Subject Index

Aase syndrome 461 Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) 430 Anencephalic syndrome 433 Abdominal vessels 16 Adrenogenital syndrome 437 Anencephaly 17.107-108.125.431. Abdominal visceral injury 210. Agenesis of the corpus callosum 474-476 353-354 485-486 Angioma 219.398.554-555 Abdominal wall defects 109-112. Agyria 488 Aniridia. placental 65.231. 569-570 329-333 Albers-Schonberg disease 461 Annular pancreas 321. 334 Aberdeen clincopathological 550 Anorectal malformations 329 classification 1 58 Alcohol-based cleansing solutions Anosteogenesis 530 Abnormal arteriovenous anastomoses 306-307 Antenataldiagnosis 99-122.123.136- 219 Alcohol consumption 60. 80. 133. 157 139.296-298.474 Abruptio placentae 64. 160. 183.201 Alimentary system 191-192 complications of methods of 101-102 Acardiac twin 89.216.393 Alpha-I-antitrypsin deficiency 13 9. Antepartumdeath 158-162.167-177 Accessory lobes. placenta 54 143.350-351 Antepartum haemorrhage 54. 159 Acetylcholinesterase 327 Alpha-l-thalassaemia 137.213 Anterior chamber developmental Achondrogenesis 530-534 Alpha-fetoprotein abnormalities 571 Type r (Parenti-Fraccaro) 531-533 in amniotic fluid 99-100. 114-116 Anterior hyperplastic primary vitreous Type II (Langer-Saldino) 533-534 levels 99-100.107.110.112.114- 570 Achondroplasia 132 116. 118 Anterior mesoderm development 568 Acid lipase deficiency 145 Amenorrhoea 91 Antisperm antibodies 259 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Amino acid mixtures 308 Antithyroid drugs 296 (AIDS) 71.261.271.308 Aminoacidopathies 141 Aorta 401 Acquired immune-deficient state 257 Aminophylline 325 Aortic aneurysm 301 Adenocarcinoma 23 1 Amniocentesis 100. 136.296 Aortic atresia 392 Adenohypophysis 430 complications 1 01. 297 Aortic coarctation 392 Adenomatoid malformation of lung fetal injuries following 102 Aortic thrombosis 305 223.370 hazards of 297 Aortic valvular stenosis 390 Adenovirus infection 286 intrauterine death after 102 548 Adrenal agenesis 433 mid-trimester 297 Aplastic dysplasia. renal 412 Adrenal calcification 434 third trimester 297-298 Apnoea 187 Adrenal cortex 432.434.435. Amnion 51 Apple peel deformity 322 437-439 Amnion nodosum 59 APUD system 429.444 Adrenal cytomegaly 436 Amnion rupture sequence 117-119 Aqueduct ofSylvius 468-469 Adrenal examination 39 Amniotic band syndrome 480-481 Arhinencephaly 482-484 Adrenal glands 432-440 Amniotic constriction bands 546 Arias-Stella reaction 91-92 acquired pathology 434 Amniotictluid 51.59.203.376 Arnold-Chiari malformation 107.469. functional pathology 437-439 alpha-fetoprotein in. see Alpha• 470-471 fusion of 434 fetoprotein levels Artefactual fetal abnormalities 103-106 infections of 439 electrophoresis of 1 00 Arterial calcification 12.220-221.401 ontology 432 Amniotic fluid infection syndrome 67. Arteriovenous malformation 503 pathology 433.436 160.376 Arthrogryposis 5 10 tumours 224.229-231.235-237. Anaemia 213-216.257-259.461 Arthrogryposis multiplex congcnita 510 439-440 rare causes of 460-461 Ascending bacterial infection 67-68. Adrenal haemorrhages 434 Anaesthesia 202 85.160.182.272 Adrenal hypoplasia 431. 433 Anasarca 216.220 Asphyxia 371.499 582 Subject Index

in macerated stillbirth 173 Bowel ischaemia 326 Cerebral injury 204 see also Intrapartum asphyxia Brain damage. intrauterine 502-503 Cerebral palsy I 97 Asplenia 458 Brain development 463 Cerebral pathology in macerated Atelectasis 372 Brain examination 20-24 stillbirth 175-176.502-503 Atelosteogenesis 537 Brain injury 190.204-205.499 Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome 142 Atresia 321 Brain tumours 244 Cerebrospinal fluid. examination 276 aortic valve 392 Breast carcinoma 61 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 465 anorectal and rectal 329 Breast feeding. immunological value of obstruction to pathway 467 duodenal 321 254-255 overproduction 466 ileal 321-322 Breech presentation 202. 29H underabsorption 467 intestinal 321 Breus mole 64 Cervical 109, 126-127. jejunal 321-322 British Perinatal Mortality Survey 222 Atrial chambers 386-387 classification system 159 Cervical incompetence 80. I H2 Atrial septal defect(ASD) 387 Bronchial abnormalities 368 Cervical teratoma 109, 235 Atrioventricular (A V) junction Bronchial carcinoma. maternal 6 I Cherry red spot 577 anomalies 388 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 185-187. Chinon 206 Atrioventricular node tumours 398 302.374-376 Chlamydia psittaci 72 Atrioventricular septal defects 388 Bruises 205 Chlamydia trachoma tis 272. 572 Atrioventricular valve atresia 389 Chlamydial infection 272. 2H6 Atrioventricular valves. blood cysts of Ccells 440 Choledochal cyst 359 389 Caesarean section 160. 202. 209 Cholelithiasis 35H Autoimmune diseases 258-259.261 Cafe au lait spots 552 Cholestasis 308, 342-343 Autoimmune ovarian failure 260 Camptomelic dysplasia 539 Chondrodysplasia punctata 539 Autoimmunisation to semen in the male Cancer in pregnancy 244 Chorioamnionitis 67-69. 78, 79. H3. 259 Candida albicans 28.72.282.376.550 85.160 Axonal degeneration 514 Candida infection 196.421 Chorioangioma 65 Azathioprine 257 Candida pneumonia 196 Choriocarcinoma 95,244 Capillary haemangiomas 554 Chorion 49 B. fragilis 282 Caput succedaneum 206 Chorion frondosum 47 B cells 252.454 Carbohydrate antigens 253 Chorion lacvc 47 B lymphocytes 453.454 Carcinogenesis 232 Chorion rupture 546 Bacterial infection 67-68. 272-273. Cardiac conduction system anomalies Chorionic gonadotrophin levels 78 279-284 218-219 Chorionic plate 51 with manifestations 557-558 Cardiac failure 356.394 Chorionic thyrotrophin 93 Bacteriuria 272 Cardiac malformations 218-21 9. Chorionic villous tree. development and Balanic hypospadias 427 386-393 structure 4H Basement membrane 49 Cardiac rhabdomyoma 224.397 Chorionic villus 51 Beckwith-Wiedemann (Wiedemann- Cardiomegaly 220. 