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Systematic Literature Review and Case Studies Systematic Literature Review and Case Studies Energy Opportunities for Agriculture Systems and Food Security Project Contract Number: AID-OAA-C-17-00112 Implemented by Green Powered Technology, LLC Submitted: June 5, 2018 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development Bureau for Africa/Sustainable Development/Economic Growth, Environment and Agriculture (AFR/SD/EGEA). It was prepared by Green Powered Technology, LLC. Systematic Literature Review and Field Surveying – Contract No. AID-OAA-C-17-00112 Page 1 Activity Information Program Name: Energy Opportunities for Agriculture Systems and Food Security Project Activity/Deliverable: Task 2: Systematic Literature Review and Case Study Analysis Report Period of Performance: October 2, 2017 to October 1, 2018 Implementing Partner: Green Powered Technology, LLC (GPTech) Contract Number: AID-OAA-C-17-00112 Subcontractor: ACDI/VOCA Geographic Coverage: Sub-Saharan Africa – Initially GFSS target countries of Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Uganda – Case Studies in Senegal and Kenya Date of Submission: June 5, 2018 Acronyms AFR/SD/EGEA Bureau for Africa/Sustainable Development/Economic Growth, Environment and Agriculture AEZ Agro-Ecological Zones AGRA Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa CAIT Climate Analysis Indicators Tool CCHP Combined Cooling, Heat, and Power CDCS Country Development Cooperation Strategy CDM Clean Development Mechanism CE Clean Energy CHP Combined Heat and Power CIP Cleaning-in-Place CLEER Clean Energy Emission Reduction Tool COMNACC National Committee on Climate Change COR Contract Officer’s Representative EADD East Africa Dairy Development (of Heifer International) EE Energy Efficiency EU European Union FGDs Focus Group Discussions FMC Farm Milk Coolers FtF Feed the Future GFSS Global Food Security Strategy GHG Greenhouse Gas GoK Government of Kenya GoR Government of Rwanda GPTech Green Powered Technology, LLC LEDS Low Emissions Development Strategies M&E Monitoring and Evaluation Systematic Literature Review and Field Surveying – Contract No. AID-OAA-C-17-00112 Page i MCC Milk Collection Center MINAGRI Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MININFRA Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions OGE Offgrid Electric O&M Operations and Maintenance PA Power Africa PAg Powering Agriculture PH Post-Harvest PHL Post-Harvest Loss PV Photovoltaic PVR Photo-voltaic refrigerator QMS Quality Management System RE Renewable Energy RDDP Rwanda Dairy Development Project ROI Return on Investment SMART Sustainable Milk for Africa through Refrigeration Technology SHS Solar Home Systems SSA Sub-Saharan Africa UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VC Value Chain U.S. United States VFD Variable Frequency Drives VSD Variable Speed Drives Systematic Literature Review and Field Surveying – Contract No. AID-OAA-C-17-00112 Page ii 1. CONTENTS I. Introduction .......................................................................................................... - 1 - II. Approach to Systematic Literature Review and Case Studies ........................ - 1 - III. Overview of Dairy Value Chain .......................................................................... - 2 - 3.1 Senegal ................................................................................................................... - 2 - 3.2 Kenya ..................................................................................................................... - 3 - IV. Project Research Questions ................................................................................ - 4 - 4.1. Research Question 1: What are the key opportunities to increase RE and EE uptake within the farmgate-to-consumer segment of the relevant value chains? .. - 4 - 4.2 Research Question 2: How can these opportunities be integrated into policy, partnerships, and planning? ................................................................................. - 22 - 4.3 Research Question 3: What role can these opportunities for low-carbon energy use in the dairy VC play in achieving a country’s low emission development goals? ................................................................................................................... - 27 - V. Next Steps ........................................................................................................... - 30 - Annex I - Case Study: Senegal Methodology & Trip Notes .................................... - 31 - Annex II - Case Study: Kenya Methodology & Trip Notes .................................... - 35 - Systematic Literature Review and Field Surveying – Contract No. AID-OAA-C-17-00112 Page iii 1. INTRODUCTION This report represents the key deliverable under Tasks 