Chick List of Some Marine Molluscs and Their Medicinal Properties from Gulf of Mannar

Home , Anal sulcus, Babylonia zeylanica, Babyloniidae, Euchelus, Euchelus asper, Phalium glaucum

International Journal of Advanced Technology & Science Research Volume 01 Issue 02 November 2020

CHICK LIST OF SOME MARINE MOLLUSCS AND THEIR MEDICINAL PROPERTIES FROM GULF OF MANNAR

Dr.G.Chelladurai

PG Research Department of Zoology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu,

India

1. ABSTRACT

Gulf of Mannar is the richest source of marine gastropods which is situated in the south east coast of India. Most of the mollusc’s shells are used for multifarious purposes. In some of molluscs have medicinal properties and it’s believed that certain diseases like asthma and rickets can be cured by eating particular molluscs. The power of seed pearls is said to be specific in healing certain skin ailments. In evidence from cancer research suggests that some mussels meat may be challenging to certain types of cancer and that the extraction of cancer- curing drugs from molluscs may be feasible in the future .

Keywords: Marine molluscs, Medicinal Properties, Biodiversity, Gulf of Mannar

1. INTRODUCTION

The Gulf of Mannar was established as a biosphere reserve in 1989 by the Indian Government and the State of Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu forest department conducts the reserve, and in addition, a Trust has been established that requires aide for the reserve from surrounding communities (Marine Conservation Society, 2009). It is considered as‘Biologists paradisc’ for it inhabits large number of species of flora and fauna. Gulf of Mannar is endowed with a rich variety of marine organisms because its biosphere area includes variety if coastal ecosystems. These ecosystems support a wide range of fauna and flora including rare cowries, cones, volutes, murices, whelks, strombids, chanks, tonnids, prawns, lobsters, pearl oysters, seahorses, sea cucumbers etc., in terms of biodiversity about 3,600 species of marine organisms were reported in the gulf of mannar, which includes 117 species of corals (Patterson et al., 2007), 147 species of seaweeds (Kaliyaperumal, 1998), 13 species of sea grass (Rajeswari and Anand, 1998), 17 species of sea cucumbers (James, 2001), 510 species www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 110

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of finfish’s (Durairaj, 1998), 106 species of shell fishes of shrimps

(Ramaiyan et al., 1996) and 4 species of lobsters (Susheelan, 1993).

Molluscs constitute an important group of animals in marine hydrosphere representing 23% of all the organisms. Since majority of these live in harsh and aggressive, intertidal rocky shores, mudflats and shelf zone exposed to a series of physical and chemical stresses, they are vulnerable to wounds and damages caused by inter-species and intra-species competitions and microbial attacks. These organisms therefore have the capability to adapt themselves and overcome different kinds of stress with the synthesis of secondary metabolites possessing immunological property and antimicrobial activity

Phylum mollusca were initially divided into 9 different classes of which two have been reported as extinct. Of the seven extant classes, four have been labeled as major and three as minor phyla. The four major classes include Polyplacophora (Chiton, Katharina, Mopalia etc.), Gastropoda (Conch, Cones, Snails, Cypraea sp etc.), Bivalvia (Oysters, Clams, Mussels, Scallops etc.) and Cephalopoda (Squids, Octopuses, Cuttlefish etc). The three minor classes include Monoplacophora (Neopilina), Solenogastres (Neomenia) and Caudofoveata (Chaetoderma, Limifossor). Each of the extant molluscs supports some kinds of economic activity. Marine molluscs have been used in a variety of ways; the most common being as a source of food, ornaments and production of lime. A few species act as scavengers in cleaning the environment and pollution indicators. Many molluscan species have been identified as superior source of secondary metabolites having wide range of pharmaceutical applications. Some important compounds screened, isolated and tested for their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial properties are discussed here.

