Tm 9-1385-211 Department of the Army Technical Manual

TM 9-1385-211 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL

EOD INFORMATION FOR SOLID AND LIQUID PROPELLANTS, CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVES, AND OTHER DANGEROUS MATERIALS (U)

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY J ANIIARY 1969

This manual i s downgraded to UNCLASSIFIED deleted . by Charge i . Pages ()A -n .r_E 5 :)B are

Technical Manual TM 9-1385-211

HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No . 9-1385-211 Washington, D .C .,8 January 1969

EOD INFORMATION FOR SOLID AND LIQUID PROPELLANTS,

CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVES, AND OTHER DANGEROUS MATERIALS

Paragraphs Pages

Section 1 . GENERAL INFORMATION General------1-1 i

Purpose------1-2

Scope------1-3

Report of publication improvements------1-4 ii

2-5 . DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVES, SOLID PROPELLANTS, AND OTHER DANGEROUS SOLID MATERIALS

Introduction------1 1 Scope------2 1

Definitions and Classification 3 2

Characteristics of explosives and solid propellants------4 4

Data on explosives, solid propellants, and other dangerous solid materials----- 5 6a

Identification of explosives 6 84

General safety precuations---- 7 87

Disposal of explosives by burning------8 88

Disposal of black powder by burning------9 92

Disposal of smokeless powder by burning------10 93

Disposal of bulk explosives by detonation ------11 95

Disposal of explosives by chemical decomposition------12 97

Disposal of explosives by dumping in the ocean, at sea, or in inland waters ------13 102

Section 2-6 . DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIQUID PROPELLANFUELS TS AND OXIDIZERS

Introduction ------1 103 Classification and definition- 2 101

Data on liquid propellant fuels

and oxidizers------3 101

Safety precuations ------4 135

Fire fighting------5 137

Decontamination ------6 139

Disposal ------7 141

Aendixp REFERENCES ------A-1 SECTION I

GENERAL INFORMATION

General .

Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) personnel are reminded

that in rendering safe and/or disposing of explosive ordnance

there is no "safe" method but merely one that is considered

least dangerous . The destruction of explosive ordnance by

detonation at the place of discovery is the recommended method

of disposal when prevailing circumstances permit .

1-2 . Purpose .

This publication is for the use of EOD personnel engaged

in eliminating hazards resulting from malfunction of, or accident

or incident involving, materials covered herein ; its use by

others is not authorized .

1-3 . Scope .

This manual is a reprint of Sections 2-5 and 2-6 of NAVORD

EODB 1385-1 (TO 11A-1-100-1) titled, "General EOD Information,

Techniques and Tools (Surface)", and prepared by the Naval.

Ordnance Systems Command, Department of the Navy . EOD information is provided for solid and liquid propellants, conventional explosives, and other dangerous materials .

1-4 . Report of Publication Improvements .

Reports of errors, omissions, and recommendations for

improving this publication by the individual user is

encouraged . Reports should be submitted on DA Form 2028

(Recommended Changes to DA Publications) and forwarded direct

to Commanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal, ATTN : SMUPA-WD3,

Dover, N .J . 07801 .

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

GENERAL EDO INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

GROUP G DOCUMENT

DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEARS NAVORD EODB 1385-11

DOD DIR 5200 .10 TO 11A-1-100-1

SECTION 2-5 DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVES, SOLID PROPELLANTS, AND OTHER DANGEROUS SOLID MATERIALS

This change, dated 29 May 1968, changes Section 2-5 of NA b'R EPS EODB 1385-1 /.9 FTO 11 A-1-100-1, dated 31 January 1964 . The section contains the following effective pages as of 29 May 1968 . Pages 1, 7-14, 32a, 32b, 44-44b, 50a, 50b, 68, 80, 81, 89, and 93 ...... Change 1 . . . . . 29 May 1968 Pages 2-6b, 15-32, 33-43, 45-476, 48-50, 51-67, 69-79, 82-88, 90-92, and 94-102 . . . Original . . . . 31 January 1964

1 INTRODUCTION use both in the United States and in foreign countries . It describes the gen- This section has been prepared to fur- eral characteristics and inherent hazards nish EOD personnel with a basic refer- of explosives and solid propellants, to- ence of information concerning conven- gether with safe operating procedures tional explosives and solid propellants . required to minimize these hazards . The instructions and regulations pre- The information on each explosive and propellant has been sented in this section do not have sufficiently detailed so as to precedence over appropriate depart- avoid its repetition in other sections mental regulations . involving these materials . The information presented should enable qualified EOD personnel to identify ex- 2 SCOPE plosives or solid propellants, to take proper precautionary measures when This section discusses conventional working in the vicinity of these mate- explosives and solid propellants now in rials, and if required by the Department

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

concerned, to dispose of them with max- services, high explosives are classified imum safety. This section does not in- as primary explosives, booster explo- clude information on all explosives and sives, and main-charge explosives on solid propellants, nor all the informa- the basis of increasing difficulty of tion on any specific explosive or solid detonation. propellant. For information on liquid 3-I .l Primary Explosives . These, the propellants, refer to Section 2 -G . most easily detonated explosives, are used to initiate the explosive train. 3 DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION Primary explosives are so sensitive that they can be detonated by a light A high explosive may be defined as a blow, by the application of a flame, or chemical compound or mixture that can by heat from an electric current . They undergo rapid chemical reaction with the are sufficiently powerful to initiate det- formation of large volumes of highlS onation of a booster explosive . heated gases capable of exerting pressure in constricted or confined areas. The primary explosive, or priming Propellants, as distinguished from high mixture which contains a primary ex- explosives, may be defined as explosives plosive, is usually housed within a prim- whose rates of combustion are regulated. er . The primer is so designed that sharp distinction between high explo- the sensitive explosive functions when sives and propellants, therefore, can- the case is pierced by a stab type fir- not be drawn. Every explosive system ing pin, is dented by a blow from a blunt could also be used as a propellant if it type firing pin, or receives an elec- were possible to regulate the rate of trical impulse. combustion of that system. A primary explosive may also be housed in a detonator . A detoncLor is 3-1 HIGH EXPLOSIVES an element in the explosive train normally used to create or transmit a det- High explosives undergo fast and vio- onation wave and generally effect the lent decomposition into gaseous products. transition frolr, burning to detonation. The decomposition is so rai- iI `hat the The detonator iilay cont4.:n one, two, or process appears to be iiistanL!:.iieous ; three different -xplosiv X charges . The however, the action does take place at a charge in the sensitive end of the det- . finite but extremely rapid ratc and pro- onator, called the upper chX,--ge, con- duces a shattering effect z!s c-)nosed to the ",t- ^ ofi;ct resulting , tit the 1i i_: . -Avc sLiLilAe o_' initi ;ttic .. cf the .Ju ti-- ;: . lox explosive or pr ,}pellant . explosive ,r un . An intermediate charge 1 :ices High cxpl( are used w' cre 2 strong may be ._' in cc:ijunct?:,n with the disruptive r.ioA is desii ec:, aaii coi10e- upper charge to coni.inue the action ini- -luently are used in ordnan,e items in tiated by the upper charge. A base or Xti ,hi ch a main charge is the payload. In lower charge, consisting generally of a to insure detonation of the payload order booster explosive, completes the det- the proper time and place, an explo- _It onator and once initiated, transfers sive train, composed of high explosives detonation to the next item in the explo- of varying degrees of sensitivity, is sive train. usually employed. The explosive train ,)eosins with the initiation of a high13 3-1 .2 Booster Explosives . These ex- sensitive explosive which in turn initiates plosives are intermediate in ease of -lie burning or detonation of other explo- detonation between primary and main- sives within the train. In the inilitary charge explosives. Booster explosives

ION 2-5 m - e -__SECT

are readily detonated by a primary ex- its burning rate increases as the pres- plosive and are themselves sufficiently sure within the combustion chamber powerful to detonate a main-charge increases. explosive. Booster explosives are sufficiently insensitive to stand the shock 3-2.2 Classes of Solid Propellants . There resulting from rough handling in load- are two major types of solid propel- ing and transportation, from inertial lants, each divided into various sub- forces due to acceleration, and from groups or classes---nitrocellulose base impact. However, they are consistently and composites. The nitrocellulose detonated by small amounts of primary based propellants normally contain all explosives. When an extremely large their oxygen supply chemically bonded main charge must be detonate an aux- to the fuel, while the composite propel- iliary booster is employed. The auxil- lant normally contains an organic fuel iary booster is reliably detonated by the mixed with an inorganic oxidizer. booster and will in turn consistently detonate large amounts of main-charge explosives. 3.2 .2.1 Nitrocellulose Based Propellants .

3-1 .3 Main-charge Explosives . These 1 . Single-Base A single-base pro- are the explosives that require a booster pellant consists of nitrocellulose which or a large quantity of primary explosive has been compounded with stabilizers to insure consistent detonation. The to retard internal chemical degradation, explosive used for the main charge is and ballistic modifiers which control powerful, stabl e, and capable of with- burning rates more closely. standing harsh treatment. Main-charge explosives may be either single sub- 2. Double-Base Double-base pro- stances or mixtures of two or more pellants consist of nitrocellulose, nitro- substances. glycerin, stabilizers, and ballistic modifiers.

