Paper Received: 08.02.2018 Revised Received: 20.04.2018 Re-Revised Received: 12.05.2018 Accepted: 23.05.2018
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Journal Home page : www.jeb.co.in « E-mail : [email protected] Original Research TM Journal of Environmental Biology TM p-ISSN: 0254-8704 e-ISSN: 2394-0379 JEB CODEN: JEBIDP DOI : http://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/40/2/MRN-853 White Smoke Plagiarism Detector Just write. Hydro-chemistry of groundwater in a North Indian city and its suitability assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes Paper received: 08.02.2018 Revised received: 20.04.2018 Re-revised received: 12.05.2018 Accepted: 23.05.2018 Abstract Authors Info 1 2 Aim : The current study aimed to identify the hydro-geological processes that control the groundwater K. Ravindra *, Suman Mor , chemistry. Further, groundwater quality was also evaluated for drinking and irrigation purposes. A. Singh3, V.J. Singh3, N. Dhanda3, P. Rani3 and S. Mor4 Methodology : Groundwater samples were collected from a semi-arid region of North India i.e., Ellenabad, 1School of Public Health, Sirsa, Haryana. The samples were analyzed following the American Public Health Association standard Department of Community methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Results : Most of the groundwater samples of study area fall under hard category. The saline nature of Medical Education and Research, groundwater can be attributed to high concentration of total dissolved salts (340±104 mg l-1). Majority of the Chandigarh-160 012, India groundwater samples showed fluoride concentration below the permissible limit of WHO and BIS (1.0 mg l-1). 2Department of Environment Multivariate analysis including sodium absorption ratio was calculated to assess the water quality for Studies, Panjab University, irrigation purpose and it was found appropriate for majority of crops, except for sensitive plant species. Chandigarh-160 014, India 3Department of Energy and Comparison Environmental Science, Better health with WHO & Chaudhary Devi Lal University, BIS standards Sirsa-125 055, India (High f-, Cl-, Ca2+ 2+ 4Centre for Public Health, Mg , TDS) Panjab University, Assessment ? Chandigarh-160 025, India Potability Groundwater Gibb's Routine quality of dominant hydro-geochemical Piper monitoring Ellenabad, processes? Trilinear & of water Chadha plot *Corresponding Author Email : Sirsa, Haryana quality [email protected] Irrigation purpose? SAR, Wilcox classification Edited by Online Copy& Cation- Professor R. K. Somashekar Anion High crop chemistry yield Reviewed by Interpretation : Potability assessment of groundwater showed that more than 40% samples were unacceptable for drinking purpose without any prior treatment, hence, it is essential to conduct a routine Dr. R. B. Raizada monitoring of groundwater to determine its aptness for drinking, domestic and agriculture purposes. Dr. P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy Key words: Gibb's plot, Groundwater quality, Hydro-geochemistry, Piper trilinear plot, Wilcox diagram How to cite: Khaiwal, R., Suman Mor, A. Singh, V.J. Singh, N. Dhanda, P. Rani and S. Mor: Hydro-chemistry of groundwater in a North Indian City and its suitability assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes. J. Environ. Biol., 40, 200-210 (2019). © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India) Journal of Environmental Biology March 2019 Vol. 40 200-210 K. Ravindra et al.: Hydro-geochemistry and water quality in Ellenabad, Haryana 201 Introduction the main source of drinking (including municipal water supply), domestic and other ecological purpose in Ellenabad and it is Water is one of the abundantly available substances in being drawn out using hand pumps and tube wells. nature, however, to provide safe drinking water for the rural and urban population still remains a global challenge. The United As detailed in Table 1, total 28 sites (26 hand pumps and Nations Sustainable Development Goals aims to provide 02 tube wells) were selected for groundwater analysis after an equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by initial survey of the city (Fig. 1). The survey helped to identify the 2030 (UN SDG, 2015). However, the use of water resources in hand pumps/tube wells installed at public places. These sites power, growth of cities, intensified agriculture and industries exert were selected on the basis of their frequent use by public and greater qualitative and quantitative impacts on the hydro- working of the hand pump/tubewell at the time of sampling geological regime of inland waters (Kulkarni et al., 2015; Mor et following the WHO guidelines (WHO, 2006). Groundwater al., 2016, 2018; Ravindra et al., 2003). Study of hydrochemistry of samples were collected in clean plastic bottles from hand pumps groundwater is based on information regarding the groundwater or tube wells after flushing the standing water in casting pipes and chemistry which determines the suitability of water for various having stabilized electrical conductivity (EC) and pH. purposes. Hydrochemical analyses includes all major cations, Groundwater samples were directly transferred to the