Marine gastropods are found to be a vital source of useful bioactive substances. These bioactive compounds are involved in various biological functions such as communication, infection, reproduction and self-defense (Tamil Muthu and Selvaraj, 2015). Recently, researchers have found that this humble category of invertebrates – which includes some 85,000 different species of marine and freshwater clams, snails, squids, mussels, and octopods – actually harbors a secret that could help humans stay healthy and pain-free. Molluscs, as it turns out, have guts. And, more importantly, those guts contain unique micro- organisms that might save human lives. Present study consists the current status of the exploration and exploitation of bioactive compound source from marine molluscs with due importance to Indian coasts. It is hoped that it would provide basic insight in the field of pharmaceutical discoveries from the molluscs.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A variety of marine mollusc species were collected from different location of Gulf of Manner using specific fishing technique. For making ornaments samples were mainly collected from www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 111

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by catch of different types of nets used to catch the fish, shrimp, crab as well as skin diving and hand picking. The collected samples were kept for removing soft body part by three general methods are burial, boiling and sun drying. After removing the soft parts the shells are kept in acid for cleaning. The damaged thin shells after acid wash are removed and remaining is used for further shaping. During shaping again some of the damaged thin shells are removed. Finally thick as well as undamaged shells are using for keeping our college museum for reference purpose.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The commercially important marine molluscs include gastropods; cephalopod and bivalve, which occur in the intertidal and inshore waters. These are considerable attention in recent years due to greater demand for meat, ornamental shell for shell handcrafts and medicinal properties. Humans have valued marine molluscs shells since prehistoric times. Shells have been used for currency, jewelry, ornaments, tools, horns, games, medicine, and as magical or religious symbols (Claassen, 1998). Even though tropical bivalves and gastropods have lost much of their historical meaning as medicine, tools or religious symbols, they may be used in even larger quantities today. Shell- craft industries in Southeast Asia may still use thousands of tones of shells annually for mother-of-pearl products. The ornamental shell trade, which primarily includes shell exploited for their decorative or rareness value, is also substantial. The ornamental shell trade might even have intensified in recent years with the rise of the Internet. The body meat contains plenty of active compounds which is most used to treatment of several diseases.

COMMERCIALLY AND MEDICINALLY IMPORTANCE OF MARINE MOLLUSCS

GASTROPODS

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Key characters

1. Conus arenatus, common name the sand-dusted cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae , the cone snails and their allies. [1]

2. These snails are predatory and venomous.

3. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

4. This is an Indo-Pacific species.

Medicinal values:

It is used to control the heart disease, and to produce a revolutionary new drug for chronic pain control (Ziconotide). It also used this compounds of the toxin that may be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, epilepsy and nerve injury (Motta,1982).

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Key characters

1. The shell thick and heavy, biconical to fusiform, often nodulose to spinose on shoulder.

2. Periostracum conspicuous.

3. Siphonal canal present.

4. Inner lip with strong folds.

5. Operculum is corneous in nature.

Medicinal values: Its source of calcium salt and used to preparation of Indian medicine such as sankha bhasma. The shell of this animal is used to treating dyspepsia, digestive impairment, melabsorption syndrome, enlargement of liver hepatomegaly and duodenal ulcer. The flesh of this animal used as an anodyne and is a cardiac stimulant. It is also used in asthma, phthisis and tumours (Kerr and Kerr, 1999; www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 114

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Key Characters

1. The size of the shell varies between 60 mm and 130 mm.

2. The average adult reaches 3 1/2 inches and the shells have an ovate body with aheavily calloused spire.

3. The columella, or the lower portion of the inside coil, has dark brown coloring

Medicinal values:

The whole body tissue contain rich antimicrobial properties (Suresh et al., 2012; Pettit et al., 1978).

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Key Characters

1. Shell moderately large in size; fusiform; spire acute; body whorl large and inflated; sculpture composed of four rounded varices ornamented with 6 to 7 strong spiral cords alternating with a few minor cords.

2. Aperture large; ovate; anal sulcus not deep; outer lip thick, coarsely denticulate with a conspicuous tooth on the lower part; inner lip slightly twisted at anterior region.

3. Siphonal canal broad and distally curved upwards; colour pale brown with a slight pinkish band on middle of body whorl; aperture white, margin of aperture pinkish white.

4. This species is distributed from the Red Sea to the Bay of Bengal.

Medicinal values:

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ramasamy and Murugan, 2005).

Key characters

1. 'Wandering Cowry' or 'Erroneous Cowry', is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae , the cowries

2. The dorsum is usually pale brown or greenish, with very variable patterns of darker greenish trasversal bands or spots. The base and the teeth of the aperture are white.In the living cowries the papillose greenish mantle grants the camouflage.

