Office of Public Works Arterial Drainage Maintenance Works - Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme

Natura Impact Statement April 2016

Office of Public Works Main Street Headford Co Galway Ireland

JBA Project Manager Tom Sampson 24 Grove Island Corbally Limerick Ireland Revision History

Revision Ref / Date Issued Amendments Issued to

Nathy Gilligan, OPW v1.1 / February 2016 Tony Brew, OPW Final Report. Updates to Nathy Gilligan, OPW V2.0 / March 2016 Crayfish mitigation. Tony Brew, OPW Final Report. Further updates Nathy Gilligan, OPW V2.1 / March 2016 to Crayfish mitigation. Tony Brew, OPW Final Report. Further updates Nathy Gilligan, OPW V2.2 / April 2016 to Crayfish mitigation and table Tony Brew, OPW 6.1. Contract This report describes work commissioned by the Office of Public Works, by a letter dated 05/06/2015. The Office of Public Works’s representative for the contract was Tony Brew. Laura Thomas, Tom Sampson, Rachael Brady, Kim Jennings, Helen Archer, Kieran Sheehan, Jon Harrison, Fran Tobin, Nick Crouch, Catherine Jones, Darren Whitaker, Rob Harrison, Niamh Sweeney and Anne Murray of JBA Consulting carried out this work. Prepared by ...... Laura Thomas BA MRes MCIEEM Senior Ecologist

...... Niamh Sweeney BSc., MSc. Ecologist

Reviewed by ...... Anne Murray BSc MCIEEM Senior Ecologist Purpose This document has been prepared as a Final Report for the OPW. JBA Consulting accepts no responsibility or liability for any use that is made of this document other than by the Client for the purposes for which it was originally commissioned and prepared. JBA Consulting has no liability regarding the use of this report except to the OPW. Copyright © JBA Consulting Engineers and Scientists Ltd 2016 Carbon Footprint A printed copy of the main text in this document will result in a carbon footprint of 338g if 100% post-consumer recycled paper is used and 338g if primary-source paper is used. These figures assume the report is printed in black and white on A4 paper and in duplex. JBA is aiming to reduce its per capita carbon emissions. 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 i

Executive Summary JBA Consulting has been commissioned by the Office of Public Works (OPW) to provide environmental consultancy services in relation to statutory arterial drainage maintenance activities for the period 2016-2020. In 2014, following the methodology outlined in Ryan Hanley (2014a), a screening assessment was conducted to assess the likely significant effects on Natura 2000 sites of the proposed drainage maintenance activities in the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme in accordance with Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora) (Ryan Hanley, 2014). Three source > pathway > receptor chains were examined to assess the likely impact of drainage maintenance activities on Natura 2000 sites; surface water, land and air, and groundwater pathways. The results of this screening exercise (Ryan Hanley, 2014) identified that significant adverse impacts could not be excluded on the following Natura 2000 sites:  Balla Turlough SAC (000463)  Ballinafad SAC (002081)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458)  River Moy SAC (002298)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036)  Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228) As a result it was necessary to produce a Natura Impact Statement (NIS) in support of a Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment to further examine the potential direct and indirect impacts of the proposed works on the integrity and interest features of the above Natura 2000 sites, alone and in-combination with other plans and projects, taking into account the site's structure, function and conservation objectives. Further examination of the potential sources of impact on the Natura 2000 sites above, looking at surface water; land and air; and groundwater pathways, was conducted. Where potentially significant adverse impacts were identified, a range of mitigation and avoidance measures have been stipulated to help offset them. The NIS has concluded that, given the avoidance and mitigation measures suggested, the proposed drainage maintenance operations in the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme will not have a significant adverse impact on the above Natura 2000 sites

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Contents

Executive Summary ...... ii 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Legislative Context ...... 1 1.3 Appropriate Assessment Process ...... 1 1.4 Methodology ...... 2 2 Arterial Drainage Maintenance ...... 4 2.1 Background ...... 4 2.2 Drainage Maintenance Activities ...... 4 2.3 The Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme ...... 10 2.4 Drainage Maintenance Works Proposed for the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme . 10 3 Screening Assessment Results ...... 12 3.1 Introduction ...... 12 3.2 Screening Assessment Conclusions ...... 13 4 Natura 2000 sites within the Zone of Influence of Drainage Maintenance Activities ...... 14 4.1 Introduction ...... 14 4.2 Balla Turlough SAC (000463) ...... 14 4.3 Ballinafad SAC (002081) ...... 16 4.4 Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) ...... 18 4.5 River Moy SAC (002298) ...... 29 4.6 Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) ...... 33 4.7 Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228) ...... 36 4.8 Description of the receiving environment - Ecological Walkover Survey Results . 38 5 Appropriate Assessment ...... 45 5.1 Introduction ...... 45 5.2 Identification of Potential Sources of Impact ...... 45 5.3 Impact Assessment ...... 50 6 Avoidance and Mitigation Measures ...... 71 6.1 Introduction ...... 71 7 Conclusions ...... 72 Appendices...... I A OPW Arterial Drainage Maintenance Service: Environmental Management Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures ...... I B Maps of the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme...... II C Drainage Maintenance Activities Proposed for Moy 2016-2020 ...... III D Watercourses Screened into Appropriate Assessment ...... IV

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List of Figures Figure 1-1: The Appropriate Assessment Process (from: Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland - Guidance for Planning Authorities, DEHLG, 2009) ...... 2 Figure 2-1: Examples of Plane Bed to Low Gradient Channels on the Yellow River upstream of Kiltimagh (left) and on the River Moy near Carrowkeribly Lough (Right) ...... 5 Figure 2-2: Examples of Medium to High Gradient Channels on the Lough Talt River near Aclare (left) and on the Owengarve River downstream of Dawros Bridge (right) ...... 6 Figure 2-3: Map of the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme ...... 10 Figure 4-1: Map of Balla Turlough SAC (000463) and arterial drainage channels ...... 15 Figure 4-2: Map of Ballinafad SAC (002081) and arterial drainage channels ...... 17 Figure 4-3: Map of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) and arterial drainage channels ...... 19 Figure 4-4: Map of River Moy SAC (002298) and arterial drainage channels ...... 31 Figure 4-5: Map of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) and arterial drainage channels ...... 34 Figure 4-6: Map of Lough Cullin and Lough Conn SPA (004228) and arterial drainage channels ...... 37 Figure 4-7: Sample Habitat Map ...... 39 Figure 4-8: Japanese Knotweed in Ballina (left) and near Bunnafinglass (right) ...... 43 Figure 4-9: Himalayan Balsam on the upstream reaches of the River Moy near Banada 43 Figure 4-10: Otter spraint on rocks on the Glore River near Canbrack (left) and the Gweestion River near Lisduff (right) ...... 44 Figure 4-11: Lesser Butterfly Orchid ...... 44

List of Tables Table 2-1: OPW Drainage Maintenance Subcategories ...... 4 Table 2-2: OPW Drainage Maintenance Types ...... 4 Table 3-1: Screening Assessment Conclusions (Ryan Hanley, 2014) ...... 13 Table 4-1: Qualifying Interests of Balla Turlough SAC (000463) ...... 15 Table 4-2: Qualifying Interests of Ballinafad SAC (002081) ...... 17 Table 4-3: Qualifying Interests of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) ...... 19 Table 4-4: Conservation Objectives for Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) (From: NPWS, 2012a) ...... 20 Table 4-5: Qualifying Interests of River Moy SAC (002298) ...... 31 Table 4-6: Special Conservations Interests of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) (From: NPWS, 2013f) ...... 34 Table 4-7: Conservation Objectives of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) (From: NPWS, 2013e) ...... 35 Table 4-8: Qualifying Interests of Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228)) ...... 37 Table 4-9: Annex I Habitats Identified within the Surveyed Areas of the Moy Arterial

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Drainage Scheme ...... 40 Table 5-1: Qualifying Interests/Special Conservation Interests of the screened in Natura 2000 sites likely to be impacted upon via surface water pathways (From: Ryan Hanley, 2014) ...... 45 Table 5-2: Potential Sources of Impact via Surface Water Pathways ...... 46 Table 5-3: Qualifying Interests/Special Conservation Interests of the screened in Natura 2000 sites likely to be impacted upon via land and air pathways (From: Ryan Hanley, 2014) ...... 47 Table 5-4: Potential Sources of Impact via Land and Air Pathways ...... 48 Table 5-5: Qualifying Interests/Special Conservation Interests of the screened in Natura 2000 sites likely to be impacted upon via groundwater pathways (From: Ryan Hanley, 2014) ...... 48 Table 5-6: Potential Sources of Impact via Land and Air Pathways ...... 50 Table 5-7: Impact Assessment - Balla Turlough SAC (000463) ...... 52 Table 5-8: Impact Assessment - Ballinfad SAC (002081) ...... 53 Table 5-9: Impact Assessment - Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) ...... 54 Table 5-10: Impact Assessment - River Moy SAC (002298) ...... 57 Table 5-11: Impact Assessment - Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) ...... 64 Table 5-12: Impact Assessment - Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228) ...... 67 Table 6-1: Additional Mitigation Measures ...... 71 Table 7-1: Integrity of Site Checklist (from DEHLG, 2009) ...... 72

Abbreviations AA ...... Appropriate Assessment DEHLG ...... Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government EC ...... European Communities EDM ...... Environmental Drainage Maintenance EREP ...... Environmental River Enhancement Programme IFI ...... Inland Fisheries Ireland IROPI ...... Imperative Reason of Overriding Public Interest MAC ...... Maintenance Access Corridor NIS ...... Natura Impact Statement NPWS ...... National Parks and Wildlife Service OPW ...... Office of Public Works SAC ...... Special Area of Conservation SOP ...... Standard Operating Procedure SPA ...... Special Protection Area

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1 Introduction

1.1 Background JBA Consulting has been commissioned by the Office of Public Works (OPW) to provide environmental consultancy services in relation to statutory arterial drainage maintenance activities that will take place over the five-year period 2016-2020. This Natura Impact Statement (NIS) provides the results of the assessment conducted for the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme in accordance with Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora). A screening assessment has previously been conducted for the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme (Ryan Hanley, 2014) and determined that significant adverse effects on Natura 2000 sites are likely within the zone of influence of the proposed arterial drainage maintenance activities.

1.2 Legislative Context The Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora) aims to maintain or restore the favourable conservation status of habitats and species of community interest across Europe. The requirements of Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive have been transposed into Irish legislation by means of the Habitats Regulations, 1997 (S.I. No. 94 of 1997) and the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 (S.I. No. 477 / 2011) Under the Directive a network of sites of nature conservation importance have been identified by each Member State as containing specified habitats or species requiring to be maintained or returned to favourable conservation status. In Ireland the network consists of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs), and also candidate sites, which form the Natura 2000 network. Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive requires that, in relation to European designated sites (i.e. SACs and SPAs that form the Natura 2000 network), "any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site's conservation objectives". A competent authority (e.g. Local Authority) can only agree to a plan or project after having determined that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned. Under article 6(4) of the Directive, if adverse impacts are likely, and in the absence of alternative options, a plan or project must nevertheless proceed for imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI), including social or economic reasons, a Member State is required to take all compensatory measures necessary to ensure the overall integrity of the Natura 2000 site. The European Commission have to be informed of any compensatory measures adopted, unless a priority habitat type or species is present and in which case an opinion from the European Commission is required beforehand (unless for human health or public safety reasons, or of benefit to the environment).

1.3 Appropriate Assessment Process Guidance on the Appropriate Assessment (AA) process was produced by the European Commission in 2002, which was subsequently developed into guidance specifically for Ireland by the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DEHLG) (2009). These guidance documents identify a staged approach to conducting an AA, as shown Figure 1-1.

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Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Screening for AA AA Alternative Solutions IROPI

Figure 1-1: The Appropriate Assessment Process (from: Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland - Guidance for Planning Authorities, DEHLG, 2009)

1.3.1 Stage 1 - Screening for AA The initial, screening stage of the Appropriate Assessment is to determine: a. whether the proposed plan or project is directly connected with or necessary for the management of the European designated site for nature conservation b. if it is likely to have a significant adverse effect on the European designated site, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects For those sites where potential adverse impacts are identified, either alone or in combination with other plans or projects, further assessment is necessary to determine if the proposals will have an adverse impact on the integrity of a European designated site, in view of the sites conservation objectives (i.e. the process proceeds to Stage 2).

1.3.2 Stage 2 - AA This stage requires a more in-depth evaluation of the plan or project, and the potential direct and indirect impacts of them on the integrity and interest features of the European designated site(s), alone and in-combination with other plans and projects, taking into account the site's structure, function and conservation objectives. Where required, mitigation or avoidance measures will be suggested. The competent authority can only agree to the plan or project after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site(s) concerned. If this cannot be determined, and where mitigation cannot be achieved, then alternative solutions will need to be considered (i.e. the process proceeds to Stage 3).

1.3.3 Stage 3 - Alternative Solutions Where adverse impacts on the integrity of Natura 2000 sites are identified, and mitigation cannot be satisfactorily implemented, alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the plan or project that avoid adverse impacts need to be considered. If none can be found, the process proceeds to Stage 4.

1.3.4 Stage 4 - IROPI Where adverse impacts of a plan or project on the integrity of Natura 2000 sites are identified and no alternative solutions exist, the plan will only be allowed to progress if imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI) can be demonstrated. In this case compensatory measures will be required. The process only proceeds through each of the four stages for certain plans or projects. For example, for a plan or project, not connected with management of a site, but where no likely significant impacts are identified, the process stops at stage 1. Throughout the process, the precautionary principle must be applied, so that any uncertainties do not result in adverse impacts on a site.

1.4 Methodology This NIS has been prepared with regard to the following documents:  DoEHLG (2009 rev 2010) Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland Guidance for Planning Authorities. Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.  European Communities (EC) (2000) Managing Natura 2000 Sites: the provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. European Commission.

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 EC (2002) Assessment of Plans and Projects Significantly Affecting Natura 2000 Sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. European Commission.  EC (2007) Guidance document on Article 6(4) of the 'Habitats Directive' 92/43/EEC – Clarification of the concepts of: alternative solutions, imperative reasons of overriding public interest, compensatory measures, overall coherence, opinion of the commission. European Commission.  EC (2007) Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats. Version EUR 27. European Commission.  Fossitt, J., (2000). A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. The Heritage Council, Kilkenny.  National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) (2008).The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.  NPWS (2014).The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. Habitats Assessment Volume 2. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.  NPWS (2014).The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. Species Assessment Volume 3. Habitats Assessment Volume 2. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.

1.4.1 Ecological Walkover Surveys To further inform the Appropriate Assessment process, the OPW selected a number of channels within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme for assessment through the undertaking of an ecological walkover survey. The selected channels are those located in, or within 100m of, a Natura 2000 site. Section 0 summarises the methodology and findings of these surveys. All data has been inputted into a GIS system and provided to OPW to enhance understanding of the baseline environment and inform future works.

1.4.2 Consultation The findings of this assessment will be subject to consultation with the NPWS.

This report has been produced on currently available information, with the most up-to-date versions used. Where new, or updated, information becomes available the OPW will consider and review this findings of this assessment, if necessary.

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2 Arterial Drainage Maintenance

2.1 Background Between 1945 and 1995, under the Arterial Drainage Act (1945), the OPW completed 34 Arterial Drainage Schemes on river catchments, along with five estuarine embankment schemes (over 11,500km of channel and 730km of embankments). The OPW is statutorily obligated to maintain arterial drainage channels under the 1945 Arterial Drainage Act, and since their completion, maintenance of these Arte rial Drainage Schemes has been ongoing, with the majority of channels maintained every five years. However, larger channels tend to be only maintained every ten years, on average.

2.2 Drainage Maintenance Activities Arterial Drainage Maintenance includes a range of operations such as silt and vegetation management, mowing and structure maintenance, as detailed in Table 2-1, and listed as channel, embankment or structure maintenance in Table 2-2 below. It is required to retain the arterial drainage scheme design capacity. Table 2-1: OPW Drainage Maintenance Subcategories Drainage Maintenance Subcategories

A Silt and vegetation management B Aquatic vegetation cutting C Bank protection D Bush cutting/Branch trimming E Tree cutting F Mulching G Mowing H Gate installation I Sluice maintenance J Bridge maintenance K Other

Table 2-2: OPW Drainage Maintenance Types Category Maintenance Type Code

Silt and vegetation management A Aquatic vegetation cutting B Bank protection C Channel Maintenance Bush cutting/Branch trimming D Tree cutting E Other K Bush cutting/Branch trimming D Tree cutting E Embankment Mulching F Maintenance Mowing G Gate installation H Sluice maintenance I Bridge maintenance J Structural Maintenance Bank protection C Bush cutting/Branch trimming D Tree cutting E

The following sections, taken from Ryan Hanley (2014c) and OPW (2014), provide further details on the types and nature of arterial drainage maintenance operations undertaken by the OPW.

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2.2.1 Channel Maintenance Activities The majority of drainage maintenance activities are focused on channel maintenance. While the frequency of maintenance on an individual channel may vary, with some channels requiring maintenance annually and others only requiring maintenance every twenty years, the average channel requires maintenance every four to six years. In this regard, approximately 2,000km of channels are maintained annually and nearly all of the 11,500km of channels across Irelands Arterial Drainage Schemes will have been maintained at least once over a period of five years. Channel maintenance is organised on a regional basis, with OPW Arterial Drainage Maintenance Regional Offices in Limerick, Headford, Co. Galway and Trim, Co. Meath. Scheme Design Standards Arterial Drainage Schemes constructed under the Arterial Drainage Act, 1945 were designed to provide an outfall for drainage of agricultural lands, and generally provided protection for a 3-year flood event. Where the creation of an outfall dictated the design bed levels, greater protection than the 3-year flood event was achieved as a consequence. In the case of modern flood relief schemes, flood protection for a 100-year flood event would be the design objective. The original Scheme designs including the outfall datum for each of the Arterial Drainage Schemes are available in the relevant OPW Arterial Drainage Maintenance Regional Office. This includes the mapped Scheme design, and the associated long sections and cross sections. These designs are used to inform channel maintenance. Types of Channel Requiring Maintenance In the years following the construction of a drainage scheme there is a tendency for the channel capacity to be progressively reduced due mainly to the transportation and deposition of bed materials, the accumulation of silt and the growth of in-channel vegetation. The resultant channel maintenance consists of repetitive works of a cyclical nature, to restore the Schemes design levels i.e. outfall datum in order to maintain the channel's designed capacity to convey water. Channels are prioritised for maintenance based on the rate of deterioration and the risk arising. The selection takes account of requests from the general public and potential flooding risk to roads, properties, urban areas and sewage works (OPW, 2011a). Plane Bed to Low Gradient Channels Some 60 – 70% of maintained channels are of gentle longitudinal gradient and subject to relatively rapid deposition of silt, especially those that are subject to prolific growth of in-channel vegetation. The majority of maintenance works are therefore located on smaller lower-lying channels, with 90% of works in channels with a base width of <3m (OPW, 2011a). In such channels silt and in- channel vegetation may cause the low flow level to rise by 50-300mm above the Scheme design level. In such circumstances maintenance is focused on restoring both low-flow and flood-flow water levels to original Scheme design.

Figure 2-1: Examples of Plane Bed to Low Gradient Channels on the Yellow River upstream of Kiltimagh (left) and on the River Moy near Carrowkeribly Lough (Right) Medium to High Gradient Channels A smaller proportion of channels are steep and fast flowing and are subject to flash floods, bank erosion and rapid movement of bed gravel. The steeper sections of channel normally require

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relatively little and infrequent maintenance works (OPW, 2011a) as opposed to channels of low gradient which are subject to rapid accumulation of silt and proliferation of vegetation. These channels will have a greater requirement for bank protection works.

