible person in college .

33 34 (cont. from page 17)— PAPUA NEW GUINEA. groups, all men have some influence, and all have The division of labour between the sexes the opportunity of rising to leadership by exhibiting involves extension of women's work beyond qualities considered desirable by the group. Energy domestic duties within the home. In the main, in the acquisition of wealth in the form of garden women maintain the gardens, though the men do produce, ceremonial and other objects counts for the initial clearing and such heavy work as fencing. much in most communities, while in earlier days Planting, harvesting and some maintenance are the skill in leadership in war was also an important work of both sexes, with variations from place to quality. Other attributes which may confer influ­ place in the extent of either duties. ence are general personality, outstanding knowledge Articles of trade importance may be made by of a group's customs and skills and, in some com­ either men or women. Clay pots, for instance, munities, inherited rank or reputation as a which in various places are a basis of exchange, are practitioner of magic. made by women in many areas. Each group has its customary law, backed by Features of the indigenous system of work are the authority of myth and legend, but there are no the small degree of specialization and the high institutions specifically directed towards the admin­ degree to which each individual is equipped to istration of justice. Offences are matters of carry out all duties considered suitable for his or adjustment between the individuals and actually her sex. A few practices, particularly in the spheres concerned, or between the kinship groups to which of magic and art, may be confined to a few people they belong, sometimes they may be left to the or to individuals within some communities and some operation of supernatural forces. In cases of individuals are naturally more skilled than others murder, for example, the view is often taken that in particular activities. the kinship group of the dead man is entitled to Inheritance follows two systems. In some kill the murderer of another member of his group, communities the predominant principle is that the or to receive some form of compensation. Adultery, individual inherits from the father and his group. regarded as a serious offence in many groups, is In other inheritance is predominantly from the likewise often a matter for punishment, or the pay­ mother's group. Affiliation with kinship groups ment of compensation to the aggrieved person and shows the same variation. his kindred. Disputes affecting whole communities In most areas, ownership of land is vested in are generally resolved by meetings of community a clan or some other kinship group. In some leaders, which in this way function from time to areas the individual may select his own garden time as a rudimentary form of tribunal. land, in others it may be assigned by tribal The traditional social system does not include authority. Hunting, grazing and forest lands are formal educational institutions. Knowledge to fit usually held in common. In a few areas true indi­ them to take their place as adults is given to vidual ownership of land exists. children by example and practical application. The people of the Territory live in villages, Children accompany their elders on their daily tasks, usually of 200-300 inhabitants; or sometimes iso­ observing and assisting to the limit of their ability, lated in single dwellings. Houses are built of local and hence gradually develop all the adult skills. timber, grasses and palm leaves and show many Knowledge of the group's legends and social values differences in sizes, design and