224. 448 biopsy 100. 1 37 Beckwith) syndrome 6.58.232.239. Cardiovascular system 381-405 development 47-48 329.436.448 Carnitine deficiency 521 histology 5 I Beta-thalassaemia 137 Carnitine palmitoyl transferase sampling 45.102 Bile duct 345-346.359 deficiency 52 1-5 22 Choroid plexus 465 Bilirubin 191. 340. 341 Cartilage abnormalities 530 Christmas tree deformity 322 Biochemical investigations. sampling for Cataract 573-575 Chromatolysis 514 27.147 Catheterisation 303 Chromosomal constitution 424 Biparietal diameter (BPD) 5-6 arterial 304 Chromosome abnormalities 7H. 109. Birth trauma. see Traumatic birth injury cardiac 326 116-117,127,130.224-225.481- 552-556 umbilical arterial 326 4H2, 571 Birthweightfactors 5.8.62.152.157. umbilical vessels 304 predisposing to childhood cancer 231, 179.192.193.195.197.202.257 venous 304 232 Bladder Cavernous haemangiomas 554-555 Chromosome analyses 100 agenesis 422 Cebocephaly 483 Chromosome examination 26 congenital abnormalities 422-423 Cellular development. functional aspects Chromosome studies, macerated duplication 422-423 of 455-457 stillbirth 1 72 septation 423 Cellular immunity 456 Chronic granulomatous disease Bladder exstrophy 423 Central core disease 522 456-457 Bleeding 157.183.207 Central nervous system (CNS) 187-191. Chronic intrauterine anaemia 213 Blighted ova 82 196.347.429.510 Cigarette smoking 62,80. 133, 156 Blistering disorders 561-564 acquired disorders of 491-507 Ciliary body development S6H Blood cysts of AV valves 389 development 463-465 Circulation changes at birth 3H4-385 Blood sampling 103. 139 infection 504-506 Circulatory disorders 355-356 Blood transfusion 307 tumours of 244 Cirrhosis 352 Body stalk abnormality Ill. 332 Ceramidase deficiency 145 Clavicle fracture 209 Bone disease nomenclature 530 Cerebellar malformations 486 Clear cell sarcoma 240 Bone growth abnormalities 530 Cerebral aneurysms 503 Cleft lip and palate 365-367, 4H 3 Bone metastasising tumour 240 Cerebral haemorrhage 493-494 Cloaca 408 Botulism 515 Cerebral hypoxia 190.204-205. Clostridium species 376 Bowel infarction 32 I 499-503 Clostridium botulinum 51 5 Subject Index 5~

Clostridium difficile 282. 328 Connective tissue 203 516 Clostridium perfringens 282 Conotruncus anomalies 390 Ductus arteriosus 400-401 Coarctation 391-392 Contraception in spontaneous abortion closure of 222 Collagen types 549 79 patency of 194 Collodion baby 558 Cor triatriatum sinister 387-388 Duodenal ulcers 318 Coloboma 569 Corneal dermoid 57l Dwarfism 132 Colon 326-329 Coronary arteries 402 Dysencephalia splanchnocystica 481 Colonic neuronal dysplasia 329 Coronary lymphatics 402-403 Dyshormonogenesis 441 Complement defects 455 Corpus callosum. agenesis of 485-486 Dysmorphism 142-143 Complement system 455 Cortical haemorrhage 493 Dyssegmental dysplasia 539 Conduction system 399 Coxsackie viruses 71.270.347.450 Dystrophia myotonia congenita 203 Congenital abnormalities 160 Cranial trauma 202.491-492 aetiology 129-133 Cretinism 440 Ear 577-579 and pathologist's role 123-134 Criminal abortion 87 development 577 associated with childhood cancer 231 Crossed ectopia (renal) 409 developmental abnormalities 578 associations 124 Crown-heel lengths 9 in stillborn 578-579 causes of 128 Crown-rump lengths 9 Ebstein's anomaly 389 clinical importance of accurate Cryptophthalmos (Fraser) syndrome Echovirus 270 diagnosis 124-127 539.540 Echovirus 11 infection 285 definitions 12 3-124 CTscan 23 549 deformation 12 3 Cuboidal epithelium 49 Ectopia cordis 393 environmentalfactors 132-133 Cutaneous petechial haemorrhages 203 Ectopic gestation 91-92 factors involved in genesis of 12 7-129 549-550 Ectopic pancreatic tissue 334 fetus examination for 99 Cyanotic congenital heart disease 421 Ectopic pregnancy 91 field defect 12 3 Cyclopia 365. 57l-572 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 415. 549 malformation 123.128.159 Cystic degeneration. cerebral 205 Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 537. 539 macerated stillbirths 173 Cystic disease. hepatic 352 Embryo examination 27. 84 mechanisms 12 9 Cystic fibrosis 132.322.334.352 Embryogenesis disorders 129 multifactorial disorders 132 prenatal diagnosis of 100 Embryogenesis period. phases of prenatal diagnosis 99-123 renal 414-417 127-128 sequence 12 3 Cystic hygroma 109.126-127.222 Embryonic period 128 syndrome 124 Cystic kidneys 111-112 Emphysema 374 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 437 Cysts. umbilical cord 59 Encephalitis/myocarditis syndrome 2~ Congenital cortical carcinoma 439 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection 70- Encephalocoele/ 107. Congenital cytomegalic inclusion 71.195.217.257.261.266-268. 125.415.476-477 disease 268 276.286.307-308.334.346.378. Endocardial cushion defects 388 Congenital fibre type disproportion 524 450.504.556.575 Endocardial fibroelastosis 21 7. 395 Congenital heart disease 386-394 Cytomegalovirus hepatitis 346 Endocarditis 394 Congenital hypothyroidism 440 Cytotrophoblast 51 Endocrine cell dysplasia 450 primary 441 Endocrine glands 429 secondary 441 Dacryocystitis 573 Endocrine pancreas 444-451 Congenital infection 274-279 Dandy-Walkersyndrome 471-472 absence of 445 Congenital lower urinary tract Demyelinating neuropathies 515 cell types 444 obstruction 413 Dermal developmental disorders 549 histological variations in fetal and Congenital mesoblastic nephroma Dermoid cysts 480. 548 neonatal 444 417-418 20-22 Desmolase deficiency 436 hyperplasia 445 Congenital nephrotic syndrome 66. Di George syndrome 15.255.457 infection 450 222.418-421 Diabetes 6.61.181. 