Figure 2-2: Examples of Medium to High Gradient Channels on the Lough Talt River near Aclare (left) and on the Owengarve River downstream of Dawros Bridge (right) Periods and Cycles of Maintenance The average channel requires silt and vegetation management every four to six years. However, channels with prolific weed growth may require maintenance annually, particularly where downstream bridges are at risk of being blocked due to a flow of decaying vegetation in autumn. Conversely, some channels may only require in-stream maintenance every twenty years due to the self-cleaning characteristics e.g. high gradient channels. Where the period between previous channel maintenance works has been exceptionally long, dense scrub and woody vegetation can establish along the channel and within the maintenance access corridor. In such circumstances, drainage maintenance works will include the removal of scrub/transitional woodland (code WS1 in the Fossitt Classification, 2000) that has developed along the banksides via bush cutting/branch trimming, tree cutting or mulching. This is undertaken between the 1st September and 28th February to avoid the residential bird nesting season (from the 1st March to 31st August as per the Wildlife Act (1976). In contrast, in-stream works for silt and vegetation management are carried out outside of the salmonid spawning season (May to September) and the times that early life stages of salmonid fish will be present as per Section 173 of the Fisheries (Consolidation) Act (1959) on channels with salmonid spawning habitat. Any works required during this period are carried out in consultation with IFI. As a result there may be a two stage approach to the works, with silt and in-stream vegetation management carried out during the open season (i.e. summer months), while woody vegetation removal is carried out in the winter months. Other restrictions on works may also apply in relation to the presence/absence of other protected species such as White-clawed Crayfish and Sea, River and Brook Lamprey which will influence the timing of works.

2.2.2 Embankment Maintenance Activities A total of 5 No. Estuarine Embankment Schemes were constructed under the 1945 Act. In Addition a number of the Arterial Drainage Schemes have embanked sections, however, no embankments are present within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme. Scheme Design Standards As above for the Arterial Drainage Schemes, Estuarine Embankment Schemes constructed under the Arterial Drainage Act 1945 were designed to provide an outfall for drainage of agricultural lands, and generally provided protection for a 3-year flood event. Where the creation of an outfall dictated the design bed levels, greater protection than the 3-year flood event was achieved as a consequence. In the case of modern flood relief schemes, flood protection for a 100-year flood event would be the design objective.

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The original Scheme designs are available in the relevant OPW Arterial Drainage Maintenance Regional Office. This includes the mapped Scheme design, and the associated long sections and cross sections. Types of Embankments Requiring Maintenance All embankments and associated sluice structures (see section 2.2.3) are inspected annually for signs of disrepair. Regular inspections are carried out on sections of embankments, which are known from experience to be at risk, together with additional inspections after a storm surge at sea or a high tidal/flood event. Maintenance of embankments includes removal of vegetation to allow for inspection of the embankment, and in some cases the replacement of existing fencing with gates to allow for future access during maintenance.

2.2.3 Structural Maintenance Activities Structural Design Standards During the construction of the Arterial Drainage Schemes under the 1945 Act, some 18,500 No. accommodation bridges were identified and modified, or replaced as required. These bridges provide farmers owning land on both sides of a channels with farm vehicular and/or foot access from one side to the other. The type of bridge provided depended on the width, depth and required flow capacity of the channel, and ranged from concrete piped culverts to relatively large structures formed on concrete or masonry abutments spanned by structural steel beams, or lattice girders together with concrete or timber decking. During the Estuarine Embankment Schemes under the 1945 Act, existing sluice structures were identified and modified, or replaced as required. Additional sluice structures were constructed as required bringing the total number to approximately 750. The function of these sluice structures is to allow water from the floodplain behind the embankments to discharge to the main river or estuary. Types of Structures Requiring Maintenance In general, as channel maintenance proceeds, the bridges are examined by the supervisory industrial staff and if required, repairs/replacements are scheduled. The type of bridge structures, which are most likely to have fallen into a critical state of disrepair, are those with timber decking supported on steel beams, and those in which abutment foundations are being undercut. There is a standard type of design for the replacement of these structures, which consists essentially of mass concrete abutments with reinforced cast in-situ decking. This type of structure is simple to construct and under normal circumstances, it will last for many years with little or no maintenance. On many occasions, it is not necessary to totally replace a bridge, and repairs such as underpinning the foundation or replacement of wing-walls, parapets or sections of the deck may be all that is required to extend the useful life of the structure. All embankments and associated structures are inspected annually for disrepair. Due to the time elapsed since scheme completion, some of these sluice structures have reached their design life and have started to fail. In this instance, full replacement is required. Typically, this involves the installation of pre-cast headwalls and back walls, and the replacement of existing corrugated galvanised steel pipes with PVC plastic pipes. Sluice doors are the most frequent part of the sluice structure that are required to be repaired or replaced. Repairs to a sluice door consist of replacing the arms/hinges on the existing cast iron door. On occasion, the existing cast iron door would be replaced with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) door. Blockages often occur at the doors of the sluices due to silt build up. These blockages are removed using along reach excavator working from the bank of the channel.

2.2.4 Plant and Machinery The types of machinery typically utilised during maintenance works would include 3600 hydraulic excavators (from 15-20 tonne excavators), mini-diggers, tractors and trailers, tipper lorries, hydraulic shears, hydraulic secateurs, chainsaws, mulchers and mowers; the machinery used is dependent on the maintenance activity being conducted. The removal of dense in-stream silt and vegetation requires the use of a hydraulic excavator with a 1.5m wide (approximate) bucket (capacity approximate 500ltrs). For standard excavators, works 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 7

progress at a rate of 700m to 900m per week. In relation to long-reach excavators, works progress at a slower rate of between 200m and 350m per week. Rates may change due to channel width or ground conditions.

2.2.5 Maintenance Access Corridors (MAC) and Working Zone Maintenance sites are generally accessed via the public road and through farmland. A maintenance access corridor is utilised along one side of a channel for maintenance purposes. These established routes are used to track the hydraulic excavators for maintenance and for the disposal of spoil (see section 2.2.7). The same route is generally followed every maintenance cycle. This approach avoids disturbance of habitats on the opposite bank during works. Where grasslands are present within the maintenance access corridor, the impact is predominantly temporary as the grasslands are trampled by machinery and can recolonise following completion of the maintenance activities. Within woodland and scrub habitats a linear path more typical of disturbed vegetation i.e. scrub/transitional woodland (WS1) will be evident along the maintenance access corridor due to regular machine access. In this regard, the disturbance regime associated with the tracking of plant machinery along the maintenance access corridors on the channel bank arrests succession to mature woodland such that scrub/transitional woodland (WS1) dominates. Where mature trees are present these are generally avoided by plant machinery. Structures are generally accessed through farmland from the public road above. Plant machinery will utilise the same maintenance access corridor used for channel maintenance to gain access to the structure. Where individual trees, woodland and scrub habitats are present at the location of the structure, these may be removed to facilitate bridge inspection and works. Where mature trees are present these are generally avoided by plant machinery. The location of drainage maintenance works is generally accessed via public roads and through farmland, with the siting of mobile short-term staff welfare facilities, plant storage and car parking agreed with local landowners. There is no requirement for temporary site lighting. There is a requirement for water supply and disposal of wastewater from the welfare facilities (see section 2.2.7 in relation to waste disposal).

2.2.6 Site Compounds (Welfare Facilities), Access Routes and Haul Roads Haul roads are generally not required to facilitate drainage maintenance activities. Where access is required in soft ground conditions, plant equipment will be brought in on tracks or temporary matting will be laid to provide a corridor for machinery access. Where matting is utilised it will be completely removed post completion of works to allow vegetation to recolonise. All plant and machinery is confined to one defined access route to minimise disturbance. All plant and machinery are regularly maintained and serviced to minimise release of hydrocarbons. All hydraulic excavators and other plant machinery use long life engine oil and biodegradable hydraulic oil. Fuelling and lubrication are conducted a minimum of 50m away from all channels. Spill kits are present in all plant used in maintenance activities. Integrated submersible pumps are also deployed in the event of structural maintenance and the requirement for dewatering of excavations.

2.2.7 Waste Output/Disposal The material removed from a channel during silt and vegetation management is normally spread thinly along the bank or on top of existing spoil heaps where present within the access corridor. All dead wood material is left on site to decompose or is removed off site and utilised as firewood under local landowner agreements. Where mulchers or mowers are deployed, the arisings are left on site to decompose or the mulched material is buried. Construction and demolition waste from structures includes broken concrete and stone. Steel railings are returned to the depot for recycling. Used engine oil and hydraulic oil is disposed of by a licensed waste handler. Toilet facilities are maintained by a licensed waste handler. Any waste generated on site is returned to the depot for segregation and disposal by a licensed waste handler.

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2.2.8 Working Hours All maintenance activities are undertaken during daylight hours. Standard working hours are 8.00am to 4.30pm, with lunch and tea breaks, Monday to Friday. There is no requirement for temporary site lighting to facilitate works. Machines are powered down when not in use.

2.2.9 Environmental Training Environmental training of all staff involved in drainage maintenance is an ongoing process. Technical and Operational Staff have completed formal training in Environmental Drainage Maintenance (EDM) in 2004. This training course was revised and expanded under the OPW’s Environmental River Enhancement Programme (EREP) and was delivered to all staff in 2010. The training programme delivered included presentations in river corridor ecology, the Environmental Drainage Maintenance Guidance Notes (Ten Steps to Environmentally Friendly Maintenance), maintenance strategies involving both ‘enhanced maintenance’ and ‘capital enhancement’, and OPW’s Environmental Management Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (see section 2.2.11 for more details). Both sets of training were developed and delivered by IFI. The formal approach to EDM Training is complimented with on-site training. Regular site visits from IFI and OPW’s Environment Section provide further guidance and advice to operational staff. Auditing of operational staff on the implementation of the Environmental Drainage Maintenance Guidance Notes (Ten Steps to Environmentally Friendly Maintenance) is also carried out by both IFI and OPW’s Environment Section. In addition, other environmental training takes place as deemed beneficial, e.g. in 2008, the majority of the technical and operational staff were trained in Otter Awareness. This course, provided by the Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, included presentations on Otter ecology, and on-site identification of Otter signs and suitable habitat.

2.2.10 Environmental Audits A portion of operational crews are audited annually by the OPW Environment Section and IFI for the implementation of the Environmental Drainage Maintenance Guidance Notes (Ten Steps to Environmentally Friendly Maintenance) and the OPW’s Environmental Management Protocol and SOPs. Auditing is carried out separately by both IFI and OPW Environment Section on a rotational basis to ensure all operational crews are audited at least once every three years. All audit results are forwarded to the relevant Engineer for that Scheme within two working weeks. In the event of an audit showing elements of unreasonable non-compliance with procedures, the relevant Engineer will be notified within one working day. Audit results are also forwarded to OPW Systems Manager for inclusion in monthly regional benchmarking reports.

2.2.11 Environmental Management Protocol and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) The OPW’s Environmental Management Protocols set out how regional management staff manage a range of environmental aspects, including programming of works to accommodate certain environmental windows or restrictions on timing of works, and recording of data. A total of 7 No. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are applied during operational works. These SOPs set out actions designed to eliminate, or substantially reduce likely impacts to identified species and their associated habitats. These include:  Environmental Drainage Maintenance Guidance Notes (10 Steps to Environmentally Friendly Maintenance)  Lamprey SOP  Crayfish SOP  Otter SOP  Mussel SOP  Invasive Species SOP  Zebra Mussel SOP Appendix A contains the OPWs Environmental Management Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures (OPW, 2011b). This document can also be downloaded from http://www.opw.ie/en/media/OPW%20Environmental%20Management%20Protocols%20&%20S OPs%20April%202011.pdf.

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2.3 The Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme The Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme is located predominantly in County Mayo, but with some watercourses also falling within County Sligo. Appendix B contains detailed maps of the watercourses in the scheme in relation to the Natura 2000 sites within the area. Figure 2-3: Map of the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme

2.4 Drainage Maintenance Works Proposed for the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme Within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme the exact location and type of required maintenance activity varies over time. The screening assessment (Ryan Hanley, 2014) was conducted on the assumption that all channels will be maintained during the 5-year period 2015-2019. This NIS is based on the maintenance activity classifications used by the OPW, listed below. During the period 2016 to 2020 the maintenance activities proposed for the watercourses in the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme, are:  A - Silt and vegetation management  B - Aquatic vegetation cutting  D - Bush cutting/branch trimming  E - Tree cutting The description of the proposed works on the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme, as provided by the OPW, is as follows; silt and vegetation management and bush cutting/branch trimming will be carried out on the majority of watercourses, with aquatic vegetation cutting only proposed for the following channels:  C1/21/1/5/2 Sect A  C1/21/1/5/2 Sect B  C1/21/1/5/2 Sect C  C1/30 Sect D  C1/30 Sect E  C1/30 Sect F  C1/30 Sect G 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 10

With the exception of C1/30 Sect D and C1/30 Sect E where activities A, B and D are proposed, on the other channels listed above only activity B (aquatic vegetation cutting) will be conducted. The first three watercourses in the list above are located on the Castlebar River, with the latter four on the Glore River. Tree cutting (activity E) will be carried out on the following channels;  C1 sections Sections A-S inclusive  C1/21/1 Sections A and B  C1/21/1/5 Sections A-G inclusive  C1/21/1/5/2/18  C1/21/7  C1/21/4 Section A and B  C1/30 Sections B and E  C1/30/5 Sections A-D inclusive  C1/30/7 Sections A-G inclusive  C1/30/7/12  C1/44 Sections A and B  C1/45 Sections A and B  C1/48 Sections A-F inclusive  C1/49 Sections A and B

Bank protection works (activity C) are not specified on any watercourse at this time, however the OPW envisage that bank protection works may be required on localised sections as issues arise during 2016 to 2020. As specific details and locations of bank protection works are not currently available for this assessment, they are not included. It is currently not known where structural maintenance operations are proposed, and therefore it will be assumed that potentially these activities could occur on all structures within the scheme area during the period 2016 to 2020. The spreadsheets in Appendix C provide the channel number and the corresponding maintenance type code of the drainage maintenance activities proposed for the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme for the period 2016 to 2020.

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3 Screening Assessment Results

3.1 Introduction An Appropriate Assessment Screening, addressing Stage 1 of the process, has already been completed for the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme (Ryan Hanley, 2014). This identified that likely significant effects on Natura 2000 may occur as a result of the proposed maintenance activities and therefore a Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment is necessary. The Stage 1 Screening Assessment was conducted in line with guidance produced for the OPW in 2014 (Ryan Hanley, 2014a, b and c). This methodology is based on source > pathway > receptor chain principles and involves assessing likely significant effects on Natura 2000 sites within the zone of influence of the proposed drainage maintenance in relation to three pathways: 1. Surface water 2. Land & air 3. Groundwater The screening assessment involved assessing the impacts of drainage maintenance operations within the arterial drainage scheme, and its zone of influence, in relation to each of the three pathways individually. Conclusions were then drawn to identify which channels and embankments within a scheme could impact upon Natura 2000 sites.

3.1.1 Surface Water Pathways As a result of the screening assessment (Ryan Hanley, 2014) maintenance activities on a number of watercourses (see Appendix D) were identified as potentially resulting in significant adverse impacts on Natura 2000 sites via surface water pathways. Specifically, the Natura 2000 sites that may be adversely impacted upon are:  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458)  River Moy SAC (002298)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036)  Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228)

3.1.2 Land and Air Pathways As a result of the screening assessment (Ryan Hanley, 2014) maintenance activities on a number of watercourses (see Appendix D) were identified as potentially resulting in significant adverse impacts on Natura 2000 sites via land and air pathways. Specifically, the Natura 2000 sites that may be adversely impacted upon are:  Ballinafad SAC (002081)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458)  River Moy SAC (002298)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036)  Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228)

3.1.3 Groundwater Pathways As a result of the screening assessment (Ryan Hanley, 2014) maintenance activities on a number of watercourses (see Appendix D) were identified as potentially resulting in significant adverse impacts on Natura 2000 sites via groundwater pathways. Specifically, the Natura 2000 sites that may be adversely impacted upon are:  Balla Turlough SAC (000463)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458)  River Moy SAC (002298)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036)  Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228)

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3.2 Screening Assessment Conclusions The Screening Assessment (Ryan Hanley, 2014) identified that the sites detailed in Table 3-1 were likely to be significantly affected by drainage maintenance operations undertaken within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme. These screening conclusions are based on the assumption that all drainage maintenance activities are to be undertaken on all watercourses, embankments and structures during the life of the plan (2016-2020). Table 3-1: Screening Assessment Conclusions (Ryan Hanley, 2014) Pathway of Impact Comment Site Surface Land Ground Water and Air water The turlough habitat for which this SAC is designated could be adversely impacted upon Balla Turlough SAC (000463) by groundwater pathways. No impacts via other pathways are anticipated. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat population of this SAC could potentially be impacted upon in Ballinafad SAC (002081) relation to vibration impacts in relation to works on bridges as bats may utilise auxiliary roosts outside the SAC boundary. Potential adverse impacts via all three pathways were identified as a result of the screening exercise. However, not all interest Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC features will be impacted upon by each (000458) pathway, depending on whether they are surface water or groundwater dependent features and their location. All interest features of this site, including both the habitats (i.e. bogs, woodlands) and species (i.e. White-clawed crayfish, Otter, River Moy SAC (002298) Salmon, lampreys) will potentially be adversely impacted upon via all three pathways. Potential adverse impacts on the wetland bird Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA populations of this site via all three pathways

(004036) were identified as a result of the screening exercise. Potential adverse impacts on the wetland bird Lough Conn and Lough Cullin populations of this site via all three pathways

SPA (004228) were identified as a result of the screening exercise.

Note: Red = likely significant effect Green = no likely significant effect

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4 Natura 2000 sites within the Zone of Influence of Drainage Maintenance Activities

4.1 Introduction This chapter provides baseline information on the Natura 2000 sites within the Zone of Influence of the drainage maintenance activities (i.e. that screened into the assessment as detailed in Table 3-1). A short description of the site is provided, along with details of the qualifying interests, conservation objectives, the attributes used to define favourable conservation status and site vulnerabilities. However, for Balla Turlough SAC, Ballinfad SAC, the River Moy SAC and Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA site specific conservation objectives have not yet been developed for the qualifying interest present. Consequently, attributes have been taken from similar or nearby sites where the same qualifying interest interests are present, and these are assumed to be appropriate for these four sites.

4.2 Balla Turlough SAC (000463) This turlough lies in a north-south hollow, with low ridges of glacial deposition along each side. There is considerable accumulation of peat within the basin, which forms a raised dome. The peat dome has uniform vegetation of Purple Moor-grass Molinia caerulea and sedges (Carex panicea and C. hostiana), with scattered Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria and Meadow Thistle Cirsium dissectum. In damper places Marsh Cinquefoil Potentilla palustris and Brown Sedge C. distichia become abundant and the scarce Marsh Stitchwort Menyanthes trifoliata also occurs. Around the peat dome, the vegetation consists of dry and wet mesotrophic grassland, with Amphibious Bistort Persicaria amphibia and sedges (C. nigra and C. vesicaria) in wetter areas, with Mat-grass Nardus stricta and Quaking-grass Briza media in drier parts (NPWS, 2013g). Water appears to rise mostly from the western side of the site and from the depression at the southern end, where more permanent water bodies are present. The standing water supports an emergent community with Common Club-rush Schoenoplectus lacustris and sedges (C. rostrata and C. elata), with aquatic species including Shoreweed Littorella uniflora and Fen Pondweed Potamogeton coloratus also present (NPWS, 2013g). Marl deposits are also present and marl deposition is occurring actively in places. The marl ponds differ from other standing water communities, with Bulbous Rush Juncus bulbosus and Floating Club-rush Isolepis fluitans present. The presence of marl lakes, more typical of the Burren turloughs, is unusual in this area (NPWS, 2013g). Most of the turlough is open to cattle, but grazing is light. Peat-cutting has historically taken place, but ceased a long time ago. The turlough and surrounding grassland is important for significant numbers of waders in waders, including Golden Plover, Lapwing and Curlew (NPWS, 2013g).

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Figure 4-1: Map of Balla Turlough SAC (000463) and arterial drainage channels

4.2.1 Qualifying Interests Table 4-1: Qualifying Interests of Balla Turlough SAC (000463) Code Qualifying Interests Attributes - Habitat area - Habitat distribution - Hydrological regime: flood duration, frequency area, depth, permanently flooded area - Soil type: area - Soil nutrient status: nitrogen and phosphorous - Physical structure: bare ground - Chemical processes: calcium carbonate deposition and concentration 3180 Turloughs - Water quality: nutrients, colour, phytoplankton, epiphyton - Active peat formation - Vegetation composition: area of vegetation communities, vegetation zonation - Vegetation structure: sward height, turlough woodland - Typical species: terrestrial, wetland and aquatic plants, invertebrates and birds - Fringing habitats: area

From: Galway Bay Complex SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2013a)

4.2.2 Conservation Objective The Conservation Objective for Balla Turlough SAC (000463) is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex I habitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has been selected (see Table 4-1) (NPWS, 2015c).