method of con­ is imparted in stories told by the elders and may struction. This is due in part to the great diversity be added to during initiation ceremonies. of the environment, ranging from the low-lying Most aspects of indigenous life has been coastal regions to altitudes of 7,000 to 8,000 feet increasingly affected by external influences since in the mountainous interior and includes swamps, the period of first European contact. There have rivers and lakes. been no significant changes, however, in the The people's sense of community fellowship physical types of the various areas, as there has rarely extends beyond the village or collection of been very little intermixing between groups. neighbouring hamlets. Within the larger language Social systems have been affected by the groupings, while there is usually little feeling of organized activities of the Administration and the common interests and aims, there is an awareness Missions, by employment outside the individual's of difference from other groups speaking a different local group and by increasing contacts between language. groups. Communities in the Territory have always In summary then it may be said that the been strongly influenced by belief in magic— both Territory of Papua and New Guinea is an area of social and anti-social. Social magic may be directed great cultural diversity as well as considerable towards ensuring the well-being of garden crops, variation in the degree and the nature of cultural adequate rainfall and the success of trading expedi­ contact. These factors, coupled with the diffi­ tions. Anti-social magic may be aimed at bringing culties of terrain and climate, the complete lack of death and disaster to enemies. Skill and power in any indigenous capital works on services suitable magic are often thought to be the possessions of to a modern state, the resistance to changes in the the particular individuals whose qualities are indigenous social system, and the unsuitability of utilized by their fellows. This is probably the most the indiqenous institution for development beyond notable example of specialization to be observed the small village or tribal group or beyond subsist­ among the Territory's communities. ence level, result in administrative problems of Generally, in the political organization of local extraordinary complexity and magnitude. 35 36 1967 STUDENT DIRECTORY

NAME NATION COURSE PERMANENT HOME ADDRESS ANTWI, M. K. GHANA PH.D. BO X 2044, KUMASI, GHANA, ATKINSON, S. AUSTRALIA VET. SC. Ill e/- DEPT. ADMINISTRATOR, PORT MORESBY. AWUAH, S. K. GHANA M. AG. ECON. G.P.O. BO X 3677, KUMASI, GHANA. BAGULEY, D. J. AUSTRALIA ENG. 1 31 SHIRLEY ST., SOUTHPORT, Q'LD. BEILBY, R. T. AUSTRALIA M.A. 23 KING ST., CHARLEVILLE, Q'LD. BAIMAI, V. THAILAND PH. D. C/-FACULTY OF MED. SCIENCES, SRI AYUDHAYA RD., BANGKOK, TH'LAND. BHATHAL, R. S. SINGAPORE PH. D. C/- RAFFLES HALL, UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE 10. BIANCHI, S. V. AUSTRALIA MED. 1 P.O. WANGAN, V IA INNISFAIL. BOWMAN, P. B. ENGLAND MED. 1 8A SEVERNE RD., THE PEAK, HONG KONG. BOYD, J. N. AUSTRALIA ECON. Ill 41 ALFORD ST., TOOWOOMBA, Q'LD. BROOKS, B. H. AUSTRALIA ENG. I I l l TOURIST RD., TOOWOOMBA, Q'LD. BROOKS, J. W. AUSTRALIA ENG. II Ill TOURIST RD., TOOWOOMBA, Q'LD. BRYANT, G. D. AUSTRALIA MED. 111 11 ALFRED ST., ROMA, Q'LD. BURZA, P. F. B. AUSTRALIA MED. II 47 BOUNDARY RD., THORNLANDS, VIA CLEVELAND, Q'LD. CHEE, Y. S. MALAYSIA VET. SC. Ill 829 SALAK SOUTH BAHRU, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA. CHU, L. Y. K. MALAYSIA MED. Ill P.O. BO X 729, SANDAKAN, SABAH, M ALAYSIA. COONAN, J. P. AUSTRALIA COMM. 1 86 HUME ST., PJTTSWORTH, Q'LD. DAI, TAINA T.P.N.G. EDUCN. C/- THE DIRECTOR, EDUCATION