3-2 SOLID PROPELLANTS 3. Multi-base Multi-base propellants consistofnitrocellulose, nitro- 3.2.1 General. Explosives used to glycerin, nitroguanidine, stabilizers, propel projectiles from guns, or rockets and ballistic modifiers. andmissiles from launchers, are known as solid propellants or low explosives. 4. Hybrid Double-Base Hybrid Solid propellants or low explosives con- double-base prope an s are double-base tain the oxygen necessary for their propellants to which have been added complete combustion, either chemically an inorganic oxidizer and a finely pow- combined or as one component of the dered metal such as aluminum. solid mixture. Once ignited, a solid propellant burns at a relatively constant Note. Single- and multi-base propel- rate to produce a large initial propulsion lants are normally used as gun propel- thrust in contradistinction to high explo- lants, while double-base and hybrid sives which detonate or decompose types are used in rocket or missile practically instantaneously. The burn- systems. ing of a propellant differs from the burning of a common combustible ma- 3-2.2 .2 Composite Propellants. terial such as coal or wood in that a propellant burns much more rapidly and 1 . Rubber-Base Rubber-base pro-

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

pellants contain a synthetic rubber such 4.1 EXPLOSIVES as butadiene that has been compounded with an inorganic oxidizer such as am- 4-1 .1 sensitivity. The sensitivity of monium nitrate plus ballistic modifiers an explosive is a measure of the ease prior to curing. These propellants are with which it can be detonated. `The normally extruded into the final desired more sensitive the explosive, the less shape. the energy required to bring about detonation. The applicability of an explo- 2. Resin Type Resin type propel- sive is generally determined by its sen- lants such s polyurethane and polysul- sitivity. Some explosives are so read- fide consist of a liquid (monomer) which ily detonated that they are unsafe for is mixed with a catalyst or cross-link- any use; others are so difficult to initi- ing agent, an inorganic oxidizer such ate that they cannot be reliably detonated as ammonium or potassium perchlorate, by any practical means and are, therefore, and ballistic modifiers. The resultant of no value. Those conditions which mixture is cast into a mold or the final somewhat modify the sensitivity of an rocket motor case, and is cured at explosive are the temperature, crystal elevated temperatures to set or solidify size and form, density, and mechanical the mix into the final propellant. mixing and coating.

4-1 .1 .1 Temperature. As the temperature increases, the sensitivity of an 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPLOSIVES explosive increases. Heat causes the AND SOLID PROPELLANTS decomposition of an explosive at a rate that varies with the temperature. If To gain a better understanding of ex- heated sufficiently, decomposition of plosives and solid propellants it is nec- part of the explosive liberates heat and essary to become acquainted with the causes acceleration of the increase in requisites for and the conditions which temperature of the remaining explosive, affect them. For this reason, brief and When the temperature reaches a cer- generalized background information on tain value, characteristic of the explo- the characteristics of explosives and sive, the rate of decompositionbecomes solid propellants is presented in this so great that an explosion takes place. paragraph . Familiarity with this infor- The reference temperature at which the mation will aid in the evaluation of par- sensitivity of an explosive is customar- ticular explosives and solid propellants, ily measured is 680 to 75 0 F.(20 0 to and will provide a more complete under- 23 . 90 q. standing of those factors which are so important in determining their useful- 4-1 .1 .2 Crystal Size and Form. ness and applicability. Obviously, The sensitivity o an explosive increases there are many characteristics which with increasing crystal size and varies contribute to the analysis of an explo- with crystal form. As intracrystalline sive or solid propellant, and which help friction increases because of increased in assigning it to a particular category. crystal size or distortion of the crystals, However, only those characteristics of the explosive generally becomes more explosives and solid propellants, a sensitive . knowledge of which could be of aid to personnel required to handle and dis- 4-1 .1 .3 Density. The sensitivity of pose of them, will be discussed in this an explosive generally decreases as the paragraph. densityincreases. However, the great-

SECTION 2-5

er the loading density at which a fixed velocity of detonation. Density, charge weight of a given explosive is pressed diameter, and confinement all affect the or cast, the greater its effect when velocity of detonation. detonated.

4-1 .1 .4 Mechanical Mixing and Coating 4-1 .4 .1 Density. The velocity of The sensitivity o an explosive can e detonation 76F-an explosive increases as adjusted by mechanical mixing and coat- the density is increased. If the velocity ing, Certain mixtures are made more of detonation of a particular explosive sensitive to friction by adding an abra- is known for one density, its value for sive material such as Carborundum, a different density can be estimated by whereas coating individual crystals with adding (or subtracting) 1214 feet per moisture, oil, or wax reduces the fric- second for each'increase (or decrease) tion between them, thus decreasing the in density of 0.01 gram per milliliter. sensitivity. This relationship is correct only up to the pressure at which the individual 4-1 .2 Stability. Explosives must be crystals are distorted. Further increase capable of storage for long periods of in pressure will then decrease the veloc- time without appreciable decomposition ity of detonation. or chemical reaction. If decomposition or reaction does take place, an explosive may become so insensitive that it 4-1 .4 .2 Charge Diameter. The will not detonate. Alternatively, the velocity o detonation increases with the resulting products may become so sen- diameter of the charge up to a limiting sitive that the material is unsafe to use. diameter, after which any further in- In either event, excessive instability crease in diameter does not change the rules out the use of the explosive. velocity of detonation. The mass of explosive in a charge of large diameter acts as a confining agent and prevents 4-1 .3 Toxicity . In addition to their dissipation of energy. explosive hazards, explosives may also present varying degrees of toxicity hazards when in contact with the skin, in- 4-1 .4 .3 Confinement . Confinement gested, or absorbed through the skin. of a charge prevents dissipation of For this reason, toxicity is an important energy and therefore increases the factor to consider in handling and dis velocity of detonation. The effect posing of explosives. The toxicity of an of confinement on sensitive explosives explosive may vary from the relatively having a high detonation velocity is minor matter of causing a mild skin small, but it is considerable with irritation (dermatitis)- to the very serious insensitive explosives. matter of inducing some fatal illness. In between are explosives that cause severe dermatitis and others that cause 4-1 .5 Brisance . The hrisance of an severe but nonfatal illnesses. explosive is the shattering effect it produces on detonation. Brisance is a 4-1 .4 Velocity of Detonation . When an ex- function of the total energy released by plosive detonates, the process of decom- an explosion, and the rate at which that position begins at the point of initiation energy is released. For most practical and advances as a front or a wave purposes, the rate of release of energy, through the explosive. The rate at that is, the velocity of detonation, gives which this wave progresses is called the an adequate indication of brisance.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE :

4-2 SOLID PROPELLANTS then ignited, ignition may be trans- formed into detonation.

4-2.1 Sensitivity. Although generally insensitive to shocl: or friction, solid 4.2.3 Sto bi ci ty . Stability is even more propellants are sensitive to heat, important in the case of solid propel- sparks, and static electricity. While lants than high explosives, since al- not exploded or even ignited by ordi- most all solid propellants are mixtures nary shocks or frictional effects, somf cornsistitig of components which are propellants can be ignited by the fric- less stable than those generally found tion and impact effects of small-arms in standard high explosives. The sta- bullets. Representing chiefly a fire bility of a solid propellant is adversely hazard unless under confinement, or affected by moisture, the solid pro- a propulsive hazard if confined within pellant undergoing decomposition at a motor case, solid propellants, par- a rate dependent on the temperature. ticularly double-base propellants, Decomposition is slow at ordinary have inherent properties which make temperatures, but increases rapidly them even more sensitive to initiation with increasing temperature. When by primary or booster explosives the rate of decomposition is low, any than certain types of high explosives. heat liberated by decomposition is lost Single-base propellants also can be without undue effect. However, when detonated by booster explosives; the rate of decomposition becomes ac- however, detonation aglow rates may celerated through increase in temper- take place. ature, the heat loss may be retarded. As a result, both the temperature and pressure of the solid propellant may increase, further increasing the rate 4-2 .2 Ignitibility . A solid propellant, of decomposition, so as to bring in order to be of practical value, must about the possible spontaneous ignition be sufficiently sensitive to ignition by of the solid propellant. flame so that initiation is consistent and burning is uniform. The ignitibility of solid propellant depends upon its com- 4-2 .4 Toxicity . Solid propellants position and energy content. In general present only minor difficulties as re- an increase in energy content, such as gards toxicity through handling and dis- the substitution of nitroglycerin for a posal. They are relatively nontoxic and part of the nitrocellulose in a propellant offer little toxicity hazard when properly composition or an increase in the nitro- handled. gen content of the nitrocellulose, increases the ignitibility . The initial temperature of the solid propeilant compo- 4-2 .5 Burning Rote. The burning rate sition also has a considerable effect on of a propellant under a given set of its ignitibility . the ignitibility decreas- conditions depends upon its composition, ing with decrease in temperature. temperature, and external pressure. For a given composition, the burning If a quantity of propellant is ignited, rate increases with the temperature of it may burn or undergo explosion. the propellant at the time of ignition; Whether burning or explosion takes for a given composition and temperature place depends upon the composition of of the propellant, the burning rate in- the propellant and the degree of confine- creases as the pressure within the ment. If the propellant is confined and combustion chamber increases.

