CONTENTS ' PAGE LIST OF CASES . . •. . . . xvii

LIST OF STATUTES . . . . . xxxv

BIBLIOGRAPHY, GENERAL . . . xxxviii

PARTI. INTRODUCTION THE SCOPE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL i. The problem. 2. Reasons given for the application of foreign law: Protection ofvested rights? 3. Comity ofnations? lus gentium? 4. Har­ mony of ? 5. Definition of private international law. 6. Private international law and unified municipal laws. 7. Private international law and . 8. Private international law and rules on nation­ ality. 9. Private international law and treatment of aliens. 10. The name Private International Law () . . 1

PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AS NATIONAL OR SUPER-NATIONAL LAW? 11. General aspect of the problem. 12. Conflict rules common to several states. 13. Private and public international law. 14. Comity as a basis of private international law? 15. Harmony of laws as leading principle. 16. Obstacles to a unification of conflict rules . 11

HISTORICAL SURVEY 1. Roman Law 17. Silence of the Roman legal sources . 17 2. From the Sixth to the Eleventh Century 18. The domain of the personal law of origin . . 21 3. The Statute Theory (or Theories) 19. The beginning: Master Aldric. 20. Bartolus; the different kinds of ' statutes. 21. The consuetudo Angliae. 22. Thelocus ordinarius. 23. The French school ofthe sixteenth century. 24. The Dutch doctrine: Huber and John Voet. 25. Germany and France in the seventeenth and eigh­ teenth centuries. 26. Summary . . . .21 4. English Law to the Middle ofthe Eighteenth Century 27. Early English Law . . . . .30 5. The first Attempts at Codification: 1756 to 1811 28. The Bavarian and the Prussian Codes. 29. The French and the Austrian Codes ...... 31 6. The Doctrines of the Nineteenth Century 30. Introduction. 31. Story. 32. von Savigny. 33. Mancini. 34. The attitude of modern jurists . . . . .32

http://d-nb.info/992954312 VI CONTENTS PAGE 7. Modern Legislation 35. The influence of the French Civil Code. 36. The German Civil Code. 37. The latest codes. 38. The territories without a code. 39. International Conventions. 40. In particular: The Hague Conven­ tions. 41. The Geneva Conventions. 42. The Latin-Americaa Con­ ventions. 43. Prospects . . . . .42

PART II. JURISDICTION OF THE ENGLISH COURTS THE PROBLEM 44. 'International' and 'local' jurisdiction. 45. The jurisdiction of foreign courts ...... 52 THE PERSONS SUBJECTED TO THE JURISDICTION OF ENGLISH COURTS 46. Enemy aliens. 47. Immunities. 48. ofstates. 49. ofheads ofstates. 50. ofdiplomatic agents. 51. No immunity from liability. 52. Waiver and extinction of immunity . . . .54 THE DELIMITATION OF THE COMPETENCE OF THE COURTS. PRINCIPLES 53. Jurisdiction intended to protect nationals? 54. Jurisdiction as a means to develop own law? 55. Jurisdiction and the interests of the parties. 56. Jurisdiction and agreements of the parties. 57. Jurisdiction and the public interest . . . . .60 ENGLISH RULES ON JURISDICTION

THE TWO KINDS OF ACTION 58. Actions in rem and in personam . . . . . 64

ACTIONS IN PERSONAM 59. Presence in England (or Wales) of the defendant. 60. Companies and partnerships as defendants. 61. Defendant absent; discretionary power of the court. 62. Forum situs. 63. Fora domicilii and mansionis. 64. Forum contractus. 65. Fora delicti and actus. 66. Forum connexi­ tatis. 67. Jurisdiction against air carrier. 68. Forum patrimonii? 69. Forum prorogatum . . . . .65

ACTIONS (OR OTHER PROCEEDINGS) IN REM 1. Against a Ship, 70 . . . . .73 2. Divorce Proceedings 71. The rule. 72. Anomalous cases. 73. Desertion and deporta­ tion ...... 74 3. Nullity ofMarriage Proceedings Preliminary remarks on the various kinds of defective marriages: 74. Void, voidable, and non-existent marriages. 75. English law. Juris­ diction in nullity proceedings. 76. Fora domicilii and loci celebrationis. 77. Inverclyde v. Inverclyde. 78. Forum of residence? . 77 CONTENTS Vil