DEPT., KONEDOBU, PAPUA. D'ARCY, J. AUSTRÁLIA ENG. Ill 6 SYDNEY ST., SOUTHPORT, Q'LD. DARVALL, R. L. AUSTRALIA LAW 1 12 MACQUARIE ST., BOONAH, Q'LD. DAVIDSON, G. S. AUSTRALIA ENG. Ill 60 CHANNON ST., GYMPIE, Q'LD. DUC, N. Q. STH. VIET. ENG. Ill 196 CONG QUYNH ST., SAIGON, S. VIETNAM. DUC, T. M. STH. VIET. ENG. Ill 185/4 PHAM NGU LAO, SAIGAN, S. VIETNAM. EASTON, D. C. AUSTRALIA MED. Ill "GORDON DOWNS," CAPELLA, Q'LD. FERNANDEZ, A. Z. MALAYSIA SC. IV C.46, JALAN BAHRU, KAJANG, MALAYA. FOWLER, D. G. AUSTRALIA ENG. II 14 BRIDGE ST., TOOWOOMBA, Q'LD. FRASER, N. AUSTRALIA SC. Ill BO X 7, KINGAROY, Q'LD. GAN, C. H. C. MALAYSIA SC. II 10 JALAN MERCHU, KENNY HILL, KUALA LUMPUR. GROPE, A. AUSTRALIA LAW II 133 JAMES ST., TOOWOOMBA. HANSCHAR, L. J. CANADA ENG. II 10206 15th STREET, EDMONTON, ALBERTA, CANADA. HEATLEY, W. R. AUSTRALIA ARTS/LAW 111 OCEAN AVENUE, SURFERS PARADISE, Q'LD. HEGARTY, B. AUSTRALIA M. SC. C/- AUSTRALIAN HOTEL, M ILES. HENDLE, R. J. AUSTRALIA SC. Ill 386 OXLEY AVENUE, REDCLIFFE, Q'LD. HINDE, R. A. AUSTRALIA ENG. IV 27 PAXTON ST., HOLLAND PARK, BRISBANE, Q'LD. HIRSCH, J. M. STH. AFRICA ARTS 1 BOX 1749, JOHANNESBURG, STH. AFRICA. HO, G. E. INDONESIA PH.D. ENG. OJi GARDNJAJI 32, BANDUNG, INDONESIA. HO, H. F. SINGAPORE VET. SC. II 109A PRINCE PHILIP AVENUE, SINGAPORE 3. HOPGOOD, G. E. AUSTRALIA MED. 1 84 CENTRAL ST., SOUTHPORT, Q'LD. HULBERT, J. M. AUSTRALIA DENT. IV 3 NORTH ST., SOUTHPORT, Q'LD. ISHAK, B. H. 1. MALAYSIA ENG. I 70 KG, RAJA BESUT, TRENGGANU, MALAYSIA. JACKSON, H. W. AUSTRALIA DENT. V 279 INDOOROOPILLY RD., INDOOROOPILLY, B'NE. KANES IN, A. MALAYSIA SC. Ill 48 TAMAN TENANG, KULIM RD., BUKIT MERTAJAM, MALAYA. KEDIT, P. MALAYSIA JOURN. Ill 37 LINTANG PARK, KUCHING, SARAWAK. KEEFE, A. U.S.A. VET. SCIENCE 925 STANFORD AVENUE, MODESTO. KORAAAN, 1. T. AUSTRALIA MEDICINE 43 AUSTRALIAN AV., BROADBEACH, Q'LD. KOH, S. H. MALAYSIA VET. SC. Ill 209 CARNARVON ST., PENANG, MALAYA. KUMAR DAS, V. G. MALAYSIA PH.D. CHEM. 1663 BERAPIT RD., BUKIT MERTAJAM, PROV. WELLESLEY, MALAYSIA. KWAITOO, B. A. GHANA C.S.I.R.O. P.O. BO X 11, AGONA DUPKWA, GHANA. LAI, $. C. MALAYSIA MED. 11 77 SULTAN ST., KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYA. LAU, A. C. K. HONG KONG MED. II 84E HING EAT ST., 16th FL., HONG KONG. LAU, C. SINGAPORE LAW 1 76 JALAN BULOH PERINDU, SINGAPORE 15. LAWSON, A. R. AUSTRALIA P/G. AG. SC. 4 ERITH ST., MOSMAN, N.S.W. LEINSTER, C. W. AUSTRALIA COMM. 16 ALICE ST., ATHERTON, Q'LD. LIEW , A. C. MALAYSIA ENG. HI • 2806 JALAN PEGAWAi, KUALA LUMPUR. LO F. C. K. MALAYSIA AG. SC. Ill C/- PAU SAN DISPENSARY, TENOM, SABAH, MALAYSIA. LOHIA, R. PAPUA ARTS II PAPUA ELALESIA, TUBUSEREIA, PAPUA. LONGSTAFF, W. C. AUSTRALIA SC. IV MT. COTTON ROAD, CAPALABA, BRISBANE. LOVITT, R. AUSTRALIA MED. Ill 35 VIOLET ST., WYNNUM, Q'LD. M cB r i d e , m . d . AUSTRALIA VET. SC. Ill 12 EM LY N ST., COORPAROO, BRISBANE. McCORMACK, W. AUSTRALIA AG. SC. II MERINO DOWNS, SURAT, Q'LD. MACDUFF, R. H. AUSTRALIA SC. Ill P.O. BO X 19, MT. GARNETT. Me GEOUGH, J. A. SCOTLAND PH.D. 5 ARDOCH CRESCENT, STEVENSTON, AYRESHIRE, SCOTLAND. McKENZIE, B. J. SCOTLAND MED. 1 20 HOMESDALE ROAD, MARRICKVILLE, SYDNEY. MANOON, B. THAILAND PH.D. DEPT. TROPICAL HYGIENE, FAC. TROP. MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY MERICAL SCIENCES, BANGKOK, THAILAND. MAUNG,. S. I. BURMA M. ENG. SC. MYOMA QUARTERS, WUNDWIN, BURMA. MAY, M. AUSTRALIA MED. 11 81 WILSON ST., SOUTHPORT, Q'LD. M ILRO Y, R. A. CANADA VET. SC. II 377 2nd STREET, S.W., MEDICINE HAT, ALBERTA, CANADA. MOHAPATRA, N. INDIA PH.D. VILLAGE & P.O. MANDIA, DERT CUTTACK, ORISSA, INDIA. O'NEILL, C. AUSTRALIA SC. Ill COAST ROAD, MQOLOOLABA, Q'LD. PANG, K. H. M. H. CAMBODIA ECON. 1 C/- UNO. LIENG-HUOTH, 611C, MOHA VITHEI