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Favourable conservation status of a habitat is achieved when:  its natural range, and area it covers within that range, are stable or increasing, and  the specific structure and functions which are necessary for its long‐term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and  the conservation status of its typical species is favourable. The favourable conservation status of a species is achieved when:  population dynamics data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself on a long‐term basis as a viable component of its natural habitats, and  the natural range of the species is neither being reduced nor is likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and  there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain its populations on a long‐term basis.

4.2.3 Site Vulnerabilities Background data from the Natura 2000 Data Form for the Balla Turlough SAC (NPWS, 2014g) identifies that the site is vulnerable to:  Agricultural activities including grazing and fertilisation  Hunting NPWS (2013g) also report that the main threats to the turlough are drainage and agricultural reclamation. The catchment in which Balla Turlough lies was drained in the 1960s and 70s, but due to local catchment conditions the turlough still floods regularly and retains its habitat quality. The site remains oligotrophic, but nutrient inputs to the system would threaten this.

4.3 Ballinafad SAC (002081) This site is designated as a breeding site for the Lesser Horseshoe Bat. Rhinolophus hipposideros. It consists of a large building formerly used as an agricultural college, in which the bats use the roof space which is accessed through roof hatches. Only certain parts of the buildings are currently in use and occupied (NPWS, 2013b). In 1998, 40 bats were recorded at the site, a relatively small population most likely due to it being the most northerly known site for the species in Ireland, and also Europe (NPWS, 2013b). The surrounding habitat, consisting of woodland, provides suitable foraging habitat, which is important as this species avoids flying across open spaces (NPWS, 2013b).

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Figure 4-2: Map of Ballinafad SAC (002081) and arterial drainage channels

4.3.1 Qualifying Interests Table 4-2: Qualifying Interests of Ballinafad SAC (002081) Code Qualifying Interests Attributes

- Population per roost - Winter roosts - Summer roosts Lesser Horseshoe Bat - Number of auxiliary roosts 1303 Rhinolophus - Extent of potential foraging habitat hipposideros - Linear features: length - Light pollution

From: Kenmare River SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2013c)

4.3.2 Conservation Objective The Conservation Objective for Ballinafad SAC (002081) is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex I habitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has been selected (see Table 4-2) (NPWS, 2015a). See section 4.2.2 above for details the criteria used to assess favourable condition.

4.3.3 Site Vulnerabilities Ballinafad SAC is vulnerable loss or destruction of summer and winter roosting sites due to demolition and renovation, physical disturbance, infectious diseases and loss of suitable foraging sites.

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4.4 Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) This site consists of a long, narrow estuarine channel, which after approximately 8km, widens to form a north-facing triangular bay. The long sandy Bartragh Island separates the south-western side of the bay from open water. The majority of the inner part of the bay is intertidal and it is generally in a natural state and is considered to be one of the best examples of a largely unpolluted system in Ireland (NPWS, 2013d). The SAC contains a wide variety of notable habitats including extensive sandflats and mudflats that are exposed at low tide, dune systems, saltmarshes, sand and shingle beaches, and bedrock shores. Mudflat and sandflat areas tend to unvegetated, but mats of Eelgrass Zostera spp., Beaked Tasselweed Ruppia maritima and green algae Enteromorpha spp. occur and provide important feeding material for birds. Dune systems are well developed at Bartragh Island, Inishcrone and Ross and have a rich and diverse flora, dominated by Marram Ammophila arenaria. Although much of the fixed dune area has been developed as golf course or improved for agriculture there is still a relatively large area of intact fixed dune. Associated with the fixed dune systems are embryonic foredunes, which are particularly well developed at Enniscrone, and humid dune slacks which occur at Ross, with similar habitats in wet hollows at Ennsicrone and Bartragh Island. Saltmarshes are present in sheltered parts of the site, some in association with dune systems. Elsewhere on the coastline are sandy and shingle beaches, along with some bedrock shores, which are occasionally backed by clay sea-cliffs. The species present on these shores, including Sea Rocket Cakile maritima, Colt's-foot Tussilago farfara and Sea Mayweed Matricaria maritima are indicative of annual vegetation of drift line habitats (NPWS, 2015d). To the south-east of Killala town, Lough Meelick adds habitat diversity to the site for its significant presence of the Thin-lipped Mullet, a fish only occasionally found in the region (NPWS, 2015d). The site is also important for a number of species, with a number of rare plants being found, including Opposite-leaved Pondweed Groenlandia densa protected under the Flora (Protection) Order 1999 and Hoary Whitlowgrass Draba incana, a red data book species. The site also supports populations of Common Seal Phoca vitulina, Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus and Narrow- mouthed Whorl Snail Vertigo angustior (NPWS, 2015d). The site is also very important for wintering waterfowl, with populations of Red-breasted Merganser, Ringed Plover, Grey Plover, Knot, Sanderling, Dunlin, Bar-tailed Godwit and Greenshank of national importance. Golden Plover and Brent Goose populations are also notable (NPWS, 2015d).

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Figure 4-3: Map of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) and arterial drainage channels

4.4.1 Qualifying Interests Table 4-3: Qualifying Interests of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) Code Qualifying Interests

1130 Estuaries

1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide

1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines

1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand

1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)

2110 Embryonic shifting dunes

2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes)

2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes)

2190 Humid dune slacks 1014 Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail Vertigo angustior

1095 Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus 1365 Common Seal Phoca vitulina

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4.4.2 Conservation Objectives Table 4-4: Conservation Objectives for Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) (From: NPWS, 2012a) Objective 1: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Narrow‐mouthed Whorl Snail in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Distribution: No decline. There is one known site for Number As identified by Moorkens and Killeen (2011). occupied sites this species in this SAC. Transect established as part of condition Adult or sub‐adult snails are present in at assessment monitoring at this site (Moorkens Presence on least 3 places on the transect where Occurrence and Killeen, 2011). Habitat area target below transect optimal or sub‐optimal habitat occurs provides definition of optimal and sub‐optimal (minimum 5 samples). habitat. At least 2 samples on the transect have Transect established as part of condition Number per Abundance more than 10 V. angustior individuals assessment monitoring at this site (Moorkens sample (minimum 5 samples). and Killeen, 2011). Transect established as part of condition More than 50m of habitat along the assessment monitoring at this site (Moorkens Transect habitat Metres transect is classed as optimal or sub‐ and Killeen, 2011). Habitat area target below quality optimal. provides definition of optimal and sub‐optimal habitat. Soils, at time of sampling, are damp Transect established as part of condition Transect optimal (optimal wetness) and covered with a Metres assessment monitoring at this site (Moorkens wetness layer of humid thatch for more than 50m and Killeen, 2011). along the transect. 1.465ha of potential habitat (optimal and sub‐optimal) within the SAC. Optimal habitat is defined as marsh with transition of ecotone between Red Fescue Festuca rubra and Silverweed Potentilla anserina wet grassland and waterlogged marsh dominated by Yellow iris Iris pseudacorus and low growing herbs. Vegetation height Habitat definitions from Moorkens and Killeen Habitat area Metres 20‐40cm. Habitat growing on wet to (2011). saturated soil covered with a deep layer of mosses and humid, open structured thatch. Sub‐optimal habitat is defined as for optimal habitat, but either vegetation height is less than 20cm, or between 40 and 50cm; or the soil is dry, or covered with standing water. References: Moorkens, E.A. and Killen, I.J. (2011) Monitoring and Condition Assessment of Populations of Vertigo geyeri, Vertigo angustior and Vertigo moulinsiana in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 55

Objective 2: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Sea Lamprey in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes This SAC only covers the estuarine portion of the River Moy. The adjacent River Moy SAC (site code: 002298; see section 4.5) encompasses the freshwater elements of Distribution: No barriers for migratory life stages of Sea Lamprey habitat. Artificial barriers can % of estuary extent of lamprey moving from freshwater to block or cause difficulties to lampreys’ accessible anadromy marine habitats and vice versa. upstream migration, thereby limiting species to lower stretches and restricting access to spawning areas. O'Connor (2004) provides further information on artificial barriers in the Moy catchment.

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Objective 2: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Sea Lamprey in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

Attribute and target based on data from Population Number of Harvey and Cowx (2003) and O'Connor structure of age/size At least three age/size groups present. (2007). O'Connor (2004) identifies that juveniles groups important juvenile habitat is present immediately downstream of Ballina. Juveniles burrow in areas of fine sediment in still water. Attribute and target based on data Juvenile density from Harvey and Cowx (2003). O'Connor Juveniles/m2 Juvenile density at least 1/m². in fine sediment (2004) identifies that important juvenile habitat is present immediately downstream of Ballina. References: Harvey, J. and Cowx. I. (2003) Monitoring the river, sea and brook lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, L. planeri and Petromyzon marinus. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Monitoring Series No. 5. English Nature, Peterborough O'Connor, W. (2007) A Survey of Juvenile Lamprey Populations in the Corrib and Suir Catchments. Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 26 O'Connor, W. (2004) A survey of juvenile lamprey populations in the Moy catchment. Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 15

Objective 3: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Estuaries in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Habitat area was estimated as 736ha using The permanent habitat area is stable or OSi data and the defined Transitional Water Habitat area Hectares increasing, subject to natural processes. Body area under the Water Framework Directive. Maintain the extent of the Zostera‐ Community Estimated by EPA during 2011 intertidal Hectares dominated community, subject to natural extent survey. processes. Community Conserve the high quality of the Zostera‐ Shoots per Estimated by EPA during 2011 intertidal structure: dominated community, subject to natural m2 survey. Zostera density processes. Conserve the following community types in a natural condition: Muddy sand to fine sand dominated by Hydrobia ulvae, Pygospio elegans and Tubificoides Habitat structure was elucidated from Community benedii community complex; Estuarine Hectares intertidal and subtidal surveys undertaken in distribution muddy sand dominated by Hediste 2010 (Aquafact, 2011; ASU, 2011). diversicolor and Heterochaeta costata community complex; and Fine sand dominated by Nephtys cirrosa community complex. References: Aquafact (2011) Subtidal Benthic Investigations in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary cSAC (Site Code: IE000458) Co. Sligo/Mayo. Unpublished Report to NPWS & MI ASU (2011) A survey of mudflats and sandflats in Ireland An intertidal soft sediment survey of Killala Bay. Unpublished Report to NPWS & MI

Objective 4: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes The permanent habitat area is stable or Habitat area was estimated as 1,332ha using Habitat area Hectares increasing, subject to natural processes. OSi data Maintain the extent of the Zostera‐ Community Estimated by EPA during 2011 intertidal Hectares dominated community, subject to natural extent survey. processes.

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Objective 4: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

Community Conserve the high quality of the Zostera‐ Shoots per Estimated by EPA during 2011 intertidal structure: dominated community, subject to natural m2 survey. Zostera density processes Conserve the following community types in a natural condition: Muddy sand to fine sand dominated by Hydrobia ulvae, Pygospio elegans and Tubificoides Habitat structure was elucidated from Community benedii community complex; Estuarine Hectares intertidal survey undertaken in 2010 (ASU, distribution muddy sand dominated by Hediste 2011). diversicolor and Heterochaeta costata community complex and Fine sand dominated by Nephtys cirrosa community complex. References: ASU (2011) A survey of mudflats and sandflats in Ireland An intertidal soft sediment survey of Killala Bay. Unpublished Report to NPWS & MI

Objective 5: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Annual vegetation of drift lines in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Based on data from the Coastal Monitoring Project (Ryle et al. 2009). This habitat is very Area stable or increasing, subject to difficult to measure in view of its dynamic natural processes, including erosion and Habitat area Hectares nature which means that it can appear and succession. On Bartragh Island habitat disappear within a site from year to year. This area is 0.58ha. habitat was only recorded from Bartragh Island. Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Two Habitat No decline, or change in habitat separate narrow strips of strandline habitat Occurrence distribution distribution, subject to natural processes. were recorded on the northern side of Bartragh Island. Dunes are naturally dynamic systems that require continuous supply and circulation of Physical Presence/ sand. Accumulation of organic matter in tidal Maintain the natural circulation of structure: absence of litter is essential for trapping sand and sediment and organic matter, without any functionality and physical initiating dune formation. Sea physical obstructions. sediment supply barriers defence/coastal protection works are present near the main access point to the beach at Inishcrone (Ryle et al. 2009). Maintain the range of coastal habitats Vegetation Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). At including transitional zones, subject to structure: Occurrence Bartragh Island there are transitions from natural processes including erosion and zonation sand dunes into saltmarsh habitats. succession. Percentage Vegetation Maintain the presence of species‐poor cover at a composition: communities with typical species: Sea representative typical species Rocket Cakile maritima, Sea Sandwort Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). sample of and sub‐ Honckenya peploides, Prickly Saltwort monitoring communities Salsola kali and Orache Atriplex spp. stops Negative indicators include non‐native Vegetation Negative indicator species (including species, species indicative of changes in composition: Percentage non‐natives) to represent less than 5% nutrient status and species not considered negative cover cover. characteristic of the habitat. Based on data indicator species from Ryle et al. (2009). References: Ryle, T., Murray, A., Connolly, C. and Swann, M. (2009) Coastal Monitoring Project 2004-2006. Unpublished Report to NPWS

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Objective 6: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Based on data from Saltmarsh Monitoring Area stable or increasing, subject to Project (SMP) (McCorry, 2007). Habitat natural processes, including erosion and mapped at two of the four sub‐sites Habitat area Hectares succession. Habitat area at Bartragh surveyed, giving a total estimated area of Island is 0.26ha and at Ross it is 0.29ha. 0.55ha. Further unsurveyed areas maybe present within the site. Based on data from McCorry (2007). Habitat No decline, or change in habitat Salicornia is an annual species, so its Occurrence distribution distribution, subject to natural processes. distribution can vary significantly from year to year. Based on data from McCorry (2007). Sediment supply is particularly important for this pioneer saltmarsh community, as the Presence/ Physical Maintain natural circulation of sediments distribution of this habitat depends on absence of structure: and organic matter, without any physical accretion rates. Accretion was noted at Ross physical sediment supply obstructions and Bartragh Island. Old seawalls were barriers recorded at Bartragh Island and some protection works were noted around buildings close to the shoreline at Ross. Based on data from McCorry and Ryle Physical Maintain creek and pan structure, subject (2009). Creeks deliver sediment throughout structure: creeks Occurrence to natural processes, including erosion saltmarsh system. Creeks and pan structures and pans and succession are well developed at Ross. Physical Hectares This pioneer saltmarsh community requires structure: flooded; Maintain natural tidal regime. regular tidal inundation. flooding regime frequency Maintain the range of coastal habitats Vegetation Based on data from McCorry (2007). including transitional zones, subject to structure: Occurrence Transitions to dune habitats are found at natural processes including erosion and zonation Bartragh Island and Ross. succession. Based on data from McCorry (2007). At Vegetation Castleconor, grazing is absent. There are structure: Centimetres Maintain structural variation within sward. moderate levels of grazing at Rusheens, vegetation height while grazing at Ross is heavy in places. Grazing intensity is low on Bartragh Island. Percentage Based on data from McCorry (2007). cover at a Vegetation Castleconor and Rusheens are heavily representative Maintain more than 90% of the area structure: poached in places. There are moderate sample outside of the creeks vegetated. vegetation cover levels of poaching at Bartragh Island and of monitoring Ross. stops Vegetation Maintain the presence of species‐poor composition: Percentage communities with typical species listed in Based on data from McCorry and Ryle typical species & cover the Saltmarsh Monitoring Project (2009). sub‐communities (McCorry and Ryle, 2009). Vegetation structure: No significant expansion of Common negative Hectares Cordgrass Spartina anglica, with an Based on data from McCorry (2007). indicator species annual spread of less than 1%. ‐ Spartina anglica References: McCorry M. and Ryle, T. (2009) Saltmarsh Monitoring Report 2007-2008. Unpublished Report to NPWS McCorry, M. (2007) Saltmarsh Monitoring Report 2006. Unpublished Report to NPWS

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Objective 7: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco‐Puccinellietalia) in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Based on data from the Saltmarsh Monitoring Project (SMP) (McCorry, 2007; McCorry and Area stable or increasing, subject to Ryle 2009). Four sub‐sites that supported natural processes, including erosion and Atlantic salt meadow were mapped (47.02ha) succession. For sub‐sites mapped and additional areas of potential Atlantic salt Habitat area Hectares habitat area at Bartragh Island is, at meadow (3.34ha) were identified from an Ross it is 14.95ha, at Rusheens it is examination of aerial photographs, giving a 1.24ha and at Castleconor it is 1.61ha. total estimated area of 50.37ha. Further unsurveyed areas may be present within the site. Based on data from McCorry (2007). Atlantic Habitat No decline, or change in habitat Occurrence salt meadow is the dominant saltmarsh type distribution distribution, subject to natural processes. with a wide distribution throughout the SAC. Based on data from McCorry and Ryle Presence/ (2009). The SMP noted accretion at Ross Physical Maintain natural circulation of sediments absence of and Bartragh Island. Old seawalls were structure: and organic matter, without any physical physical recorded at Bartragh Island and there are sediment supply obstructions. barriers some protection works around buildings close to the shoreline at Ross. Physical Maintain creek and pan structure/ allow Based on data from McCorry and Ryle structure: creeks Occurrence to develop, subject to natural processes, (2009). Creeks and pan structures are well and pans including erosion and succession. developed at Ross. Physical Hectares structure: flooded; Maintain natural tidal regime. flooding regime frequency Maintain the range of coastal habitats Vegetation Based on data from McCorry (2007). including transitional zones, subject to structure: Occurrence Transitions to dune habitats are found at natural processes including erosion and zonation Bartragh Island and Ross. succession. Based on data from McCorry (2007). At Vegetation Castleconor, grazing is absent. At Rusheens structure: Centimetres Maintain structural variation within sward. there are moderate levels of grazing. At Ross vegetation height grazing is heavy in places. At Bartragh Island grazing intensity is low. Percentage Based on data from McCorry (2007). cover at a Vegetation Castleconor and Rusheens are heavily representative Maintain more than 90% of the area structure: poached in places. There are moderate sample outside of the creeks vegetated. vegetation cover levels of poaching at Bartragh Island and of monitoring Ross. stops Vegetation Maintain range of sub-communities with composition: Percentage typical species listed in Saltmarsh Based on data from McCorry and Ryle typical species & cove Monitoring Project (McCorry and Ryle, (2009). sub‐communities 2009). Vegetation structure: No significant expansion of Common negative Hectares Cordgrass Spartina anglica, with an Based on data from McCorry (2007). indicator species annual spread of less than 1%. ‐ Spartina anglica References: McCorry M. and Ryle, T. (2009) Saltmarsh Monitoring Report 2007-2008. Unpublished Report to NPWS McCorry, M. (2007) Saltmarsh Monitoring Report 2006. Unpublished Report to NPWS

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Objective 8: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Common Seal in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Number of Species range within the site should not Access to artificial be restricted by artificial barriers to site suitable habitat barriers use. Attribute and target based on background knowledge of Irish breeding populations, Breeding Breeding Conserve the breeding sites in a natural review of data summarised by Summers et behaviour sites condition. al. (1980), Harrington (1990), Lyons (2004) and unpublished National Parks and Wildlife Service records. Attribute and target based on background knowledge of Irish populations, review of Moulting Moult haul‐ Conserve the moult haul‐out sites in a data from Lyons (2004), Cronin et al. (2004), behaviour out sites natural condition. NPWS (2010), NPWS (2011), NPWS (2012) and unpublished National Parks and Wildlife Service records. Attribute and target based on background knowledge of Irish populations, review of Resting Resting haul‐ Conserve the resting haul‐out sites in a data from Lyons (2004), unpublished behaviour out sites natural condition. National Parks and Wildlife Service records and unpublished data collected by University College Cork/Inland Fisheries Ireland. Human activities should occur at levels Level of Disturbance that do not adversely affect the harbour impact seal population at the site. References: Cronin, M., Duck, C., Ó Cadhla, O., Nairn, R., Strong, D. and O'Keeffe, C. (2004) Harbour seal population assessment in the Republic of Ireland: August 2003. Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 11 Harrington, R. (1990) 1989 survey of breeding herds of common seal Phoca vitulina with reference to previous surveys. Unpublished Report to Wildlife Service Lyons, D.O. (2004) Summary of National Parks & Wildlife Service surveys for common (harbour) seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), 1978 to 2003. Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 13 NPWs (2012) Harbour seal pilot monitoring project, 2011. Unpublished Report to NPWS NPWS (2011) Harbour seal pilot monitoring project, 2010. Unpublished Report to NPWS NPWS (2010) Harbour seal population monitoring 2009‐2012: Report no. 1. Report on a pilot monitoring study carried out in southern and western Ireland, 2009. Unpublished Report to NPWS Summers, C.F., Warner, P.J., Nairn, R.G.W., Curry, M.G. and Flynn, J. (1980) An assessment of the status of the common seal Phoca vitulina vitulina in Ireland. Biological Conservation 17: 115‐123

Objective 9: To restore the favourable conservation condition of Embryonic shifting dunes in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Based on data from the Coastal Monitoring Project (Ryle et al., 2009). Area increasing, subject to natural Habitat is very difficult to measure in view of processes, including erosion and its dynamic nature and was only recorded at Habitat area Hectares succession. For sub‐site mapped habitat Bartragh Island and Ross, giving a total area at Ross is 0.81ha and at Bartragh estimated area of 1.56ha. Accretion was Island 0.75ha. noted from the western end of Bartragh Island. Embryo dune habitat is restricted to a small area on the seaward edge at Ross. Habitat No decline, or change in habitat Occurrence Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). distribution distribution, subject to natural processes. Dunes are naturally dynamic systems that Physical Presence/ Maintain the natural circulation of require continuous supply and circulation of structure: absence of sediment and organic matter, without any sand. Sea defence/coastal protection works functionality and physical physical obstructions. are present near the main access point to the sediment supply barriers beach at Inishcrone (Ryle et al. 2009).