PAGE 4. Jurisdiction concerning Judicial Separation and Restitution ofConjugal Rights 79. Separation from bed and board. 80. Restitution of conjugal rights ...... 84 5. Declaration ofLegitimacy and ofValidity of Marriage 81. Jurisdiction ...... 85 6. Infants and Lunatics 82. Infants. 83. Lunatics . . . . . ' 87 7. Bankruptcy Jurisdiction and Winding-up of Companies 84. Bankruptcy. 85. Winding-up . . . .88 No Jurisdiction with regard to Foreign Immovables. 86 . .89

PART III. : GENERAL RULES

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON NATIONAL RULES ON CONFLICT OF LAWS 87. Application of the court's own conflict rules. 88. Conflict rules of international courts and arbitral tribunals. 89. One-sided and 'all- . sided' conflict rules. 90. Filling in of gaps . . .91 THE POINTS OF CONTACT 91. Meaning of this term. 92. The main points'of contact. 93. Domi­ cile arid as points of contact. The problem. 94. The prin­ ciple of lex originis. 95. Countries with the nationality principle. 96. Countries with the principle. 97. Advantages and defects ...... 98 THE DOMICILE 98. The notion of domicile. 99. Everybody has one domicile and only one ...... 105 ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF DOMICILE I. Domicile of origin 100. The principle. 101. Domicile and legitimacy . . 107 II. Domicile ofchoice 102. and Residence. 103. Intention. 104. Animus relin- quendi. 105. Domicile oforigin'in reserve'. 106. Change ofsovereignty at the domicile of origin. 107. The case of Ramsay v. Liverpool In­ firmary. 108. Intention and knowledge. 109. 'Present' intention. 11 o.Want ofliberty of choice ....109 III. Domicile by operation oflaw. 111. Meaning (i) Infants. 112. Father's domicile. 113. Mother's domicile. 114. In­ fluence of mother's marriage. 115. Guardian's domicile? 116. Adop­ ter's domicile? 117. New domicile acquired during infancy, (ii) 118. Married women. 119. No exceptions, (iii) 120. Lunatics . 115 viii CONTENTS

PAGE IV. Defects ofthe English rules 121. . . . 122 NATIONALITY AS A, POINT OF CONTACT 122. The questions tested by nationality. 123. What law decides on nationality? 124. Examples of dual nationality. 125. of statelessness. 126. Non-recognition of foreign nationality. 127. Dual nationality in the cases of s. 122. 128. The application of'British' law. 129. 'British' law in the case of . . . . . 125 CASES OF APPARENT IDENTITY OF POINTS OF CONTACT 130. The various cases. 131. Determination of the point of contact, classification, and renvoi. 132. Interpretation ofconflict rules ,by resort­ ing to municipal law. 133. Interpretation of points ofcontact in inter­ national conventions . . . .134 LAW EVASION THROUGH ARTIFICIAL CREATION OF POINTS OF CONTACT 134. The problem. 135. Means of stopping evasion. 136. French rule. 137. English law .....140 THE CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL RULES AND INSTITUTIONS 138. Introduction. 139. The various "aims of classification. 140. The applicable law depending on classification. 141. The prevailing doc­ trine (). 142. Criticism. 143. The doctrine of'analytical juris­ prudence'. 144. Classification of a rule according to the legal system to which it belongs. 145. Illustrations: (a) Continuance of community. 146. (b) The state as heir or as entitled to bona vacantia. 147. (c) Effect of marriage on a will. 148. (d) Parental consent to marriage. 149. (proper law of the contract? 151. Difficulties and uncertainty of classification. 152. Ab­ surd results? 153. Cases of gaps in the conflict rules. 154. Adjustment where several systems are to be considered, (a) 155. in the case of cumulation, (b) 156. in the case of a vacuum. 157. Summary. 146 EXCEPTIONS TO THE APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW 158. Savigny's doctrine. 159. Ordre public interne and ordre public international. 160. Mancini's view and its influence. 161. The German provision. 162. Exclusion of foreign 'public' law. 163. Penal law. 164. Administrative law. 165. Validity of foreign state acts. 166. Fo­ reign trade restrictions. 167. Foreign military law. 168. Infringement of foreign rules. 169. Public policy. Principle. 170. Its substitutes-in English law. 171. Cases of public policy. 172. Foreign provisions offending against morality. 173. Wagering contracts. 174. Vital in­ terests of the British state. 175. Limits to the exclusion of foreign law. 176. Foreign ordrepublic. 177. Public policy in the case ofinternational tribunals and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . 168 CONTENTS IX

