Ru Jinghua Peng Hualiang

Palace Architecture

Ancient Chinese Architecture

SpringerWienNewYork Contents

Preface to the English Edition 4 Preface 5 List of Photographs -— 8 Foreword 10

Photographs The in 11 The Imperial Palace in Shenyang 71

Text Historical Records on Palace Architecture From Primitive Crude Houses to Magnificent Buildings I. The Primitive Phase 112 II. Rise of the Imperial Palace 112 III. Wei Yang Palace 113 IV. Da Ming Palace 113 V. Bianliang 114 VI. Five Capitals 114

The Forbidden City in Beijing A Bright Pearl "as a Crystallization of Wisdom and Hard Toil I. Basis for Planning of the Forbidden City 116

II. Architectural Design -: 122 III. Architectural Construction and Decoration 133 IV. Construction Work 136

The Imperial Palace in Shenyang A Jewel of Manchu, Han, Mongolian and Tibetan Architecture I. Development of the Capital City and the Erection of the Imperial Palace 140 II. General Layout of the Imperial Palace 142 III. Design of Individual Palatial Buildings 145 IV. Architectural Decoration 146 Appendices General Plan of the Forbidden City in Beijing 150 Front Elevation, Section and Plan of the 152 Timber-Framed Construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony 154 Roofing with Glazed Tiles on Hipped Roofs 156 Roof Forms of Palace Halls 157 Sumeru Bases 158 Architectural Details in Various Dynasties 159 Qing-Style Decorative Paintings 160 General Plan of the Imperial Palace in Shenyang 162 Que and the 164 Restoration Design of Ancient Palaces 165 Glossary 166

Notes on the Photographs The Forbidden City in Beijing 168 The Imperial Palace in Shenyang 177

Maps and Chronology A Map of Historic Sites of Capital Cities and Palaces 184 The Forbidden City, Historic Sites and Scenic Spots in Beijing 186 Chronology of Major Events in the History of Chinese Architecture — 187 List of Photographs