NEHRU, PHNOM-PENH, CAMBODIA. PEMBERTON, M. R. GT. BRITAIN PH.D. 12 WESTERFIELD RD., IPSWICH, SUOLKFFOLK, ENGLAND. POWER, G. AUSTRALIA COM M II 79 CURZON ST., TOOWOOMBA, Q'LD. PRICE, K. J. R. AUSTRALIA MECH. ENG 1 NORTH ISIS, CHILDERS, Q'LD. QUENOY, K. AUSTRALIA COMM. POST OFFICE 65,DARW IN, N.T. RAHMAN 1, Z. PAKISTAN P/G PHYS. 2-E-3/1 NAZIMABAD, KARACHI, PAKISTAN. RICHARDS, J. L. AUSTRALIA SC. II 4 FÀIRLEIGH STREET, WINDSOR. RUPPANNER, R. CANADA VET. SC. P: G. E. LACASSE, BOX 66, ORLEANS, ONTARIO, CANADA. SANTOSA INDONESIA AG. SC. 1 DJL DJENDRAL SOETOJO GRG., 5/1-60, Durwokerto, DJA-TENG, INDONESIA SOO, T. K. H. MALAYSIA DENT. II 249 CIRCULAR ROAD, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYA. SPENDER, J. E. J. AUSTRALIA LAW C/- DEPT. SO CIAL SERVICES, DARW IN, N.T. STEPHENS, T. R. AUSTRALIA VET. SC. Ill "STRANGWAYS", BAG 13, VICTOR HARBOUR, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. STRUTTON, T. R. AUSTRALIA MED. II 140 M ARTYN ST., CAIRNS. SULAIMAN, M. B. MALAYSIA AG. SC. II DISTRICT OFFICE, MALAGGA, MALAYA. SULTAN SINGH INDIA P/G. AGRIC. VILL. 4 P.O. NANGLOI, DELHI ADMINISTRATION, INDIA. SUTHERST, R. W. STH. AFRICA PH.D. VET. BO X 17, H ANKEY CP., SOUTH AFRICA. TAPEALAVA, M. K. TONGA DENT. 1 HAVALVLOTO, TONGATAPU, TONGA. THAM, T. M. MALAYSIA DENT. 11 P.O. BO X 573, JESSELTON, SABAH, M ALAYSIA. TSEN, F. K. P. MALAYSIA DENT. Ill C/-MISS TSEN SETT PH IN, BORNEO AIRWAYS LTD., JESSELTON, SABAH. TUAN, N. A. STH. VIET ECON. II 171 PHAM-NGU-LAO SAIGON, S. VIETNAM. UNDERWOOD, G. L. AUSTRALIA COM-LAW 1 43 HUNTER ST., TOOWOOMBA, Q'LD. VENTON, P. B. AUSTRALIA CH. ENG. Ill INKERMAN MILL, HOME HILL, Q'LD. VINCENT, S. A. AUSTRALIA MED. IV 2 COURT ST., IPSWICH, Q'LD. VINNING, G. G. AUSTRALIA ECON. Ill C/_ DEPT. POST & TELEGRAPH, LAE, N,GUINEA. VUTTANATUNGUM, A. THAILAND M. AG. SC. ENTOMOLOGY SECTION DEPT, AGRICULTURE, BANGHEN BANGKOK, T'LAND WATSON, D. H. AUSTRALIA ACCT. HON. P.O. BO X 1, PEERAMON, NTH. Q'LD. WAUGH, P. AUSTRALIA VET. SCIENCE SAVAGES RD., BROOKFIELD, Q'LD. WICKS, P. D. AUSTRALIA ARTS II ST. JAMES RECTORY, MORT ST., TOOWOOMBA, Q'LD. WONG, P. SINGAPORE MED. II 19 OXLEY ROAD, SINGAPORE 9. WONG, R. C. SINGAPORE MED. 1 3F, CHAPEL ROAD, SINGAPORE. WRAITH, P. J. AUSTRALIA ENG. 1 10-14 FRANK ST., SOUTHPORT, Q'LD. WRIGHT, 1. B. AUSTRALIA PH.D. VET. SC, C/- POST OFFICE BOX 35, CRANBOURNE, VICTORIA. 0 7 1. H. SNOOPY AUSTRALIA B.A., M.D. 5 ROCK ST., $T. LUCIA. 0 / (Mascot) SPY REPORT (continued from page 32) LEST WE FORGET AS THE DAWN is breaking over Bart McKenzie is a bit of a mystery to most — not so to me, however. But I shall say nothing of the eastern horizon we shall remember his activity throughout the year since he feels that the fallen dead: They who have died he has committed no sin, who am I to cast a stone? so that we can be free. Dearly be Jim's Mini has finally turned up with the most loved, he was a great digger. Let it luxurious seating arrangements you've ever seen- not be said that I.H. Snoopy, R.F.C. Already Jim has thrown quite a few features on it. (World War I) was not a fair dinkim His oversteer (through use of the handbrake) is Aussie. He was with his mates in magnificent and some of his 180 degree turns in it the front line. Through thick and are nothing short of breathtaking (so I'm told) His extremely smooth brother, Bruce, is sure to thin of khaki-brown 'enemies', Snoopy give that car some action during the next Ball was there. On that fateful day of season. September 8, the day he stood and And Peter Wick's door has been locked for fell for what he believed, and for otherwise unaccountable reasons on too many oc­ what you and I believe too, he was casions this year I feel. The sign on his reads: seen proudly walking beside a blond "Do not