3. Distributed in the East Indian Ocean along South India

4. These cowries live in shallow tropical waters at low tide, usually under rocks or stones, feeding on algae.

International Journal of Advanced Technology & Science Research Volume 01 Issue 02 November 2020

The shell contain phosphate, fluoride, carbonate of calcium, phosphate etc., and it’s used in the treatment of dyspepsia, jaundice, enlarged spleen and liver, asthma and cough. It’s externally used as caustic in various forms of ointments (Nadkani, 197

Key characters

1. The size grows upto 125-130 mm.

2. Massive shell with well elevated spires. Basal portions bear coarse, close set spiral ridges.

3. Operculum thick, ovate and horny, anterior canal with broad opening.

4. In mantle pale colour covered with thick Periostracum.

5. Live animals can be seen during low tide feeding on green algae.

Medicinal values:

Its tissue extract called as commercial antibiotics are highly effective to kill the bacterial and fungal pathogens involved in common infection. It is worthy to note that the product from www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 118

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natural source is good for health and to avoid side effects (Dhinakaran et al., 2011; Balcazar et al., 2006).

Key Characters

1. They are a thick, heavy shell, having an almost flush sided body whorl (outside shell around its imaginary axis).

2. A spire seems pushed down into the body, separated by a deep channel wrapping around the body whorl.

3. The shell has rings of brown and alternating cream color spiralling around the body.

4. It is common across the Indian Ocean and has been seen east thru the Indo-Pacific region.

Medicinal values:

Its great medicinal value of the gastropod muscle of B. spirata may be due to high quality of antimicrobial compounds. The use of this animal as a resource to isolate compounds against ocular angiogenesis (Periyasamy et al., 2012; Pankaj Gupta et al.,2014). www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 119

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Key characters

1. The Indian Babylon is a slender and smooth shell, with a well-marked suture, a largebody whorl, and a high spire.

2. The pattern is a distinctive irregular arrangement of blotches and flames, reminiscent of the markings on a giraffe’s hide.

3. Adult shells are 7.5cm over high, conical, slender, with up to 8 whorls; aperture forming somewhat less than half the total height.

4. At the last whorls there is a narrow ridge running along the suture; as is obvious near the aperture, this ridge is the uppermost part of the parietal callus.

5. Outer lip of the aperture slightly thickened above; a shallow anal notch is visible when the shell is examined from above.

Medicinal values:

It is widely used as a cheaper food source for coastal area people. It is promising that the species tissue synthesis novel antibiotics for bacterial infections and fungal infections (Suresh www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 120

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et al., 2012; Kesavan Kaila et al., 2013).

Key Characters

1 A distinctive shell up to 7 cm, with low spire, large body whorl and wide aperture.

2 Spire whorls with deep sutures and moderate-sized tubercles (2-3 rows of tubercleson body whorl, most prominent on shoulder).

3 Colour mottled orange, brown and cream; aperture white.

4 Habitat: deep water on sand.

5 Distribution: Indian Ocean, Red Sea

Medicinal values:

It could be of greater interest to isolate and characterize this protein which might be used commercially against existing antibiotic resistant. The Rapana sp haemocyanin inhibits the replication of Epstein-Barr virus and also stronger antiviral activity (Amurthalakshmi and Yogamoorthi, 2015). www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 121

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Key characters

1. It has a large, solid, very rugged and heavy shell, of up to 327–330 mm in length.

2. It has a relatively globose outline, possessing a short spire, a slightly inflated body whorl and a moderately long siphonal canal .

3. One of its most striking ornamentations is the conspicuous, leaf-like, recurved hollow digitations.

4. It also presents three spinose axial varices per whorl, with two elongated nodes between them.

5. The shell is coloured white to light brown externally, with a white aperture, generally pink towards the inner edge, the outer lip and the columella .

Medicinal values:

The tissue and egg extract contains of this animal contains good antibacterial activity and anticancer property (Pasiyappazhan Ramasamy et al., 2013; Rajaganapthi, 1996 www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 122

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Key Characters

1 The size of the shell varies between 100 mm and 181 mm

2 The thin shell is ovate-globose and ventricose. The spire is generally short. It is composed of six whorls, slightly flattened above.

3 The aperture is very large, colored within of a chestnut tint. The outer lip is thin, notched, canaliculated within, and its edge is white and undulated. The inner lip is only slightly perceptible towards the base, where it forms a part of the umbilicus, which ishardly developed.

4 The columella is twisted spirally, and furnished externally, even to the emargination of the base, with longitudinal ribs.