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Objective 9: To restore the favourable conservation condition of Embryonic shifting dunes in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

Maintain the range of coastal habitats Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and Vegetation including transitional zones, subject to Ryle et al. (2009). At Bartragh Island and structure: Occurrence natural processes including erosion and Ross there are transitions from sand dunes zonation succession. into saltmarsh habitats. Vegetation More than 95% of Sand Couch Elytrigia composition: juncea and/or Lyme Grass Leymus Percentage plant health of arenarius should be healthy (i.e. green Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). cover foredune plant parts above ground and flowering grasses heads present) Percentage Vegetation cover at a Maintain the presence of species‐poor composition: representative communities with typical species: Sand typical species Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). sample of Couch Elytrigia juncea and/or Lyme and sub‐ monitoring Grass Leymus arenarius. communities stops Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Negative indicators include non‐native Vegetation Negative indicator species (including species, species indicative of changes in composition: Percentage non‐natives) to represent less than 5% nutrient status and species not considered negative cover cover. characteristic of the habitat. Sea Buckthorn indicator species Hippophae rhamnoides should be absent or effectively controlled. References: Gaynor, K. (2008) The phytosociology and conservation value of Irish sand dunes. Unpublished PhD thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin Ryle, T., Murray, A., Connolly, C. and Swann, M. (2009) Coastal Monitoring Project 2004-2006. Unpublished Report to NPWS

Objective 10: To restore the favourable conservation condition of Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Area increasing, subject to natural Habitat was mapped during the Coastal processes including erosion and Monitoring Project (Ryle et al., 2009). Habitat succession. For sub‐sites mapped was mapped at three sub‐sites to give a total Habitat area Hectares habitat area at Ross is 1.58ha, Bartragh estimated area of 12.75ha. Habitat is very Island is 7.52ha and Inishcrone is difficult to measure in view of its dynamic 3.65ha. nature. Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Mobile dunes are well developed at Bartragh Habitat No decline, or change in habitat Occurrence Island, while at Inishcrone they are patchy in distribution distribution, subject to natural processes. distribution and eroded back to the fixed dune in places. Dunes are naturally dynamic systems that require continuous supply and circulation of Physical Presence/ sand. Marram Ammophila arenaria Maintain the natural circulation of structure: absence of reproduces vegetatively and requires sediment and organic matter, without any functionality and physical constant accretion of fresh sand to maintain physical obstructions. sediment supply barriers active growth, thus encouraging further accretion. There are coastal protection works in place at Inishcrone. Maintain the range of coastal habitats Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and Ryle Vegetation including transitional zones, subject to et al. (2009). At both Bartragh Island and structure: Occurrence natural processes including erosion and Ross there are transitions from sand dune to zonation succession. saltmarsh habitats. More than 95% of Marram Ammophila Vegetation arenaria and/or Lyme Grass Leymus composition: Percentage arenarius should be healthy (i.e. green Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). plant health of cover plant parts above ground and flowering dune grasses heads present).

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Objective 10: To restore the favourable conservation condition of Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Percentage Vegetation cover at a Maintain the presence of species‐poor composition: Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). representative communities dominated by Marram typical species Bartragh Island, Ross and Inishcrone all sample of Ammophila areanaria and/or Lyme Grass and sub‐ support a characteristic dune flora. monitoring Leymus arenarius. communities stops Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Negative indicators include non‐native species, species indicative of changes in nutrient status and species not considered Vegetation characteristic of the habitat. Sea Buckthorn Negative indicator species (including composition: Percentage Hippophae rhamnoides should be absent or non‐natives) to represent less than 5% negative cover effectively controlled. The mobile dune cover. indicator species habitat at Ross has a high cover of Creeping Thistle Cirsium arvense and Common Ragwort Senecio jacobaea. At Inishcrone and Bartragh Island, Ragwort is also common. References: Gaynor, K. (2008) The phytosociology and conservation value of Irish sand dunes. Unpublished PhD thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin Ryle, T., Murray, A., Connolly, C. and Swann, M. (2009) Coastal Monitoring Project 2004-2006. Unpublished Report to NPWS

Objective 11: To restore the favourable conservation condition of Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Area increasing, subject to natural Based on data from the Coastal processes including erosion and Monitoring Project (Ryle et al., 2009). Habitat Habitat area Hectares succession. For sub‐site mapped habitat mapped at three sub‐sites to give a total area at Ross is 100.79ha; Bartragh Island estimated area of 259.46ha. is 120.13ha and Inishcrone is 38.53ha. Based on data from the Coastal Monitoring Project (Ryle et al., 2009). Fixed dune habitat Habitat No decline, or change in habitat is extensive at Bartragh Island. The extent of Occurrence distribution distribution, subject to natural processes. the fixed dune habitat is reduced at Inishcrone owing to presence of Enniscrone golf course. Based on data from the Coastal Monitoring Project (Ryle et al., 2009). Physical barriers Physical Presence/ Maintain the natural circulation of can lead to fossilisation or over‐stabilisation structure: absence of sediment and organic matter, without any of dunes, as well as beach starvation functionality and physical physical obstructions. resulting in increased rates of erosion. There sediment supply barriers are coastal protection works at the main access to the beach at Inishcrone. Maintain the range of coastal habitats Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). At Vegetation including transitional zones, subject to both Bartragh Island and Ross there are structure: Occurrence natural processes including erosion and transitions from sand dune to saltmarsh zonation succession. habitats. Vegetation Bare ground should not exceed 10% of Percentage Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and structure: bare fixed dune habitat, subject to natural cover Ryle et al. (2009). ground processes. Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and Vegetation Ryle et al. (2009). Vegetation is quite rank composition: Centimetres Maintain structural variation within sward. in places at Ross, Inishcrone and Bartragh sward height Island due to undergrazing. Vegetation Percentage composition: cover at a Maintain range of sucommunities with Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and typical species representative typical species listed in Ryle et al. Ryle et al. (2009). and sub‐ sample of (2009). communities monitoring 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 27

Objective 11: To restore the favourable conservation condition of Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: stops

Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Negative indicators include non‐native species, species indicative of changes in nutrient status and species not considered Vegetation characteristic of the habitat. Sea Buckthorn composition: Hippophae rhamnoides should be absent or negative Percentage Negative indicator species (including non‐ effectively controlled. Bracken Pteridium indicator species cover natives) to represent less than 5% cover. aquilinum was recorded at Bartragh Island. (including At Inishcrone, Common Ragwort Senecio Hippophae jacobaea, Creeping Thistle Cirsium vulgare rhamnoides) and Bramble Rubus fruticosus occur. At Ross, Creeping Thistle, Common Ragwort and Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium occur. Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Vegetation Percentage Scattered shrubs and stunted trees occur at composition: No more than 5% cover or under control. cover Ross, while occasional scrub occurs at scrub/trees Bartragh Island. References: Gaynor, K. (2008) The phytosociology and conservation value of Irish sand dunes. Unpublished PhD thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin Ryle, T., Murray, A., Connolly, C. and Swann, M. (2009) Coastal Monitoring Project 2004-2006. Unpublished Report to NPWS

Objective 12: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Humid dune slacks in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes Area stable or increasing, subject to Based on data from the Coastal Monitoring natural processes including erosion and Project (Ryle et al., 2009). Habitat was Habitat area Hectares succession. For sub‐sites mapped habitat mapped at two sub‐sites, giving a total area for Ross is 3.87ha and for Bartragh estimated area of 5.09ha. Island is 1.22ha.

Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Dune Habitat No decline or change in habitat Occurrence slacks at Bartragh Island are narrow linear distribution distribution, subject to natural processes. features.

Physical Presence/ Physical barriers can lead to fossilisation or Maintain natural circulation of sediment structure: absence of over‐stabilisation of dunes, as well as beach and organic matter, without any physical functionality and physical starvation resulting in increased rates of Obstructions. sediment supply barriers erosion. Presence/ absence of Physical water Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and Ryle structure: Maintain natural hydrological regime. abstraction or et al. (2009). flooding regime drainage works Maintain the range of coastal habitats Based on data from Ryle et al., (2009). At Vegetation including transitional zones, subject to both Bartragh Island and Ross sub‐sites structure: Occurrence natural processes including erosion and there are transitions from sand dune to zonation succession. saltmarsh habitats. Bare ground should not exceed 5% of Vegetation Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and Percentage dune slack habitat, with the exception of structure: bare Ryle et al. (2009). At Ross, the dune slacks cover pioneer slacks which can have up to 20% ground are poached by cattle in places. bare ground.

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Objective 12: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Humid dune slacks in Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets: Vegetation composition: Centimetres Maintain structural variation within sward. Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). vegetation height Percentage Vegetation cover at a composition: Maintain range of sub-communities with representative Based on data from Gaynor (2008) and typical species typical species listed in Ryle et al. sample of Ryle et al. (2009). and sub‐ (2009). monitoring communities stops Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Cover of Creeping Willow needs to be controlled Vegetation (e.g. through an appropriate grazing regime) composition: % cover; Maintain more than 40% cover of to prevent the development of a coarse, rank cover of Salix centimetres Creeping Willow Salix repens. vegetation cover. Salix repens ssp. argentea repens was noted at Bartragh Island, but its cover was only 10% and it was not widespread. Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). Negative indicators include non‐native Vegetation species, species indicative of changes in composition: Percentage Negative indicator species (including non‐ nutrient status and species not considered negative cover natives) to represent less than 5% cover. characteristic of the habitat. Sea Buckthorn indicator species Hippophae rhamnoides should be absent or effectively controlled.

Vegetation Percentage composition: No more than 5% cover or under control. Based on data from Ryle et al. (2009). cover scrub/trees

References: Gaynor, K. (2008) The phytosociology and conservation value of Irish sand dunes. Unpublished PhD thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin Ryle, T., Murray, A., Connolly, C. and Swann, M. (2009) Coastal Monitoring Project 2004-2006. Unpublished Report to NPWS

Favourable conservation status is defined by a series of attributes and targets, which are defined on a habitat/species basis. The attributes for each habitat/species are detailed in Table 4-4 above.

4.4.3 Site Vulnerabilities Background data from the Natura 2000 Data Form for the Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (NPWS, 2014d) identifies that the site is vulnerable to:  Invasive, other problematic species and genes  Agriculture, including modification of cultivation practices and grazing  Leisure fishing  Urbanised areas, human habitation  Walking, horse-riding and non-motorised vehicles  Camping and caravans  The golf course

4.5 River Moy SAC (002298) The River Moy SAC consists of almost the entire freshwater element of the River Moy and its tributaries including Loughs Conn and Cullin. Other designated watercourses in the system include the Deel, Bar Deela, Castlehill, Addergoole, Clydagh and Manulla on the west, and the Glenree, Yellow, Strade, Gweestion, Trimogue, Sonnagh, Mullaghanoe, Owengarve, Eighnagh and Owenaher on the east. The underlying geology is Carboniferous limestone for the most part (NPWS, 2014a).

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A range of woodland habitat types are found within the SAC including oak woodlands, which contain species protected under the Flora (Protection) Order 1999 such as Narrow-leaved Helleborine Cephalanthera longifolia and alluvial woodlands at several locations along the shores of the lakes which are flooded by seasonal fluctuations in lake level (NPWS, 2014a). The site also contains a number of raised bogs such as those at Kilgarriff, Gowlaun, Derrynabrock, Tawnaghbeg and Cloongoonagh. The raised bogs contain significant active areas of this habitat type, with well-developed pool and hummock systems with quaking mats of bog mosses. The depressions on the bogs, pool edges and erosion channels, where vegetation is dominated by White Beaked-sedge Rhynchospora alba, the Rhynchosporion habitat type is present. Degraded raised bogs are also present where the hydrology of the uncut bogs has been affected by peat cutting and other land use activities such as afforestation and associated drainage and the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme (NPWS, 2014a). Alkaline fen is also well-developed in the site, for example as part of the wetland complex at Mannin and Island Lakes on the Glore River. The open Loughs Conn and Cullin and moderately hard, but potentially with nutrient inflow resulting in the early stages of eutrophication. These loughs contain a number of stoneworts Chara sp. and pondweeds Potamogeton sp. Drainage of the Moy in the 1960s has lowered the level of the lakes, exposing wide areas of stony shoreline and wet grassland, which can flood in winter. This increased habitat diversity of the shoreline also created a number of marginal wetlands, including fens and marshes (NPWS, 2014a). The Moy system is one of Ireland's premier Salmon waters, with Lough Conn and Cullin also providing two of the best lake Trout fisheries. The Moy is a productive catchment in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar terms, and Salmon run the Moy every month of the year. Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus, listed as threatened in the Irish Red Data Book, has been recorded from Lough Conn and only a few other lakes in Ireland, although recent reports suggest it may have disappeared from the site (NPWS, 2014a). The site is also important for four other species listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive; Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus, Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri, Otter Lutra lutra and White- clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. Loughs Conn and Cullin also support important numbers of wintering waterfowl, and some breeding species (NPWS, 2014a).

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Figure 4-4: Map of River Moy SAC (002298) and arterial drainage channels

4.5.1 Qualifying Interests Table 4-5: Qualifying Interests of River Moy SAC (002298) Code Qualifying Interests Attributes

There are no site specific Conservation Objectives for raised 7110 Active raised bogs bog habitats which could have been substituted. As a result, the following attributes have been selected based on Degraded raised bogs still professional 7120 capable of natural judgement: regeneration - Habitat area Depressions on peat - Habitat distribution 7150 substrates of the - Hydrological regime Rhynchosporion - Vegetation composition - Habitat area - Habitat distribution - Hydrological regime - Peat formation 7230 Alkaline fens - Water quality: nutrients - Vegetation composition: typical species, trees and shrubs - Physical structure: disturbed bare ground, drainage

From: Galway Bay Complex SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2013a) - Woodland structure: indicators of local disctinctiveness - Vegetation composition: native tree cover Old sessile oak woods with - Vegetation composition: typical species 91A0 Ilex and Blechnum in the - Vegetation composition: negative indicator species British Isles

From: River Barrow and River Nore SAC (002162) Conservation 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 31

Code Qualifying Interests Attributes

Ojbectives (NPWS, 2011).

- Habitat area - Habitat distribution - Woodland size Alluvial forests with Alnus - Woodland structure: cover and height, community diversity glutinosa and Fraxinus and extent, natural regeneration, dead wood, veteran trees, 91E0 excelsior (Alno-Padion, indicators of local distinctiveness Alnion incanae, Salicion - Hydrological regime: flooding depth/height of water table albae - Vegetation composition: native tree cover, typical species, negative indicator species

From: Lower River Shannon SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2012b) - Distribution - Population structure: recruitment - Negative indicator species White-clawed Crayfish - Disease 1092 Austropotamobius pallipes - Water quality - Habitat quality: heterogeneity

From: River Barrow and River Nore SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2011) - Distribution: extent of anadromy - Population structure of juveniles - Juvenile density in fine sediment Sea Lamprey Petromyzon 1095 - Extent and distribution of spawning habitat marinus - Availability of juvenile habitat

From: Lower River Shannon SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2012b - Distribution - Population structure of juveniles - Juvenile density in fine sediment Brook Lamprey Lampetra 1096 - Extent and distribution of spawning habitat planeri - Availability of juvenile habitat

From: Lower River Shannon SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2012b) - Distribution: extent of anadromy - Adult spawning fish - Salmon fry abundance - Out-migrating smolt abundance 1106 Salmon Salmo salar - Number and distribution of redds - Water quality

From: Lower River Shannon SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2012b) - Distribution - Extent of terrestrial habitat - Extent of marine habitat - Extent of freshwater habitat (river) - Extent of freshwater (lake/lagoon) habitat 1355 Otter Lutra lutra - Couching sites and holts - Fish biomass available - Barriers to connectivity

From: Galway Bay Complex SAC Conservation Objectives (NPWS, 2013a)

4.5.2 Conservation Objective The Conservation Objective for the River Moy SAC is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex I habitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has

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been selected (see Table 4-5) (NPWS, 2015). See section 4.2.2 above for details the criteria used to assess favourable condition.

4.5.3 Site Vulnerabilities Background data from the Natura 2000 Data Form for the River Moy SAC (NPWS, 2014b) identifies that the site is vulnerable to:  Agriculture, including mowing/ cutting of grassland, grazing and fertilisation  Sylviculture and forestry  Peat extraction  Urbanised areas and human habitation, in particular dispersed habitation  Hunting  Leisure fishing  Invasive non-native species  Fire and fire suppression

4.6 Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) This SPA comprises the estuary of the River Moy and the inner part of Killala Bay. It is a funnel- shaped estuary, approximately 7km wide at its outer limit, and very sheltered by the sandy Bartragh Island that extends across much of the outer part and a sandy peninsula that extends from Enniscrone on the eastern side (NPWS, 2005). The site has extensive intertidal sand and mud flats which are exposed at low tides, along with saltmarshes and it is very important for wintering waterfowl. The SPA provides excellent feeding grounds for the birds as well as high-tide roosts (NPWS, 2005). Six bird species have populations within the SPA that are of national importance: Ringed Plover, Grey Plover, Knot, Sanderling, Dunlin and Bar-tailed Godwit. A range of other species have populations of regional or local importance, including Red-throated Diver, Brent Goose, Shelduck, Wigeon, Teal, Red-breasted Merganser, Oystercatcher, Golden Plover, Lapwing, Curlew, Redshank and Greenshank. The site is also used by Mallard, Turnstone, Grey Heron and Cormorant. Substantial numbers of gulls are also present during the winter including Black-headed Gull, Common Gull, Herring Gull and Great Black-backed Gull (NPWS, 2005).