Disturb, Asleep." revloutionary along St. Lucia Road. Labour's win in Capricórnia has sparked off He was never to be seen then. A State­ much decision in the college. My informants wide appeal was launched through the have it that one of Her Majesty's loyal subjects (and in his view one of the few in I.H.) sees in the radio and press, yet no one seems to election outcome nothing but "a Communist plot". know his whereabouts. (Not even the For those who might be interested — no, Senator Cops.) Sadly, we have to write him Macarthy definitely is not living in this college. off as "Lost in Action". The Asian students rarely seem to feature in Dearly beloved, we shall remember these reports- I know we hear about Maung's his days with us, his dreamy eyes, his fruitless visits to C4 during the August vacation and Chris Lau's daydreams and occasionally about genial disposition. We all missed hm, Tony Lau's lust-crazed activities, but in general (ask Zac, he'll tell you) the girls in the our Asian students manage to keep out of the library, and even Arthur, the Cockney, limelight. I can offer no explanation for this who used to shoo him off the refec, except to say that they must obviously be so much missed him. There will never be more discreet than westerners. I'll bet John Hulbert another Snoopy. and Clive Leinster would love to know what their secret — and my guess would be that Liew Ah Choy and Lawrence Chu would have the longest list of secrets, closely followed by Preston Wong or Pang. "007A15".

Vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS KEYS — TEH AW ARD, 1967 The Editor is indebted to many persons The General Committee have for assistance in the preparation of the named Peter Wicks the winner of the magazine. He would like to thank especially Keys-Teh Award for the outstanding the members of the Magazine Committee contribution to college this year. Criterion for the award are as follows: for sacrificing their valuable time in compil­ academic record, sporting participation ing the magazine; the guest authors for and support, students' club activities, their articles; the advertisers for their gen­ general character, and outside inter­ erosity; the Student Club for its patience est. and confidence; the Warden for his advice; Peter, a third year student, has those authors whose works did not make been at International House for two print (financial embarassment prevented their years, and was Secretary of the inclusion); Patricia for her typing; finally, Students' Club this year. to Lawrence Hanschar for his untiring assistance.

38 Packaging the products of tomorrow

Every year the demand for paper methods. A.P.M., Australian Paper year, including unbleached and and paperboards increases as Manufacturers Ltd., is the leading bleached packaging papers, manufacturers produce more pro­ papermaker in the southern hemi­ bleached wood free poster print­ ducts and seek better packaging sphere offering products and ser­ ing paper, container materials, box vices to the packaging industry and carton boards and unbleached that are unrivalled. A.P.M.’s pro­ Kraft Eucalypt pulp. duction capacity exceeds 400,000 The A.P.M. tree trade mark is a tons of paper and paperboard a symbol of quality products. AUSTRALIAN PAPER MANUFACTURERS LTD. Head Office: South Gate, South Melbourne, Victoria, A consignment of A.P.M. paper being Australia. Sales Offices in all State Capitals. unloaded at Mombasa REPRESENTED IN KUALA LUMPUR, SINGAPORE, CEYLON, PENANG, COLOMBO, HONG KONG, THE PHILLIPINES, KENYA, THAILAND, INDONESIA, MAURITIUS, FIJI, NEW ZEALAND 1611-7ÌX6-85R Printed by Publication Press Pty. Ltd., Holt Street, Eagle Farm, Brisbane.

Copies obtainable at International House, St Lucia, Brisbane.