S='-TON 2-5

5 DATA ON EXPLOSIVES, SOLID as abbreviations are listed alpnabet!- PROPELLANTS, AND OTHER call v in Unit 1. All foreign names arc DANGEROUS SOLID MATERIALS indicated as to nationality. X . , . . . . gives the English transliter.aior o? This paragraph contains information Japanese characters whenever aw Jlab'. _ . which should be helpful in identifying, Russian names and abbreyia' ioi,_ ir: UW handling, and disposing of explosives, Cyrillic alphabet are given in Un :t ;;, solid propellants, and other dangerous solid materials. Specific data on the Table 2 (see page 79) presents data individual items covered in this section on specific compounds any: mixtures can be located by referring to the follow- which have been or are cur_-enti` beii, ing tables: investigated to determine their aocet)t- ability as military explosives or solid Table 1 (see page 7) is a general propellants. index and guide to the information on all the explosives, solid propellants, and Table 3 (see page 82) lists other dan- other dangerous solid materiais cov- gerous solid materiais which are not nec- ered in this section. The table is present- essarily explosive in themselves, but, ed in three units, United States, are used in expiosive mixtures as oxy- British, French, German, Italian, gen carriers, desensitizers, gelatin- technical and common names as well izers, and the like. SECTION 2-5

Table 1 General index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics

Unit 1

United States, British, French, Italian, German ; Technical and Common

NAME PAGE NAME PAGE (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO)

Acide Picrique (Fr) ...... 56 Black Cannon Powder ...... 22 Acido Picrico (Ital) ...... 56 Black Fuze Powder ...... 2 2 Acido Di Piombo (Ital) . , . , . . , . 44a Black Powder ...... 22 Alpha-Nitronaphtholene ...... Table 3 Block Shell Powder ...... 2 2 Alumotol. . . . Blasting Gelatin ...... 2 3 Amatet ...... Toble 2 Blasting Oil ...... 48 Amatex ...... Table 2 Bleiazid (Ger) ...... 44a Amatol ...... 1 6 Blei styphnote (Ger) ...... 45 Amidon Nitre (Fr) ...... 50 Boracitol ...... 24 Ammonal ...... 15 Bulk Powder ...... 47b Ammondynomit (Itol) ...... 17 Burrowite ...... 15 Ammon-Dynomit (Ger) ...... 17 Butyl Tetryl ...... Table 2 Ammonia Dynamite ...... 17 Ammoniadynamite (Fr) ...... 17 Ammonio Gelatin Dynamite ...... 3 6 Carbazole ...... Table 2 Ammonium Chlorate ...... Table 3 C.E. (Brit) ...... 64 Ammonium Nitrate ...... 18 CH-6 ...... 25 Ammonium Nitrate Explosive 47 Chile Saltpeter ...... Table 3 Ammonium Perchlorote ...... 19 Clorato Di Potarsio (Ital) ...... Toble 3 Ammonium Picrote ...... 20 Clorato Di Sodio (Ital) ...... Toble 3 Ammonium Trinitrophenolate . . . . . 20 Composition A, A- 2, A- 3 ...... 2 6 Ammonperchlorate (Ger) ...... 19 Composition B, B-2 ...... 2 7 Ammonpi krot (Ger) ...... 20 Composition C,C-2,C-3 ...... 28 Ammonsalpeter (Ger) . 18 Composition C-4 . Amotolo (ltol) . . . . . 16 Composition Exploding (Brit) . . . . 64 Ani sol (Ger) 71 Copper Chlorotetrozole ...... 77 AP X Explosives . 77 Cordite ...... 476 _ _ n X- . que (Fr) . . . . . 18 Crerylite ...... Table 2 &zoture De Plomb (Fr) ...... 44a CTMTN ...... 60 Cyanuric Triazide ...... Table 2 Cyclonite ...... 60 Bal l i sti te ...... 47b Cyclotetromethylenetetranitramine . . 42 Barium Nitrate ...... Table 3 Cyclotol ...... 27 Boratol ...... 21 Cyclotrimethylenetrinitromine . . , . 60 . . . . Table 2 Baronal ...... Cyclotrimetfiylenetrinitrosoamine . . . Table 3 Boronite ...... Table 2 Beta-HMX . . . 42 Bis(2,2-Dinitropropyl Fumorate) . . . Table 3 DATB ...... 31 Bis(2,2-Dinitropropyl Succinate) . . . Table 3 DATNB ...... 31

_NERAL E O D INFORMAT!ON, --HNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

(able 1 . General index To Expiosives, Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME PAGE NAME PAGE OR ABEREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) VBX ...... 30 Ethyl Tetryl Table 2 DD (Fr) ...... 69 Ethyltrimethylolmethane Trinitrate .. . Table DD Explosif (Fr) ...... 69 Exagen (Fr) ...... 6 0 V DNP ...... 32 Explosive Composition HTA-3 . . . . 35 Depth Bomb Explosive ...... 30 Explosive D . . 3,3-Diamino-2,2,4,4,6,6-''' Explosive H ...... 39 hexanitrodiphenyl ...... 320 1,3-Diamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzone . 31 Vi azodinitrophenol ...... 32 Fivolite. . . . Table 2 Diethanoinitramine Dinitrate . . . . . Table 2 Fivonite . . . Table 2 DINA ...... Table 2 Fondu Melinite (Fr) ...... 5 6 4,6-Dinitrobenzene-2- FP 02 (Ger) ...... 66 Diazo-I-Oxide ...... 32 Fullpulver (Ger) 16 Dinitrophenol,2,4...... Table 2 Fullpulver 02 (Ger) ...... 6 6 2,2,-Dinitropropyl-4,4,4-Trinitrobutyrote Table 3 Fulminate De Mercure (Fr) . . . . . 46 IDinitrotoluene, 2,4- ...... Table 2 Fulminate of Mercury ...... 4 6 Dinitroxyethylnitromine ...... Table 2 Fulminato Di Mercurio (Itol) . . . . . 46 Dinol ...... 3 2 D I PAM ...... 320 Dipentoerythritol Hexanitrate . . . . Table 3 Gelatin Dynamite. Dipicramid ...... 320 Gelotir ...... 36 D ipicramide ...... 32a Gelotine Dynamite (Fr...... 36 Dipicrylamine ...... 43 Gelatins Esplosivo (Itc'.) D N E U ...... Table 2 Gelatine Explosif (Frj . DNP ...... Table 2 Gelignite (Brit). DNPF ...... Table 3 Glyceryl Trini trate . DNPS ...... Table 3 GPulver (Ger) . 4 pNPTB ...... Table 3 Granatfullwig 88 (Ger) 56 VNT ...... Table 2 Grenite 50 VPH EN ...... Table 3 GRF. 88 (Ger) . 56 punnite ...... 20 G-Sal z (Ger) ...... 49 Dynamite ...... 61 GTNB . . . . Table 3 Dynamite-Gomme (Fr) ...... 23 Guanidine Nitrate. 37 Gudolpulver (Ger). 49

E.C. Powder ...... 47b EDD ...... 34 Haleite . . . . 39 EDNA . . . . 39 Harrisite ...... 29 Ednato I ...... 3 3 HBX-1, -2, -3 . 40 VMMET ...... Table t Heptryl . . . . . Table 2 E-Salz (Ger) ...... 60 Hexo (Ger). . . 43 tsanitro Difenilamina (Ital) . . . . . 43 Fiuxahydro-1,3,r,Trinitro-Sym-Triazine 60 Ethylenediomine Dinitrote ...... 34 Hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine . Table 2 Ethylenedinitramine ...... 39 Hexamin. 43 Ethylene Glycol Di-Trinitrobutyrate . . Table 3 Hexanite 41

.i=CTIGN i - 5

Table 1 . General index To Explosive Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME PAGE NAME PAGE (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO!

Hexanitrodiphenylamine,2,2',4,4',6,6' 43 KDNBF . Hexanitrodiphenyi Sulfide . Table 2 Knoiiquecksiiber (Ger) Hexanitro Oxaniiide Table 3 Hexanitrostiibene 2,2',4,4',6,6'- ...... 44 Lead Azide 44a I HEX Explosives ...... 77 Lead 2,4-Dinitroresorcinate Table 3 Hexii ...... 43 Lead 4,6-Dinitroresorcinol Table 3 Hexite ...... 43 Lead Hydronitride 44a Hexogen (Ger) ...... 6 0 Lead Mononitroresorcinate 77 Hexogene (Fr) ...... 60 Lead Salt of Styphnic Acid 45 Hexotol ...... 7 7 Leod Styphnate . 45 Hexyl ...... 43 Lead Trinitroresorcinate 45 HI VEL No . 6.5 ...... 47b LDNR Table 3 HMTD ...... Table t LDNR-basic . Table 3 HMX ...... 42 LMNR 77 HIND ...... 43 Lyddite (Brit) 56 HNDP ...... 43 HNO ...... Table 3 HNS ...... 44 Mannitol Hexanitrote Table 3 HNS-R ...... 44 MBT (Ital) 69 HNST ...... 44 M-Dinitrobenrene Table 2 HNS-I ...... 44 McEDNA . . . . . Table 2 . 44 HNS-II ...... Meiinita (itai) . 56 Hoitex ...... Table 2 Meiinite (Fr) 36 Homocyclonite . 42 ...... Mercuric Fulminate 46 H s (Ger) . . . 26 Mercury Fulminate . 46 Huiie De Nobel (Fr) ...... 48 Methyl pirate 71 . 48 Huile Expiosif (F r) ...... M . F . 46 ...... Table 2 Hyman ...... Minex 30 H-I (Ger) ...... 41 Minoi 15 H-6 ...... 38 MNN . Table 3 MNO ...... Table 2 MNP . Table 3 I MR 4166 ...... 47b Mononitronaphthaiene Table 3 IM R 4676 ...... 47b Mononi trophenol Table 3 Mox Explosives 77