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Figure 4-5: Map of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) and arterial drainage channels

4.6.1 Qualifying Interests Table 4-6: Special Conservations Interests of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) (From: NPWS, 2013f) Population National Regional County Special Conservation Annex 1 Baseline Status at Importance Importance Importance Interests Species Population1 Baseline Rank3 Rank4 Rank5 Ringed Plover Charadrius All-Ireland 245 6 2 2 hiaticula [A137] importance Golden Plover Pluvialis All-Ireland Yes 2,361 21 3 1 apricaria [A140] importance Grey Plover Pluvialis All-Ireland 221 14 2 1 squatarola [A141] importance Sanderling Calidris alba All-Ireland 123 11 3 3 [A144] importance Dunlin Calidris alpina All-Ireland 2,073 17 4 1 [A149] importance Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa All-Ireland Yes 366 16 3 2 lapponica [A157] importance Curlew Numenius arquata All-Ireland 731 15 4 1 [A160] importance Redshank Tringa totanus All-Ireland 372 18 6 2 [A162] importance Wetlands and Waterbirds - - - - - [A999] Important Wildfowl SAC Ramsar Site Bird Area Other Other conservation designations Sanctuary associated with the site2 (IBA) 000458 Yes Yes - pNHA

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Population National Regional County Special Conservation Annex 1 Baseline Status at Importance Importance Importance Interests Species Population1 Baseline Rank3 Rank4 Rank5 000516 Notes: 1 Baseline data are the 5-year mean peak counts for the period 1995/96 – 1999/00 (I-WeBS). 2 Note that other designations associated with Killala Bay/Moy Estuary may relate to different areas and/or some of these areas may extend outside the SPA boundary. 3 National importance rank – the number given relates to the importance of the site for the non-breeding population of a Special Conservation Interest species during the baseline period (1995/96 – 1999/00) relative to other sites in Ireland. 4 Regional importance rank - the number given relates to the importance of the site for the non-breeding population of a Special Conservation Interest species during the baseline period (1995/96 – 1999/00) relative to other sites within the Western and Border Regions (cross- region site). 5 County importance rank - the number given relates to the importance of the site for the non-breeding population of a Special Conservation Interest species during the baseline period (1995/96 – 1999/00) relative to other sites within Counties Sligo and Mayo (cross-county site).

4.6.2 Conservation Objectives Table 4-7: Conservation Objectives of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) (From: NPWS, 2013e) Objective 1: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of the waterbird Special Conservation Interest species listed for Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (see Table 4-6), which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets (note that this objective relates to all waterbird species of Special Conservation Interest): Attribute Measure Target Notes Population trends are presented in part Long term population trend stable or four of the conservation objectives Population Trend Percentage change increasing. supporting document (see NPWS, 2013f).

No significant decrease in the range, Waterbird distribution from the 2010/ Number and range timing or intensity of use of areas by 2011 waterbird survey programme is Distribution of areas used by Special Conservation Interest species, discussed in part five of conservation waterbirds other than that occurring from natural objectives supporting document (see patterns of variation. NPWS, 2013f).

Objective 2: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of the wetland habitat at Lough Swilly SPA as a resource for the regularly-occurring migratory waterbirds that utilise it. This is defined by the following attributes and targets: Attribute Measure Target Notes The wetland habitat area was estimated The permanent area occupied by the as 3204ha using OSi data and relevant wetland habitat should be stable and orthophotographs. For further Habitat area Hectares not significantly less than the area of information see part three of the 3204 hectares, other than that occurring conservation objectives supporting from natural patterns of variation. document (see NPWS, 2013f).

Favourable conservation status is defined by a series of attributes and targets, which are defined on a habitat/species basis. The attributes for each habitat/species are detailed in Table 4-7 above.

4.6.3 Site Vulnerabilities Background data from the Natura 2000 Data Form for the Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (NPWS, 2014e) identifies that the site is vulnerable to:  Agriculture, specifically fertilisation  Leisure fishing  Walking, horse-riding and non-motorised vehicles  Urbanised areas, human habitation 

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This is further supported by NPWS (2005) which, allow stating that there are no serious imminent threats to the wintering birds, there may be some disturbance from walkers, free-running dogs and sailing activities. While pollutants enter the system from the nearby towns, these do not appear to be adversely affecting the wintering birds (NPWS, 2005).

4.7 Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228) This SPA consists of two loughs connected by a narrow inlet near Pontoon. The main inflowing rivers to Lough Conn are the Deel, Addergoole and Castlehill, whilst the main outflowing river from Lough Cullin is the River Moy. The lakes have a number of small islands and fringing swamp vegetation in some of the sheltered areas (NPWS, 2010). The site is of importance for wintering waterfowl. It is designated as a SPA for its populations of Greenland White-fronted Goose (which mainly feed on Annagh Island and at a shoreline site near Cloonaghmore Point on Lough Conn), Tufted Duck, Common Scoter and Common Gull, along with the wetlands that form the SPA and the associated assemblage of waterbirds. Of particular note is the population of Common Scoter, with this SPA being one of only four breeding sites in the country, with Ireland being at the south-western end of its European range. In 1996 a survey recorded 32 pairs, however, the most recent survey in 1999 identified a total of 30 birds across both lakes, with only five pairs, 18 unpaired males and two unpaired females (NPWS, 2010). Other notable wintering wildfowl species found on the lake, but in lesser numbers than those discussed above, include Mute Swan, Whooper Swan, Wigeon, Teal, Mallard, Pochard, Coot, Golden Plover, Goldeneye, Lapwing, Cormorant, Curlew and Great Crested Grebe. Also, good numbers of other gull and tern species, alongside the nationally important Common Gull colony, use the site, including Black-headed Gull, Lesser Black-backed Gull, Common Tern and Arctic Tern; the latter two of which notably breed within the SPA (NPWS, 2010). The site also an important salmonid fishery (NPWS, 2010).

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Figure 4-6: Map of Lough Cullin and Lough Conn SPA (004228) and arterial drainage channels

4.7.1 Qualifying Interests Table 4-8: Qualifying Interests of Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228)) Code Qualifying Interests Attributes

A061 Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula

A065 Common Scoter Melanitta nigra - Population trend - Distribution A182 Common Gull Larus canus From: Conservation Objectives of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (NPWS, 2013e) Greenland White-fronted Goose A395 Anser albifrons flavirostris

- Habitat area A999 Wetland and Waterbirds From: Conservation Objectives of Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (NPWS, 2013e)

4.7.2 Conservation Objective The Conservation Objective for Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the bird species listed as Special Conservation Interests for this SPA (see Table 4-8) (NPWS, 2015b). See section 4.2.2 above for details the criteria used to assess favourable condition.

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4.7.3 Site Vulnerabilities Background data from the Natura 2000 Data Form for the Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (NPWS, 2014f) identifies that the site is vulnerable to:  Agricultural activities, in particular fertilisation  Sylviculture and foresty  Leisure fishing  Invasive non-native species

4.8 Description of the receiving environment - Ecological Walkover Survey Results

4.8.1 Introduction To further inform the Appropriate Assessment process, the OPW selected a number of channels within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme for assessment through the undertaking of an ecological walkover survey. The selected channels are those located in, or within 100m of, a Natura 2000 site. This section summarises the methodology and findings of these surveys. All data collected on site has been inputted into a GIS system and provided to OPW to enhance understanding of the baseline environment and inform future works.

4.8.2 Methodology The ecological walkover survey consisted of:  Mapping and recording of habitats along the channels/embankments in accordance with the Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping (2011)  As part of the habitat mapping, the location and extent of all Annex I habitats was also noted and mapped.  Any other habitat features that contributed to habitat diversity, including any spoil heaps, small wetland areas or linear features with high species-richness, but that were not sufficient to warrant a separate classification as part of the habitat mapping exercise, were identified and noted.  The location of any areas of floating river vegetation were recorded, with notes made on abundance and species composition.  Recording the presence of any non-native invasive species.  Recording the presence and location of all Annexed species, species protected under the Wildlife Acts and Flora Protection Order, and any other notable floral or faunal species. Specifically, this included: o Recording of evidence of Otters (e.g. spraints, holts, couches, feeding remains, footprints) o Recording of evidence of Badger activity (e.g. setts, latrines, footprints, runs, feeding signs or hairs)  All bird activity observed during the survey was recorded, including species listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive and Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BoCCI).  The locations of Kingfisher nests, Sand Martin nesting cliffs, or eroded sections of vertical bank providing suitable nest sites was also noted and mapped.  Habitats where rare or protected animal or plant species are present, or where the habitats are suitable to support these species were also recorded.

The results of all of the above surveys have been compiled into a GIS geodatabase, which includes three layers:  Habitats classified according to the Fossitt (2000).  Areas of Annex I habitats and other notable habitat areas not sufficient to warrant classification under the Fossitt system.

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 The location of any species information (i.e. evidence of protected species, stands of non- native invasive species).

A geo-referenced photographic record has also been compiled during the ecological survey, which consists of:  Habitats present along the surveyed watercourses and embankments (where habitat type is continuous along a channel, a minimum of one photograph for each kilometre stretch of channel corridor will be taken).  Notable areas, such as ecologically valuable habitats and other ecological sensitivities.  Bridges encountered during the survey work.

4.8.3 Survey Limitations Much of the Moy system contains tree-lined watercourses which restricted access and visibility to some sections of certain watercourses. Furthermore, in the downstream sections, the River Moy is exceptionally wide which resulted in surveys from one bank not being able to adequately assess both banks, consequently, where necessary both banks were assessed, if possible. A few short sections of watercourse also had to be bypassed for health and safety reasons due to the presence of bulls within fields. Wherever possible these areas were surveyed from adjacent fields.

4.8.4 Results Habitats A sample of the habitat data collected during the field survey work is provided in Figure 4-7 below.

Figure 4-7: Sample Habitat Map

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Annex I Habitat Mapping As part of the habitat mapping process, those habitats considered to represent habitat types listed on Annex I of the Habitats Directive were also noted. Information on those habitat areas that have been identified as representing Annex I habitats is detailed within the provided GIS shapefiles, however, a summary of the Annex I habitats found and their location is detailed below. Table 4-9: Annex I Habitats Identified within the Surveyed Areas of the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme Annex I Habitat Description (From: NPWS, 2014 and JNCC, Equivalent Location Found in Type 2014) Fossitt Habitats the Moy Scheme In Ireland there are 3 distinct communities that can be considered as this habitat type:

1. In lowland areas it occurs as a community of watercourses, particularly along the unmanaged edges of slow-moving rivers and on the margins of lakes. Here it is dominated by tall wetland herbs such as Angelica Angelica sylvestris, Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria, Yellow Iris Iris pseudacorus, Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria, Common Valerian Valeriana officinalis and Horsetails Equisetum fluviatile Hydrophilous and E. palustre. Some of the tall herb fringe species-rich communities of 2. In upland areas it occurs as a community of FS2 Tall-herb margins along the plains and of the ungrazed or lightly grazed cliff edges, on calcareous swamps; GM1 River Moy classify montane to cliffs or wet siliceous screes with some base- Marsh as the first of these alpine levels enrichment of the water. These patches are typically community types. (6430) small, with species such as Lady's Mantle Alchemilla spp., Angelica, Meadowsweet, Marsh Hawksbeard Crepis paludosa, Water Avens Geum rivale and Lesser Meadow-rue Thalictrum minus.

3. In the lowlands this habitat may also occur as a nitrophilous tall herb community of woodland borders. Typical species may include Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolata, Cow Parsley Anthriscus sylvestris, Hemp Agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum, Herb Robert Geranium robertianum, Wood Avens Geum urbanum and Butterbur Petasites hybridus. Semi-natural dry This habitat comprises species-rich communities found grasslands and on shallow, well-drained calcareous substrates. It is Occasional drier scrubland facies only considered as a priority habitat if it is an important grassland fields on calcareous orchid site. Most of these habitats are maintained by GS1 Dry have an orchid-rich substrates grazing. It includes a mixture of grasses and herbs, calcareous and flora and were (Festuco- with calcicole species typically frequent. It is often neutral grassland classified as this Brometea) associated with obvious geological features such as habitat type. (*important eskers, outcropping limestone rocks and limestone orchid sites pavement. Active raised bogs are peat-forming ecosystems that have developed during thousands of years of peat accumulation, to such an extent that the depth of peat isolates them from the influence of groundwater. Typically, lowland raised bogs form a raised dome of peat irrigated solely by rainfall. Such rainwater-fed ecosystems are very acid and poor in plant nutrients A small part of and typically support a restricted range of species. raised bog habitat adjacent to the Active raised A bog is considered ‘active’ if it supports a significant PB1 Raised bog River Moy near bogs (7110) area of vegetation that is normally peat-forming. Such Loobnamuck was vegetation includes plants such as the bog-mosses classified as this Sphagnum spp., Cotton-grasses Eriophorum spp., Annex I habitat type. Heather Calluna vulgaris and other ericaceous plants, and the carnivorous sundews Drosera spp. Active bog vegetation is characteristic of intact (primary) bog surfaces, but peat-forming communities also occur frequently on bogs which have previously been cut for peat (secondary surfaces) but have since become re- 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 40

Annex I Habitat Description (From: NPWS, 2014 and JNCC, Equivalent Location Found in Type 2014) Fossitt Habitats the Moy Scheme vegetated. Degraded raised bogs occur where there has been widespread disruption, usually by man, to the structure and function of the peat body. This can involve changes to the hydrology, vegetation, and physical structure of the bog, leading to desiccation, oxidation and loss of species or changes in the balance of the species composition. Degraded raised

bogs still A large number of In contrast to Active raised bogs, peat is not currently capable of cutover peat bog forming in degraded bog. The vegetation of degraded natural habitats throughout bog contains several, but not all, of the species typical regeneration the surveyed area of Active raised bogs, but the relative abundance and (7120) were recorded, distribution of individual species differs. Degraded PB4 Cutover several of which raised bogs only includes examples which are bog; WD4 Conifer were planted up ‘capable of natural regeneration’ (i.e. where the plantation; GS4 with conifer hydrology can be repaired and where, with appropriate Wet Grassland plantations. It is rehabilitation management, there is a reasonable likely that peat- expectation of re-establishing vegetation with peat- forming vegetation forming capability within 30 years). could be re- This habitat occurs in complex mosaics with lowland established on wet heath and valley mire vegetation, in transition these areas. Depressions on mires and on the margins of bog pools and hollows in peat substrates both raised and blanket bogs. The vegetation is of the typically very open, usually characterised by an Rhynchosporion abundance of White Beak-sedge Rhynchospora alba, (7150) of with well-developed algal mats, bog mosses Sphagnum spp. and Round-leaved Sundew Drosera rotundifolia. Typically base-rich basin or flush fen systems with Areas around extensive areas of species-rich small sedge Mannin Lake and communities. They are often a complex mosaic of also adjacent to the Alkaline fens PF1 Rich fen and habitats, with tall sedge beds, reedbeds, wet grassland, River Moy near (7230) flush springs and open-water often co-occurring at a given Ballintemple were site. They can occur beyond peat-forming systems, for classified as this example in dune slacks and wet grasslands. habitat type. Estuaries are defined as the downstream part of a river valley, subject to the tide and extending from the limit of brackish water. There is a gradient of salinity from The very freshwater in the river to increasingly marine conditions downstream reach towards the open sea. The input of sediment from the CW2 Tidal rivers; Estuaries (1130) of the River Moy in river, the shelter of the estuary from wave action, and MW4 Estuaries Ballina and Killala the often low current flows typically lead to the Bay. presence of extensive intertidal sediment flats and sediment-filled subtidal channels. There is usually only a limited extent of rocky habitat. Atlantic salt meadows develop when salt-tolerant vegetation colonises soft intertidal sediments of mud and sand in areas protected from strong wave action. It typically forms in the middle and upper reaches of saltmarshes, where tidal inundation still occurs but with decreasing frequency and duration. A wide range of community types are represented by the Annex I Atlantic salt Isolated patches at habitat type, and vegetation varies with management, meadows CM1 Lower the downstream end (i.e. grazing), climate and the frequency and duration of (Glauco- saltmarsh of some tidal inundation. Puccinellietalia CM2 Upper watercourses

maritimae) saltmarsh surveyed around In the lower reaches the vegetation is often naturally [1330] Killala Bay. species-poor and may form an open sward of common saltmarsh-grass Puccinellia maritima. Further up, the vegetation becomes herb-dominated and red fescue Festuca rubra becomes more important, although upper saltmarsh can show considerable variation, particularly where there are transitions to other habitats. 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 41

Floating River Vegetation The Annex I habitat of watercourses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation [3260] under the Habitats Directive is very broad, especially when the presence of aquatic mosses is considered; using this broad definition the 'Floating River Vegetation' habitat type will be found in most watercourses in Ireland (OPW, 2007). They are typically watercourses characterised by the abundance of water-crowfoots Ranunculus spp., subgenus Batrachium (i.e. Ranunculus fluitans, R. penicillatus ssp. penicillatus, R. penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans, and R. peltatus and its hybrids), which form floating mats. However, there is no satisfactory definition of this habitat type and its sub-types and its distribution in Ireland. It can occur over a wide range of physical conditions from acid, oligotrophic, flashy upland streams dominated by bryophytes to more eutrophic, slow flowing streams dominated by Ranunculus and water-starwort Callitriche species. The Ranunculus species can be associated with a wide assemblage of other aquatic plants, such as Water-cress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Water starworts Callitriche spp., water-parsnips Sium latifolium and Berula erecta, water-milfoils Myriophyllum spp. and Water Forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides. In some rivers, the cover of these species may exceed that of Ranunculus species (OPW, 2007). Other associated species with this habitat type can include Horned Pondweed Zannichellia palustris, pondweed species Potamogeton spp. and the moss Fontinalis antipyretica. Opposite-leaved Pondweed Groelandia densa may also be present, with Flowering Rush Butomus umbellatus potentially present as part of the bank flora (OPW, 2007). Floating river vegetation was recorded in a small number of short stretches of watercourses during the ecological surveys. This included a few sections on the downstream and very upstream parts of the River Moy, and stretches on the Owenlobnaglaur, Trimoge, Glore, Geestaun and Yellow Rivers. Of particular note was the Mullaganhoe River which had several short stretches of Floating River Vegetation present within it. The areas where this habitat type was recorded are detailed in the GIS database, along with the species present and an assessment of their abundance. Lengths of watercourse that, whilst not directly matching the description of Floating River Vegetation above, are considered to represent good quality riverine habitat are also detailed in the GIS database. Although these lengths do not contain the characteristic species of the Annex I habitat of 'Floating River Vegetation', the floristic composition is diverse. Non-native Invasive Species A number of non-native invasive species were recorded during the survey, including:  American Mink Neovison vison - One animal observed on the Coarse River near Botinny, with spraints also recorded at three locations, two in the upper reaches of the Moy and one on the Gweestion River.  Giant Rhubarb Gunnera tinctoria - two records; one from the banks of the River Moy near Bunnafinglas, and the second from the Gweestion River near Ballymiles.  Himalayan Balsam Impatiens glandulifera - several records from the upstream reaches of the River Moy.  Himalayan Knotweed Persicaria wallichii - One record from the River Glore, upstream of Glore Bridge.  Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica - several records of stands recorded within the surveyed area, in particular along the River Moy downstream of Foxford, and also on the Mullaganhoe River in Charlestown.  Rhododendron Rhododendron ponticum - One record from the banks of the River Moy near Bunnafinglas  Waterweeds Elodea spp. - recorded in the downstream reaches of the River Moy.

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Figure 4-8: Japanese Knotweed in Ballina (left) and near Bunnafinglass (right)

Figure 4-9: Himalayan Balsam on the upstream reaches of the River Moy near Banada

Montbretia Crocosmia x crocosmifolia was also recorded at a number of locations, along with one occurrence of Japanese Rose Rosa rugosa.

Protected Flora and Fauna 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 43

A number of protected fauna species were recorded during the survey including:  Badger Meles meles - Several records from the eastern part of the surveyed area, particularly in the upper reaches of the River Moy (including three setts) and on the Owengarve River.  Common Frog Rana temporaria - numerous records throughout the surveyed area.  Deer  Irish Hare Lepus timidus hibernicus - Four records, centred on the area between Swinford and Foxford  Otter Lutra lutra - Extensive records of activity throughout the surveyed area, including holts, other resting areas, spraints and footprints.  Smooth Newt - Lissotriton vulgaris - One animal was found adjacent to the River Moy in the upstream reaches near Cloonacool

Figure 4-10: Otter spraint on rocks on the Glore River near Canbrack (left) and the Gweestion River near Lisduff (right) Several banks where Kingfisher Alcedo atthis and Sand Martin Riparia riparia nesting activity was present were also recorded throughout the surveyed area. Two Fox Vulpes vulpes den were also noted one on the upstream reach of the River Moy, and one on the Gweestion River. A number of structures and trees with the potential to support roosting bats was also recorded. No species recorded on the Flora (Protection) Order, 1999 were recorded during the survey. However, flora of particular note included Lesser Butterfly Orchid Platanthera bifolia recorded in the upstream reaches of the River Moy near Ballintemple and a hybrid pondweed found just upstream of Foxford.