The Forbidden City in Beijing 19. A corner of eaves in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, 1. The imperial way to the Inner Court Building Complex and the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Three Great Hails in the20. The Palace of Heavenly Purity, inner Court Building Outer Court Complex 2. The Forbidden City viewed from the Prospect Hill 21. Throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, inner Court 3. Meridian Gate from the perspective of the Inner Golden Building Complex River 22. The Hall of Union, Inner Court Building Complex 4. Comer Pavilion of the Meridian Gate and the Moat 23. Interior of the Hall of Union, Inner Court Building Complex 5. The Inner Golden River 24. Bridal chamber in the Palace of Earthly Tranquillity, 6. The Pavilion of Manifest Benevolence, Outer Court Building Inner Court Building Complex Complex 25. Pavilion of Imperial Prospect atop the Hill of Piled 7. Bronze lion (right) guarding the Gate of Supreme Excellence, The Imperial Garden Harmony, Outer Court Building Complex 26. The Pavilion of Ten Thousand Springs, The imperial 8. Bronze lion (left) guarding the Gate of Supreme Garden Harmony, Outer Court Building Complex 27. A caisson in the Pavilion of Auspicious Clarity, The 9. Facade of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Three Great Imperial Garden Halls in the Outer Court 28. Gate of Mental Cultivation, West Six Palaces Building 10. Stone carving on the imperial ramp fronting the Hall Complex of Supreme Harmony, Three Great Halls in the Outer Court29. Portico of the Hall of Mental Cultivation, West Six 11. Southwestern view of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Palaces Building Complex Three Great Halls in the Outer Court 30. Rear bedroom chamber in the Hall of Mental 12. Dehorned dragon gargoyles on the three-tiered Cultivation, West Six Palaces Building Complex terrace of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Three Great 31. The Room of Three Rarities, West Six Palaces Building Halls in the Outer Court Complex 13. Bronze tortoise fronting the Hall of Supreme Harmony, 32. The Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers, West Six Palaces Three Great Halls in the Outer Court Building Complex 14. Caisson in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Three Great 33. The Palace of Eternal Spring, The West Six Palaces Halls in the Outer Court 34. Interior of the Hall of Manifest Origin, The West Six 15. Golden-dragon hexi decorative paintings on beams, Palaces lintels and bracket sets, Three Great Halls in the Outer Court35. Stone screen fronting the Palace of Great 16. Interior of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Three Great Benevolence, The East Six Palaces Halls in the Outer Court 36. The Gate of Imperial Supremacy, Palace of Tranquil 17. Hall of Complete Harmony, Hall of Preserving Longevity Building Complex Harmony and balustrades on the three-tiered 37. The Hall of Imperial Supremacy, Palace of Tranquil terrace, Three Great Halls in the Outer Court Longevity Building Complex 18. Decorative gable of the Hall of Preserving Harmony, 38. The Palace of Tranquil Longevity, Palace of Tranquil Three Great Halls in the Outer Court Longevity Building Complex 39. Narrow lane leading to the Palace of Tranquil Tranquillity, Middle Section Longevity, Palace of Tranquil Longevity Building Complex 59. Palace of Purity and Tranquillity, Middle Section 40. Tiny theatrical stage in the Study of Peaceful Old 60. Interior of the Palace of Purity and Tranquillity, Middle Age, Palace of Tranquil Longevity Building Complex Section 41. Cup-floating stream in the Pavilion of the Ceremony 61. Interior Of the Yi He Hall, East Lodge of the Middle Section of Purification, Palace of Tranquil Longevity Building Complex 62. Yi He Hall, East Lodge of the Middle Section 42. Pavilion of Pleasant Sounds,-Palace of Tranquil Longevity 63. Pavilion of Respecting Ancestors , East Lodge of the Middle Building Complex Section 43. Panoramic view of the East Five Lodges 64. Interior of the Jie Zhi Palace, East Lodge of the Middle 44. Pavilion of the Brookside in the garden of the Palace Section Of Compassion and Tranquillity, Palace of Compassion 65. Palace of Preserving Supremacy, West Lodge of the Middle and Tranquillity Building Complex Section 45. Interior of the dome behind the Hall of Bathing in Moral 66. Ji Si Study, West Lodge of the Middle Section Integrity in the Hall of Military Eminence 67. Interior furnishings in the Ji Si Study, West Lodge of the 46. The moat, city wall and the corner watchtower Middle Section 47. Corner watchtower 68. Chong Mo Pavilion, West Lodge of the Middle Section 69. Da Zheng Hall, East Section The Imperial Palace in Shenyang 70. Decoration of column capitals of the Da Zheng Hall, 48. Wood carving on peripteral column and lintels of the East Section Chong Zheng Hall, Middle Section 71. A corner set of brackets in the Da Zheng Hall, East 49. Wood carving in dragon patterns under the eaves of Section the Gate of Great Qing, Middle Section 72. Ceiling and inscribed board in the Da Zheng Hall, 50. Glazed-tile ornaments on gable walls of the Chong East Section Zheng Hall, Middle Section 73. Caisson with descending dragon design in the Da 51. Balustrades fronting the Chong Zheng Hall, Middle Zheng Hall, East Section Section 74. Imperial throne in the Da Zheng Hall, East Section 52. Stone carving around the flights of steps leading up 75. Ten-Prince Pavilions, East Section to the Chong Zheng Hall, Middle Section 76. A corner of eaves of the Ten-Prince Pavilions, East 53. Sculptured beam-ends on peripteral columns of the Section Chong Zheng Hall, Middle Section 77. Pavilion of Literary Reminiscence, West Section 54. Shrine housing the imperial throne in the Chong Zheng 78. Stone-tablet Pavilion to the east of the Pavilion of Hall, Middle Section Literary Reminiscence, West Section 55. Interior decorative paintings on beams and other 79. Interior of the Pavilion of Literary Reminiscence, West members in the Chong Zheng Hall, Middle Section Section 56. The Phoenix Tower, Middle Section 80. Side entrance to the Pavilion of Literary Reminiscence, 57. Coffered ceiling in the Phoenix Tower, Middle Section West Section 58. Beams and columns of the Palace of Purity and