Nassbrandpuiver (Ger) 22 Natrium Chlorate (Ger) Table 3 Kaii salpeter (Ger) ...... Tobie 3 Natrium Perchlorate (Ger) Table 3 Kaiiumchlorate (Ger) ...... Table 3 Natronsoipeter (Ger) Table 3 Kaiiumperchlorate (Ger) ...... Table 3 Neilite (Brit) 69 K A-Sol z (Ger) ...... 6 0 Nena . Table 2

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

Table 1 . General index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME PAGE NAME PAGE (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO'

NG ...... 48 P .A...... 56 NGL (Ger) ...... 48 PB-RDX ...... 77 Nigu (Ger) . . 49 PBXN-3 ...... 51 NIP ...... Toble 2 PBXN-4 ...... 52 Niperyth . . . 54 PBXN-101 ...... Table 2 Nitramex . . . 47 PBXN-102 ...... Table 2 Ni tramon . . . 47 P.E ...... 28 Nitrate De Guonidine (Fr) 37 PentO ...... 54 Nitrate De Sodium (Fr) Table 3 Pentoerythrite Tetranitrote . . . . . 54 Nitrate De Potassium (Fr) Toble 3 Pentoerythritol Tetranitrote . . . . 54 Nitrato Ammonico (Ital) ...... 18 Pentaerythritol Trinitroacrylate . . . Table 3 Nitrato Di Sodio (Itol) ...... Table 3 Pentanol ...... Toble 2 Nitre ...... Table 3 Penthrite (Fr & Ger) ...... 54 Nitrocellulore Powder ...... 47b Penthrite (Ital) ...... 53 Nitroglicerino (Itol) ...... 48 Pentol (Ger) ...... 53 Nitroglycerin ...... 48 Pentolite ...... 53 Nitroglycerin Gelatin ...... 23 Pentrit (Ger) ...... 54 Nitroglycerin Powder ...... 47b Pentrite (Ital) ...... 54 Ni trogl y zeri n (Ger)...... 48 Pentritol (Ital) ...... 53 Nitroguanidine 49 Pentritol D ...... 53 Nitroindene Polymer ...... Table 2 Pentryl ...... Table 2 Nitrolit ...... 71 Pentyl ...... 54 Nitromonnite . Table 3 Toble 2 Nitropenta (Ger) ...... 54 Perchlorate D'Ammonioque (Fr) 19 Nitropentoerythrit (Ger) 54 Perclorato D i A m m o n i o (Ital) . . , 19 Nitrostarch Explosives 50 Percloroto Di Potassio (Ital) Toble 3 N-Methylethylenedinitramine Toble 2 Pertite (Ital) . 56 N-Methyl-N,2,4,6,-Tetranitroaniline 64 PETN . 54 N, N'-Dinitroethylenediamine 39 Petrin. . . . 54 N,N'-Dinitroethyleneurea . . Toble 2 Petrin Acrylate-1 Table 3 N,N'-Dinitro-N,N'-Dihydroxy- Petx ...... Toble 2 ethyloxomide Dinitrate Table Z Picramide . . Toble 2 N,N'-Dinitro-N,N'-Dimethyloxamide . T a b I e 2 Picrotol . . 55 N-Nitro-NMethylglycoamide Nitrate . Table 2 Picric Acid . 56 NONA ...... 50a Picrite (Brit) 49 Nonanitroter pheny I Pikrinsaure (Ger) 56 2,2',2",4,4',4",6,6',6 " '- . . . . . 50a Pipe . . . . Toble 2 Novit (Ger) ...... 41 Pistol Powder ...... , 47b NP (Ger) ...... 54 Plastic Explosive 28 Nyperi to ...... 54 Plartite . . 28 Plumbatol . 78 Potossium Chlorate Toble 3 Octal ...... 77 Potassium Dinitrobanfuroxan 78 Olio Detonante (Ital) ...... 48 Potassium Nitrate Table 3 Olio Esplosivo (Itol) ...... 48 Potassium Perchlorate Toble ?

SECTION 2-5

Table 1 . General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

PAGE NAME PAGE (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE N0)

Polvera Nera (Ital) . . . . 22 TACOT. , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2 Poudre N (Fr) ...... 22 TATB 68 Poudre Noire (Fr) ...... 22 TATNB ...... 68 P-Series Explosives ...... 78 TENA ...... Table 2 Tetra ...... 64 PTX-1 ...... 57 (Ger) PTX-2 ...... 58 Tetrocene , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2 PTX-4 ...... Table Tetryllte ...... 64 PVA-4 ...... 59 Tetramethylolcyclohexanol Pentanitrate Table 2 PV N ...... Table 3 Tetramethylolcyclohexanone . . . . . Table 2 Pyronite...... 6 4 Tetramethylolcyclopentane Tetronitrate Table 2 Pyro Powder ...... 47b Tetramethylcyclopentonol Pentanitrate Table 2 Tetranitrod ibenza-1,3a,4,6a- tetrazapenta line ...... Table 2 Tetroni tronaphtha lene ...... 63 ...... Ripe ...... Table 3 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetranitro - 1, 3, 5, 7 R-Sol z ...... 60 tetracycle-octane ...... 42 Tetra (Nitrominomethyl) Methane , , . Table 2 Tetranitroaniline 2, 3, 4, 6 , , , , . Table 2 Solnitro (Ital) ...... Table 3 Tetranitropentaerythritol ...... 54 Saltpeter ...... Table 3 Tetranol (Ger) ...... 67 Saxonite (Brit) ...... 3 6 Tetrotol , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 65 Schiesswolle 18 (Ger) ...... 41 Tetryl ...... 6 4 Schwarzpulver (Ger) ...... 2 2 Tetrylite ...... 64 Semi-Gelatin Dynamite ...... 3 6 Tetrytol ...... 65 Shellite (Brit) ...... 69 TINA ...... 71 SH-Solz (Ger) ...... 60 TN B , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2 Shu l t z Powder ...... 47b TNTAB , , , , , , , , , , , , , . Table 3 Siloidina (Ital) ...... 50 TNETB , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Table 2 Silver Azide ...... Table 3 TNT ...... 66 Sixolite ...... Table 2 Tolite (Fr) ...... 66 Sixonite ...... Table 2 Torpex ...... 67 Smokeless Powder...... 47b Torpex (Brit) ...... 40 Sodium Chlorate ...... Table 3 TPEON , , , , , , , , , , , , , . Table 2 Sodium Nitrate ...... Table 3 TPX ...... 67 Sodium Nitrate Black ...... 2 2 Trialene (Ger) ...... 6 7 Sodium Perchlorate ...... Table 3 Trialine (Ger) ...... 67 Spherohexagonal Black ...... 2 2 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene . 6 8 Sprenggelotine (Ger) ...... 2 3 Tridite ...... 69 Sprengmunition 02 (Ger) ...... 6 6 Trilite ...... 66 Sprengol (Ger) ...... 48 Trimethylene-1,4,-Dinitram ine . . . . Table 2 Sprengsalpeter (Ger) ...... 18 Trimethylolpropane Straight Dynamite ...... 61 Trinitrate 1,1,1- ...... Table 2 Straight Nitrocellulose Powder . . . . 47b Trimonite ...... 70 Styphnic Acid ...... Table 2 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-diamino- Sym-Trinitroanisole ...... 71 benzol , , , , , , , , , , , , , 31

330-516 0 - 69 - 2 GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

Table 1 . General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME PAGE NAME PAGE (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) Trinitroaniline 2,4,6...... Table 2 Tritonal ...... 72 Trinitroonisole 2,4,6- Tri tone ...... 66 Trinitrobenzene 1,3,5- ...... Table 2 TO zinote ...... 45 2,2,2-Trinitro ethyl -4,4,4-Trinitrobutyrate Table 2 Trojan Explosive ...... 50 Trinitroglycerin ...... 48 Trotol ...... 66 Trinitro-M-Cresol 2,4,6- ...... Table 2 Trotyl (Brit) ...... 66 Trinitrophenol 2,4,6- ...... 56 TSMV I-101 (Ger) ...... 41 Trinitrophenylbutylnitramine .2 .4 .6 - . Table 2 Tutol (Ger) ...... 66 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylenedi amine-(1,3) " . 31 Type A Black Powder ...... 22 Trinitrophenylethylnitramine,2,4,6- . . Table 2 Type B Black Powder ...... 22 Trinitrophenyl Methyl Ether 2,4,6- . . 71 T4 (Ital) ...... 60 Trinitrophenylmethylnitromine 2,4,6- . 6 4 (Trinitrophenylnitramino 2,4,6-) Ethyl Nitrate ...... Table 2 Underwater Explosive ...... 72 Trinitrophenyltrimethylolmethylnitramine UWE ...... 72 Trinitrate 2,4,6- ...... Table 2 Trinitroresorcinol 2,4,6- ...... Table 2 Trinitroresorcinate De Plomb (Fr) . . . 45 Veltex ...... Table 2 Trinitroresorcinate Di Piombo (Itol) . . 45 Trinitrotoluene 2,4,6- ...... 66 Trinitrotriazidobenzene ...... Table 3 W-Sol z (Ger) ...... 60 Trinol ...... 66 Tripentoerythritol Dctonitrate . . . . Toble 2 Tritol ...... 66 Xyloidin (Ger) ...... 50 Tritolite (Ital) ...... 27 Tritolo (Ital) ...... 66 Triton ...... 66 9404 ...... 76 SECTION 2-5

Table 1 . General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

Unit 2

Japanese

NAME i PAGE NAME * PAGE !OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION' (OR TABLE NO)

Angoyaku * x ...... 26 Oshitsuyaku ...... 26 Otsu-B 7...... 41

Chakatsuyaku 66 Pentoriru .,! ; r 1) -A , ...... 5 3 66 Chakuhatsu . . Picurin ...... 56 Chauyaku ...... 2 7 Picurusan ...... 56 ' Chikkaen 'j XL $a ...... "C

Raiko ...... 46 Dainamaito 91 t -74X 61 Raisanuigin ...... 46

64 Hanensosonbakuyaku ...... 73 Sanshoki Mechiira Nitoroamin 66 H2-Kongo "" ;,'c, o ...... 75 Sanshokitoruoro 41 H-2 ...... 7 5 Seigata Shimose 56 54 Ko ...... 73 Shoeiyaku Shotoyaku 16 Kokushokuyaku ...... 22 60 Shouyoku bid fi .