Figure 4-11: Lesser Butterfly Orchid

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5 Appropriate Assessment

5.1 Introduction The following chapter assesses the proposed drainage maintenance activities on those channels screened into the assessment (see section 3) in relation to the Natura 2000 sites detailed in Section 4.

5.2 Identification of Potential Sources of Impact This section further examines the source > pathway > receptor chains that could potentially result in adverse impacts arising on the screened in Natura 2000 sites in the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme; this is informed primarily by Ryan Hanley (2014c). Table 3-1 details which of the possible pathways of impact (i.e. surface water, land and air, or groundwater) have been identified as potentially affecting the screened in Natura 2000 sites. The table in Appendix D details which of the channels within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme are those which could potentially impact upon the identified Natura 2000 sites and are consequently screened into the assessment; all other channels, embankments and structures within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme have been screened out of the assessment.

5.2.1 Potential Sources of Impact via Surface Water Pathways Four Natura 2000 sites were identified as potentially being impacted upon via surface water pathways; Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC and SPA, the River Moy SAC and Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA. However, in the screening report Ryan Hanley (2014) identifies that not all qualifying interests/ special conservation interests will be at risk from surface water pathways, as identified in the Table 5-1 below. Table 5-1: Qualifying Interests/Special Conservation Interests of the screened in Natura 2000 sites likely to be impacted upon via surface water pathways (From: Ryan Hanley, 2014) Qualifying Interests/ Special Natura 2000 Site Conservation Interests likely to be Qualifying Interests/ Special Conservation (Site Code) affected by drainage maintenance Interests not likely to be affected activities via Surface Water Pathways Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210] Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia Estuaries [1130] maritimae) [1330] Mudflats and sandflats not covered by Embryonic shifting dunes [2110] Killala Bay/Moy seawater at low tide [1140] Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila Estuary SAC Salicornia and other annuals colonising arenaria (white dunes) [2120] (000458) mud and sand [1310] Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus [1095] dunes) [2130] Humid dune slacks [2190] Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail Vertigo angustior [1014] Common Seal Phoca vitulina [1365] White-clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes [1092] Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus [1095] Active raised bogs [7110] Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri [1096] Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural Salmon Salmo salar [1106] River Moy SAC regeneration [7120] Otter Lutra lutra [1355] (002298) Depressions on peat substrates of the Alkaline fens [7230] Rhynchosporion [7150] Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and

Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae [91E0]

Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria [A140] Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola [A141] Sanderling Calidris alba [A144] Killala Bay/Moy Dunlin Calidris alpina [A149] Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula [A137] Estuary SPA Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica [A157] (004036) Curlew Numenius arquata [A160] Wetlands and Waterbirds [A999]

Lough Conn and Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula [A061]

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Qualifying Interests/ Special Natura 2000 Site Conservation Interests likely to be Qualifying Interests/ Special Conservation (Site Code) affected by drainage maintenance Interests not likely to be affected activities via Surface Water Pathways Lough Cullin Common Scoter Melanitta nigra [A065] None SPA (004228) Common Gull Larus canus [A182] Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris [A395]

The following sources of impact are identified as potentially impacting upon the above Natura 2000 sites through surface water pathways:  Release of suspended solids - this can arise from a variety of drainage maintenance activities, including removal of in-stream silt and vegetation, aquatic vegetation cutting, and bush cutting/ branch trimming. It can impact on surface water dependent habitats indirectly through increased turbidity, which can reduce photosynthesis levels. This can then impact upon aquatic species such as lamprey, Salmon or crayfish. It can also indirectly impact upon species, such as Otter, by impacting upon food sources or hunting ability, for example through reduced water clarity and photosynthesis. Reduced water clarity and reduced photosynthesis can also affect aquatic invertebrate diversity (i.e. the food source of the fish and crayfish).  Release or changes in nutrient levels/ pollutants - this can arise from a variety of drainage maintenance activities, including removal of in-stream silt and vegetation, aquatic vegetation cutting and bush cutting/ branch trimming, and also through spillages or leaks of contaminative material. It can impact on surface water dependent habitats indirectly through causing eutrophication and reducing water quality. It can also impact indirectly on species, such as crayfish, lamprey and Salmon, for example through reduced water clarity from eutrophication causing algal growth, or reduced water quality. This could then impact on Otter by impacting upon food sources (i.e. fish/crayfish as prey) or hunting ability from lower water clarity.  Changes in water levels/channel morphology - this can arise from a variety of drainage maintenance activities, including removal of in-stream silt and vegetation, aquatic vegetation cutting and bush cutting/ branch trimming. It can occur from maintenance activities that deepen and wide the channel back to the original design level. This can impact on surface water dependent habitats indirectly through increased capacity and flow in the channel leading to hydrological impacts. It can also impact Salmon, crayfish and Otter populations through causing a loss of suitable habitat and impacting upon food chains. Table 5-2: Potential Sources of Impact via Surface Water Pathways

Potential Sources of Impact Vulnerable Natura 2000 Site Applicable OPW Channels

Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC Release of suspended solids (000458)

See Appendix D for those Release or changes in River Moy SAC (002298) channels screened into the nutrient levels/ pollutants Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA assessment in relation to (004036) specific SACs and SPAs Changes in water levels/channel morphology Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228)

Works on bridges and sluices located on the above channels are similarly considered to result in potential adverse effects.

5.2.2 Potential Sources of Impact via Land and Air Pathways Five Natura 2000 sites were identified as potentially being impacted upon via surface water pathways; Ballinfad SAC, Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC and SPA, the River Moy SAC and Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA. However, in the screening report Ryan Hanley (2014) identifies that 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 46

not all qualifying interests/ special conservation interests will be at risk from land and air pathways, as identified in the Table 5-3 below. Table 5-3: Qualifying Interests/Special Conservation Interests of the screened in Natura 2000 sites likely to be impacted upon via land and air pathways (From: Ryan Hanley, 2014) Qualifying Interests/ Special Conservation Natura 2000 Site Interests likely to be affected by drainage Qualifying Interests/ Special Conservation (Site Code) maintenance activities via Land and Air Interests not likely to be affected Pathways Ballinafad SAC Lesser Horseshoe Bat None (002081) Rhinolophus hipposideros [1303] Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210] Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand [1310] Embryonic shifting dunes [2110] Estuaries [1130] Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Killala Bay/Moy Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) [2120] Estuary SAC low tide [1140] Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous (000458) Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia vegetation (grey dunes) [2130] maritimae) [1330] Humid dune slacks [2190] Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail Vertigo angustior [1014] Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus [1095] Common Seal Phoca vitulina [1365] Active raised bogs [7110] Degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration [7120] Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion [7150] Alkaline fens [7230] Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus River Moy SAC excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion None (002298) albae [91E0] White-clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes [1092] Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus [1095] Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri [1096] Salmon Salmo salar [1106] Otter Lutra lutra [1355] Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula [A137] Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria [A140] Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola [A141] Killala Bay/Moy Sanderling Calidris alba [A144] Estuary SPA None Dunlin Calidris alpina [A149] (004036) Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica [A157] Curlew Numenius arquata [A160] Wetlands and Waterbirds [A999] Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula [A061] Common Scoter Melanitta nigra [A065] Lough Conn and Common Gull Larus canus [A182] Lough Cullin None Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons SPA (004228) flavirostris [A395] Wetlands and Waterbirds [A999]

The following sources of impact are identified as potentially impacting upon the above Natura 2000 sites through land and air pathways:  Physical disturbance of habitats (and loss of wood vegetation cover) - this can arise from a variety of drainage maintenance activities, including removal of in-stream silt and vegetation, aquatic vegetation cutting and bush cutting/ branch trimming. It can impact on habitats (terrestrial, surface water dependent and groundwater dependent) directly, although temporarily, as a result of machines tracking along the bankside and as a result of the deposition of spoil on the bankside. This can result in a loss of habitat from in- stream/bankside areas and maintenance access corridors, direct mortalities or the displacement of sensitive species. It can also impact on waterbirds of special conservation interest through machines tracking along the banskide, reducing vegetation as a food source. 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 47

 Noise and visual disturbance - this can arise from a variety of drainage maintenance activities, including removal of in-stream silt and vegetation, aquatic vegetation cutting and bush cutting/ branch trimming. It can occur as a result of noise emissions and visual disturbance from machinery and the presence of machine drivers and other OPW staff. It can result in the flight and displacement of sensitive species from suitable habitat locations. It is not considered relevant in relation to designated habitat types, although it is relevant for the species which these habitats support. Table 5-4: Potential Sources of Impact via Land and Air Pathways

Potential Sources of Impact Vulnerable Natura 2000 Site Applicable OPW Channels

Ballinafad SAC (002081) Physical disturbance of River Moy SAC (002298) habitats (and loss of wood vegetation cover) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) Noise and visual disturbance Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228) See Appendix D for those channels screened into the Physical disturbance of assessment in relation to habitats (and loss of wood specific SACs and SPAs vegetation cover) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (no species qualifying (000458) interests screened in, so no potential for impacts by noise and visual disturbance)

Works on bridges and sluices located on the above channels and embankments are similarly considered to result in potential adverse effects.

5.2.3 Potential Sources of Impact via Groundwater Pathways Five Natura 2000 sites were identified as potentially being impacted upon via surface water pathways; Balla Turlough SAC, Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC and SPA, the River Moy SAC and Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA. However, in the screening report Ryan Hanley (2014) identifies that not all qualifying interests/ special conservation interests will be at risk from groundwater pathways, as identified in the Table 5-3 below. Table 5-5: Qualifying Interests/Special Conservation Interests of the screened in Natura 2000 sites likely to be impacted upon via groundwater pathways (From: Ryan Hanley, 2014) Qualifying Interests/ Special Natura 2000 Site Conservation Interests likely to be Qualifying Interests/ Special Conservation (Site Code) affected by drainage maintenance Interests not likely to be affected activities via Groundwater Pathways Balla Turlough Turloughs [3180] None SAC (000463) Estuaries [1130] Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide [1140] Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210] Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand [1310] Killala Bay/Moy Embryonic shifting dunes [2110] Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco- Estuary SAC Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila Puccinellietalia maritimae) [1330] (000458) arenaria (white dunes) [2120] Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) [2130] Humid dune slacks [2190] Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail Vertigo angustior [1014] Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus [1095] Common Seal Phoca vitulina [1365] 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 48

Qualifying Interests/ Special Natura 2000 Site Conservation Interests likely to be Qualifying Interests/ Special Conservation (Site Code) affected by drainage maintenance Interests not likely to be affected activities via Groundwater Pathways Active raised bogs [7110] Degraded raised bogs still capable of White-clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes natural regeneration [7120] [1092] Depressions on peat substrates of the River Moy SAC Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus [1095] Rhynchosporion [7150] (002298) Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri [1096] Alkaline fens [7230] Salmon Salmo salar [1106] Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Otter Lutra lutra [1355] Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) [91E0] Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula [A137] Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria [A140] Killala Bay/Moy Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola [A141] Sanderling Calidris alba [A144] Estuary SPA Dunlin Calidris alpina [A149]

(004036) Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica [A157] Curlew Numenius arquata [A160] Wetlands and Waterbirds [A999] Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula [A061] Common Scoter Melanitta nigra [A065] Lough Conn and Common Gull Larus canus [A182] Lough Cullin None Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser SPA (004228) albifrons flavirostris [A395] Wetlands and Waterbirds [A999]

The following sources of impact are identified as potentially impacting upon the above Natura 2000 sites through groundwater pathways:  Release or changes in nutrient levels/ pollutants - this can arise from a variety of drainage maintenance activities, including removal of in-stream silt and vegetation, aquatic vegetation cutting and bush cutting/ branch trimming. It can impact on groundwater dependent habitats indirectly through causing eutrophication (from mobile inorganics N03 and low mobility inorganics P04), or through pollution incidents from spillages or leaks (e.g. of fuel) during maintenance activities, which could then impact on groundwater quality through aquifer recharge. It can also impact indirectly on species, such as crayfish, lamprey or Salmon, for example through reduced water clarity from eutrophication causing algal growth, or reduced water quality. Waterbirds of special conservation interest. Along with Otter populations, could be impacted indirectly by affecting food chains through increased algal growth and decreased invertebrate and algal diversity (i.e. the food source of the waterbirds and Otter).  Changes in water levels/ channel morphology - this can arise from a variety of drainage maintenance activities, including removal of in-stream silt and vegetation, aquatic vegetation cutting and bush cutting/ branch trimming. It can also occur from maintenance activities that deepen and widen the channels back to their original level. This can impact on groundwater dependent habitats indirectly through: o Increased capacity and flow in the channel leading to a reduction in water levels and hydrogeological impacts. o Changing the groundwater catchment and groundwater flow paths. o Direct aquifer recharge from a stream bed in karst/fissured aquifer. o Lowering of channel water levels due to increased channel conveyance, which can increase the hydraulic gradient between the bankside groundwater table. This can potentially increase discharge from the channel and change the absolute value and pattern of variation in groundwater levels and potentially the location of groundwater divides. The distance from the channel at which an impact occurs is dependent on the subsoil and bedrock aquifer characteristics. It can also impact on species, such as Otter, fish, lamprey and waterbirds of special conservation interest by causing a loss of suitable habitat and impacting upon food chains through this loss/decline in quality of habitat.

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The release of suspended solids due to possible changes in groundwater conditions is not considered a potential source of impact.

Table 5-6: Potential Sources of Impact via Land and Air Pathways

Potential Sources of Impact Vulnerable Natura 2000 Site Applicable OPW Channels

Balla Turlough SAC (000463) River Moy SAC (002298) Release or changes in nutrient levels/ pollutants Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA See Appendix D for those channels screened into the (004036) assessment in relation to Lough Conn and Lough Cullin Changes in water levels/ specific SACs and SPAs channel morphology SPA (004228) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458)

5.3 Impact Assessment Table 5-7 assesses the screened in Natura 2000 site in more detail and examines where potentially adverse impacts may arise from the sources of impact identified above. Where potentially significant adverse impacts are identified, avoidance and mitigation measures are proposed to offset these impacts.

5.3.1 In-combination Effects Appropriate Assessment requires consideration of the impacts on Natura 2000 sites of drainage maintenance activities in the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme, in-combination with other plans or projects. Potential sources of in-combination effects identified as part of this assessment include:  Undertaking of general agricultural operations by farmers and landowners in areas adjacent to scheme watercourses and embankments which could potentially give rise to impacts of a similar nature to those arising from Arterial Drainage Maintenance operations. This could potentially result in additional periods of disturbance (physical, noise and visual). However, given that agricultural operations, similarly to drainage maintenance operations, are periodic and not continuous and have been ongoing for many decades, resulting in a background level of habituation, the in-combination effects of drainage maintenance and agricultural operations is not likely to be significant.  OPW arterial drainage maintenance operations have been ongoing since the construction of the schemes following the 1945 Arterial Drainage Act, potentially resulting in adverse cumulative effects. However, as the maintenance operations are undertaken to restore the design level only, the hydrological and hydrogeological impact should be no greater than originally occurred upon the schemes construction; no further deepening or widening will occur.  On a regional scale, neighbouring Arterial Drainage Schemes could be considered to have an adverse impact on Natura 2000 sites, particularly where large sites fall across two, or more scheme areas. However, this is not considered to be a significant issue for the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme as whilst the Corrib and Boyle schemes are located in very close proximity to the Moy system (i.e. within a few hundred metres to the south and approximately 1km to the east respectively) they are generally located within separate hydrological catchments and groundwater bodies and therefore the potential for adverse in-combination effects is minimal.  The OPW are also undertaking a programme of Environmental River Enhancement Programme (EREP) works, with some of these proposed for the River Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme (JBA Consulting, 2014), including works to: o A 2.6km section of the River Moy (C1) from Cloonacool Bridge (148645m, 316289m) downstream to Sessuecommon (147270m, 314791m). o A 2.5km section of the Strade River (C1/23) starting at the confluence of OPW Channel C1/23/3 downstream to the road bridge in Strade Village. 2015s2916 Moy NIS v2.2 50

The works proposed are enhancements to the channel including installation of baffles, deepening of the thalweg, constructing bank deflectors and placement of gravel/ silt shoals to enhance habitats. As enhancement works these proposals will not have an adverse impact on the integrity of the Natura 2000 sites within the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme, and an Appropriate Assessment screening exercise has been conducted to support this conclusion (JBA Consulting, 2014). As a result, no potential adverse in-combination effects with the arterial drainage maintenance works are anticipated.

There are no other known plans/ projects on-going or proposed (at the time of this study) which may give rise to any form of cumulative impact on the Natura 2000 sites.

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Table 5-7: Impact Assessment - Balla Turlough SAC (000463) Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests Turloughs, being groundwater fed, are typically associated with high water quality, with naturally low dissolved Follow protocols and nutrients, clear water and low algal growth (NPWS, 2013a). SOPs in OPW (2011b) - Kilroy et al (2008) also identify that turloughs are highly specifically points 2.1, sensitive to changes in groundwater chemistry and nutrient 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 of concentration. Release or Environmental Drainage

changes in Maintenance Guidance Drainage maintenance activities could impact on water No nutrient levels/ SOP. quality in Balla Turlough through the release of nutrients pollutants and pollutants which could potentially result in increased See Table 6-1 for details eutrophication and reduced water quality, which could then of additional pollution result in algal blooms and reduced water clarity, through prevention measures aquifer recharge. This could then impact on vegetation required. structure and composition and prevent achievement of the targets associated with these attributes. Balla Hydrology is the key driver of turlough ecology, with Turlough Ground Turloughs [3180] different turlough communities, assemblages and species Follow protocols and SAC water (000463) affected by various hydrological attributes (NPWS, 2013a). SOPs in OPW (2011b) - specifically point 2.1 and Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation 2.2 of Environmental management and aquatic vegetation cutting, can result in Drainage Maintenance the deepening and widening of channels which could Guidance SOP. impact on groundwater levels. As turloughs flood primarily Changes in water as a result of rising groundwater, any change could have Works on all channels levels/ channel No adverse impacts on turlough ecology and attributes, will be undertaken in morphology including habitat area, distribution, vegetation composition/ accordance with the structure and typical species. Scheme's design standard, in order to However, significant changes to the hydrogeological regime prevent any new are unlikely as the works will restore the system to the widening or deepening. design standard only. The drainage maintenance activities are therefore unlikely to impact significantly on attributes See Table 6-1. used to define conservation status.

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Table 5-8: Impact Assessment - Ballinfad SAC (002081) Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests The foraging and commuting habitats used by the Lesser Horseshoe Bat within the roost at Ballinafad SAC are not included within the site designation, however, the site synopsis (NPWS, 2013b) indicates that the woodland areas around the building are of particular importance as this Follow protocols and species does not like flying over open ground. These SOPs in OPW (2011b) - supporting woodland habitats could therefore be vulnerable specifically points 1.1, to physical disturbance arising from drainage maintenance 1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, activities through the direct removal of vegetation within the 4.4, 4.5 and 5.1 of maintenance access corridor. This could directly impact on Environmental Drainage the 'extent of potential foraging habitat' attribute, and Maintenance Guidance Physical indirectly impact on other attributes such as population SOP to minimise the disturbance of within the roost. impacts of physical habitats (and loss No disturbance. of wood However, given that maintenance activities are conducted vegetation cover) along watercourses that have been periodically subject to The complete felling of Ballinafad Lesser Horseshoe Bat Land and such activities, and that the bank of operation remains trees along SAC Rhinolophus hipposideros Air consistent, there will be a working corridor along the watercourses F909 and (002081) [1303] channels which has been subject to periodic physical C1/21/1/5 Sect F will not disturbance and will not likely consist of dense woodland be undertaken. habitat. Furthermore, only narrow, linear maintenance corridors will be impacted upon and therefore the wider See Table 6-1. woodland habitat, and continuity of woodland habitat, upon which the Lesser Horseshoe bat population relies is unlikely to be significantly adversely affected by drainage maintenance works. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat population for which this SAC is Follow protocols and designated will be sensitive to disturbance from machinery SOPs in OPW (2011b) and workforces conducting drainage maintenance - specifically points 1.1, Noise and visual operations in close proximity to the roost at the former 1.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, No disturbance agricultural college. This could then impact on a number of 4.5 and 5.1 of attributes, including population within the roost. Environmental Drainage Maintenance Guidance However, the impact of noise and visual disturbance of the SOP.