356-357. ontology 444 Congenital neuroblastoma 439 445-448 pathology 445 Congenital short intestine 321 congenital malformations 448 Endocrine system 429-452 Congenital sinus 548 perinatal mortality 447 Endotracheal intubation 299. 300. 3 j Congenital syphilis 160.216.273.279. placental pathology 61. 448 Enterocolitis 349 Diaphragmatic hernia 223.332-333. in Hirschsprung's disease 327 investigation of 288 369 necrotising 191. 284. 310. 325-32 Congenital thyrotoxicosis 442 Diastematomyelia 480 328 Congenital tumours 203.229-247 Diastrophic dysplasia 539 Enteroviral infection 284-285 aetiology 230-232 Diethylstilboestrol 231 Enteroviruses 270.347-348 benign 230 Diplomyelia 480 Environmental hazards in spontaneou: definition 229 Dissecting aneurysm 400 abortion 81 hamartomas 229 Dissection instruments 8-9 Epidermal naevi 556 incidence 230 Double-inlet ventricle 388 development 545 investigation of 232-233 Down's syndrome 14.100.126.256. 561-564 malignant 230 327.572 Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophic syndromes associated with 230 Drug effects 62.133 recessive (EBDR) 563 types occurring in the newborn 229 social 80 Epidermolysis bullosa letalis (Herlitz) Congenital uterine abnormalities 182 therapeutic 80.202.306 561 Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia 191 see also under specific drug types Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 561-51 Conjunctivitis 572 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 132. Epidermolytic 556.56 584 Subject Index

Epispadias 427 Fetus papyraceous 88 343-344 Epstein-Barr virus 2 5 3 Fibrillary neuroglia 469 Glaucoma 570-571 Erythema toxicum neonatorum 550 Fibroblast layer 49 Gliosis of aqueduct of Sylvius 469 Erythroblastosis fetalis 213-214.257- Fibrochondrogenesis 534-535 Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency 141 258.448 Fibrocystic disease of pancreas 334 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Escherichia coli 195.284. 376.472. Fibroma 397 (G-6-PD) deficiency 214.460 505.572.579 Fibromatoses 241-243 Glycogen 341 Essential hypertension 61. 181 Fibromatosis Glycogen storage disease 352. 393 Exocrine pancreas 333-334 infantile desmoid-type 242 Glycogenoses affecting skeletal muscles Exomphalos 110.329 infantile digital 242 520--521 Experimental autoimmune orchitis multicentric 241 Glycogenosis type I 14 I (EAO) 259 solitary 241 Glycoprotein degradation 145 Extradural haemorrhage 207 Fibromatosis colli 242 GM1-gangliosidosis 144 Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) Fibrosarcoma 242-243 typeI 145 343-345 550 Goitre 441.442 Eye 567-577 Foot lengths 10 Golgi apparatus 5 I development 567 Foramen ovale 387 Gonad development 424 developmental abnormalities closure of 222 Gonadotrophins 430 569-577 Forceps delivery 202.206.299 Gonococcal conjunctivitis 573 associated with specific Forebrain development 464-465 Gonorrhoea 273 chromosomal defects 571-572 Fractures 209. 542 Gram-negative bacteria 28D. 376 infections 572-574 Fungal infections 421 Gram-positive bacteria 28D-281 Eyelid development 569 Funisitis 68 Granulomatous disease 456-457 Great arteries Pallot's pentalogy 390 Galactosaemia 141.345.575 anomalies of 390-393 Pallot's tetralogy 389-390 Gall bladder 359 transposition of 390-3 91 Familial aggregation 124 acquired lesions 358 Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus Fanconi's syndrome 461 malformations 359 557 Farber's disease 145 Gangrene 303. 305 Group B beta-haemolytic streptococcus Fat emulsions 309 Gangrenous bowel 320 69-70.377 Fatty adrenals 435 Gastric ulcers 318 Growth and development 3-7 Femoral fractures 209 Gastrointestinal infection 284 Growth assessment 9 Fetal abnormalities 106-114 Gastrointestinal tract 31 5-334 Growth hormone (GH) 43D and elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels carcinoma of 61-62 Growth retardation 5-7.142-143.157 114-116 Gastrointestinal viral infection 286 intrauterine 62 Fetal arterial calcification 220 Gastroschisis 110.321. 329-332 Guillain-Barre syndrome 515 Fetal circulation obstruction 222-224 Gaucher's disease 144.213.352 Gut development 315-316 Fetal death type2 145 Gynaecological disorders in spontaneous causes of 85 Genetic disorders 124. 130 abortion 79 changes following 66. 84 Genetic metabolic diseases (GMD) definition 151 135-150 Haemangiomas 219.230. 398. epidemiology 151 acute symptoms 141 554-555 registration 151-152 cause of 135 placental 65 Fetal disruption (amniotic band) classification 13 9-141 Haematogenous infection 376 syndrome 480-481 clinical presentation 141-145 Haematomas Fetal examination 27 necropsy and biopsy investigation placental 63-64 information required for 102 147 umbilical cord 59 pregnancy termination 102-104 pathogenesis 13 9-141 Haemolytic disease of the newborn Fetal examination for congenital prenatal diagnosis 13 5. 13 6-141 (HDN) 257 abnormality 99 reference laboratories for investigation Haemolytic streptococci 542 Fetal factors in labour 202-203 of 147 Haemophilia A 139 Fetalhydrops 211-228 screening 146 Haemophilus injIuenzae 253. 282. 284. causes of 212-215 Genital tract 572 diagnosis of 226 female 427 Haemopoiesis. focal 460 investigation of 225-226 male 425.427 Haemopoietic activity 436 mechanisms associated with 212 Genital tubercle 426 Haemorrhage 46D.492-499 Fetal infection 86.265-273 Genitourinary system 1 6 Hairy tail 548 Fetal period 128 Germinal layer haemorrhage (GLH) Hamartoma 242.358 Fetal protection 187-189 Harlequin fetus 56D against infection 252-255 Germinal matrix haemorrhage Head and cranial contents. examination against rejection 249 495-499 of 20-24 maternal mechanisms involved in Gestation period 3 Head circumference I I 251-252 Gestation sac Hearing loss 579 Fetal stem artery thrombosis 65 mechanical injury 101 Heart development 381-384 Fetal undernutrition 160 pathological examination 101 Heart examination 18-20.385-386 Fetomaternal haemorrhage 1 76. 215 Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia Heart infection 394 Fetoscopy 100.296 93-95 Hearttumours 397-399 complications of 10 1 Giant cell transformation (GeT) Heavy-for-dates 6 Subject Index 58'