THE DOCTRINE OF RENVOI PAGE 178. The problem. 179. Illustrations: cases of succession on death. 180. Other cases. 181. History; before 1879. 182. Since the Forgo Case. 183. Attitude ofEnglish courts. 184. Cases where no renvoi was suggested. 185. Decisions hostile to renvoi. 186. Renvoi cases: (a) trans­ mission. 187. (b) cases of remission. 188. 'Double' renvoi since 1926. 189, Summary. 190. Objections to the renvoi doctrine. 191. The doc­ trine of desistement. 192. Reasons for renvoi. 193. Harmony of deci­ sions. 194. Application of domestic law. 195. Favor testimentp. 187 THE APPLICATION OF FOREIGN CONFLICT RULES APART FROM RENVOI The 'Preliminary' question: 196. The problem. 197. Examples. 198. Solution. 199. Objections. 200. Exceptional cases. Withdrawal of the proper domestic rule in favour of lex situs-. 201 . . 206 THE APPLICATION OF FOREIGN MUNICIPAL LAW 202. Cases where foreign and domestic law lead to the same result. 203. Law in force. Repealed foreign laws. 204. Law ofstates lacking a unitary system. 205. Foreign law to be applied as it is applied by its own courts. 206. Foreign law is 'Law'. 207. Foreign law treated as 'fact'? Continental view. 208. English view. 209. Where foreign law is not ascertained. 210. Errors with regard to foreign law before the Supreme Courts. 211. Taking account of non-applicable law. Con­ flict of duties where applicable law differs from not applicable law. 212. Conflict between duty and right ' . . .213 ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS Self-Help and Judicial Procedure 213. Self-help. 214. Judicial procedure. Notion of procedure as op­ posed to substantive law. 215. Right and 'remedy' 216. Relationship between the parties distinct from relationship to the court, z 17. Reasons for subjection of procedure to lex fori . . . 229 Procedure 2r8. (1) The Statute of Frauds. 219. (2) Limitation of action. 220. (3) Set-ofF. 221. (4) The burden of proof. 222. (5) Actionability. (6) Rules determining the parties to sue and to be sued. 223. The party to sue. 224. The party to be sued. 225. (7) Rules on priorities. 226. (8) Measure of damages. 227. (9) Contribution by a co- debtor ...... 232 Procedure in Foreign Courts 228. Assistance of foreign courts to English courts. 229. Lis alibi pen­ dens. 230. Influence offoreign proceedings on substantive law . 248 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS General observations. 231. Advantages and dangers. 232. Doctrines on the reasons for recognition. 233. The doctrine of harmony between law and judgment .....256 X CONTENTS

PAGE 234. The distinction between recognition and enforcement: cases of mere recognition. 235. Recognition requires less than- enforce­ ment ...... 256 236. The conditions ofrecognition and enforcement: (1) a 'judgment'. 237. (2) by a court of law. 238. (3) on civil or commercial matters. 239. (4) of competent jurisdiction, in actions in personam. 240. in actions in rem. 241. (5) Valid judgment. 242. (6) Final judgment. 243. (7) for a debt. 244. (8) not contrary to public policy. 245. or to natural justice. 246. or on an unknown cause of action. 247. or ob­ tained by fraud. 248. Conflicting judgments. 249. The Wrede case ...... 258 The enforcement of recognized foreign judgments. 250. Exequatur and actio judicati. 251. Direct enforcement under the Act of 1868. 252. under the Act of 1920. 253. under the Act of1933 . 275

PART IV. CHOICE OF LAW: THE LAW OF PERSONS AND FAMILY LAW

I. NATURAL PERSONS

254. The unborn child. 255. The child incapable of living. 256. Pre­ sumptions of death. 257. Declaration of death . . 279 \ and Capacity 258. Meaning of status. 259. Meaning of capacity. 260. Recognition of foreign status. 261. Capacity governed by personal law. 262. Mer­ cantile contracts. 263. Personal law and actus-, history and foreign systems. 264. The attitude ofEnglish law. 265. Proper law of the conctract immaterial. 266. Different views as to the two applicable systems. 267..Influence of change of domicile. 268. Fenia aetatis and Emancipation. 269. Interdiction. 270. Certification in England. 271. Certification in foreign countries. 272. Thelegal effects oflunacy 282 Rights resulting from Personality 273. Preliminary observations. 274. English law. 275. The business name, &c. 276. Rights resulting from birth, class, title (nobility), and profession ('merchant') .....294