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests roosting bats will be minimised by the distance of All maintenance approximately 210m to the closest scheme watercourse activities shall be (F/909), with the next closest watercourse (C1/21/1/5 Sect undertaken during F) approximately 325m away. Given this distance, daylight hours, as stated disturbance to the roost itself within the building from in Section 2.2.8 above. periodic arterial drainage maintenance operations is highly unlikely, and it is foraging/commuting activity that is more See Table 6-1. likely to be adversely impacted upon.

Table 5-9: Impact Assessment - Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458) Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests The habitats of estuaries, mudflats/sandflats and Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand, although Follow protocols and transitional intertidal habitats are connected to surface SOPs in OPW (2011b) - water flows and are also dependent on specific water specifically points 2.1, quality parameters. Estuaries [1130] Release of 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 of Sea lamprey juvenile habitat has been recorded suspended solids Environmental Drainage downstream of Ballina (0'Connor, 2004) and fine sediments Mudflats and sandflats Maintenance Guidance are an important habitat for juveniles. Killala not covered by seawater Release or SOP. No Drainage maintenance activities could impact on water Bay/Moy at low tide [1140] changes in Surface quality in these habitats and species through the release of Estuary nutrient levels/ See Table 6-1 for details Water suspended sediments, nutrients and pollutants which could SAC Salicornia and other pollutants of additional pollution potentially result in reduced water quality, increased (000458) annuals colonising mud prevention and turbidity and eutrophication, which could then result in algal and sand [1310] sediment control blooms. This could reach these habitat types through measures required. surface water pathways as scheme watercourses are Sea Lamprey [1095] directly upstream of this SAC. These intertidal habitats are dependent on specific physical Follow protocols and Changes in water regime attributes, including the flooding regime. Drainage SOPs in OPW (2011b) - levels/channel No maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation specifically point 2.1 and morphology management and aquatic vegetation cutting can result in 2.2 of Environmental

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests the deepening and widening of channels which could Drainage Maintenance impact on surface water flows. This could have adverse Guidance SOP impacts on these habitats and a number of attributes, including habitat area, habitat distribution and vegetation Works on all channels composition. will be undertaken in accordance with the However, significant changes to the hydrological regime are Scheme's design unlikely as the works will restore the system to the design standard, in order to standard only. The drainage maintenance activities are prevent any new therefore unlikely to impact significantly on attributes used widening or deepening. to define conservation status. See Table 6-1. The estuarine and intertidal habitats (i.e. mudflats/sandflats and Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand) Follow protocols and identified in Ryan Hanley (2014) as being potential SOPs in OPW (2011b) - vulnerable to adverse impacts via land and air pathways specifically point 1.1, are likely to be vulnerable to physical disturbance arising 1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, from drainage maintenance activities through the direct 4.3, 4.4, 5.1 of removal of vegetation within the maintenance access Environmental Drainage Estuaries [1130] corridor. This could impact on a range of attributes including Maintenance Guidance habitat area and vegetation composition. SOP to minimise the Mudflats and sandflats Physical impacts of physical not covered by seawater disturbance of However, the ecological walkover survey conducted as part Land and disturbance. at low tide [1140] habitats (and loss of this study on watercourses around Killala Bay/Moy No Air of wood Estuary SAC (i.e. F200, C1/2, C1/4, F/149, C1/3, C1/1 and Works will not encroach Atlantic salt meadows vegetation cover) the downstream sections of C1 Sect A and C1/5 Sect A) into areas of saltmarsh (Glauco-Puccinellietalia only identified potential Annex I habitat types on habitat on the following maritimae) [1330] watercourses F200, C1/2 and C1/3 where upper salt-marsh watercourses: (habitat CM2 in the Fossitt classification) was recorded; this F200 habitat can be represented by Atlantic salt meadows C1/2 (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae). Estuarine and mudflat/ C1/3 sandflat habitats were not recorded in the immediate vicinity

of these watercourses as they are more likely to be See Table 6-1. represented further out in the intertidal zone and not directly within the working area of arterial drainage maintenance

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests operations.

Furthermore, given that maintenance activities are conducted along watercourses that have been periodically subject to such activities, and that the bank of operation remains consistent, there will be a working corridor along the channels which has been subject to periodic physical disturbance and consequently adverse impacts on these Annex I habitat types are likely. Atlantic salt meadows are intertidal habitats dependent on Follow protocols and specific water quality parameters. Drainage maintenance SOPs in OPW (2011b) - activities could impact on water quality in this habitat type specifically points 2.1, through the release of nutrients and/ or pollution incidents 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 of Release or which could potentially result in reduced water quality, Environmental Drainage changes in increased turbidity and eutrophication, which could then Maintenance Guidance

nutrient levels/ result in algal blooms, through aquifer recharge. This could SOP. pollutants then impact on a range of vegetation structure attributes such as typical species and sub‐communities present, and See Table 6-1 for details potentially result in the increase in growth of negative of additional pollution indicator species, such as Common Cord-grass Spartina prevention measures anglica. required. Atlantic salt meadows Ground (Glauco-Puccinellietalia The habitat of Atlantic salt meadows is dependent on water specific physical regime attributes, including the flooding maritimae) [1330] regime, and it is also a groundwater dependent terrestrial habitat. Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and Follow protocols and vegetation management and aquatic vegetation cutting can SOPs in OPW (2011b) - result in the deepening and widening of channels which specifically point 2.1 and Changes in water could impact on groundwater levels. This could have 2.2 of Environmental levels/ channel No adverse impacts on Atlantic salt meadows and a number of Drainage Maintenance morphology attributes, including habitat area, vegetation composition Guidance SOP. and structure. See Table 6-1. However, significant changes to the hydrogeological regime are unlikely as the works will restore the system to the design standard only. The drainage maintenance activities

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests are therefore unlikely to impact significantly on attributes used to define conservation status.

Table 5-10: Impact Assessment - River Moy SAC (002298) Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests Alkaline fens [7230] The species of the River Moy SAC identified in Ryan Hanley (2014) as being potential vulnerable to adverse Alluvial forests with Alnus impacts via surface water pathways are dependent on glutinosa and Fraxinus specific water quality and nutrient requirements. For Follow protocols and excelsior (Alno-Padion, example, the favourable conservation condition of White- SOPs in OPW (2011b) - Alnion incanae, Salicion clawed Crayfish and Salmon is directly measured by water specifically points 2.1, albae) [91E0] quality attributes, and the conservation status of other 2.2, 3.1, 3.2 and 9.1 of species are measured by attributes indirectly linked to water Release of Environmental Drainage White-clawed Crayfish quality and sediment loadings, such as the extent and suspended solids Maintenance Guidance Austropotamobius distribution of spawning habitats and the extent of River Moy SOP and Lamprey, pallipes [1092] Surface freshwater habitat. SAC Release or Crayfish and Otter No Water (002298) changes in SOPs. Sea Lamprey Drainage maintenance activities could impact on water nutrient levels/ Petromyzon marinus quality in the River Moy, and consequently impact on the pollutants See Table 6-1 for details [1095] species they support, through the release of suspended of additional pollution sediments, nutrients and/ or pollution incidents which could prevention and Brook Lamprey Lampetra potentially result in reduced water quality, increased sediment control planeri [1096] turbidity and eutrophication, which could then result in algal measures required. blooms. As the River Moy itself is designated as the SAC, Salmon Salmo salar these impacts could occur at the immediate location of the [1106] maintenance activity, or it could reach downstream locations through surface water pathways.

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests Otter Lutra lutra [1355] The species for which the River Moy SAC is designated are dependent on specific aquatic and riparian habitats, which require maintenance of appropriate hydrological regimes. For example, the conservation status of Otter is dependent on the extent of freshwater habitat (NPWS, 2013a).

Alkaline Fens and Alluvial woodlands are dependent on hydrological regimes to maintain the functionality of the habitats. Fens require the maintenance of surface water flows and natural water table levels for habitat function and Alluvial woodland requires periodic flooding to maintain Follow protocols and alluvial vegetation. SOPs in OPW (2011b) - specifically point 2.1 and Changes in water Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation 2.2 of Environmental levels/channel No management and aquatic vegetation cutting can result in Drainage Maintenance morphology the deepening and widening of channels which could Guidance SOP. impact on surface water flows and water table levels. This could have adverse impacts on these species through See Table 6-1. impacting upon the aquatic and riparian habitat that supports them, and a number of attributes, including population structure, distribution and extent of freshwater habitat.

However, significant changes to the hydrological regime are unlikely as the works will restore the system to the design standard only. The drainage maintenance activities are therefore unlikely to impact significantly on attributes used to define conservation status. Active raised bogs [7110] The terrestrial and wetland habitats for which the River Moy The complete felling of Physical SAC is designated are likely to be vulnerable to physical trees along will not be Degraded raised bogs disturbance of disturbance arising from drainage maintenance activities undertaken on the Land and still capable of natural habitats (and loss through the direct removal of vegetation within the following watercourses; No Air regeneration [7120] of wood maintenance access corridor. This could impact on a range F909 vegetation cover) of attributes including habitat area and vegetation structure C1/21/1/5 Sect F Depressions on peat and composition. Physical disturbance of habitats can also

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests substrates of the adversely impact on the species within the SAC, for Follow protocols and Rhynchosporion [7150] example by removing cover for Otter, and by damaging SOPs in OPW (2011b) - redds used by Salmon for spawning or lamprey spawning specifically points 1.1, Alkaline fens [7230] areas. In particular, as it is the channel of the River Moy 1.2, 1.3, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, itself which forms the majority of this SAC designation there 4.4, 4.5 and 5.1 of Alluvial forests with Alnus is a considerable risk of in-channel activities impacting upon Environmental Drainage glutinosa and Fraxinus the aquatic habitats of White-clawed Crayfish, lamprey and Maintenance Guidance excelsior (Alno-Padion, Salmon. SOP and Otter, White- Alnion incanae, Salicion clawed Crayfish and albae [91E0] The ecological walkover survey did not identify any alluvial Lamprey SOPs to forest habitats [91E0]. The other Annex I habitats for which minimise the impacts of White-clawed Crayfish the site is designated were recorded throughout the physical disturbance. Austropotamobius surveyed area, in particular degraded raised bogs [7120], pallipes [1092] with associated depressions on peat substrates of the No in-channel working Rhynchosporion [7150], and a few small areas of active will be conducted during Sea Lamprey raised bog [7110] and alkaline fen [7230]. the salmonid spawning Petromyzon marinus season (Oct 1st-May [1095] Given that maintenance activities are conducted along 31st) subject to watercourses that have been periodically subject to such consultation with Inland Brook Lamprey Lampetra activities, and that the bank of operation remains Fisheries Ireland. planeri [1096] consistent, there will be a working corridor along the channels which has been subject to periodic physical No in-channel working Salmon Salmo salar disturbance. will be conducted in [1106] channels with a rocky/cobble/gravelly Otter Lutra lutra [1355] substrate between May and mid-July when White-clawed Crayfish are more likely to be berried (i.e. carrying eggs).

Works shall be carried out as per the Crayfish SOP (OPW, 2001b),

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests which details operatives shall inspect instream material removed from the channel for crayfish 3 times daily. Discussions with OPW regarding the SOPs procedures indicate that consultations with NPWS will be undertaken and mitigation measures will then be drawn up for Crayfish.

No in-channel working will be conducted in channels with a sandy/gravel substrate between March and July when lamprey species are likely to be spawning.

No in-channel or bankside vegetation to be conducted within 30m of a known or potential Otter holt/ resting site. If breeding is suspected at a holt site this buffer zone will be increased to 150m.

Stands of Himalayan

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests Balsam will be avoided, unless there is an overriding flood risk issue. Alternatively works will be programmed outside the period when Himalayan Balsam is in seed (July - October) to prevent its spread.

No work will be undertaken within 7m of visible above-ground growth of Japanese Knotweed, unless there is an overriding flood risk issue

If works cannot avoid Himalayan Balsam and Japanese Knotweed due to overriding flood risk issues, the OPW shall compile a work specific method statement. The method statement shall detail the methods of work, disposal methods of all soil and plant material, and machinery and equipment cleaning/disinfection methods post works.

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests

See Table 6-1.

Follow protocols and SOPs in OPW (2011b) - specifically points 1.1, 1.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, White-clawed Crayfish 4.5 and 5.1 of Austropotamobius The species for which the SAC is designated will be Environmental Drainage pallipes [1092] sensitive to disturbance from machinery and workforces Maintenance Guidance conducting drainage maintenance operations. For example, SOP and Otter, White- Sea Lamprey Otters require lying up areas throughout their territory clawed Crayfish and Petromyzon marinus where they are secure from disturbance (NPWS, 2013a) Lamprey SOPs. [1095] and drainage maintenance activities will create disturbance Noise and visual which could reduce the suitability of terrestrial and No in-channel or No disturbance Brook Lamprey Lampetra freshwater (river/lake) habitats for this species. Similarly, bankside vegetation to planeri [1096] White-clawed Crayfish, lamprey and Salmon populations be conducted within will be at risk from in-channel maintenance operations, 30m of a known or Salmon Salmo salar which could have a considerable impact given that it is the potential Otter holt/ [1106] channel of the River Moy itself which forms the majority of resting site. If breeding this SAC designation. is suspected at a holt Otter Lutra lutra [1355] site this buffer zone should be increased to 150m.

See Table 6-1. Active raised bogs [7110] The raised bog, fen and woodland habitats for which this Follow protocols and SAC is designated are dependent on specific water quality SOPs in OPW (2011b) - Degraded raised bogs and nutrient requirements. For example, alkaline fens specifically points 2.1, Release or still capable of natural require appropriate water quality to support the natural 2.2, 3.1, 3.2 and 9.1 of changes in Ground regeneration [7120] structure and functioning of the habitat, generally receiving Environmental Drainage No nutrient levels/ water natural levels of nutrients (i.e. iron, magnesium and Maintenance Guidance pollutants Depressions on peat calcium) from water sources, with generally low nitrogen SOP. substrates of the and phosphorous which can be limiting (NPWS,2013a). Rhynchosporion [7150] See Table 6-1 for details

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests Drainage maintenance activities could impact on water of additional pollution Alkaline fens [7230] quality in these habitats through the release of nutrients prevention measures and/ or pollution incidents which could potentially result in required. Alluvial forests with Alnus reduced water quality, increased turbidity and glutinosa and Fraxinus eutrophication, which could then result in algal blooms. This excelsior (Alno-Padion, could then reach the groundwater dependent habitats Alnion incanae, Salicion through aquifer recharge via groundwater pathways. This albae) [91E0] could then impact on vegetation structure and composition and prevent achievement of the targets associated with these attributes. Maintenance of appropriate hydrological regimes is a key attribute of these raised bog, fen and woodland habitats. For example, alkaline fen habitats require natural groundwater levels, surface water flows and water table levels to maintain this habitat type, otherwise scrub and trees can invade as conditions become drier (NPWS, 2013a) and alluvial forests are dependent on periodic flooding to maintain their habitat area along floodplains Follow protocols and (NPWS, 2012b). SOPs in OPW (2011b) - specifically points 2.1 Changes in water Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation and 2.2 of levels/ channel Management and aquatic vegetation cutting can result in Environmental Drainage No morphology the deepening and widening of channels which could Maintenance Guidance impact on groundwater levels. This could have adverse SOP. impacts on these habitats and a number of attributes, including habitat area, habitat distribution, vegetation See Table 6-1. composition and structure and typical species.

However, significant changes to the hydrogeological regime are unlikely as the works will restore the system to the design standard only. The drainage maintenance activities are therefore unlikely to impact significantly on attributes used to define conservation status.

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Table 5-11: Impact Assessment - Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036) Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests

The wetlands and waterbird populations for which this SPA Follow protocols and is designated are dependent on a number of habitats with SOPs in OPW (2011b) - connectivity to surface waters within the site, including specifically points 2.1, Release of estuaries, mudflats and sandflats and lower saltmarsh. 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 of suspended solids Drainage maintenance activities could impact on these Environmental Drainage

habitats through the release of nutrients, suspended solids Maintenance Guidance Release or No and pollution incidents which could potentially result in SOP. changes in reduced water quality, eutrophication and increased nutrient levels/ turbidity which could impact upon the wetland habitats and See Table 6-1 for details pollutants potentially the food supply (i.e. macroinvertebrates) of the of additional pollution waterbirds, possibly affecting the distribution of species prevention and within the estuary and long-term population trends. sediment control measures required. Killala Bay/Moy The birds for which this SPA is designated are dependent Wetlands and Waterbirds Surface Estuary on a number of habitats with connectivity to surface waters Follow protocols and [A999] Water SPA within the site, including estuaries, mudflats and sandflats SOPs in OPW (2011b) - (004036) and lower saltmarsh. specifically point 2.1 and 2.2 of Environmental Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation Drainage Maintenance management and aquatic vegetation cutting can result in Guidance SOP the deepening and widening of channels which could Changes in water impact on surface water flows and water table levels. This Works on all channels levels/channel No could then have adverse impacts on the habitat area of the will be undertaken in morphology wetlands and the population trend and distribution of the accordance with the waterbirds they support. Scheme's design standard, in order to However, changes in water levels/channel morphology are prevent any new not considered likely to have an adverse impact on these widening or deepening. wetland habitats, and consequently the waterbird populations they support, via surface water pathways as the See Table 6-1. works will restore the system to the design standard only.

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests The bird species for which the SPA is designated were identified by Ryan Hanley (2014) as being vulnerable to drainage maintenance activities via land and air pathways. Follow protocols and The wetland habitats that support these species are likely to SOPs in OPW (2011b) - be vulnerable to physical disturbance arising from drainage specifically points 1.1 maintenance activities, such as vegetation removal within Physical and 1.2 of the maintenance access corridor and modification of disturbance of Environmental Drainage roosting/ feedings sites. Ringed Plover Charadrius habitats (and loss Maintenance Guidance No

hiaticula [A137] of wood SOP to minimise the However, given that maintenance activities are conducted vegetation cover) impacts of physical along watercourses that have been periodically subject to Golden Plover Pluvialis disturbance. such activities, and that the bank of operation remains apricaria [A140] consistent, there will be a working corridor along the See Table 6-1. channels which has been subject to periodic physical Grey Plover Pluvialis disturbance and consequently impacts of physical squatarola [A141] disturbance of habitats are likely to be minimised.

Follow protocols and Dunlin Calidris alpina Land and SOPs in OPW (2011b) - [A149] Air specifically points 1.1

The bird species for which the SPA is designated were and 1.2 of Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa identified by Ryan Hanley (2014) as being vulnerable to Environmental Drainage lapponica [A157] drainage maintenance activities via land and air pathways. Maintenance Guidance

These species will be sensitive to disturbance from SOP. Curlew Numenius machinery and workforces conducting drainage arquata [A160] maintenance operations during the over-wintering period No maintenance work Noise and visual (typically November to March). This disturbance could will be conducted within No Wetlands and Waterbirds disturbance cause displacement of populations which can require 100m of the SPA [A999] significant energy expenditure for the birds, which, if boundary (i.e. the undertaken during the cold winter months when birds are distance identified in already stressed by recent migrations and difficulties in Ryan Hanley, 2014a as finding food, could have an adverse impact on population the buffer zone required trend and distribution. for the SPA species) between November and March.