Hemihypertrophy 239 Hyperoxia 193 Infantile myofibromatosis 241 Hepatic fibrosis 352 Hyperparathyroidism. fetal and Infantile polycystic disease 352~353. Hepaticinjury 210. 353~354 neonatal 443 414 Hepatitis A 270. 308. 346 Hyperplasia 444 Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis Hepatitis B 270. 346 Hypertension 306 551~552 Hepatoblastoma 240. 357~358 Hyperthermia 133 Infantile spinal muscular atrophy 512 Hepatomegaly 287 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 390 Infection Hereditary fructose intolerance 141. Hyperviscosity 326 CNS 504~506 351 Hypocalcaemia 444.448 congenital 274-279 Hereditary tyrosinaemia 351 Hypochondrogenesis 533 during pregnancy 2 6 5~ 273 Hereditary vitreoretinal degeneration Hypoglycaemia 194.197.449.504 fetal 86 577 Hypoparathyroidism. fetal and neonatal in preterm 1 94~ 195 Hernias 329~333 443 in spontaneous abortion 78~79. 85 Herpes simplex hepatitis 346~347 Hypophosphatasia 541 investigation of 26. 286~289 Herpes simplex virus 71. 268~269. Hypoplasia 30 neonatal 274~289. 504~506 557.573 of intrahepatic bile ducts 345 non-viral 348 Herpes virus (HSV) infection 277~278. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 390. perinatal 504 376.378.573.557 392 protection of fetus and neonate Hexachlorophene 306 Hypoplastic right heart syndrome 392 against 252~255 Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 549 Hypoproteinaemia 220-222 systemic maternal 287 Hindbrain development 465 Hypothalamus 429.430 with skin manifestation 556~558 Hindbrain dissection 479 Hypothermia 194. 197 Infectious agents 1 32 Hindbrain malformations 470-472 Hypovolaemia 299 Infectious hepatitis 346 Hirschsprung'sdisease 231. 326~329 Hypoxaemia 200 Infertility. immunology of 259 Histiocytoid or lipid cardiomyopathy Hypoxia 200.202.204.357 Influenza 269 394 Hypoxic hypotonia 210 Iniencephaly 106.475 HistiocytosisX 551.564-565 Hypoxic injury 499~502 Insidious neonatal disorders 14 3~ 145 Histological examination 2 5~26. 30 in the mature brain 501~502 Instrumental delivery 202 Holoprosencephaly 483 Insulin 444 Homozygous achondroplasia 539 I-cell disease (ML type II) 145 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Hormone production and regulation Iatrogenic disease 295~313 (IDDM) 451 430.432 hystrix 556 Intensive care 299~306 Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) Idiopathic adrenal hypoplasia 433 Interrupted aortic arch 392 assay 93 Idiopathic autoimmune Interstitial emphysema 301 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) 258 Interstitial fluid 212 71.261.271.308 Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification Interstitial pneumonitis 286 Human leucocyte antigens (HLA) 249 401~402 Intervillous space 51 Humerus fractures 209 Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis syndrome Intervillous thrombi of placenta 160 Hurler syndrome 393 (INHS) 344 Intervillous thrombosis 64~6 5 Hutchinson's syndrome 235 idiopathic pituitary insufficiency 431 Intestinal atresia 3 21 ~ 322 Hyaline membrane disease 184~185. Ileal duplication 319 Intestinal duplication 318~ 319 302.372 Ileum examination 41 Intestinal motility 191 Hyaloid artery development 568~569 Immune response 453 Intestinalobstruction 324 Hydatidiform mole 93~95 in fetus 252 Intestinal rotation abnormalities prognosis and follow-up 94 Immune status in normal pregnancy 319~320 Hydranencephaly 484-485 252 Intimal fibrous plaques 401 Hydrocephalus 24. 106~107. 197.203. Immunodeficiency disorders 139 Intra-abdominal tumours 224 465~473.505 Immunoglobulins 249. 253. 455~456 Intra-amniotic injection 298 causes of 466 Immunological disorders Intracranial haemorrhage 205.503 clinical features 466 of fetus and neonate 255~259 Intrahepatic biliary atresia 345 inflammation causing 472~473 of pregnancy 259~262 Intrapartum asphyxia 199~205 malformations leading to 468-472 Immunological mechanisms extent of damage to vital organs 203 post-haemorrhagic 498~499 in spontaneous abortion 80-81 fetal response 199~200 post-inflammatory 472-473 normal 249~255 incidence 201 tumours leading to 473 Immunological value of breast feeding Intrapartum monitoring 298 types of 466~468 254-255 Intrapericardial tumours 235 Hydromyelia 480 Immunology 249~263 Intrauterine brain damage 502~503 Hydronephrosis 422 of infertility 259 Intrauterine closure of the ductus Hydrops. see Fetal hydrops Immunoreactive cell and tissue arteriosus 401 3{1 Hydroxylase 438 abnormalities 456 Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCr: ll{1Hydroxylase 438 Immunosuppression. non-specific 79 Hyperbilirubinaemia 197. 299. 342~ maternal 252 Intrauterine fetal heart failure 218~22 344.346~352 Inborn errors of metabolism 57 Intrauterine growth retardation 181 Hypercalcaemia 443 see also Genetic metabolic diseases Intrauterine hypoxia 396 Hyperglycaemia 448 (GMD) Intrauterine infection 216~218. 265~ Hyperinsulinaemia 448 563~564 273.504 Hyperkalaemia 193 Indwelling aortic catheter 303 Intrauterine internal fetal haemorrhagt Hyperoxaemia 193 Infantile agranulocytosis 456 216 586 Subject Index