5 This marine species occurs in the Indo-West Pacific off Tanzania, the Mascarene Basin and off the Philippines.

Medicinal values:

The methanolic extract of this animal body tissue showed antiangiogenic potential. It also controlling the several diseases such as conjunctivitis, night blindness, diarrhea, stomach upset and chronic gastric disorders, arthritis, joint pain rheumatism, cardiac diseases, www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 123

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controlling blood pressure, asthma, rickets, calcium metabolism (Pankaj Gupta et al., 2014)

Key Characters

1. The maximum shell length for this species is up to 29 cm, and average length stands for 18 cm.

2. It has a very large, robust and heavy shell. One of its most striking characteristics is its flared outer lip, ornamented by six hollow marginal digitations.

3. These digitations present subtle differences in shape between genders in this species, as the three anteriormost digitations are short and posteriorly bent in male individuals and longer and dorsally recurved in females.

4. The color of the shell is highly variable, being white or cream externally and often presenting brown, purplish or bluish black patches.

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Medicinal values:

The tissue of this animal body presence of aliphatic, acidic, hydroxyl and disulfide groups which could be responsible for the antibacterial activity. The methanol and water extract of this animal body tissue was effective against K.aerogenes. and A. hydrophila (Vimala and Thilaga, 2012).

Key characters

1. The golden brown shell is solid and heavy.

2. Its shell size varies between 85 mm and 250 mm with a common length of 200 mm.

3. The spire is of moderate length. The apex is usually eroded. The sutures are constricted.

4. The shoulders on the whorls are covered with spiral rows of slightly pointed strong nodules. The surface is covered with fine, brown, incised spiral lines, mainly in pairs.

5. The outer lip is dentate with seven pairs of teeth, situated where the paired lines meet the edge. The oval aperture is pale with strong ridges internally.

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Medicinal values:

Tissue extract of this animals contain a very good antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (Prem Anand et al., 2010).

Key Characters

This species is widespread in the Indo-Pacific, from Eastern Africa (Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania) to Southern Japan and Melanesia.

This species lives on sandy bottoms with seagrass meadows, in intertidal and shallow subtidal areas to a depth of about 10 m Shell of Phalium glaucum can reach a length of 60– 147 millimetres.

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is smooth and uniformly greyish or pale brown.

The operculum is bright yellow and fan-shaped. Usually this sea snail buries itself in the sandy areas with the long siphon sticking out.

Medicinal values:

The methanolic extract of whole body tissue (P. glaucum) contain a good antimicrobial agent (Thilaga et al., 2014).

BIVALVES

Key Characters

1 The hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, burrows shallowly in sediments of either mud or sand.

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3 It has a large, heavy shell that ranges from being a pale brownish color to shades of gray and white. The exterior of the shell, except nearest the umbo is covered with a series of growth rings. The interior of the shell is colored a deep purple around the posterior edge and hinge.

4 It is a protandric hermaphrodite, with the male line developing first. Approximately 98% of all juvenile clams begin life as males.

Medicinal values:

An extract from the hard clam or "Quahog" (Mercenaria mercenaria) is a strong growth inhibitor of cancers in mice (Harte, 2001; Rice, 1992).

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Key Characters

1 Its commonly called Asiatic hard clam, is a large bivalve seen along both the West and East Coast of India.

2 It’s found in intertidal areas in sand and mud. The members of the class Bivalvia are mostly gonochoric, some are protandric hermaphrodites.

3 Life cycle: Embryos develop into free-swimming trocophore larvae, succeeded by the bivalve veliger, resembling a miniature clam.

4 Benthic; depth range 0 - 20 m.

Medicinal values:

The methanolic extract of this species tissue used to control the antibacterial and anticancer properties and antiangiogenic activity (Mayer et al., 2010; Wehland et al., 2013).

International Journal of Advanced Technology & Science Research Volume 01 Issue 02 November 2020

Key Characters

1 Its commonly called Asiatic hard clam, is a large bivalve seen along both the West and East Coast of India.

2 It’s found in intertidal areas in sand and mud. The members of the class Bivalvia are mostly gonochoric, some are protandric hermaphrodites.

3 Life cycle: Embryos develop into free-swimming trocophore larvae, succeeded by the bivalve veliger, resembling a miniature clam.

4 Benthic; depth range 0 - 20 m.

Medicinal values:

The methanolic extract of this species tissue used to control the antibacterial and anticancer properties and antiangiogenic activity (Ponkshe and Indap, 2011; Sima and Vetvicka, 2011).

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Key Characters

1. It has two valves connected by a long straight hinge. The length of the shell is slightly greater than its width, and the latter is about 85% of the length of the hinge.

2. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region. Its range includes the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and coastal waters of India, China, Korea, Japan, and the Western Pacific Ocean.

3. It is a filter feeder. Water enters the shell through an opening in the mantle, passes over the gills where food particles are filtered out and gas exchange takes place, and passes out through another opening. .

Medicinal values:

They have been used in medicine by the ayurveda and unani physicians from ancient time. It is considered to posse’s antoacid and tonic properties and is mostly used in the form of pearl ash (Mukta bhasma). It is treating Tuberculosis, Jaundice, dyspepsia and urinary complaints heart disease (Pearl Culture in India, 2014).

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Key Characters

1. Perna viridis ranges from 80 to 100 millimeters in length and may occasionally reach 165 mm. Its shell ends in a downward-pointing beak.

2. There are a very few functional hermaphrodites. The adult can live to up 2–3 years.

3. It is found in the coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region. .

Medicinal values:

The gill extraction of P.viridis may potential source for antibiotics (Chandran et al, 2009; Annamalai et al., 2007).

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Key Characters

1. They are filter feeders

2. The empty small (15 to 25 mm) shells of Donax variabilis and Donax fossor may be found washed up on the beach, especially at low tide.

3. The living animals can often be seen where the waves wash the sand around in the shallowest part of the littoral zone as the tidal level changes.

4. These coquina clams are found extensively on the east coast beaches of Trinidad (Mayaro) and widely available in Venezuela.

Medicinal values:

The wide spectrum antibacterial activity exhibited by the shell powder extracts of Donax faba indicates that it may possess biologically active metabolites (Hemina Giftson and Jamila Patterson, 2014; Mccarthy and Pomponi, 2004).

CEPHALOPODS

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Key characters

1 It grows to 49 cm in mantle length (ML) and 4 kg in weight.

2 Animals from subtropical seas are smaller and rarely exceed 30 cm.

3 The common cuttlefish is native to at least the Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, and Baltic Sea, although subspecies have been proposed as far south as South Africa.

4 It lives on sand and mud seabeds to a depth of around 200 m.

Medicinal values: It is an antacids like chalk used as astringent and a local sedative, it is used as a dusting powder to relive the ear pain or in otorrhoea. Its paste made with lime juice is used in treating itches and other skin disease and control prickly heat, sprue and dysentery (Roper et al., 1984; Adam and Rees, 1996).

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Key characters

1. Mantle oblong. Posterior gland and gland pore pigmented reddish. Protective membranes on arms in both sexes wide, well-developed. Arm suckers tetra serial. Hectocotylus present on left ventral arm: 10 rows of reduced suckers proximally. Club with 12 to 24 suckers in transverse rows (very variable depending upon geographic area).

2. Indo-West Pacific: from Indian Ocean to Indonesia and southern South China Sea.

3. Females grow larger than males. They Feeds on small demersal fishes, crustaceans, other cephalopods. Life cycle: Embryos hatch into planktonic stage and live for some time before they grow larger and take up a benthic existence as adults.

Medicinal values: The ink extract of Sepia sp have been showed promising antibacterial activity against human pathogens, which reveals the therapeutic potential of the compound

(Vairamani et al., 2012; Sohair et al., 2014).

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Key Characters

1. The genus of Sepioteuthis, bigfin reef squids are easy to distinguish from other squids in that they possess thick and muscular oval fins that extend around almost the entire mantle.

2. It is often difficult to superficially distinguish between male and female bigfin reef squids. Some authors say that females are generally smaller than males.

3. The mantles of bigfin reef squids are cylindrical, tapering to a blunt cone at theposterior. The mantle is usually 4 to 33 cm long in males and 3.8 to 25.6 cm (1.5 to 10.1 in) long in females.

4. Both sexes can reach a maximum mantle length of 38 cm. Adult males weigh 403.5g to 1,415g, while adult females are 165 to 1,046g.

5. Its main prey are usually prawns and other crustaceans, and fish.

Medicinal Values:

The methanolic extract of Sepioteuthis lessoniana tissues showed appreciable antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens and its potential can be used for the pharmaceutical and food industrial based applications (Mohanraju et al., 2013; Matt Walker, 2011).

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Key Characters

1. The shortclub cuttlefish (Sepia brevimana) has a wide geographic distribution ranging from India and Sri Lanka in the west to Indonesia in the east and north to the Philippines and Taiwan.

2. Mantle lengths range between 40 and 70 mm; and maximally up to 85 (off northeast India) and 95mm (off southeast India). Both sexes can reach a maximum mantle length of 35 cm.