Motsu ...... 23 Meiayaku ...... 64 Tanoyaku . . 6"' Muayaku ...... 64 Type 88 Explosive Xl Xl yt 73 Muenyaku ...... 476 Type91 Explosive ik 71 Type92 Explosive = . 66 94 Explosive .. 'X 74 Nigotanoyaku - 1, 1 ...... 2 7 Type Type 97 Explosive 41 Nitroguriserin - = F0 Y9-e9Y ...... 48 Type 98 Explosive k, XX 75

Oroyoku * 1X ...... 70 Dshokuyaku * . 6 ...... 56 Yuenyaku A -0 . 22

The character !*, yaku (explosive) is not included in the characters for each XrXwcinnnfinn

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

T a b I e 1 General Index To Explosives, Solid Propellants, and Chher Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

Unit 3

Russian

NAME PAGE NAME PAGE (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO) (OR ABBREVIATION) (OR TABLE NO)

a3NA CBNHQA ...... 44a HNTPOMEndTMH ...... 23 d30THOHNCnblll dMMOHVN . . . . . 18 d30THOHNCn bli HdnNU ...... Table 3 nEPXnOPaT 19 d30T0B0A0P0AHU11 HMCn0Tbl . . . . 44a ammoNNA ...... dMRTOp ...... _ _ _ _ 10 nEPXflOPdT HdTPNA ...... Table 3 ammOHNMHBA CEPn"Tpa ...... 18 nNHPdT 3MMOHNA ...... 20 Note . Refer to Table 2 for explosive nWHPNH08d8 HNCDOTd ...... 56 designated A-I X-2.

CBNHu08dA COnb ...... 44a 83P6I 846TbIlk HIendTNN ...... 23

I ...... 64 ...... 6 0 TeTPHA ...... 64 ...... 66 remcon ...... 43 THT ...... 45 reNCOreH ...... 60 THPC FP ...... 46 T0n ...... 66 rpm4afl PTYTb ...... 46 TPNHNTPOrPNIjePNH ...... 48 TPNHNTP0Pe30PQNHdT CBNHud . . . . 45 TPNHNTPOTOnyon ...... 66 ANNdMNTbI ...... 61 TPHHNTPOmeHOfl ...... 56 AbiMHbl11 nopox ...... 22 TPOTNn ...... 66 T)H ...... 54

Men...... 56 MEIINHNT ...... 58 HEPHbli nOPOX ...... 22

HNPOrmePNH ...... 48 xnoPOT HanmA ...... Table 3 HNTPOT dMMOHNA ...... 18 XnOPdT HBTPNA Table 3 HNTPOT MANIA ...... Table 3 XnOPHOBOTOHNCnbIN HanmN ...... Tobie 3 HNTPdT HdTPNA ...... Table 3 Xn0PHOHNCnb1N aMMOHNH ...... 19

SECTION 2-S

ALUMATOL

Other names: Technical and U . S . - Ammonal . BurroMite ; t - Minol

Composition : An explosive mixture containing ammonium nitrate, TNT, ar- er, I aluminum .

State: Solid . Color: Gray . Melting point : Mixtures with less than 40 percent TNT do not melt. Mixtures containing over 40 percent TNT form a suspension of aluminum in molten TNT at temperatures above 1780 F. (81 0 C.) . Solubility: Ammonium nitrate is soluble in water; TNT is soluble in acetone and carbon tetrachloride; aluminum is insoluble in most solvents .

Sensitivity: As a rule, this explosive is considered to be insensitive

Velocity of detonation : 20,800 feet per second at a density of 1 .7 grams per milliliter. Detonating temperature: 490 0 F. (254 0 C.) . Stability : Stable when dry. Very hygroscopic ; moisture accelerates decomposition . Burns underwater or on the surface. Will detonate If steamed or trepanned. Reacts with bronze, brass, copper, galvanized iron and, especially, lead. Does not attack aluminum, steel, or stainless steel.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Mixtures with less than 40 percent TNT are press loaded . Mixtures are cast loaded when TNT content exceeds 40 percent.

Method of unloading : Wash out with cold water. Cannot be steamed out as it may detonate .

Use: A main-charge explosive reportedly used by most foreign countries. Used in underwater ordnance by the British. The United States employs this type of explosive for better observation in proving ground tests of high explosive shells because of the brilliant flash produced .

Rsmorkr :

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

AMATOL

Other names ; Fr - Amatol ; Ger -" Fullpulver ; Ital - Amotolo; Jap - Shotoyaku; Russ ama1011,

Composition : A mixture of ammonium nitrate and TNT; the percentage b y weight of ammonium nitrate varies from 40 to SO percent.

State : Crystalline.

Color: Yellow to dark brown depending on the composition and purity of components .

Melting point : Mixture consisting of SO percent ammonium nitrate and 20 percent TNT by weight does not melt . As the concentration of TNT increases, the mixture melts at approximately the melting point of TNT, 1780 F. (81 0 C.) . Solubility ; TNT is " oluble in acetone and carbon tetrachloride; ammonium nitrate is very soluble in water.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to detonation than TNT, but is readily detonated by mercury fulminate and other high explosives . With increasing concentration of ammonium nitrate. this " xplorive becomes more diffl- cult to initiate .

Velocity o f detonation : 14,500 to 2 1,300 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.54 grams per milliliter.

Detonating temperature : Approximately 4890 F. (254 0 C.). Stability : Very hygroscopic and therefore is usually protected by a sealing pour of TNT. In tl:e presence of moisture attacks copper, brass, and bronze, forming dangerously sensitive compounds. May corrode steel when dry. Becomes fluid or plastic when hot.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Cast, extruded, or pressed depending on the concentration of ammonium nitrate.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out if no exudate or ammonia odor is present . Wash out with cold water if an exudate is present or if ammonia odor prevails .

Not< . C^moositions containing 40 percent or more TNT can be steamed out. Composi- tiL-.yy containing less than 40 percent TNT will not melt .

Use: A main-charge explosive employed by practically all foreign countries. Used in the U. S. as a substitute explosive in J-inch, 155-mm ., and larger shells . Also used in bombs and bangalore torpedoes.

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

AMMONIA DYNAMITE

other names : Fr .. Ammoniadynamite; Ger - Ammon-dynamit; Ital - Ammondynamit .

Co m position : Ammonium nitrate is the principal explosive ingredient in ammonia dynamite, replacing some of the sodium nitrate and approximately 60 percent of the nitroglycerin as found in straight dynamite.

State: Granular material . Color: Malting point : Does not melt . SolubiIity :

Sensitivity : Less flammable and less " ansitive to " hock and friction than straight dynamite . May be set off with a commercial No. 6. No . S, or Engineer Corps special blasting caps .

Velocity of datonotion : 7,000 to 13,000 feet per second . Varies with strength of ammonia dynamite .

Datonoting tamparotura :

Stability: i'iygroscopic ; water resistance is poor. If sufficient moisture is absorbed, nitroglycerin will exude and cartridge becomes dangerous .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic. Excessive handling, however. may produce toxic effects of nitroglycerin.

Method of loading: Usually put up in cartridges or cylinders, but is sometimes prepared a* a free flowing material.

Method of unlooding : Cartridges or cylinders may be slit to remove loose fill .

Caution: Deterioration makes this procedure extremely hazardous.

Use: Employed in demolition work for quarrying, stump blasting, and underground work where ventilation is good. Not generally used in underwater work.

Ramorks :

1 7

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

AMMONIUM NITRATE

Other names : Fr - azotate d1ammoniaque ; Ger - Sprengsalpeter, Ammoniumnitrat, Ammonsalpeter; ltal - Nitrato ammonico ; Russ .. d301HOHO[Abli aMMOHOA dMMOHOOHdR CPpnoTpa, HOT pa1 dMMOHOR .

Campos! Lion ; NH4N03 "

Stote: Crystalline powder .

Color : White.

Melting point : 325-3380 F. (163-170 0 C.) . Solubility ; Very soluble in water. slightly soluble-In ethyl alcohol; soluble in warm methyl alcohol. Absorbs moisture readily.

Sensitivity ; Insensitive to Impact . May be detonated by a charge of explosive. Sensi- tiveness is increased by the addition of explosive substances such as nitroglycerin. nitrocellulose, or aromatic nitro compounds ; sensitiveness is also Increased by the addition of nonexplosive combustible materials such as rosin, sulfur, charcoal, flour, sugar, or oil. Being a powerful oxidizing agent, It will Increase the spread and Inten- sity of combustion of any flammable material .

velocity of detonation: 3,600 - 9,000 feet per second . Detonating temperature : Complete detonation of pure material is very difficult; booster or special blasting cap is required .