Intravenous alimentation 308. birth injury 210.353-354 Malignant tumours 398 354-355 embryology 339 Maple syrup disease (MSUD) 14 1 Intraventricular haemorrhage 187- examination 40 Marfan's syndrome 402 189.197.495--499 excessive erythropoiesis in sinusoids Marginal sinus rupture 160 Ischaemic cerebral injury 190-191. 214 (diffuse cutaneous) 564 204-205.499-502 in rhesus isoimmunisation 459 Maternal bacteriuria 272 Islet hyperplasia 449 malformations 357 Maternal dietary deficiency states 1 32 Isoimmunisation 257-258 physiology 339-341 Maternal diseases 60-62. 132. 157. against sperm antigens in the female trauma 353-355 159.163.180--182.445-448 260 tumours 240-241.357 Maternal factors in labour 20 I Liver disease 449 Maternal infections I 82 Jaundice 191.210.214.275.287. classification of fetal and neonatal Maypole deformity 322 296.299.340.341.343-352 341-342 Measles 269 Jeune syndrome 131.417.537.539 effects of maternal diabetes 356 Meckel-Gruber (Meckel's) syndrome Lower respiratory tract 364-365 112.124.125.353.415.481 Kasabach-Merritt syndrome 240 developmental anomalies 367-371 Meconium ileus 322 Kawasaki disease 402.403 Lung 369-371 Meconium peritonitis 324--325 Keratinisation 545 adenomatoid malformation of 370 Meconium plug syndrome 324 disorders 5 5 8-56 I agenesis of 369 Meconium staining 203 Kernicterus 191.503-504 asphyxia 371 Mediastinal teratomas 2 34 Kidney atelectasis 371 Mediastinal tumours 223-224 cystic disease 414-41 7 birth asphyxia 203 Medication 306-309 cystic enlargement of 111-112 canalicular development 365 during pregnancy 295-296 development 407--409 examination 31-34.363 systemic 307 dysplasia 412--414 hyaline membrane disease 184-185. Megacystis/megaureter syndrome 424 ectopic 409 302.372 Megalencephaly 487 examination 34-37 hypoplasia 369-370 545 fusion 409 infection 376-378 Melanocyticnaevi 230.553-554 macerated stillbirth 170 pseudoglandular development 364 Melanoma 554 malformations 409--41 7 terminal sac development 365 Melanosomes 545 malrotation 409 Lymph nodes Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of ring or doughnut 409 abnormalities 459 infancy 237 supernumerary 411 development 454 Membrane examination 28 tumours 417--418 Lymphangiectasia. pulmonary 370 Menarche onset in spontaneous Klebsiella aerogenes 195 Lymphangiomas 555-556 abortion 81 Kleeblattschiidel 535 Lymphatics 402--403 Meningitis 195.282-283.472. Kline's haemorrhage 65 Lysosomal storage disorders 141. 505 506 Kniest dysplasia 539 143-145 Meningocele 476-477.479 Meningomyelocoele/Meningomyelocele Labour Macerated fetus 82 24.413 fetal factors in 202-203 Macerated stillbirth 167 Menstrual dating 5 fetal response to 200--201 cerebral pathology in 1 75-1 76 Mesenchymal hamartoma 241 fetal wellbeing during 200 chromosome studies 1 72 Mesenchymal tumours 241-243 maternal factors in 201 histological examination 169 Mesoblastic nephroma 238.417 placental factors during 201 incidence of pathological abnormality Mesonephric ducts 425 Laceration. cutaneous 205 173 Metabolicdisorders 350-352.393 560 malformations 173 see also Genetic metabolic diseases Langerhans' cells 546 microbiological studies 1 72 (GMD) Large babies 6.445--448 mode of death 1 75 Metabolic myopathies 518-522 Laryngeal stenosis 367 myocardium I 70 Metastatic placental choriocarcinoma Laryngomalacea 367 pathological abnormalities 170. 244 Larynx 367 173-177 Metatropic dysplasia 539 Lens development 567-568 placental examination 169-170 MHC antigens 260. 261 Lentigines 552 placental pathological abnormality Microbiological examination 26. Lethal thoracic dysplasia 539 174 286-289 Leukaemia 243-244 problems and limitations of Microcephalus acrania 476 Light-for-dates 179.195 examination 169 Microcephaly 486-487 Lipid cardiomyopathy 394 radiographic examination 1 73 Microgastria 3 I 7-318 Lipid storage myopathies 521 twinning 176 Microphthalmos 569 Lipomas 480 Maceration Micropolygyria 487 Lissencephaly 488 changes of 167-168 Midbrain development 465 Listeria monocytogenes 28.70.195.273. definition 167 Milia 551 348.377.504 Macrosomia 6.447 Miliaria 5 51 Listeriosis 348.439 Malaria 271-272 Mitochondrial myopathies 519-520 Livebirth Malignant disease Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) 260 definition 151 in pregnancy 244 Mongolian spot 552 registration 152 maternal 61 Mononuclear phagocyte system 455 Liver 339-358 Malignant melanoma 554 MonosomyX 57.109.116.126-127. Subject Index 587

130.222.409.431 Nerve injuries 209 Parvovirus 218.270 Morphogenesis mechanisms and Nesidioblastosis 449 Patent ductus arteriosus 194 processes 129 cells 545 Paucity of the intrahepatic bile ducts Motor neurone cell body diseases Neural tube defects (NTDs) 124. 132. (PIBD) 345-346 512-513 353.473-488 Pentalogy of Fallot 390 Mucolipidosis (ML) type III 144 Neuroblastoma 224.229-231.235- Pepper's syndrome 235. 236 Mucopolysaccharidoses 137. 144-145. 237.439-440 Peptic ulceration 318 393-394 in situ 436 Pericardial cysts 399 Mucoviscidosis 322.334 Neurodevelopmental handicap 197 Pericardial effusions 399 Mullerian ducts 426 Neurohypophysis 430 Pericardial tumours 399 Multicystic dysplasia. renal 412 Neuromuscular disease 203 Pericarditis 399 Multifactorial disorders I 32 classification 511-525 Pericardium 399 Multiple births 56 investigation 511-525 Pericranial haemorrhage 204 Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 1 Neuromuscular junction diseases 515 Pericranial injury 205 and MEN 2) syndromes 443 Neuronal lipid storage disorders 577 Periderm 545 Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency Neutropenia 456 Perinatal infection 272-273. 504 431 Nodular renal blastema 418 Perinatal mortality Multiple pregnancy 55-57. 