Fabry–Pérot Interferometer
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Measuring Sharp Spectral Edges to High Optical Density M
Measuring Sharp Spectral Edges to High Optical Density M. Ziter, G. Carver, S. Locknar, T. Upton, and B. Johnson, Omega Optical, Brattleboro, VT ABSTRACT passband. For a dielectric stack of a given number of layers, reducing ripple at the transmission peak causes a decrease in Interference filters have improved over the years. Sharp the edge steepness. This tradeoff can be countered by increas- spectral edges (> 1 db/nm) reach high optical density (OD ing the total number of layers, but then other factors such as > 8) in a few nm. In-situ optical monitoring to within 0.1 % the length of the deposition and stress in the films become error enables these levels of performance. Due to limitations more important. Film stress (especially in thick >10 micron related to f-number and resolution bandwidth, post-deposition stacks) can be large enough to warp the substrate [2, 3], while testing in typical spectrophotometers cannot reveal the qual- exceedingly long deposition times reduce manufacturability ity of today’s filters. Laser based measurements at selected and increase cost. wavelengths prove that blocking above OD8 to OD9 is manufacturable with high yield. This paper compares mod- Once a design is developed and deposited on a substrate, the eled spectra and laser based measurements. manufacturer is faced with the limitations of the test equip- ment at hand. Most thin-film companies are equipped with INTRODUCTION scanning spectrometers which employ a grating or prism The advances in thin-film design software and automated, and slits. While convenient, the nature of these scanners computer-driven deposition systems have made it possible introduces a wavelength broadening of the measurement to create the most demanding optical filters. -
Analysis of Multi-Layer Arrow
Journal of Microwaves and Optoelectronics, Vol. 3, N.o 2, August 2003. 1 ANALYSIS OF MULTI-LAYER ARROW Alisher Abdullah and Mohammed Abdul Majid Department of Electrical Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran-31261, Saudi Arábia ABSTRACT A multi-layer Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide (ARROW) is used in order to enhance the evanescent field in low-index media. Polarization properties and the spectral response showing the variation of the real and imaginary parts of the modal effective index as a function of wavelength for various values of core thickness is studied. The fraction of the modal power in the superstrate region is calculated for various values of wavelength. Also the sensitivity of the multi-layer structure (i.e., the variation of the modal loss and phase difference of the fundamental as a function of superstrate bulk loss and superstrate refractive index) is calculated. The Method of Lines (MoL) is used in the analysis of the problem with higher order and a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) based on transformation of space into the complex domain is used in order to absorb the radiative field. 1. INTRODUCTION Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide (ARROW) is intensively studied recently as a special type of optical waveguide in which guidance of the optical field is partially by total internal reflection (TIR) and partially by the high reflectivity from a narrow high index (see figure 1) [1]-[3]. The core/superstrate interface provides guidance by the conventional TIR and the narrow high index ARROW layer on the bottom side of the core provides the high reflectivity. -
A Tunable Atomic Line Filter Without Sacrificing Transmission Based On
Optik 148 (2017) 244–250 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Optik j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.de/ijleo Original research article A tunable atomic line filter without sacrificing transmission based on the combination of selective pump and magnetic field a,b b,∗ b b a Shuangqiang Liu , Enming Zhao , Diyou Liu , Hanyang Li , Weimin Sun a College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China b Key Lab of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry Education of China, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150080, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: This paper presents a theoretical model of an atomic line filter based on optical anisotropy Received 19 May 2017 which is induced by the combination of the selective pump and an external magnetic field. Accepted 5 September 2017 By analyzing the pumping process, we carefully elucidated the influence of the selective pump and magnetic field on the pumping process, and furthermore on the tunability and PACS: peak transmission of the filter. Different from the previously reported filter, our numerical 42.79.Ci results suggest that this type of filter has a large-scale tunability at the transmission peak 33.55.+b position without sacrificing transmission, which is very important in free-space optical 42.25.Ja communication and lidar systems subjected to large Doppler shift. 42.62.Fi © 2017 Published by Elsevier GmbH. Keywords: Atomic line filter Large-scale tunablity Optical anisotropy Selective optical pumping 1. Introduction Atomic line filters (ALF), which feature high transmission, narrow bandwidth, and excellent out-of-band rejection [1], are crucial components in laser system [2], free-space optical communication [3], lidar system operation [4–6], space remote sensing [7], narrowband quantum light generation [8–10], laser frequency stabilization [11–13], and quantum key distri- bution [14]. -
Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguides (Arrows) As Optimal Optical Detectors for Microtas Applications
MicroTas1 18/11/2009 12:13 ANTI-RESONANT REFLECTING OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES (ARROWS) AS OPTIMAL OPTICAL DETECTORS FOR MICROTAS APPLICATIONS Nicholas J. Goddard, Kirat Singh, Fatah Bounaira, Richard J. Holmes, Sara J. Baldock, Lynsay W. Pickering, Peter R. Fielden and Richard D. Snook Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom Phone: (+44) 161 200 4895, fax: (+44) 161 200 4911, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguides (ARROW) have been developed for integrated optical devices, as they permit waveguiding in low-index layers fabricated from materials such as silicon dioxide. They have been developed mainly for integrated optics applications, as they are compatible with standard silicon processing techniques [1,2]. The main feature of ARROW waveguides is that light confinement is by Fabry-Perot anti-resonant reflectors, rather than total internal reflection (TIR). As a result of the light confinement mechanism, ARROWs can be constructed such that the light is confined in a low refractive index medium surrounded by high refractive index reflecting boundaries. ARROWs have been proposed as optical sensors [3], but the configuration suggested used the evanescent field outside the ARROW waveguide to perform sensing, leading to very low sensitivity. ARROWs are extremely well suited to MicroTAS applications, since they permit waveguiding in a low index medium such as an aqueous solution. A simple refinement of the basic ARROW structure permits simple in- and out-coupling of light by frustrated total internal reflection (FTR), eliminating the need for complex coupling arrangements such as end-fire or grating couplers. -
Inaugural-Dissertation
I NAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Naturwissenschaftlich-Mathematischen Gesamtfakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg vorgelegt von Diplom-Chemiker Helmut Kronemayer aus Mannheim Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16. November 2007 Laser-based temperature diagnostics in practical combustion systems Laserbasierte Verfahren zur Temperaturmessung in technischen Verbrennungssystemen Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Wolfrum Prof. Dr. Christof Schulz Abstract Today’s energy supply relies on the combustion of fossil fuels. This results in emissions of toxic pollutants and green-house gases that most likely influence the global climate. Hence, there is a large need for developing efficient combustion processes with low emissions. In order to achieve this, quantitative measurement techniques are required that allow accurate probing of important quantities, such as e.g. the gas temperature, in practical combustion devices. Diagnostic techniques: Thermocouples or other techniques requiring thermal contact are widely used for temperature measurements. Unfortunately, the investigated system is influenced by probe measurements. In order to overcome these drawbacks, laser-based thermometry methods have been developed, that are introduced and compared in this work. A recently invented multi-line technique based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra of nitric oxide (NO) was thoroughly investigated within this thesis. Numerical and experimental studies were conducted to identify ideal spectral excitation and detection strategies. The laser system was improved such that twice the laser energy as before (3 mJ) at 225 nm is available. New detection filters were selected that enable efficient (85%) NO-LIF detection while blocking scattered laser light by a factor of 107, which is an improvement by two orders of magnitude. -
Frequency Measurement of the 6P3/2 → 7S1/2 Transition of Thallium
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 88, 062513 (2013) Frequency measurement of the 6P3/2 → 7S1/2 transition of thallium Nang-Chian Shie,1 Chun-Yu Chang,2 Wen-Feng Hsieh,1 Yi-Wei Liu,3,4 and Jow-Tsong Shy2,3,4,* 1Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 30050 Hsinchu, Taiwan 2Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan 3Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan 4Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (Received 9 October 2013; published 30 December 2013) 203 205 The saturated absorption spectrum of the 6P3/2 → 7S1/2 transition of Tl and Tl in a hollow cathode lamp has been observed with a frequency-doubled 1070 nm Nd : GdVO4 laser. The third-derivative spectrum of the hyperfine components are obtained using the wavelength modulation spectroscopy and used to stabilize the laser frequency. The analysis of the error signal shows that the frequency stability reaches 30 kHz at 1 s averaging time. Such a frequency-stabilized light source at 535 nm can be used for laser cooling of thallium and for investigating the parity non-conservation effect in thallium. The absolute frequencies of hyperfine components are measured with an accuracy of 30 MHz using a precision wavelength meter. Including the pressure shift correction, the center of gravity of the transition frequency is determined to an accuracy of 22 MHz for both isotopes. Meanwhile, the isotope shift derived is in good agreement with earlier measurement. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.88.062513 PACS number(s): 32.10.Fn, 32.30.−r I. -