II. LEGAL PERSONS

277. The various types. 278. Domicile, residence, presence in England. 279. Personal law: doctrine of siige social. 280. Doctrine of centre of exploitation. 281. Doctrine ofplace ofincorporation. 282. Recognition of'foreign' corporations. 283. Scope of the personal law: Formation of the corporation. 284. Acts of the legal person. 285. Organization and transfer of the legal person. 286. Instruments issued by it. 287. Dis­ solution. 288. Nationality. 289. The corporation as enemy alien. 290. Super-national legal persons. 291. Private international associa­ tions and cartels ...... 298 CONTENTS XI

III. MARRIAGE PAGE 292. Preliminary observation ....317 The Conception ofMarriage 293. Types ofregular marriages. 294. Other unions. 295. Sub-normal marriages and concubinages. 296. 'Christian' marriages. 297. Poly­ gamous marriages. 298. How distinguished from monogamous mar­ riages. 299. 'Valid' and 'void' polygamous marriages . .318 The Conditions ofMarriage (Impediments to Marriage) 300. The various kinds of impediments. 301. Tested by lex loci cele­ brationis. 302. Tested by personal law. 303. Mixedsystems. 304. Eng­ lish law; Principle: . 305. decisive as regards sub­ stantial validity. 306. and as regards consent ofthird persons. 307. The Sussex Peerage Case. 308. decisive as regards directory provisions. 309. Capacity, tested by . 310. First step: where the domi­ cile is English. 311. The Sottomayor Cases. 312. What is the lex domicilii? 313. Domicile of each of the parties material. 314. Decisive date. 315. English impediment of wilful refusal. 316. Cases of renvoi and exclusion of foreign law. 317. Religious and racial impediments. 318. Impediments ofa penal character. 319. Administrative restrictions. 320. Incapacity under . . . 327 The Formalities of Marriage 321. The ambiguity ofthe maxim locus regit actum. 322. English view: always imperative. 323. Meaning of 'place of marriage'. 324. Form and substance. 325. Exceptions to locus regit actum. 326. under common law. 327. under Foreign Marriage Act . . 345 The Consequences ofa Defect in the Marriage 328. Principle and examples. 329. 'Limping' marriages. 330. Effects of void marriages ...... 355

IV. THE EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE Its Effects upon the Personal Relationship between Husband and Wife 331. Decisive either lex fori. 332. or lex domicilii. 333. The wife's power in household matters ....359 Its Effect on Property ' 3 34. Survey of the various systems of matrimonial property. (1) The applicable law apart from marriage settlements: 335. Conflict rules based on law or on agreement between the parties? 336. Unity or scission system? 337. Law of the husband's domicile. 338. Mutability or immutability? 339. The mutability doctrine. 340. Protection ofthird parties? (2) The regulation of matrimonial property by agreement: 341. Autonomy ofthe parties. 342. Admissibility ofthepact. 343. Capa­ city. 344. Form. 345. Essential validity and effects. 346. Change of domicile...... 361 Xll CONTENTS

V. DIVORCE AND SEPARATION PAGE 347. Judicial and extra-judicial divorces. 348. The Hammersmith case. 349. Divorce in case of defective marriages. 350. Jurisdiction. 351. Applicable law; comparative survey. 352. English law. 353. Cases where lex fori is not lex domicilii. 354. Importance of lex domicilii 355. (1) before a forum has been established. 356. (2) where ftiere is a foreign forum (renvoi). 357. Effects of divorce. 358. Remarriage after divorce ...... 375

VI. PARENTS AND CHILDREN Legitimacy 359. The various systems. 360. The details. 361. Procedural rules? 362. Condition: a valid marriage. 363. Limping marriages. 364. The case Shaw v. Gould. 365. Polygamous marriages . . 388 Relationship between Parents and Legitimate Children 366. The principle. 367. Details. 368. Extinction of parental power. 369. Change ofdomicile. 370. Maintenance duties . . 395 Legitimation 371. Various kinds of legitimation. 372. Legitimation by subsequent marriage. Conjmon law rule. 373. Statutory rule. 374. Effects of legitimation. 375. Legitimation by rescript or recognition . 399 Adoption 376. Differences in the various municipal laws. 377. The conflict rule. 378. English rule. 379. Recognition of foreign adoptions in England. 3 80. Change of domicile .....404 Illegitimate Children 38r. Notion ofillegitimacy. 382. Limping legitimacies. 383. Relation between child and mother. 384. Relation between child and father: the various systems. 385. Lex fori doctrine. 386. English system . 409