87-91. Non-macerated fetus 82 aetiology 162 176-177.182 Nutritional rickets 309 avoidability 162 Mumps 269-270.450 causes of 158-162 Muscle abnormalities 5 10 Obstructive uropathy 126 classification systems 1 58 Muscle diseases 515-525 Occipitalosteodiastesis 208.492 data 1 Muscle innervation development 510 Oedema 212 assessment of 152 Muscular dystrophy 516 in fetal hydrops 211 definition 1 52 Myasthenia gravis 515 Oesophageal atresia 317 diabetes 447 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 70 Oesophagus 31 7 discussion I 63 Mycoplasma 272 Oligohydramnios 104 environmental factors 154 Mycoplasma hom in is 272 Omphalocoele/Omphalocele 110.321 epidemiological analyses 153 Mycoplasma infection 73 Oncogenesis 231 epidemiological factors 163 Mycoplasma respiratory infection 285 Ondine's curse 231 ethnic factors 1 56 Myelin 515 Ophthalmic neonatorum 572 Finnish pathological classifications Myelocele 477-479 Optic nerve hypoplasia 570 162 Myelomeningocoele/Myelomeningocele Oral cavity 316 characteristics 157 24.477-479 Orbital teratomas 235 interprcgnancy interval effect 155 Myocardial infarction 219.220 Organic acidaemias 141 maternal age I 55 Myocardial injury 204 Organoid naevi 556 maternal factors 154. 156-157 Myocardial necrosis 395-397 Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTe) 139 parity effect I 55 Myocarditis 218. 219. 394.402.450 Osteochondrodysplasias 530-539 past obstetric history I 55 Myocardium. macerated stillbirth 170 Osteochondrodystrophies 25 placental and fetal pathology Myotonia congenita 518 Osteogenesis imperfecta 25.103.540. classification 160 Myotonic disorders 517-518 541 rates I. 2. 1 51. I 57 Myotonic dystrophy 517-518 Osteomyelitis 542-543 registration failure 152 Myotubular (centronuclear) myopathy Ovary examination 42 risk factors associated with infant 1 55 523-524 Oxygen monitoring 302-303 seasonal effects 1 56 Myxoma 398 Oxygen toxicity 301-302 social factors 1 56 statistics I 5 1-1 53 Nappy rash 550-551 Pachygyria 488 studies of I 53-157 Nasopharynx 235 Palatal grooving and clefting 366-367. unmarried mother 156 Necrotisingenterocolitis 191.284.310. 483 Wigglesworth classification 161 325-326. 328 Pancreas 333-334.444 Perinatal necropsy 1-43 Neimann-Pick disease Type A 57 examination 38 availability of clinical information 2 Neisseria meningitidis 282 fibrocystic disease of 334 equipment for 7-9 Nemalinc rod myopathy 522-523 see also Annular pancreas; Endocrine essential information for 3 Neonatal acne 551 pancreas; Exocrine pancreas; examination of embryo and fetus 27 Neonatal death Vestigial pancreas examination of placenta 27-29 and birth weight 179-180 Pancreas divisum 334 histological examination 30 classification 162 Pancreatic agenesis 445 importance of negative findings 2 definition 152 Paramesonephric ducts 425.427 in continuing education 2 epidemiology of 1 5 1 Parasitic infection 271-272 interpretation of findings at 3 fetal asphyxia and birth trauma 201 Parathormone (PTH) 443 practical importance of I registration 152 Parathyroid glands 442-444 structured request forms 3 Neonatal infection 274-289.504-506 ontology 442 see also Post-mortem examination Neonatalrickets 193.443 pathology 443 Perinatal structured request forms 3 Nephroblastoma 240. 418 Parenchymal haemorrhage. cerebral Peripheral artery sampling 303 Nephroblastomatosis 229.238-240. 494-495 Peripheral haematomas 64 418 Parenteral feeding 308.354 Peripheral nerve diseases 5 I 3-5 I 5 Nephrogenesis 407 Parietal bone 21.208 primarily affecting axons 5 14 Nephrogenic zone 408 Partial adrenal hypoplasia 433 primarily affecting myelin 5 I 5 588 Subject Index

Peripheral vessels 401 Placental site trophoblastic tumour 372-378 Periventricular cerebral necrosis 217 (PSTT) 95 Preterm labour 152 Periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) Placental surface 29 Prolactin (PRL) 430 190.499-500 Placental tissue examination 84 Properdin system 455 Periventricular parenchymal Placental transferofIgG 253-254 Proteus species 1 95 haemorrhage 503 Placental vasculature Prune belly syndrome 423-424 Perivillous fibrin deposition 65 fetal 53-54 Pseudocysts 437 Persistent hyperinsulinaemic maternal 52-53 Pseudohermaphroditism 239 hypoglycaemia of infancy 449 Plasmodium malariae 73 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 443 Petechial haemorrhages 187.203.268. Platelet antigen (PLA-1) 258 Pseudomonasaeruqinosa 195.377.579 275 Pneumatosis intestinalis 325 Pseudomonas septicaemia 195 Phagocytic cells 456 Pneumococci 253 Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 443 Pharyngeal teratoma 235 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 255 Pulmonary agenesis 369 Phenylketonuria 5.141. 146 Pneumonia 195.376.377 Pulmonary atelectasis 371 Photography 11 Pneumopericardium 399 Pulmonary atresia 392 Phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) 454 Pneumothorax 301 Pulmonary disorders associated with Piebaldism 550 Poliomyelitis 513 immaturity 372-378 Pigment developmental abnormalities Poliovirus 270 Pulmonary haemorrhage 187. 376 550 Polycystic disease Pulmonary hamartomas 370 Pigmented birthmarks 552 adult 415 Pulmonary hypoplasia 226.369-370 Pituitary aplasia and hypoplasia 430 infantile 414 Pulmonary immaturity 30 Pituitary hypothalamic axis 429-431 Polycythaemia 421 Pulmonary infection 377 Pituitary. middle lobe 430 Polyhydramnios 59.160.182.448 Pulmonary lipid embolism 309 Pituitary portal system 430 Polymorphonuclear phagocytes 455 Pulmonary sequestration 370 Placenta 45-76 Poplysplenia 458 Pulmonary vein anomalies 386 abnormalities 54-55 Pompe's disease 520--521 Pyelonephritis 272 bilobate 54 Porencephaly 488 Pyloric stenosis 318 circulation 52-54 Port wine stain 555 circummarginate 55 Post-coital test (peT) 259 Radial aplasia/thrombocytopenia circumvallate 55 Posterior hyperplastic primary vitreous syndrome 461 development of 46-50 570 Radial artery puncture 303 electron microscopy 51-52 Post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus Radiation effects 133 examination 27-29.45 189-190 Radiographic examination 10-11. 