CStability:' Very stable ; Ignites at 5690 F.(4650 .) . In the presence of moisture, reacts with copper, iron, steel, brass, lead, and cadmium.

Toxicity : Not toxic and does not cause dermatitis; no special precautions required for handling. Fumes of exploded ammonium nitrate are considered dangerous .

Method of loading : Pressed or cast, depending on the Composition of the mixture.

Method of unloading : Wash out with water.

Use: Oxidizing agent. Used alone primarily as a cratering charge, and in ditching and quarrying operations . Also used as an explosive ingredient of mixtures used in bombs or large caliber shells .

Remorks :

1 8

SECTION 2-5

AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE

Other nomes: Fr , Perchlorate d'ammoniaque ; Ger - Ammonperchlorat; Ital - Perclorato di ammonio; Russ ..X f1EPXX9UPd1 dMMOHOP, Xn0PHOHNCJ1610 aMMOHON .

Composition : N114C104'

State: Powder . Color: White. Melting point: Decomposes before melting. Solubility : Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and acetone, insoluble in ether.

Sensitivity: About as sensitive to shock as picric acid, but considerably more sensitive to friction ; more difficult to initiate by detonation than picric acid .

Velocity of detonotion :

Detonating tcmpcroture: 815 0 F. (435 0 C.) . Stability: Nonhygroscopic ; mote stable and less reactive than the chlorates; much safer in contact with combustible substances.

Toxicity : Relatively nontoxic , does not cause dermatitis.

Method of loading:

Method of unlooding :

Use: Universally employed in primer, pyrotechnic, and propellant compositions ; several foreign nations have employed perchlorate compositions as main charges ih bombs and mines.

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

AMMONIUM PICRATE

Other names: Technical and U . S, - Ammonium trinitrophenolate . Dunnite, Explosive D ; Ger - Ammonpikrat; R u s s - nVHVOT 8MMOHORI ,

Composition: A compound having the formula H N40' C 6H 2 -(N O 2) 3.

State : Crystalline material . Color: Yellow, yellow-orange, or red .

Melting point: 5090 F. (265 0 C.) with decomposition. Solubility : Slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and in cold water; soluble in hot water.

Sensitivity : The least sensitive of military explosives to shock and friction. Although less Sensitive than TNT, it Can be exploded by severe shock or friction . Requires a booster for detonation.

Velocity of detonation : 23,100 feet per second at s density of 1 .5 grams per milliliter .

FCDetonating temperature: 6040 . (318 0 .) . Stability: Very stable if stored properly. Moderately hygroscopic . Moisture reduces explosive strength and sensitivity to detonation . In the presence of moisture, reacts readily with lead, steel, and nickel plated steel; reacts slightly with copper plated or zinc plated steel, and bronze . When wet. reacts slowly with iron, lead, and copper to form explosive salts. Reaction with metals is negligible when dry. Highly flammable. Burns readily like tar or resin. May detonate when heated to temperatures as high as 401 0 F. (205 0 C.) .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic, but discolors skin end may cause dermatitis. Avoid inhalation of explosive dust .

Method of loading: Loaded by being pressed into cases by li hydraulic tam. Its melting point i s too high for it to be melted and cast .

Method of unloading: Steaming out is not practicable because its melting point is too high . May be washed out with hot water.

Use: A main-charge explosive used in explosive ordnance which must withstand severe shock and stresses before detonating, such as armor-piercing bombs and projectiles. Em- ployed as the standard main-charge for all Navy projectiles over 3-inch caliber.

Remarks :

SECTI ON 2-5

BARATOL

Other names:

Composition : A mixture of barium nitrate and TNT.

State : Solid.

Color: Straw to yellow . Molting point : 1760 to 2030 F. (800 to 95 0 C.) . Solubility: Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity: Sensitivity to heat, shock, or friction is greater than that of TNT.

Velocity of d et o no t io n: 19,700 to 23,000 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.7 grams per milliliter.

Detonoting temperature : Approximately 464 0 F. (240 0 C.) . Stability : Stability in storage is good. Very stable to heat . Retains sensitiveness to detonation after prolonged warm storage. Nonhygroscopic and is not adversely affected by moisture .

Toxicity : Toxic effects are peculiar to components . TNT is appreciably toxic; barium nitrate is very poisonous.

Method of loading: May be melted and cast .

Method of unloading : May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) .

Use: A main-charge explosive used in British bombs.

Remorks:

2 1

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

BLACK POWDER

Other names : Technical end U. S. - Block cannon powder, Black shell powder, Black fuze powder, Sodium nitrate black, Spheroheregonel black, Type A black powder, Type B black powder; Fr - Poudre noire, Poudre N; Ger - Schwarzpulver, Nassbrandpulver; Ital- Polvere nera ; Jep - Kokusokuyeku. Yuenyeku ; Rugs - AbIMHbIII flopox, 4i?PHbIH f10Pol,

Composition: A mechanical mixture of finely pulverized potassium or " odium nitrate, charcoal, end sulfur .

State: Grains of various sizes. Grains may be pressed into plates . prisms, cubes, end other regular shapes. Color: Slate-gray color having e dull polish . Indivlduel grains are ueuelly coated with graphite which reduces sliding friction end Imparts e 0 hlny black eppeerence . Melting point: Does not melt. Solubility: Desensitized when placed in water because the potassium or " odium nitrate dissolves out. The water weshrng, however, must be separated from the residue because. if wet end permitted to dry, black powder may resume its explosive properties .

Sensitivity : Considered the moat sensitive of all bulk explosives . Very sensitive to friction, heat, end impact .

Burning rote : The burning rate ie difficult to control . A representative burning rate is 1,200 feet per second .

Detonating temperature: Approxlmetely 673 0 F. (356 0 C .) . Stability : Very stable when properly stored . Unaffected by moderately high temperatures, end is not subject to " ponteneoue combustion at ordinary storage temperatures . Very hygroscopic . Deteriorates irregularly when exposed to moisture . Attacks all common metals. except stainless steel, when wet or excessively moist.

Toxicity : Not merkedly toxic end generally does not cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Granular loaded or pressed .

Method of unlooding : May b- ")oured, or washed out with water.

Use: Present military use is limited to ignition end primer charges, time train rings in time end combination fuzes, delay pellets for primers end fuzes, base detonating torpedo impulse end propellant charges. blank ammunition, smoke-puff end " potting charges, bursting charges for practice bombs end shells . end ignition pads for bege O>' 0 mokeleee powder .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

BLASTING GELATIN

Other namer : Technical and U. S. - Nitroglycerin gelatin; Fr - Gelatine explosif, Dynamite-gomme; Ger .. Sprenggelatine ; Ital - Gelatina esplosiva; Jap .. Matsu; Russ B3Pbi B481bli HIQp81AH, HOTPOH1E0818H .

Composition : A mixture o f nitroglycerin and about 7 percent by weight of a low-nitrated cellulose .

State: Translucent, elastic mass .

Color : Yellow. Malting point : Does not melt. Solubillty: Soluble in acetone.

SensitiVity : Less sensitive to shock, impact, and friction than straight dynamite . Unlike straight dynamite, it is mote sensitive when frozen . May be set off b y a No. 6, No . S, or Engineer Corps special blasting cap. Most difficult nitroglycerin dynamite to detonate .

Velocity of detonation : 23,600 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.6 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Detonating temperature is very low. Stability : After long storage at above average temperatures it becomes less sensitive to detonation, and may become incapable of detonation . Nonhygroscopic with excellent water resisting properties . May generate poisonous fumes.

Toxicity : Fumes from its explosion are poisonous; otherwise not markedly toxic.

Method of loading : Usually put up in cartridges .

Method of unloading: Cartridges may be slit to remove the loose fill

Caution: This procedure is hazardous if the explosive has deteriorated.

Use : Most powerful commercial explosive. Used in underwater work and where high brisance is required .

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

BORAGTOL

Other names:

Composition: 13oriC acid (60 percent) and TNT (40 percent) .

State: Color: Dyed various colors by manufacturers for identification .

Melting point: Solubility: Soluble in anything that will dissolve TNT.

Sensitivity: Insensitive to shock.

Velocity of detonotion :

Detonating tcmperoturc: Stability:

Toxicity : Same as TNT.

Method of loading:

Method of unlooding: Sterms readily; boric acid may be leached out with water and the remaining TNT handled in the normal manner .

U se:

Rematkal Leaves an explosive residue after bumlng.

SECTI ON 2-5

CH-6

Other names:

Composition : A mixture of RDX (97.5 percent), calcium a tearate (1 .5 percent), graphite (0 .5 percent), and polyisobutylene (0 .5 percent) .

State: Coated crystals . Color: Gray . Molting point : 399.20 F. (2040 C .) . Solubility: Moderately a oluble in hot 0 cetone ; readily " oluble In hot phenol.

Sensitivity: Has t h e same sensitivity as tetryl .

Velocity of dotonotion : 27,000 feel per second at a density of 1 .6 grarna per milliliter. Detonating temperature: 3850 to 4060 F. (1960 to 207.6' C .) . Stability: Storage 0 tability is considered very good . Not 0 dvereely effected by moisture.

Toxicity: Not markedly toxic end generally does not cause dermatitis . if ingested, however, may effect the central nervous 0 yetem.

Method o f loadingt Pressed.

Method of unloading :

Use: A boortcr explosive.

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

COMPOSITION A, A-2, AND A-3.

Other names: Ger - Hs ; Jap _ Angayaku, Oshitsuyaku.