VII. GUARDIANSHIP 387. Different conceptions of guardianship. 388. Domiciliary law decisive. 389. Encroachments on domiciliary law. 390. Power of foreign guardian. 391. British wards. 392. Lex situs . . 416

PART V. CHOICE OF LAW: THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS

I. CONTRACTS The Choice of Law by the Parties 393. Notion of'contract'. 394. Two divergent views. 395. The'auto­ nomy'doctrine. Objections. 396. Determination ofthe applicable law by the judge? 397. Application ofall parts of the chosen law. 398. Li­ mits ofautonomy. 399. (1) Continental doctrine. 400. (2) English law. 401..Formula in Vita Food v. Unus. 402. Differences between the two CONTENTS xiii

PAGE views. 4°3- Choice of lex fori. 404. Choice of more than one law. 405. Changes in the chosen law. 406. Revolutionary changes. 407. Change ofsovereignty. 408. Substitution ofone legal system for another. 409. Express choice. 410. Implied choice . . . 420 Absence ofChoice of Law by the Parties 411. Two views. 412. Means of eliciting the proper law. 413. Lex loci actus. 414. . 415. Lex situs fundi. 416. Law of the flag. 417. Residence, domicile, &c. 418. Nationality? 419. Sub­ mission to jurisdiction. 420. The most effective law? . . 435 The Validity of the Contract 421. Law applicable to offer and acceptance. 422. Defects of consent. 423. Defects in respect ofthe essence. 424. Validity dependent on third parties. 425. Illegality. 426. Locus regit actum. General observations. 427. The English view. 428. Dicey's doctrine. 429. Form and renvoi. 430. What is the locus actus} 431. Form and procedure . 445 The Effects ofa Contract 432. Interpretation. 433. effets and suites. 434. Changes in the obli­ gation. 435. Effect of contract on ownership. 436. Splitting up of a contract. 437. Mode of performance . . . 458 The Extinction ofObligations 438. The different ways of extinguishing obligations. 439. In parti­ cular: set-off. 440. Discharge of a bankrupt . . . 463 Substitution ofone Debtor forAnother. Several Debtors 1 441. Substitution of a new debtor. 442. Several debtors. 443. Prin­ cipal debtor and surety .....466 Money Obligations 444. Principle. 445. Option deplace and option de change. 446. What kind of money owed. 447. Conversion of a foreign money debt. 448. Changes in the monetary system. 449. Lexpecuniae decisive. 450. Chan­ ges in purchasing power (inflation, &c.). 451. Revalorization laws. 452. Gold clauses. 453. International scope of gold clause abrogation laws. 454. Gold clauses and public policy. 455. Moratoria. 456. Cur­ rency restrictions. 457. Their application abroad. 458 (1) if the re­ stricting law is the proper law. 459. (2) if different from proper law and lex loci solutionis. 460. (3) ifit is the lex loci solutionis . 467 Bills ofExchange, Promissory Notes, and Cheques 461. The Geneva Conventions and the British Empire. 462. Capacity. 463. Form ofthe contracts. 464. Locus scriptus and locus verus. 465. Ex­ ceptions to lex loci actus. 466. Effects of the contracts. 467. Present­ ment, protest, and notice. 468. Autonomy of the parties . 484

II. OTHER OBLIGATIONS Torts 469. The various systems. 470. The English system. 471. (1) Tort actionable in England. 472. (2) Act not justifiable under lex loci delicti. 473. Liability for dangerous acts and for mischievous acts of third 4.844 B XIV CONTENTS

PAGE persons. 474. Excusable and legitimized acts. 475. Actionability under lex loci actus not required. 476. Effects of delict governed by lex fori.' 477. What place is the locus delicti? 478. English view still uncertain. 479. Torts on the high seas ....492 Quasi-contractual Obligations 480. Concept of quasi-contract. 481. Applicable law uncertain. Sug­ gestions ...... 505

PART VI. CHOICE OF LAW: LAW OF PROPERTY

THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MOVABLES AND IMMOVABLES 482. Importance of such distinction. 483. Decisive law? Various answers. 484. The English rule. 485. Where is the situs? 486. Real and personal property .....509

