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URBAN COAST Urban Wetland Restoration Los Angeles River URBAN COAST THE JOURNAL OF THE CENTER FOR SANTA MONICA BAY STUDIES Volume 4, Issue 1, December 2013 Urban Wetland Restoration Los Angeles River Revitalization Fish Contamination and Consumption Impact of Development on Stream Health Climate Change Impacts on Wetlands Urban Greening Madrona Marsh Restoration Santa Monica Bay Restoration Foundation | PO Box 13336, Los Angeles, California 90013 | T 213.576.6615 | www.santamonicabay.org SUPPORT Recommend Urban Coast to your colleagues and protégés Submit your work for inclusion in Urban Coast Donate to help ensure Urban Coast remains online for free ii URBAN COAST 4 | 1 December 2013 IN THIS ISSUE 11 Los Angeles River 3.0: Changing the Course of Los Angeles WELCOME Climate Change Implications for the Ballona 63 Wetlands Restoration Letter from the Executive Director 1 By Sean P. Bergquist, Jeremy S. Pal, William Trott, Editor’s Note 2 Alissa Brown, Guangyu Wang, & Shelley L. Luce Letter from the Editor 3 CASE STUDIES PERSPECTIVES Urban Greening: A Residential Learning Lab 79 Achievable Restoration Targets for Urban Wetlands 5 By Isabelle Duvivier & Linda Jassim By Joy B. Zedler Madrona Marsh Restoration and Enhancement 91 Discussion: Los Angeles River Revitalization Project: Preserving the Last Freshwater Marsh in Los Angeles County Los Angeles River 3.0: Changing the Course 11 By Tracy Drake, John Dettle, and Zack Kent of Los Angeles By Omar Brownson & Emily Marsh Revitalized Rivers and Vibrant Communities: 20 ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES & ABSTRACTS The Promise in Los Angeles By Nancy L. C. Steele, Mike Antos, & Pauline Louie Policy 98 Urban River Restoration in Los Angeles: 32 Pollution 100 The Collaborative Role of California’s Monitoring 101 State Conservancies By Marc Beyeler and Elena Eger Restoration 103 Urban Rivers 104 RESEARCH & POLICY Reducing Human Consumption of “Do Not 43 booK review Consume” Fish from the Palos Verdes Shelf using Community-Based Social Marketing Techniques Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature 106 By Namju Cho in a Post-Wild World, by Emma Marris By Melina Sempill Watts Impact of Development on Aquatic Benthic 52 Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California Katherine M. Pease, Sarah Sikich, Marissa Maggio, Sarah Diringer, Mark Abramson, & Mark Gold COVER PHOTO: SARAH WOODARD URBAN COAST 4 | 1 December 2013 iii WELCOME About Urban Coast This multidisciplinary journal is a product of the Center for Santa Monica Bay Studies, a partnership of Loyola Marymount University’s Seaver College of Science and Engineering and The Bay Foundation. Urban Coast fulfills the Center’s goal of providing a much- needed forum to highlight research that informs the most pressing issues of our day and policies that affect the condition of urban coastal resources. Urban Coast is a forum for researchers, agencies, advocacy groups, and other science and policy leaders to engage in constructive discussion and information exchange on issues that are pertinent to our coastal environments. In this way, we find common ground and highlight the robust science, analysis, and assessment needed to catalyze good policy, design, and management measures. The Center For Santa Monica Bay Studies The Center for Santa Monica Bay Studies is a program of the Seaver College of Science and Engineering at Loyola Marymount University and The Bay Foundation. The mission of the Center is to engage in multidisciplinary research on environmental and social issues affecting Santa Monica Bay and its watershed, and to contribute to policies and actions that improve the environmental condition of the Bay. Visit www.santamonicabay.org. DIREctors • John Dorsey, Loyola Marymount University, Seaver College of Science and Engineering, Department of Natural Science • Shelley L. Luce, The Bay Foundation ADVIsorY Board • Richard G. Plumb, Dean, Loyola Marymount University, Seaver College of Science and Engineering • John M. Carfora, Executive Director, Loyola Marymount University, Office for Research and Sponsored Projects • Shelley L. Luce, Executive Director, The Bay Foundation • Mark Gold, Associate Director, University of California, Los Angeles, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability Submissions The Urban Coast is a peer-reviewed publication. Feature articles are generally between 4,000 and 6,000 words, while short submissions are between 1,000 and 3,000. Submissions are accepted for all four sections of the journal, including Perspectives with essays and editorials that review current conditions or policies; Research & Policy features articles on scientific or policy studies; Case Studies are detailed project reports with implications for the urban coastal environment; and Notes & Abstracts include short descriptions of research, policy, and events relevant to our urban coastal environment. Submissions for the Notes & Abstracts section are between 250 and 500 words, and should be an abstract or a short summary about your innovative environmental research, technical study, restoration project, BMP