2 and 3: Systematic Literature Review and Field Survey and Case Studies, of the USAID Contract Number AID-OAA-C-17-00112, “Energy Opportunities for Agricultural Systems and Food Security Project (E4AS Project),” as implemented by Green Powered Technology, in partnership with ACDI/VOCA. The objective of the E4AS project is to expand and focus information related to how clean energy (CE) and energy efficiency (EE) could strengthen post-harvest (PH) value chains (VCs) and reduce loss in targeted countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), while also contributing to low emission development strategies (LEDS). The project comprises four (4) inter-related Tasks, as follows: • Task 1 – In-Depth Scoping • Task 2 – Systematic Literature Review and Field Surveying • Task 3 – Case Studies • Task 4 – Guidance for USAID Programming and Policy This following section presents the project team’s approach to conducting Tasks 2-3, and the findings and recommendations resulting from the literature reviews and field surveys, relative to the three overarching research areas, as follows: 1. Post-harvest clean energy opportunities: What are the key opportunities to increase RE and EE uptake within the farmgate-to-consumer segment of the relevant value chains? 2. Integration into policy, partnerships, and planning: How can these opportunities be integrated into policy, partnerships, and planning? 3. Contributions to low emissions development goals: What role can these opportunities for low-carbon energy use in the dairy value chain (VC) play in achieving a country’s low emission development goals? In alignment with the recommendations from the In-Depth Scoping Report, Task 2-3 has focused on the post-harvest segments of the dairy VC, across the target case study countries of Senegal and Kenya. 2. APPROACH TO SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES This report represents a compilation of information gathered from the team’s initial literature review as well as fieldwork undertaken in March 2018 in Senegal and Kenya. The fieldwork undertaken included interviews with various stakeholders in the dairy VC, relevant government officials, academics, NGOs, energy vendors, etc. The literature review process included the project team’s review of available literature as well as stakeholder interviews and consultations, including several discussions with USAID missions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and USAID’s Washington-based program staff. These included staff from USAID’s Power Africa Program, Feed-the-Future Initiative, Powering Agriculture, and other Washington and mission staff. For Senegal, the project team also held meetings with staff and consultants from the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), which is developing agriculture VC initiatives under its Compact with Senegal. The team identified and reviewed gender-focused studies and analyses, integrated lessons learned in the SSA region and internationally, and best practices on energy opportunities in the post-harvest (PH) agriculture VC that link rural food production and urban markets. Systematic Literature Review and Field Surveying – Contract No. AID-OAA-C-17-00112 Page - 1 - 3. OVERVIEW OF DAIRY VALUE CHAIN The following sections provide: (1) an overview of dairy VCs in Senegal and Kenya; (2) opportunities and constraints relative to PH clean energy opportunities; (3) and country-specific findings. The detailed methodology for the case study portion of the assessment is included as Appendix A. Energy demands vary across the various segments of the dairy VC and differs among countries in the SSA. On-farm energy intensity of milk production can vary substantially by type of production system and by agro-ecological zone (AEZ), where farm and production practices differ depending on the climate and soil type (e.g., arid, humid, and temperate environments).i Figure 1 illustrates a summary of typical energy demands and inputs along the dairy VC, from on-farm energy use to the end-users (consumers, households). These energy inputs and processes are discussed in the following sections. This study focuses on the post-farm gate segments of the dairy VC, which comprises the following major activities: (1) transport of raw milk from farm to dairy; (2) processing of raw milk into milk products; (3) production of packaging material; and (4) distribution of products from dairy to retail point. The following sub-sections will give a detailed overview of the dairy VCs in the selected Case Study countries of Senegal and Kenya. Figure 1: Dairy Value Chain – Summary of Energy Inputs On-Farm | Post-Harvest - From Farm Gate to Retail On-Farm Energy Use Transportation Energy Use in Energy Inputs Processing • Milking • Bio-diesel Fueled • Pasteurization, • Storage
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