A Review on Pedestal Waveguides for Low Loss Optical Guiding, Optical Amplifiers and Nonlinear Optics Applications T ⁎ Daniel O
Journal of Luminescence 203 (2018) 135–144 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Luminescence journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jlumin A review on pedestal waveguides for low loss optical guiding, optical amplifiers and nonlinear optics applications T ⁎ Daniel O. Carvalhoa, Luciana R.P. Kassabb, , Vanessa D. Del Cachob, Davinson M. da Silvab, Marco I. Alayoc a Univ. Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São João da Boa Vista, SP 13876-750, Brazil b Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo, CEETEPS/UNESP, 01124-060 São Paulo, Brazil c Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-010 São Paulo, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In this work we review the recent advances and demonstrate possible future perspectives regarding pedestal Pedestal waveguides waveguide fabrication technology. The optical waveguides produced using this technology represent a new Rare earth ions luminescence enhancement platform to study novel optical materials that could not be explored differently as this fabrication process does fi Optical ampli ers not require etching of the core material itself. Thus, novel materials that are highly inert to chemical etchants, Gain enhancement due to gold nanoparticles such as those composed of heavy metal elements, can be used with this new architecture that allows the fab- Integrated nonlinear optics rication of integrated optical devices. Lower propagation losses with pedestal waveguides when compared to rib waveguides are reviewed. The possibility to construct Mach-Zehnder interferometer structures using the pedestal waveguide technology is shown. The optical amplifiers with high gain are demonstrated using this pedestal process. Furthermore, using the pedestal architecture, it is presented the possibility to produce rare earth ions doped waveguides with gold nanoparticles, which demonstrated gain enhancement attributed to the efficient luminescence due to gold nanoparticles, thus opening possibilities for potential applications in integrated photonics. -
A Hybrid Silicon-PDMS Optofluidic Platform for Sensing Applications
A hybrid silicon-PDMS optofluidic platform for sensing applications Genni Testa,1,* Gianluca Persichetti,1 Pasqualina M. Sarro,2 and Romeo Bernini1 1Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council, (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy 2DIMES-ECTM, Delft University of Technology, Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands *[email protected] Abstract: A hybrid silicon-poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS) optofluidic platform for lab-on-a-chip applications is proposed. A liquid-core waveguide with a self-aligned solid-core waveguide and a microfluidic device are integrated with a multilayer approach, resulting in a three- dimensional device assembly. The optofluidic layer was fabricated with a hybrid silicon-polymer technology, whereas the microfluidic layer was fabricated with a soft lithography technique. The combination of different materials and fabrication processes allows a modular approach, enabling both the benefits from the high optical quality achievable with silicon technology and the low cost of polymer processing. The proposed chip has been tested for fluorescence measurements on Cy5 water solutions, demonstrating the possibility to obtain a limit of detection of 2.5 nM. ©2014 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (130.0130) Integrated optics; (130.3990) Micro-optical devices; (280.4788) Optical sensing and sensors. References and links 1. B. Kuswandi, Nuriman, J. Huskens, and W. Verboom, “Optical sensing systems for microfluidic devices: a review,” Anal. Chim. Acta 601(2), 141–155 (2007). 2. K. B. Mogensen and J. P. Kutter, “Optical detection in microfluidic systems,” Electrophoresis 30(S1 Suppl 1), S92–S100 (2009). 3. F. B. Myers and L. -
Hollow Core Bragg Waveguide Design and Fabrication for Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Hollow Core Bragg Waveguide Design and Fabrication for Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy by Janahan Ramanan A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto © Copyright by Janahan Ramanan 2011 i Hollow Core Bragg Waveguide Design and Fabrication for Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Janahan Ramanan Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2014 Abstract Raman spectroscopy is a widely used technique to unambiguously ascertain the chemical composition of a sample. The caveat with this technique is its extremely weak optical cross- section, making it difficult to measure Raman signal with standard optical setups. In this thesis, a novel hollow core Bragg Reflection Waveguide was designed to simultaneously increase the generation and collection of Raman scattered photons. A robust fabrication process of this waveguide was developed employing flip-chip bonding methods to securely seal the hollow core channel. The waveguide air-core propagation loss was experimentally measured to be 0.17 dB/cm, and the Raman sensitivity limit was measured to be 3 mmol/L for glycerol solution. The waveguide was also shown to enhance Raman modes of standard household aerosols that could not be seen with other devices. ii Acknowledgements I would first like to acknowledge my supervisor, Professor Amr S. Helmy for giving me the opportunity to take up a project focused on Raman detection and sensing. Throughout the two years he has been a constant source of motivation, and for those days where nothing seemed to be working in the clean room, it was exactly what I needed. -