25 macerated stillbirth 169-170 Postmaturity 160 macerated stillbirth 1 73 pregnancy termination 104 Post-mortem examination 2.9-27 Rathke's pouch 430-431 extrachorial 55 body cavities 14-16 Rectum 326-329 fenestrate 54 evisceration 16 Recurrent abortion 86 following intrauterine fetal death 66 external examination 13-14 Renal abnormalities accompanying genetic and congenital abnormalities measurements 9 urethral obstruction 112-114 57-60 photography 11 Renal agenesis 409-411 immunological role 249 radiographic examination 10--11. 25 Renal cystic disease 414-41 7 macroscopic abnormalities 62-66 see also under specific organs associated with syndromes of multiple macroscopic appearance 51 Pre-eclampsia 60--61. 15 7. 181. 261 malformations 415-41 7 maternal disorders 60--62 Pregnancy Renal dysplasia 412-413 mature delivered 51-52 dating 5 with congenital lower urinary tract morphometry 52 duration 5. obstruction 413 multiple pregnancy 55-57 malignant disease in 244 Renal ectopia 409 twin 56-57 surveillance 81 Renal glomerular lesions 421 Placenta accreta 54 Pregnancy termination Renal hypoperfusion 418 Placenta membranacae 54 fetus examination 102-104 Renal hypoplasia 411-412 Placenta praevia 54. 160. 181 placenta examination 104 Renal infection 421 Placenta sliCing 29 Pre-implantation period 127 Renal pelvis Placental abruption 64.183.201 Premature rupture of membranes 67. congenital abnormalities 422 Placental antigens 250 160.182 duplication of 422 Placental factors during labour 201 Prematurity 179-198.202.299 Renal tubular transport. hereditary Placental growth retardation 160 definition 5. 179 abnormalities 418 Placental infarction 62-63.85 late complications 196-197 Renal tumours 237-240 Placental infection 67-73.79 Prenatal diagnosis 99-122. 296-298. Renal vein thrombosis 448 Placental interlobar septa 47 136-139.474 Reproductive organs 424-427 Placental membranes 196 Preterm delivery 157 development 424 development and structure 49 aetiology of 180 Respiratory distress 299 Placental metastasis 57 definition 179 Respiratory distress syndrome 372. Placental mosaicism 57 induction of labour as cause of 180 435.448 Placental oedema 66-67 medical factors 183 Respiratory problems 184-1 87 Placental pathological abnormality in predisposing factors 180 Respiratory system 363-379 macerated stillbirth 1 74 social factors 183 normal development 364-365 Placental perfusion 200 spontaneous 182 Respiratory tract infection 283-284 Placental senescence 49 Preterm infant. pathology of 184. Restriction endonuclease analysis 100 Subject Index 589

Restriction fragment length Somatomedins 430 Subaponeurotic haemorrhage 206 polymorphism (RFLP) 1 37 Soto's syndrome 6 Subarachnoid haemorrhage 493 Reticularlayer 49 Spastic diplegia 197 Subchorial thrombosis 64 Reticuloendothelial system 453-462 Special senses 567-580 Subchorionic haemorrhage 85 Retina development S6X Sperm antibodies Subdural haemorrhage 207,492 Retinal disorders 575-577 in the female 260 Suboptimal pregnancy outcome 77 Retinal haemorrhages 575 in the male 259-260 Subperiosteal haematomas 207 Retinal receptor dystrophy 576 Sphingomyelin 57 Subpial haemorrhage 493 Retinochoroiditis 573,574 Spina bifida 125,469,473 Sudden infant death syndrome (SlDS) Retinopathy of prematurity 575-576 Spina bifid a occulta 479-480 196 Rectrocaval ureter 422 Spinal cord Sulphonamides 296 Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) 192-193 examination 24 Syncytiotrophoblast 51 Retroplacental haematomas 64 injury 209 Syphilis 160,216,273,279,349 Retroplacental haemorrhage X5 malformations 480 Systemic autoimmune diseases in Rhabdomyoma 397 trauma 492 pregnancy 262 Rhabdomyosarcoma 243 tumours 244 Systemic candidiasis 195 Rhesus disease 1 XI, 213-214 Spleen Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rhesus erythroblastosis 160 abnormalities 458 257-259,262 Rhesus isoimmunisation 459 development 453 Systemic vein anomalies 386 Rheumatoid arthritis 257 hamartomas and heterotopia of 459 Rib fractures 542 in rhesus isoimmunisation 460 Tcells 252, 256, 454, 456, 457 Rickets 193,309,443 Splenomegaly 459 T lymphocyte development 454 Rubella 71,103,195,265-266,276- Split notochord syndrome 319 T lymphocyte series 453 277,286,556,573-574,579 Spontaneous abortion 77-87 Tachyzoites (Toxoplasma gondii) 276 clinical aspects of 275 causes of 78-79 Talipes 106 Chlamydia trachomatis 272 Tears offalx and tentorium 207-208 Sacrococcygeal teratomas 233-234 environmental hazards in 81 Telencephalic vesicle 464 Salicylates 257, 296 frequency of 77-78 Temperature effects 1 33 Salpingitis isthmica nodosa 91, 92 Group 1 : blighted ova 82 Teratogenic effects 231,295-296 Sampling for biochemical investigations Group 2: macerated fetus 82 Teratomas 220,223-224,233-235, 27,147 Group 3: non-macerated fetus 82,83 244,398 Semen, autoimmunisation to 259 immunological mechanisms in 80-1 in various sites 234-235 Septicaemia 195,280-283,305, 34X, infection in 85 placental 66 395 Listeria 273 Testicular ectopia 427 anaerobic 281-282 maternal disease in 79-80 Testicular interstitial haemorrhage 299 Septum formation 469 mechanisms of 83 Testis Serological tests 275-277 menarche onset in 81 development 424 Serum hepatitis 346 pathological classification 81-83 examination 42 Severe combined immune deficiencies pathological examination in 84 maldescended 427 (SeID) 255-256 recurrent 86-87,260-261 Tetanus 513 Sex cords 424 rubella 265 TetralogyofFallot 389-390 Sex-linked disorders 99 systemic maternal infection 287 Thalidomide 133,295 Short rib polydactyly syndromes Spontaneous gastric perforation 31 X Thanatophoric dysplasia 535-537 537-539 Squamous metaplasia of the amnion 59 classic type 53 5 Type I (Saldino-Noonan) 53X Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome with cloverleaf skull 535 Type II (Majewski) 538 558 Thomsen's disease 51 X Type III (lethal thoracic dysplasia) Staphylococcus aureus 195, 281,542, Thoracic malformation 223 539 557,572 Thoracic viscera 1 7 Siamese twins 89-90 Staphylococcus epidermidis 195,281 Thrombocytopenia 287 Single gene defects 130 Stenosis Thromboembolic disease 326 Single umbilical artery 401 intestinal 321-322 Thromboembolic phenomena 503 Skeletal abnormalities 529-544 aqueductal 469 Thymicdysplasia 457-458 Skeletal development 529-530 Sternomastoid tumour 242 Thymic lymphocyte depletion 458 Skeletal dysplasia 22 5 Steroids 133,295,296 Thymus Skeletal examination 25 Stillbirth abnormalities 457-45 X Skeletal muscle development 509-510 classification 162 development 453 Skin 545-566 ear developmental abnormalities 578 Thyroid dysgenesis 441 common neonatal conditions fetal asphyxia and birth trauma 201 Thyroid dyshormonogenesis 441 550-552 hydropic 219,223 Thyroid gland 440-444 development 545-546 rates 157 congenital carcinoma 442 development disorders 546-549 see also Macerated stillbirth ectopic 442 infiltrations 564-565 Stomach 317-31 X histological variation in fetal and manifestations of infections 556-558 Strawberry naevus 554-555 neonatal 440 tumour-like lesions 564-565 Streptococci 1 9 5 malformations 442 Skin slipping 167 Streptococcus pneumoniae 282, 284 ontology 440 Skull fracture 20X Stress effects 1 33 pathology 440 Small-for-dates 257 Stromal oedema of placental villi 94 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Small intestine 31 X-326 Sub aortic muscular stenosis 390 440 590 Subject Index

Thyrotrophin (TSH) 430 monoamniotic 56 554-555 Tolazoline 307.318 monochorionic 88~90 Vascular naevi 230 Topical preparations 306 monozygotic 55.87 Vascular tumours 240 TORCH (toxoplasmosis/rubella/ perinatal mortality rate 1 57 Vasculosyncytial membranes 51 cytomegalovirus/herpes simplex) Venepuncture 306 Ventilation 299. 374 agents 504 Ultrasound examination 100. \0 1. 126. gas pressures used for 300 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 226 Ventricular chamber anomalies 354-355 Umbilical artery 58 Total pulmonary agenesis 369 injection into 306 389~390 Toxaemia 159 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 19. 389 Umbilical cord 51. 5 7~60 Veratrum calijornicum 483 Toxoplasma gondii 72. 195. 271.288 compression 160 574 . Vesicointestinalfissure 332 development and structure 50 Vesicourethral canal 408 Toxoplasmosis 217. 275. 349~350 examination 28 Vestigial pancreas 3 34 394.439.574 . insertion 58 Trachea 367~368 knots and entanglement 58 Villitis 69.79.86 of unknown aetiology (VUE) 67 perforation 300 localised swelling 59 Tracheomalacia 368 Viral infections 265~271. 284~286. macerated stillbirth I 70~ 171 421 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula 368 torsion and constriction 59 placental 70~ 71 Transcutaneous oxygen electrodes 303 tumour 59 respiratory 285~286 Traumatic birth injury 160. 205~21 () Umbilical vessels. catheterisation of 304 ~1~92 . with skin manifestation 5 5 6~ 557 Unilateral pulmonary agenesis 369 Virus pneumonia 378 Traumatic nerve injury 514 Upper abdominal viscera I 7 Vitamin D deficiency 443 TreponemapaIlidum 70.195.273.288 Upper respiratory tract 364 Tricuspid valve 389 Vitamin supplementation 132.474 developmental anomalies 3 6 5~ 367 Vitellointestinal duct remnants 319 Triplets 56 Urachal anomalies 423 Vitreous development 568 Triploid chromosome constitution 125 Urea cycle disorders 141 Triploidy 57.118.130.225.481 Vreaplasma urealyticum 272 Wallerian degeneration 514 Trisomy-13 13. 130.225.329. 365. Ureter Warfarin 13 3 366.481.571 congenital abnormalities 422 Weighing 8 Trisomy-14 365.571 duplication of 422 Werdnig~Hoffmann disease 203. Trisomy-IS 365.571 Ureteric ectopia 422 Trisomy-18 13~15.116.130.225. Ureterocele 422 512~513 Wharton's jelly 50. 69 239.329.481. 571 Urethra 408 Trisomy-21 14.105.116.117.126. Wiedemann~Beckwith (Beckwith~ congenital abnormalities 423~424 Wiedemann) syndrome 6.58.232. 130.225.329.572 Urethral atresia 424 239.329.437.448 Trophoblast 49 Urethral duplication 424 function 83 Wilms' tumour 231. 237. 239 Urethral obstruction 112~ 114.423 Wilson~Mikity syndrome 376 neoplasia 93 Urethral stenosis 423 Wiskott~Aldrich syndrome 461 Truncus arteriosus 391 Urethral valves 423 Wolman's disease 145.435.436 Tuberculosis 349. 542 Urinary tract Tuberous sclerosis 126 development 407~409 X-linked congenital retinal detachment Tumours. see Congenital tumours and obstruction 1 8. 41 3 under specific types of tumour 577 Urogenital system 407~428 X-linked ichthyosis 560 Tumer'ssyndrome 57.109.116.126. 564 X-linked juvenile retinoschisis 577 222.409.431 Uterine rupture 1 60 X-linked recessive anhidrotic ectodermal Twin transfusion syndrome 88~89. Uterine vascular abnormalities 85 dysplasia (AED) 549 215.421 Uterus. immunological role 249 Twins Xmonosomy 57.109. 116. 126~127. acardiac 89. 216. 393 130.222.409.431 antepartum death in 176 VACTERL type malformations 296 conjoined 89~90 Varicella infection 71.103.278 Yolk sac tumour 2 34 disorders 87~90 Varicella syndrome 557 dizygotic 56 Varicella-zoster virus 269. 347 Zellweger syndrome 417. 449 macerated stillbirth I 76 Vascular abnormalities 219.503.