Composition : A mixture of RDX and plasticizing oil or wax. Composition A, A-2, and A- 3 differ only in the method of preparation.

State: Granular or solid.

Color: White to buff. Foreign compositions may be any color as dyed waxes are some times used .

Molting point: 3920 to 446 0 F. (200 0 to 2300 C.) . klubility : Moderately soluble in acetone; readily soluble in hot phenol .

Sensitivity: Somewhat more sensitive than TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 26,900 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Approximately 4820 F. (250 0 C .) Stability : Very stable even when subjected to increases in temperature. Wax may exude, depending on the melting point of the wax. Nonhygroscopic, and not adversely affected by moisture . Reacts but little or not at all with the common metals .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic and generally doer not cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Press loaded.

Method of unloading: Wash out with suitable solvents . Steaming out is impracticable because melting point is too high.

Use: A main-charge explosive for A. A. Shells . Suitable for use in minor caliber (20- mm ., 37-mm., and 40-mm .) shells. May be used as a booster and can he used in armor- piercing shells because of its insensitivity and high brisance .

Remarks :

SECTION 2-5

COMPOSITION B, AND B-2.

Other names : Technical and u. s . - Cyclotol (B-2 only) ; Ital _ Tritollte; Jap _ Nigo- tanoyaku, Chauyaku .

Composition : Composition B refers specifically to a mixture of RDX, TNT, and beeswax or similar wax. Composition B-Z or cyclotol is an unwaxed composition of RDX and TNT. The waxed and unwaxed compositions have identical properties except that the unwaxed composition is slightly more sensitive .

State: Nonplastic solid. Color: Pale or light yellow to brownish yellow or brown . Melting point : Composition B doer not have a sharp melting point. At temperatures above the melting point of TNT, the RDX is suspended in the melted TNT and wax. Composition B-2 melts at approximately 1780 F. (810 C .) . SolubiIIty :

Sensitivity : Less sensitive than tetryl, but more sensitive then TNT. Wax has a small but distinct desensitizing effect. May be detonated by a No . 8 commercial electric detonator buried beneath the surface, but fails when the detonator is merely in surface contact with the explosive .

Velocity of detonation : 25,400 feet per second at a density of 1.7 grams per milliliter . Considered to be one of the most powerful of explosives . Detonating temperature: Approximately 491 0 F. (255 0 C .) . Stability : Stability in storage la good . Nonhygroscoplc and not adversely affected by moisture . Corrodes magnesium, magnesium-aluminum alloy, and brass readily . Dry or in the presence ofmoisture attacks copper, brass, and mild steel. Will bum when unconfined .

Toxicity : A poisonous explosive that produCes toxic effects peculiar to its components .

Method of loading : A cast explosive.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out; however, once steaming has begun, continue until completed. When the explosive is allowed to cool, the crystals shrink . Reapplica- tion of heat expands the crystals, causing friction between them with possible detonation of the explosive .

Caution: RDX is sensitive to shock and friction ; therefore, do not allow the a team nozzle to move freely in the container from which the explosive is being removed.

Use: A main-charge explosive used in warheads of guided missiles, in mines, and in torpedoes ; it is authorized as a filling for AN (Army-Navy) standard aircraft bombs. May be used in boosters for large bombs . in demolition charges, and in large caliber projectiles.

Remarks:

330-516 0 - 69 - 3 27

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

COMPOSITION C, C-2, AND C-3

Outer names: Technical and U . S . - Plastic explosive, P . E., plastite

Composition : Composition C -A mixture of RDX and an inert plasticizer. Composition C-2 -A mixture of RDX plus nitrocotton end an explosive plasticizer containing no tetryl . Composition C-3 -A mixture of RDX plus nitrocotton and a plasticizer containing tetryl substituted in part for RDX.

$tote: A plastic material resembling putty Color: Compositions C and C-2 - white; Composition C-3 - yellow to brown Melting point : Does not have a sharp melting point. Solubility:

Sensitivity: Considerably less sensitive than TNT. May not always be detonated by a No . S blasting cap, but will usually be detonated by an Engineer Corps special blasting cap.

Velocity of detonation : 25,000 feet per second at a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature : Approximately 342 0 F. (172 0 C.). Stability; May exude in storage at room temperature, but does not lose sensitivity to initiation. Moderately hygroscopic, but not adversely affected by moisture . Composition C-3 does not react with aluminum or mild steel . It reacts slightly with brass and copper . Composition C-3 catches fire easily and bums with an intense flame. If burned in large quantities, the hear generated may make it explode.

Toxicity : Composition C-3 is poisonous, and may cause dermatitis ; explosion fumes are poisonous .

Method of loading: Generally manufactured in blocks covered with wax paper and card board .

Method of unloodlng : May be steamed out. However, once steaming has begun, it should be continued until completed. If the explosive is allowed to cool, the crystals will shrink. Reapplication of heat expands the crystals, causing friction between them with possible detonation of the explosive .

Caution: RDX is sensitive to shock and friction ; therefore, do not allow the steam nozzle to move freely in the container from which the explosive is being removed.

Use: A main-charge explosive used In demolition work . Can be used underwater .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

COMPOSITION C-4

Other npnles : Technical and U. S. - Harrisite

Composition : A mixture composed principally of RDX with varying amounts of ing oil. diethylhexylsebacate, and polyisobutylene .

State: Plastic mass resembling putty.

Color: White. Melting point : Does not have a sharp melting point. Solubility : Slightly soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity: Similar to TNT in sensitivity. Consistently detonated by an Engineer Corps special blasting cap or primacord if pressed into the explosive before firing .

Velocity of dstonotion : 26 .500 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 386.6 0 F. (197 0 C .) . Stability: Stability in storage is considered good . Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture . Does not react with most common metals .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic end generally does not cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Normally prepared in 21/2-pound blocks, and wrapped in wax paper .

Method of unloading : May be removed from containerr by hand or with a wooden paddle .

Use: A main-charge explosive used in demolition work and can be used underwater .

Remarks :

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

DBX

Other names: Technical and U. S. - Depth bomb explosive, Minex .

Composition: A mixture composed of equal amounts of RDX and ammonium nitrate, combined with TNT and aluminum . A variation of DBX, designated Minex, contains a larger percentage of ammonium nitrate than RDX.

State: Solid. Color: Gray.

Melting point: Between 1850 and 221 0 F. (850 and 1050 C.) . Solubility : Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : Closely resembles, although less sensitive than Torpex .

Velocity of detonation : 22,300 feet per second at a density of 1.68 grams per milliliter Detonating temperature: Approximately 4900 F . (254 0 C .) . Stability: Stability in storage is considered poor. Somewhat hygroscopic ; hygroscopicity results from, end increases with, the percentage of ammonium nitrate. Corrodes brass and steel. May detonate if steamed or trepanned . Burns underwater .

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Con be cast.

Method of unloading : Wash out with suitable solvent.

Use: A main-charge explosive particularly suitable for use in depth bombs since it is " lightly superior to Torpex, with respect to underwater shock .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

1,3 .. DIAMINO - 2,4,6 - TRINITROBENZENE

Other names: 2,4,6 - Trinitro - 1 .3 .. diamino-benzol, 2,4,6 - Trinitrophenylenediamine- (l,3), DATNB, DATB .

Composition : C6HSN506.

State: Crystalline. Color: Yellow . Melting point: 5450 F. (285 0 C.) . Decomposes at about 10 percent per hour at 5360 F. (280 0 C.) . Decomposition increases rapidly from about 5000 F. (2600 C.).

Solubility : Slightly soluble in hot glacial acetic acid, diozane, and nitrobenzene .

Sensitivity : Comparable to explosive D.

Velocity of dotonotion : 24,272 feet per second . Dotonoting temperature : 5900 to 6080 F. (310 0 to 3200 C.).

Stability: Stable at usual storage temperatures .

Toxicity : Considered of a low order; toxic only at hlgh dose levels .

Method o f loading: Pressed.

Method of unloading:

Use: Special application in warheads of high speed guided missiles,

Remarks:

3 1 GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

DIAZODINITROPHENOL

Other MOMes' Technical and U. S. - DDNP . Dinol, 4, 6-Dinitrobenzene-2-diazo-l-oxide

Composition : A compound having the formula C6H 2N405 .

State: Noncrystalline powder or granular material . Color: Yellow to brown . Molting point : 3150 F. (157 0 C .) . Solubility : Slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate. Soluble in acetone and nitrobenzene.

Sensitivity: More insensitive to shock than mercury fulminate and lead azide ; less sensitive to friction than mercury fulminate. More sensitive in priming mixtures than when in the pure state. Can be set off by flame, shock, heat, or electric spark. Cannot be exploded underwater by a commercial No . 8 blasting cap.

Velocity of detonation : 22,600 feet per second at a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter

Detonating temperature: 3830 F . (195 0 C .) . Stability : Stable in storage with no loss in power. Darkens rapidly on exposure to sunlight . Slightly hygroscopic ; does not react with water at ordinary temperatures, but is desensitized by it. Reacts slightly with copper and readily with lead azide. If confined, flame will cause it to flash but will not detonate it.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Press loaded

Method of unloading: Wash out with acetone or nitrobenzene . Should not be steamed out; very sensitive to heat, shock, and friction.

Use: A primary explosive used as a component of priming mixtures and as an initiator. Not widely used in the United States . Used in commercial blasting caps and as a substitute for mercury fulminate.

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

DIPAM

Other names: Technical and U.S .-3,3'-Diamino-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrodipheny1, .Dipicramid, Dipicramide .