3. Arm suckers tetra serial. Hectocotylus present on left ventral arm: 10 rows of reduced suckers proximally.

4. Its main prey are usually prawns and other crustaceans, and fish.

Medicinal values:

The methanolic extract of animal body tissue showed appreciable antibacterial activity against five human pathogens (Montgomery and McFall Nagai, 1992; Mariappan et al., 2010).

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Key Characters

1. The mantle is elliptical with a mantle width 45-47% of the mantle length. The antero- dorsal margin is acutely and triangularly protruded, while the ventral margin is gently concave.

2. The arms are tapering to fine points and the arm formula is usually 4:1:2:3. Swimming membrane is poorly developed in the ventral arms. The arms are short, attenuate and subequal.

3. The oral surface is hollowed out and transversely ridged. Tentacles are long and thin, tentacular club short and narrow.

4. It is known to be distributed worldwide in Western Pacific: South China Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea to southern and central Japan.

Medicinal values

The S. kobiensis inhibits the growth of all the tested pathogenic bacterial strains (SujitSundaram, 2011; Annaian Shanmugama et al., 2016). www.ijatsr.org Copyright © IJATSR 2020, All Rights Reserved Page 138

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4. CONCLUSION

In India, information about the molluscan resource and its exploitation is useful for fishing activity and sea ranching. The intensive trawling over the molluscan beds may lead to large scale destruction of egg mass and juveniles of economically and medicinally important molluscs. Because of the commercial importance and demand in the market, conservation of marine mollusc, sea ranching and sea cultivation are value attempting. Regulation to avoid trawling and a mesh size to prevent exploitation of undersized aquatic species are to be implemented to conserve this resource. In this study based on the survey researchers conclude molluscs have a very good species for preventing the nutrition and diseases. So, it is important to develop new technology for large scale production, training and transfer of technology programmes need to create an awareness of the importance of the molluscs in the economy of the country.

5. REFERENCES

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2) Amruthalakshmi S, Yogamoorthi A. 2015. Evaluation of Antibacterial Property of Cell- free Hemolymph and Hemocytes of Marine Gastropod, Rapana Rapiformis from Inshore Waters of Pondicherry, Southeast Coast of India, Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research,3(2):1-7.

3) Annaian Shanmugama, Kandasamy Kathiresana, Lakshman Nayakb. 2016).Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity of chitosan and phosphorylated chitosan from cuttlebone of Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885), Biotechnology Reports, 9 :25–30.

4) Annamalai N, Anburaj R. Jayalakshmi S and R.Thavasi. 2007. Antibacterial activities of green mussel (Perna viridis) and Edible oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis),Research journal of microbiology, 2(12):978-982.

5) Balcazar JL, Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cunningham D, Vendrell D, Muzquiz JL. 2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Vet. Microbiol, 114, pp 173–186. 4.

6) Chandran B, Rameshkumar G and Ravichandran S. 2009. Antimicrobial Activity from the Gill Extraction of Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), Global Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry 4 (2): 88-92.

7) Claassen C. 1998. Shells. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

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. 8) Dhinakaran A, Sekar V, Sethubathi GV, Suriya. J. 2011. Antipathogenic activity of marine Gastropoda (Hemifusus pugilinus) from Pazhayar, South East Coast of India, International journal of environmental sciences,2(2):1-7.

9) Durairaj K. 1998. Economic and ecological diversity of marine fish resources. pp 129- 149. In: Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve – Proceedings of the technical workshopheld at Chennai, 10-11.From the north-west coast of India, Marine Fisheries Information Service T&E Ser, No. 208.

10) Harte ME. 2001. Systematics and taxonomy, Chapter 1," pp. 3-51, in Kraeuter, J. N. and M. Castagna (eds.) "Biology of the Hard Clam", Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, Vol. 31. Elsevier Science B. V. : New York.

11) Hermina Giftson and Jamila Patterson. 2014. Antibacterial Activity of the Shell Extracts of Marine Mollusc Donax faba against Pathogens, International Journal of Microbiological Research 5 (2): 140-143.

12) James DB. 2001. Twenty sea cucumbers from seas of India. NAGA, Vol (24) 1 & 2, Jan-Jun 2000.

13) Kaliyaperumal, 1998. Seaweed resources and biodiversity, pp 92-97. In: Biodiversity of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve – Proceedings of the technical workshop held at Chennai, 10-11 February 1998.

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