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests The wetlands and waterbird populations for which this SPA Follow protocols and is designated are dependent on groundwater dependent SOPs in OPW (2011b) - habitats within the site (e.g. Atlantic salt meadows). specifically points 2.1, 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 of Release or Drainage maintenance activities could impact on these Environmental Drainage changes in habitats through the release of nutrients and pollutants Maintenance Guidance No nutrient levels/ which could potentially result in reduced water quality, SOP. pollutants eutrophication and increased turbidity, through aquifer recharge, which could impact upon the habitats and See Table 6-1 for details consequently the food supply (i.e. macroinvertebrates) of of additional pollution these waterbirds, potentially affecting the distribution of prevention measures species within the estuary and long-term population trends. required. The wetlands and waterbird populations for which this SPA Follow protocols and is designated are dependent on groundwater dependent Wetlands and Waterbirds Ground SOPs in OPW (2011b) - habitats within the site (e.g. Atlantic salt meadows). [A999] Water specifically point 2.1 and

2.2 of Environmental Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation Drainage Maintenance management and aquatic vegetation cutting can result in Guidance SOP. the deepening and widening of channels which could

Changes in water impact on groundwater levels. This could then have Works on all channels levels/ channel adverse impacts on the habitat area of the wetlands and No will be undertaken in morphology the population trend and distribution of the waterbirds they accordance with the support. Scheme's design

standard, in order to Changes in water levels/channel morphology are not prevent any new considered likely to have an adverse impact on these widening or deepening. wetland habitats, and consequently the waterbird

populations they support, via groundwater pathways as the See Table 6-1. works will restore the system to the design standard only.

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Table 5-12: Impact Assessment - Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228) Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests Follow protocols and The wetland habitats and waterbird populations for which SOPs in OPW (2011b) - the SPA is designated are dependent on a number of specifically points 2.1, habitats with connectivity to surface waters within the site, Release of 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 of including the loughs themselves and fringing swamps. suspended solids Environmental Drainage

Maintenance Guidance Drainage maintenance activities could impact on these Release or SOP. No habitats through the release of nutrients, suspended solids changes in and pollutants which could potentially result in reduced nutrient levels/ See Table 6-1 for details water quality, eutrophication and increased turbidity which pollutants of additional pollution could impact upon the habitats and potentially the food prevention and supply of the waterbirds, possibly affecting the distribution sediment control of species within the SPA and long-term population trends. measures required. Lough The wetland habitats and waterbird populations for which Conn and the SPA is designated are dependent on a number of Follow protocols and Wetlands and Waterbirds Surface Lough habitats with connectivity to surface waters within the site, SOPs in OPW (2011b) - [A999] Water Cullin SPA including the loughs themselves and fringing swamps. specifically point 2.1 and (004228) 2.2 of Environmental Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation Drainage Maintenance management and aquatic vegetation cutting can result in Guidance SOP. the deepening and widening of channels which could Changes in water impact on surface water flows and water table levels. This Works on all channels levels/channel No could then have adverse impacts on the habitat area of the will be undertaken in morphology wetlands and the population trend and distribution of the accordance with the waterbirds they support. Scheme's design standard, in order to However, changes in water levels/channel morphology are prevent any new not considered likely to have an adverse impact on these widening or deepening. wetland habitats, and consequently the waterbird populations they support, via surface water pathways as the See Table 6-1. works will restore the system to the design standard only.

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests The wetland habitats and bird species for which this SPA is designated were identified in Ryan Hanley (2014) as being vulnerable to drainage maintenance activities via land and air pathways. The habitats that support this species are Follow protocols and likely to be vulnerable to physical disturbance arising from SOPs in OPW (2011b) - drainage maintenance activities, such as vegetation specifically point 1.1 of Physical removal within the maintenance access corridor and Environmental Drainage disturbance of modification of roosting/ feedings sites. Maintenance Guidance habitats (and loss SOP to minimise the of wood However, given that maintenance activities are conducted impacts of physical vegetation cover) Tufted Duck Aythya along watercourses that have been periodically subject to disturbance. fuligula [A061] such activities, and that the bank of operation remains consistent, there will be a working corridor along the See Table 6-1. Common Scoter channels which has been subject to periodic physical Melanitta nigra [A065] disturbance and consequently impacts are likely to be minimised. Common Gull Larus The bird species for which the SPA is designated were Follow protocols and Land and canus [A182] identified in Ryan Hanley (2014) as being vulnerable to SOPs in OPW (2011b) - Air drainage maintenance activities via land and air pathways. specifically point 1.1 of Greenland White-fronted These species will be sensitive to disturbance from Environmental Drainage Goose Anser albifrons machinery and workforces conducting drainage Maintenance Guidance flavirostris [A395] maintenance operations during the over-wintering period SOP. (typically November to March). This disturbance could Wetlands and Waterbirds cause displacement of populations which can require No maintenance work [A999] significant energy expenditure for the birds, which, if will be conducted within Noise and visual undertaken during the cold winter months when birds are 600m of the SPA No disturbance already stressed by recent migrations and difficulties in boundary (i.e. the finding food, could have an adverse impact on population distance identified in trend and distribution. Ryan Hanley, 2014a as the buffer zone required Furthermore, the site is also important for breeding for Greenland White- Common Scoter populations and therefore maintenance fronted Goose which is activities conducted during their breeding season (typically the most sensitive late April to September; Birdllife International, 2015) could species) between have an adverse impact if it causes this species to abandon November and March

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests its nest. on the following channels; C1/2/10 C1/21 C1/21A C1/21/1 Sect A C1/21/2 C1/21/3 C1/21/4 C1/21/5 C1/21/6 C1/21/7 C1/21/8 C1/21/9 C1/21/11 C1/21/12 C1/21/13 C1/21/13/1 C1/21/14 Sect A F/1155

No maintenance work will be conducted within 300m of the SPA boundary (i.e. the distance identified in Ryan Hanley, 2014a as the buffer zone required for breeding Common Scoter) between late April and September.

See Table 6-1.

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Qualifying Interests/ Site Name Potential Source Impact on Attribute and Target Prior to Mitigation / Avoidance / Residual Special Conservation Pathway (site code) of Impact Avoidance Mitigation Measures Impact Interests The wetland habitats and waterbird populations for which Follow protocols and the SPA is designated utilise groundwater dependent SOPs in OPW (2011b) - habitats within the site including the loughs themselves. specifically points 2.1, 2.2, 3.1 and 3.2 of Release or Drainage maintenance activities could impact on these Environmental Drainage changes in habitats through the release of nutrients and pollutants Maintenance Guidance

nutrient levels/ which could potentially result in reduced water quality, SOP. pollutants eutrophication and increased turbidity, through aquifer recharge, which could impact upon the habitats and See Table 6-1 for details potentially the food supply of the waterbirds, possibly of additional pollution affecting the distribution of species within the SPA and prevention measures long-term population trends. required. The wetland habitats and waterbird populations for which Follow protocols and the SPA is designated utilise groundwater dependent Wetlands and Waterbirds Ground SOPs in OPW (2011b) - habitats within the site including the loughs themselves. [A999] Water specifically point 2.1 and

2.2 of Environmental Drainage maintenance activities, such as silt and vegetation Drainage Maintenance management and aquatic vegetation cutting can result in Guidance SOP. the deepening and widening of channels which could

Changes in water impact on groundwater levels. This could then have Works on all channels levels/ channel adverse impacts on the habitat area of the wetlands and No will be undertaken in morphology the population trend and distribution of the waterbirds they accordance with the support. Scheme's design

standard, in order to However, changes in water levels/channel morphology are prevent any new not considered likely to have an adverse impact on these widening or deepening. wetland habitats, and consequently the waterbird

populations they support, via groundwater pathways as the See Table 6-1. works will restore the system to the design standard only.

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6 Avoidance and Mitigation Measures

6.1 Introduction The Environmental Management Protocols and SOPs developed by OPW (2011b) are routinely followed by OPW operational staff undertaking drainage maintenance works and help to provide a baseline level of environmental protection, with a specific focus on certain species (i.e. Brook, River and Sea Lamprey, White-clawed Crayfish, Otter, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, invasive species and Zebra Mussel). In addition to the measures contained within these documents OPW (2011b), Table 6-1 provides specific avoidance and mitigation measures that should be followed in order to offset the identified potential impacts on the Natura 2000 site. Table 6-1: Additional Mitigation Measures Potential Specific Avoidance and Mitigation Applicable OPW Channels1 Impact Measures2 Refuelling will not be undertaken within 50m of a watercourse.

Biodegradable oils and fuels will be used where possible.

Drip trays will be placed underneath any standing machinery to prevent pollution by oil/fuel leaks.

Operators will check their vehicles on a daily basis before starting work to confirm the absence of leakages. Any leakages will be reported immediately.

Emergency spill kits will be available on site and staff trained in their use. Release of suspended During all works the weather forecast will be monitored and a contingency plan developed to prevent solids damage or pollution during extreme weather and high flow events. Release or changes in The release of suspended solids will be minimised during works and appropriate sediment control nutrient levels/ measures will be employed as follows; pollutants -Vehicles shall not expose significant area of soil as track marks in the vicinity of watercourses that may result in soil entering the watercourse via surface water runoff. If channels need to be accessed by vehicles over soft/wet ground and there is a risk that significant areas of soil may be exposed, bog mats or sleepers shall be laid. -Works shall retain vegetation along the riparian zone of the riverbank, providing a natural buffer strip. -The method of weed cutting shall ensure that no silt is disturbed/suspended into the water column from the river substrate or bank. -All aquatic vegetation or brash cuttings shall be removed from the channel and its bank and placed in an area where they cannot re-enter the water.

Changes in water Works on all channels shall be undertaken in accordance with the Scheme's design standard, in order levels/ channel to prevent any new widening or deepening of a channel. morphology

Stringent biosecurity measures will be implemented throughout the works, following the OPW's SOP on invasive species (OPW, 2011b) and the Check, Clean, Dry principles of the NNSS (NNSS, 2016). Physical disturbance of Stands of Himalayan Balsam will be avoided, but may take place outside the period when Himalayan habitats (and Balsam is in seed (July - October) to prevent its spread. loss of wood vegetation cover) No work will be undertaken within 7m of visible above-ground growth of Japanese Knotweed. If works in the vicinity of Japanese Knotweed or Himalayan Balsam, which is in seed, need to be undertaken the OPW shall compile a work specific method statement. The method statement shall detail the methods of work, disposal methods of all soil and plant material, and machinery and equipment cleaning/disinfection methods post works.

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7 Conclusions This NIS details the findings of the Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment conducted to further examine the potential direct and indirect impacts of proposed drainage maintenance works in the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme on the following Natura 2000 sites:  Balla Turlough SAC (000463)  Ballinafad SAC (002081)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC (000458)  River Moy SAC (002298)  Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA (004036)  Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA (004228) The above site was identified by a screening exercise (Ryan Hanley, 2014) that determined likely significant effects in relation to the above sites. This screening exercise was conducted following the methodology outlined in Ryan Hanley (2014a), which examines three source > pathway > receptor chains; surface water, land and air, and groundwater pathways. The Appropriate Assessment investigated the potential direct and indirect impacts of the proposed works on the integrity and interest features of the above Natura 2000 sites, alone and in- combination with other plans and projects, taking into account the sites' structure, function and conservation objectives. Where potentially significant adverse impacts were identified, a range of mitigation and avoidance measures have been suggested to help offset them. As a result of this Appropriate Assessment it has been concluded, that the avoidance and mitigation measures suggested, the proposed drainage maintenance operations in the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme will not have a significant adverse impact on the above Natura 2000 sites. To confirm this conclusion, the following checklist, taken from DEHLG (2009) has been completed. Table 7-1: Integrity of Site Checklist (from DEHLG, 2009) Conservation objectives: does the project Y/N or plan have the potential to: N - Following mitigation, no significant adverse Cause delays in progress towards residual impacts have been identified that will achieving the conservation objectives of prevent achievement of the conservation the sites? objectives of the assessed sites. N - Following mitigation, no significant adverse Interrupt progress towards achieving the residual impacts have been identified that will conservation objectives of the sites? prevent achievement of the conservation objectives of the assessed site. N - Potential adverse impacts via surface Disrupt those factors that help to maintain water; land and air; and groundwater pathways the favourable conditions of the site? identified during the screening process can be mitigated against. N - Potential adverse impacts on the habitats Interfere with the balance, distribution and and species of the four SACs and two SPAs density of key species that are the are not expected as impacts can be avoided by indicators of the favourable condition of implementing the mitigation and avoidance the site? measures detailed.

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Other objectives: does the project or plan Y/N have the potential to: N - Potential adverse impacts from suspended Cause changes to the vital defining solid and nutrient release are not expected as aspects (e.g. nutrient balance) that measures can be included within working determine how the site functions as a protocols to ensure potential impacts are habitat or ecosystem? effectively mitigated. N - Potential adverse impacts relating to hydrological status and water quality have Change the dynamics of the relationships been identified which could impact on the (between, for example, soil and water or functioning and dynamics of the site, however, plants and animals) that define the these are not expected to be significant given structure and/or function of the site? the mitigation measures detailed to ensure potential impacts are effectively mitigated. N - Potential adverse impacts from changes to the hydrological regime and suspended Interfere with predicted or expected solid/nutrient/pollutant release are not natural changes to the site (such as water expected as measures can be included within dynamics or chemical composition)? working protocols to ensure potential impacts are effectively mitigated. N - Potential adverse impacts on the habitats of the four SACs and two SPAs are not Reduce the area of key habitats? expected given the mitigation measures that have been detailed. N - Potential impacts to the habitats supporting the aquatic and riparian species for which the River Moy SAC is designated, and the bird species for which Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA Reduce the population of key species? and Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA are designated, are not expected as impacts can be avoided by implementing the mitigation measures detailed. N - Potential impacts on the aquatic and riparian species for which the River Moy SAC is designated, and the bird species for which Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA and Lough Conn Change the balance between key species? and Lough Cullin SPA are designated, are not expected as impacts can be avoided by implementing the mitigation measures detailed. N - The identified mitigation measures to protect designated habitats and species will Reduce diversity of the site? ensure that the current diversity of the sites is maintained. N - Potential impacts to the aquatic and riparian species for which the River Moy SAC is designated, and the bird species for which Result in disturbance that could affect Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA and Lough Conn population size or density or the balance and Lough Cullin SPA are designated, are not between key species? expected as impacts can be avoided by implementing the mitigation measures detailed.

Result in fragmentation N - The proposed works will be undertaken along existing maintenance access corridors

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Other objectives: does the project or plan Y/N have the potential to: and therefore no fragmentation of habitats will occur. N - Potential adverse impacts on SAC and SPA Result in loss or reduction of key features habitats are not expected as impacts can be (e.g. tree cover, tidal exposure, annual avoided by implementing the mitigation flooding etc.)? measures detailed so there will be no loss of, or reduction of, key features.

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Appendices A OPW Arterial Drainage Maintenance Service: Environmental Management Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures

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B Maps of the Moy Arterial Drainage Scheme

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C Drainage Maintenance Activities Proposed for Moy 2016-2020

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D Watercourses Screened into Appropriate Assessment

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References Birdlife International (2015) Common Scoter Melanitta nigra. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=112634 [date accessed 5th November 2015] Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government (2009) Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland - Guidance for Planning Authorities. Fossitt, J.A. (2000) A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. The Heritage Council, Dublin. JBA Consulting (2014) Environmental River Enhancement Programme (EREP) - Moy: Stage 1 Appropriate Assessment Screening. Unpublished Report. JNCC (2014) Annex I Habitat Accounts. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/SAC_habitats.asp [date accessed 19th October 2015] Kilroy, G., Dunne, F., Ryan, J., O'Connor, A., Daly, D., Craig, M., Coxon, C., Johnston, P. and Moe, H. (2008) A Framework for the Assessment of Groundwater – Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems under the Water Framework Directive. Environmental Protection Agency. NPWS (2015) Conservation objectives for River Moy SAC [002298]. Generic Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2015a) Conservation objectives for Ballinafad SAC [002081]. Generic Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2015b) Conservation objectives for Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA [004228]. Generic Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2015c) Conservation objectives for Balla Turlough SAC [000463]. Generic Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2014) Article 17 Habitat Assessments: Individual Habitat Reports. http://www.npws.ie/article-17-reports-0 [date accessed 19th October 2015] NPWS (2014a) River Moy SAC Site Synopsis. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected- sites/synopsis/SY002298.pdf [date accessed 30th September 2015] NPWS (2014b) River Moy SAC Natura 2000 Data Form. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/natura2000/NF002298.pdf [date accessed 30th September 2015] NPWS (2014c) Ballinafad SAC Natura 2000 Data Form. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/natura2000/NF002081.pdf [date accessed 22nd October 2015] NPWS (2014d) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC Natura 2000 Data Form. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/natura2000/NF000458.pdf [date accessed 22nd October 2015] NPWS (2014e) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA Natura 2000 Data Form. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/natura2000/NF004036.pdf [date accessed 23rd October 2015] NPWS (2014f) Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA Natura 2000 Data Form. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/natura2000/NF004228.pdf [date accessed 28th October 2015] NPWS (2015g) Balla Turlough SAC Natura 2000 Data Form. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/natura2000/NF000463.pdf [date accessed 2nd November 2015] NPWS (2013a) Conservation Objectives: Galway Bay Complex SAC 000268. Version 1. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/conservation_objectives/CO000268.pdf [date accessed 10th September 2015]

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NPWS (2013b) Ballinafad SAC Site Synopsis. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected- sites/synopsis/SY002081.pdf [date accessed 22nd October 2015] NPWS (2013c) Conservation Objectives: Kenmare River SAC 002158. Version 1. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/conservation_objectives/CO002158.pdf [date accessed 10th September 2015] NPWS (2013d) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC Site Synopsis. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY000458.pdf [date accessed 22nd October 2015] NPWS (2013e) Conservation Objectives: Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA 004036. Version 1. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/conservation_objectives/CO004036.pdf [date accessed 23rd October 2015] NPWS (2013f) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA: Conservation Objectives Supporting Document. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/004036_Killala%20Bay%20Moy%20Estuar y%20SPA%20Supporting%20Doc_V1.pdf [date accessed 23rd October 2015] NPWS (2013g) Balla Turlough SAC Site Synopsis. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY000463.pdf [date accessed 2nd November 2015] NPWS (2012a) Conservation Objectives: Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SAC 000458. Version 1.0. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/conservation_objectives/CO000458.pdf [date accessed 10th September 2015] NPWS (2012b) Conservation Objectives: Lower River Shannon SAC 002165. Version 1.0. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/conservation_objectives/CO002165.pdf [date accessed 10th September 2015] NPWS (2011) River Barrow and River Nore SAC Conservation Objectives. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/conservation_objectives/CO002162.pdf [date accessed 10th September 2015] NPWS (2010) Lough Conn and Lough Cullin SPA Site Synopsis. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY004228.pdf [date accessed 28th October 2015] NPWS (2005) Killala Bay/Moy Estuary SPA Site Synopsis. http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY004036.pdf [date accessed 23rd October 2015] OPW (2014) The Office of Public Works Arterial Drainage Maintenance Activities 2014: Killimor Arterial Drainage Scheme Natura Impact Statement (NIS). Unpublished Report. OPW (2011a) Arterial Drainage Maintenance and High Risk Channel Designation Programme 2011-2014 Habitats Directive Assessments. Environment Section Engineering Services Office of Public Works. Unpublished Report. OPW (2011b) Arterial Drainage Maintenance Service Environmental Management Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures. Unpublished Report. OPW (2007) Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) of the Effects of Statutory Arterial Drainage Maintenance Activities on Water Courses of Plain to Montane levels with Aquatic Vegetation (Floating River Vegetation). http://www.opw.ie/media/Issue%20No.%205%20EcIA%20floating%20river%20vegetation.pdf [date accessed 19th October 2015] Ryan Hanley (2014) Office of Public Works Arterial Drainage Maintenance Environmental Services 2013. Stage 1: Appropriate Assessment Screening Methodology for the Maintenance of Arterial Drainage Schemes: Moy Validation Example. Unpublished Report.

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Ryan Hanley (2014a) Office of Public Works Arterial Drainage Maintenance Environmental Services 2013. Stage 1: Appropriate Assessment Screening Methodology for the Maintenance of Arterial Drainage Schemes. Methodology. Unpublished Report. Ryan Hanley (2014b) Office of Public Works Arterial Drainage Maintenance Environmental Services 2013. Stage 1: Appropriate Assessment Screening Methodology for the Maintenance of Arterial Drainage Schemes. Moy Validation Report. Unpublished Report. Ryan Hanley (2014c) Office of Public Works Arterial Drainage Maintenance Service 2014-2018. Source > Pathway > Receptor Chains for Appropriate Assessment. Unpublished Report.

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