THE LAW APPLICABLE TO REAL RIGHTS. PRINCIPLES 487. Rights in immovables. 488. Chattels. The old rule: mobilia per­ sonam sequuntur. 489. The old rule ceasing to prevail in England ? 490. Objections to the domicile principle. 491.Lex situs decisive. 492. English authorities doubtful. 493. Lex loci actus} . 515

GOODS IN TRANSITU AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT 494. Res in transitu. Various doctrines. 495. Recommendable solu­ tion. 496. Means of transport ....528

THE DOMAIN OF THE LEX SITUS

497. What real rights are allowed? 498. Whether a particular right comes into existence? 499. Capacity and form. 500. Confiscation. 501. Expropriation. 502. Change of situs. 503. Acquisitive prescrip­ tion (usucapion). 504. Possession. 505. Lex situs not decisive for con­ tracts. 506. Equitable interests. 507. Servitudes: situs ofpraedium ser- viens decisive. 508. Incidents of iura in rem. 509. 'Equivalence'. 510. Protection of real rights ....531

INTANGIBLE MOVABLES AND THEIR ASSIGNMENT 1. Simple Debts 511. Preliminary observations. 512. Proper lawof the assigned debt decisive? 513.Lex domicilii decisive? 514.Lex loci actus 'decisive? 515. Lex (quasi-~)situs decisive? 516. Summary. 517. Assignment and contract between assignor and assignee. 518. Assignment by operation oflaw . . . . • . .547 CONTENTS XV

2. Other Rights PAGE 519. Assignment of obligations other than debts. 520. Assignment of shares. 521. Assignment of patents, copyrights, &c. 522. Assignment of iura in rem. 523. Written instruments (1) for evidence only. 524. (2) creating the obligation. 525. (3) issued for circulation . 556

3. The Transfer of Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, and Cheques 526. The problem. The Geneva solution. 527. The English solution. Authorities before 1882. 528. The Bills of Exchange Act, 1882. 529. Form of indorsement. 530. Interpretation, validity, effects ,563

BANKRUPTCY 531. Preliminary observation. 532. Unity or plurality of bankruptcies? 533. Universality or territoriality? 534. English law. 535. Creditors who have received payment abroad. 536. Foreign adjudications in bankruptcy; effects in England. 537. Adjudication in two countries 538. Administration in bankruptcy ....570

PART VII. CHOICE OF LAW: SUCCESSION UPON DEATH

THE LEADING PRINCIPLE 539. The scission system and the unitary system. 540. Advantages and defects of the two systems. 541. Inconveniences of the scission system. In particular: 542. liability of the various masses. 543. hotchpot pro­ visions 544. validity of will 545. doctrine of election 546. the legitim. 547. A concession to lex situs. 548. Renvoi and succession. 549. Public policy and succession ....578 THE SCOPE OF THE CONFLICT RULE ON SUCCESSION r. Capacity to acquire 550. Capacity in its strict sense. 551. Unworthiness. 552. Status. 553. Capacity of unborn child, of corporations. 554. Pact of renun­ ciation ...... 588 2. The Right to Succession (a) Intestacy 555. Relatives and spouses. 556. State or Crown as heir . 590 (b) Wills I. Capacity 557. Capacity to make a will. 558. Will made under error, fraud, coercion, &c...... 591 II. Formalities 559. Form under common law. 560. Wills Act, 1861. 561. Sect. 1 of the Act. 562. Sect. 2 ofthe Act. 563. Sect. 3 of the Aci. 564. Testator of foreign nationality .....594 XVI CONTENTS

' III. Construction of Wills PAGE 565. Various canons of construction. 566. Applicable law. 567. Equi­ valent conceptions in foreign laws ....599 IV. The Effects ofa Will, 568 . . . . 602 V. The Revocation ofa Will 569. General rule. 570. The rule:'marriage revokes the will' . 603 VI. Some particular kinds of Wills 571. Joint wills. 572. Powers of appointment. 573. Capacity to exer­ cise the power. 574. Form of the donee's will. 575. Interpretation of the donee's will. 576. Effects of the donee's will . . 605 (c) Inheritance Pacts (Pacts on Succession), 577 . . 610 3. The Acquisition of Property by Succession 578. The various systems ofacquisition. 579. The applicable law 610 4. Administration and Succession 580. Concept of administration. 581. Law governing administration (as different from law of succession). 582. Jurisdiction concerning ad­ ministration and succession. 583. 'Main' and 'ancillary' administration. 584. Grant ofprobate and ofletters ofadministration. 585. Concurrent English and foreign administrators . . . . 612

ADDENDA ...... 618

INDEX 619