Ministry of Defence Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym Long Title 1ACC No. 1 Air Control Centre 1SL First Sea Lord 200D Second OOD 200W Second 00W 2C Second Customer 2C (CL) Second Customer (Core Leadership) 2C (PM) Second Customer (Pivotal Management) 2CMG Customer 2 Management Group 2IC Second in Command 2Lt Second Lieutenant 2nd PUS Second Permanent Under Secretary of State 2SL Second Sea Lord 2SL/CNH Second Sea Lord Commander in Chief Naval Home Command 3GL Third Generation Language 3IC Third in Command 3PL Third Party Logistics 3PN Third Party Nationals 4C Co‐operation Co‐ordination Communication Control 4GL Fourth Generation Language A&A Alteration & Addition A&A Approval and Authorisation A&AEW Avionics And Air Electronic Warfare A&E Assurance and Evaluations A&ER Ammunition and Explosives Regulations A&F Assessment and Feedback A&RP Activity & Resource Planning A&SD Arms and Service Director A/AS Advanced/Advanced Supplementary A/D conv Analogue/ Digital Conversion A/G Air‐to‐Ground A/G/A Air Ground Air A/R As Required A/S Anti‐Submarine A/S or AS Anti Submarine A/WST Avionic/Weapons, Systems Trainer A3*G Acquisition 3‐Star Group A3I Accelerated Architecture Acquisition Initiative A3P Advanced Avionics Architectures and Packaging AA Acceptance Authority AA Active Adjunct AA Administering Authority AA Administrative Assistant AA Air Adviser AA Air Attache AA Air‐to‐Air AA Alternative Assumption AA Anti‐Aircraft AA Application Administrator AA Area Administrator AA Australian Army AAA Anti‐Aircraft Artillery AAA Automatic Anti‐Aircraft AAAD Airborne Anti‐Armour Defence Acronym -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent N0.: US 7,058,110 B2 Zhao Et A]
US007058110B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent N0.: US 7,058,110 B2 Zhao et a]. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 6, 2006 (54) EXCITED STATE ATOMIC LINE FILTERS 6,009,111 A * 12/1999 CorWin et a1. .............. .. 372/32 (75) Inventors: Zhong-Quan Zhao, San Diego, CA * Cited by examiner (US); Michael Joseph Lefebvre, Del Mar; _CA (Us); Damel H‘ Leshe’ Primary ExamineriMinsun Oh Harvey Enclmtas’ CA (Us) Assistant ExamineriDung (Michael) T. Nguyen ( 73 ) A sslgnee' : CIZXGJSH)T E t erpnses' C Orp . ’ S an D'lego’ (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firmilohn R. Ross ( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (57) ABSTRACT U.S.C. 154(b) by 364 days. ( 21 ) APP 1, N0.: 10/682 , 567 An excited state atomic line ?lter. The P resent invention solves the problem of lack of ground state resonant lines in 22 Filed: Oct. 9, 2003 at Waveleng ths substantiall y lon g er than those of visible light. Atomic line ?lters of the Faraday or Voigt crossed (65) PI‘iOI‘ PllbliCatiOIl Data polarizer type are provided in Which alkali metal atomic Us 2005/0078729 A1 Apr 14 2005 vapor in a vapor cell is excited With a pump beam to an ' ’ intermediate excited state Where a resonant absorption line, (51) Int_ CL at a desired Wavelength, is available. A magnetic ?eld is Hols 3/22 (200601) applied to the cell producing a polarization rotation for (52) U 5 Cl 372/56, 372/32 polarized light at Wavelengths near the resonant absorption (58) Fi'el'd 0 """ " ’ 372/56 lines. -
Theoretical Investigation of Induced-Dichroism-Excited Atomic Line Filter
Theoretical Investigation of Induced-Dichroism-Excited Atomic Line Filter Yun-Dong Zhang*, Xu-Tao Sun, Zhu-Song He, Ping Yuan Institute of Optoelectronics, Harbin Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Tunable Laser Technology, Harbin150001, China Abstract: A theoretical model for the Laser induced dispersion optical filter (LIDOF) is presented. The filter has a higher transmission and a narrower line width than excited-state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical-filter (ESFADOF). The theoretical treatment is valid for different atoms LIDOF systems. Keywords: LIDOF, polarizability, transmission 1. Introduction Narrowband filters with a wide field of view and high transmission play a key role in free space communication, lidar and communication under water and so on. Comparing with the Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF)[1-4], the Laser induced dispersion optical filter (LIDOF) does not need an external magnetic field, and has higher transmission with narrower linewidth at excited state operation. Their merits are better than that of excited-state- FADOF, and have a broaden application in the future. Laser-induced dispersion optical filter (LIDOF) was first described and experimentally studied by R.I.Billmers et al in 1995[5]. However, at present, it has not a perfectly theoretical model of the LIDOF. In this paper, the semi-classical theory was utilized to theoretically analyze LIDOF, and the model was given. By solving the density matrix equations, we gained the system induced susceptibility, and eventually the transmission spectra were gained. The theoretical model is in universality, adapting to different atoms LIFOF systems. 2. Theoretical consideration As working media of LIDOF are gaseous, it needs an optical pumping source.