laboratory, anions, fluoride, ammonia, nitrate etc. Apart from these, there are where they were stored in the refrigerator below 4˚C to limit the many factors such as geology of area, types of rocks, chemical chemical alteration in groundwater. weathering etc. that govern the groundwater chemistry. Therefore, in order to assess groundwater quality, it is important to obtain the Analytical methodology : The physico-chemical parameter of information regarding these factors and their interactions. Further, groundwater samples were examined following the APHA (2005) integration of the hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data of the guidelines and all standard precautions were strictly adhered to groundwater helps in determining the mechanisms that control avoid any error during analysis. The pH, EC and temperature of the groundwater quality of any specified area (Negi et al., 2018). groundwater were determined immediately at the sampling site. The EC values were used to calculate the total dissolved solids Groundwater is a prime source of domestic needs (TDS) as explained by Richard (1954). Quantitative chemical including drinking and other ecological purposes in both urban analysis of total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH) including and rural India (Sabal and Khan, 2008; Babu et al., 2015; Rao et cation [magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+)] and anions [chloride - 2- - al., 2012). However, it is only valuable, when the quality is suitable (Cl ), carbonate (CO3 ), bicarbonate (HCO3 )] were conducted for the purpose it is being explored. It caters essentially to the using titration methods. Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+) in household needs, extensively used in industries and for irrigation groundwater sample were analyzed using microcontroller based (Garg et al., 2004, 2009; Kulshrestha and Sharma, 2006). These Flame Photometer (make Systronic-128). The concentration of 2- – anthropogenic activities and increasing demand for better living sulfate (SO4 ) and fluoride (F ) was estimated by SPADNS standards exhibit immense pressure on groundwater quality method using Perkin–Elmer GmbH (lambda-2) UV/VIS (Kumar et al., 2016; Bishnoi and Arora, 2007) and hence, it is spectrophotometer. The analysis was carried out in triplicate becoming contaminated with hazardous substances (Mor et al., which showed reproducible results within ±3% of error limit. 2006, 2013; Sharma et al., 2013). The major problem with Statistical and multivariate analysis of the data was performed groundwater is that once contaminated, it is very difficult to using IBM SPSS-20.0. restore it. Hence, it is important to regularly monitor the water quality to protect deterioration of water resources. Routine Results and Discussion monitoring of groundwater also reduces public health risks by ensuring safe drinking water quality and recommending timely The pH value of analyzed groundwater samples varied remedial actions (Ravindra and Garg, 2006, 2007; Yadav et al., from 7.2 to 9.2. This shows that the groundwater of Ellenabad was 2014). Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the physico- alkaline in nature. Similar findings were reported by Bhat et al. chemical characteristic of ground water samples in Ellenabad, (2016) from Gohana Block of Sonipat district where they reported Sirsa, Haryana to illustrate its suitability for drinking and pH in range of 7.2-9.7.The EC of the collected samples ranged agricultural purposes. from 0.2 to 12.0 mSm-1, whereas the level of TDS in groundwater Online Copy -1 -1 of Ellenabad ranged from 128 mg l to 7680 mg l . Another study Materials and Methods from Ellenabad reported that EC and pH varied from 0.3 - 8.7 dS m-1 and 7.2 - 9.0, respectively (Mukarukunda et al., 2016). Similar Sampling location and collection of groundwater samples : range of pH and EC (7.4 - 8.8 and 0.55-13.2 μmho cm-1) was Ellenabad is located in Sirsa district of Haryana state. The city has reported from Rewari in Haryana by Haritash et al. (2008). All semi-arid climate and the mean daily maximum temperature groundwater samples in Ellenabad had pH value well within the during summer ranges from 41oC to 46oC. The terrain of the permissible limit, except at one location i.e., Devi Lal Chowk. district is mainly (65%) dominated by Haryana plain of flat to rolling terrain, alluvial clayed flat bed of Ghaggar river but at some As per Bureau of Indian Standards (2012) and World places also have sand dunes of 9 m height. The groundwater is Health Organization (2006), the acceptable range of TDS for Journal of Environmental Biology, March 2019 202 K. Ravindra et al.: Hydro-geochemistry and water quality in Ellenabad, Haryana drinking water is 300 and 500 mg l-1 (Table 2) and in comparison to Table 1 : Groundwater sampling locations of Ellenabad,Sirsa, Haryana that, except one, all samples exceeded the BIS limit for drinking Sampling HP/TW* Approx. Age purpose, whereas 17 groundwater samples exceeded the WHO locations depth (Feet) (Year) limit. It is well-known that hardness of groundwater is largely – 2– 2– – 2+ 2+ contributed by HCO3 , CO3 , SO4 and Cl of Ca and Mg ions Bus Stand H.P. 90 12 (Mor et al., 2009; Thapliyal et al., 2011).