or LID implementation, or other projects. All submissions should be written according to the standards of the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. References should be placed at the end of the document. Tables and images should be separated from the text. Images should be provided in .tif format, not exceeding a width of five inches and a resolution of 600 dpi (a width of 3,000 pixels). Include the article’s title; the author’s name, phone number and email address; and a two-sentence biographical statement. Article submissions should include a 250-word abstract. Submissions will be accepted on a rolling basis. Feel free to contact us by email to discuss your ideas. Please send manuscripts as .doc attachments via email to: [email protected]. We welcome submissions for science and policy topics pertinent to the urban coastal environment. Some topics for consideration include: Habitat Preservation and Restoration, Stormwater Issues, Aerial Deposition, Water Conservation/Independence/Quality, Rapid Indicators, BMP Effectiveness, Emerging Contaminants, Low Impact Development, Climate Change, Sustainability, Invasive Species, Resource Management, Environmental Justice, and other pertinent coastal science and policy topics. CopyriGht Urban Coast applies the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCAL) to all works we publish. Under the CCAL, authors retain ownership of the copyright for their article, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles in Urban Coast, so long as the original authors and sources are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. Use of images, separate from articles, requires permission from and citing of the source. Urban Coast is printed on 100% recycled, 60% post-consumer waste paper. ISSN 2151-6111 iv URBAN COAST 4 | 1 December 2013 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR Who Will Pay to Clean up Stormwater? Los Angeles has been grappling with the problem of cleaning up work best and where, but we will need funding to make it happen. urban runoff for decades. The Clean Water Act is over 40 years old Relying on continued bond measures to build treatment facilities and requires that we meet water quality standards set by the state is not acceptable – bond funding can be used only for capital and federal Environmental Protection Agencies. Besides that, we projects, meaning there is no money available to pay for the ongoing are a region that understands the need for clean water in a very real operations and maintenance, and that just doesn’t work. In addition, way: too little water, or too dirty water, and our economy and quality most people agree that the best solutions are integrated solutions, i.e. of life decline, and fast. they solve more than one problem at once, so that stormwater can be captured, cleaned and stored for use by building a park or other As water management evolved in Los Angeles, we set up what could green space in a neighborhood that needs it. A dedicated funding be called a dis-integrated governance structure for water. We treat stream for stormwater cleanup could be crafted to require this kind drinking water, stormwater, and wastewater as if they are separate, of multi-benefit solution to our pressing water resource problems. unconnected resources or liabilities. We import drinking water from far away, then clean it very well and dump it into Santa Monica A property-based fee for stormwater is the fairest way to pay for Bay, at great expense. The tab is mostly picked up by the public, management of the resource. Property owners have the greatest who pay for drinking water as well as a monthly charge from their control over what happens to the water that falls on their land, and city or county for sewage treatment. At the same time, we direct could be rewarded with discounts or rebates for making simple, the rainwater that falls onto our streets and roof tops into storm on-site improvements that clean or infiltrate stormwater. Those drains and directly out to sea, laden with trash, oil, heavy metals and who choose not to improve will pay, and the funds can be used for other contaminants. This imposes another cost, when dirty water collective solutions like parks or underground treatment facilities and trash cause beach closures or discourage beach and ocean use. that will benefit everyone who lives in or visits the Los Angeles Now, we are under ever-greater pressure from the State Water region. What are we waiting for? Resources Control Board to clean up our stormwater. This is also a golden opportunity for us to do a better job of managing water overall: water is water, and LA needs to do a better job of stewarding rainwater as a valuable resource rather than a regulatory liability. The first step is to put in place a sustainable source of funding for managing our local water. We know a lot about how to do it, and Shelley L. Luce, Executive Director we can answer outstanding questions about which technologies The Bay Foundation PHOTO: LARRY BRAMBLES URBAN COAST 4 | 1 December 2013 1 URBAN COAST VOLUME 4, NUMBER 1 Editorial StaFF Editor’s Note Dr.
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