Composition: A compound having the formula C 12 H 6 N8 012

State: Solid. Color: Yellow . Melting point: 5830 F. (306C' C .) . Solubility: Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity: Between that of TNT and composition A.

Velocity of detonation : 26,500 feet per second . Detonating temperature : Stability : Good thermal stability at 500 F. (260° C.) ; decomposition is 0.2 to 0.3% per hour.

Toxicity : None .

Method of loading : Pressed .

Method of unloading:

Use : Flexible linear shaped charges (FLSC) and metal-sheathed mild detonating fuze (MDF) for stage separation in Polaris missile. MDF also used for canopy separation on the F-1 11 aircraft.

Remarks : Used where explosive must withstand high temperatures . Propagates effectively in small diameter around sharp bends. MDF is loaded 15 grains per foot, could be reduced t o 0 .2 8 grains per foat . F1"SC will cut with core loads of 20 grains per foot and a detonating velocity of 22,000 feet per second.

SECTION 2-5

EDNATOL

Other names:

Composition : A mixture consisting of ethylenedinitramine (haleite) and TNT.

Stote: Solid. Color: Yellow .

Melting point : 1760 to 1940 F . (800 to 90 0 C.) . Solubility: Partially soluble in water and alcohol; very soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : More sensitive to impact and initiation than TNT, but less than tetryl, P ETN . RDX, or haleite . About as sensitive as picric acid .

Velocity of detonation : 24,000 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter. Detonating temperature : St ob i I i t y: Withstands storage without change in stability and does not undergo exudation at temperatures usually encountered in storage. Stability decreases at elevated temperatures. Nonhygroscopic ; may hydrolyze in the presence of moisture, but not appreciably. When dry, causes very slight corrosion of copper, brass, mild steel. and zinc . In the presence of moisture, corrosion is much more pronounced, and cadmium and nickel also are affected .

Toxicity :

Method of loading : Can be cast .

Method of u n Io odi ng : Wash out with available suitable solvent.

Use: A main-charge explosive designed to ease the shortage of RDX. May be used in grenades, rockets, high-explosive-antitank shells, and as a substitute for Composition 13 in large General Purpose (G .P.) bombs and fragmentation bombs. Used by the United States in 90- and 260-pound fragmentation bombs as an alternate explosive.

Remarks :

3 3

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

ETHYLENEDIAMINE DINITRATE

Other names : Technical and U. S . - EDD .

Composition : A compound having the formula (CH2 "NH2 -HN03)2 .

State : Crystalline solid . Color: Colorless when pure . Melting point : 3650 to 368.30 F. (185 0 to 1870 C.) . SOIubillty : Readily soluble in water.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to impact and initiation than TNT

Velocity of detonation : Reported to have B low velocity of detonation. Detonating temperature: Stability: Although less stable then tetryl . it is not considered as having poor stability Decomposes with formation of brown fumes et 518 0 F. (2700 C.) . Does not explode to 6800 F . (3600 C .) .

Toxicity :

Method of loading : Can be press loaded .

Method of unloading : Wash out with water

Use : A main-charge explosive used to s limited extent by the Germans as a bursting charge .

Remarks :

SECTION 2-5

EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION HTA-3

Other names :

Composition: A mixture of HMX (49 percent), TNT (29 percent) . and aluminum (22 percent) .

State: Solid . Color: Gray .

Melting point: Solubility :

Sensitivity:

Velocity of detonation : Detonating temperature: Stability:

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Cast .

Method of unloading :

Use: HE shell and bomb filler

Remarks: HTA-3 may also be made from Oflol (65 .3 pert) . TNT (12 7 percent) . and aluminum (22 .0 percent) .

35 GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

GELATIN DYNAMITE

Other names: "technical and U. S, - Gelatin; British - Gelignite, Saxonite; French - Gelatine Dynamite .

Composition: Similar to straight dynamite in composition differing only in the method of preparation.

State: Plastic mass . Color: Brown . Melting point: Does not melt. Solubility : Soluble In acetone.

Sensitivity: Sensitivity is comparable to that of tetryl. May be set off by a No. 6, No. 8. or Engineer Corps special blasting cap

Velocity of detonation : 13,000 to 22,000 feet per second. Varies with the strength of the gelatin dynamite .

Detonating temperature: Detonating temperature is very low. Stability : Tends to become less sensitive to detonating agents when stored, especially if stored at somewhat elevated temperatures . Considered to be nonhygroscopic, however, certain grades containing a high percentage of sodium nitrate may display hygroscoplc characteristics.

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic; excessive handling, however, may produce toxic effects of nitroglycerin.

Method of loading: Usually prepared es a cartridge.

Method of unloading:

Use : A military as well as commerical explosive, its use varies with its strength arc grade. It is suitable for use in wet holes because of good water-resisting properties, anti used in underground work since a very low volume of poisonous gas is emitted on detonation. The British use gelignites in antitank mines. in the sticky grenade. and for demoli tion. Italy and Germany reportedly used gelignites for a variety of purposes, particularly in grenades.

Remarks : Ammonia gelatin dynamite and semi-gelatin dynamite are two other forms ;)f gelatin dynamite . Ammonia gelatin dynamite differs from gelatin dynamite to that aMMOnlum nitrate is one of the components of the mixture replacing some nitroglycerin, and sodium nitrate Semi-gelatin dynamite contains only a small fraction of a percent of the soluble nitrate used in gelatinizing ammonia gelatin, and gelatin dynamite .

SECTION 2-5

GUANIDINE NITRATE

Other name : Fr _. Nitrate de guanidine.

Composition : NH2 C " (NH)-NH2 " HN03

state. Crystalline material .

Color : White.

Melting point : 403 0 to 421 0 F. (206 to 2160 C .) .

Solubility: Readily soluble in water and moderately soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Sensitivity : TNT class .

Velocity of detonotion :

Detonoting temperature :

Stobility :

Toxicity :

Method of loading:

Method of unlooding :

Use; Primary application is in propellant compositions ; has also been employed as a component of high explosive mixtures .

Remorks : Should not be confused with nitroguanidine .

-ENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

Other names :

Composition: RDX (45 percent), TNT (30 percent), aluminum (20 percent), D-2 Wax (5 percent), calcium chloride (added) (0.5 percent) .

State : Solid . Color. Gray . Melting point: Considered to be that of TNT or 1760 F. (81 0 C.) . Solubility : Major components ate soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive than t orp ex and slightly more than TNT. About the same order of sensitivity as composition B.

Velocity of detonation :

Detonating temperoture : Approximately 365 0 to 5001 F . (1850 to 2600 C .) .

Stability : Stability in storage is good . At temperatures above 1490 F. (650 C.) . the wax desensitizer may exude. Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture . Reacts only very slightly with copper, brass, and steel when dry. Attacks all metals except aluminum and stainless steel when moist or in the presence of moisture .

Toxicity : Produces toxic effects peculiar to its components . TNT is the only component that Is significantly toxic .

Method of loading : A cast explosive.

Method of unloading : May br steamed out.

Use : High explosive charge, primarily used in air blast ordnance .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-S

HALE IYE

Other noms,: Technical and U . S -Ethylenedinitramine, N, N " Dinitroethylene- diamine . EDNA, Explosive 11 .

Composition : A compound having the formula 2(C112NHNU2) .

State: Crystalline solid . Color: White to buff . Melting point: Melts with decomposition at 345.2' to 351 .10 F. (1740 to 177 .3 C .). Solubility : Soluble in water. ethyl or methyl alcohol, and acetone .

Sensitivity : Almost es sensitive to initiation es tetryl . Less sensitive than tetryl and more sensitive than TNT to impact Considered less sensitive than TNT to rifle bullet impact .

Velocity of detonation: 24,000 to 25 .400 feet per second at a density of 1.5 grams per milliliter. Detonating temperature : May detonate at a temperature of 356 0 F (1800 C) or a little less in the manner of an initiating explosive . Stability : Considered to beof satisfactory stability at the temperature to which it may be subjected during handling and storage. At elevated temperature, undergoes decomposition at rates which increase rapidly with increase in temperature . Slightly hygroscopic. May hydrolyze slightly in the presence of moisture giving an acid reaction. When dry, does not react with most common metals, but in the presence of moisture, most common metals except aluminum and stainless steel are corroded to a considerable extent .

Toxicity : Not particularly toxic. but Inhalation of its dust should be avoided . Frequent baths and changes of clothes are recommended for personnel handling or disposing of this explosive in quantity .

Method of loading : pressed if loaded separately

Method of unloading : Wash out with available 0 ultable solvent.

Use: A booster explosive whose unusual combination of sensitivity characteristics, in conjunction with other properties, makes it applicable )T10 " peclal purposes .

Remarks :

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

HBX-1, -2, AND -3

Other names: when a desensitizer was added to the explosive, Torpex. the United States renamed the new material HEX. The British retained the name Torpex.

Composition: A mixture of RDX, TNT, aluminum, composition D-2 (desensitizer) and calcium chloride. HEX-3 contains a higher percentage of aluminum than HBX- 1 . HB }t- 2 contains a different type of desensitizer end has never been accepted .

State: Solid mortar-like " ubetance .

Color : Slate gray .

Melting point : Does not have a sharp melting point, but at temperatures above the melting point of TNT, 1780 F . (810 C.), the RDX and aluminum are suspended in the melted TNT .

Solubility : Major components are soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : Lees sensitive than Torpex and slightly more than TNT. About the same order of sensitivity as Composition B.

Velocity of dotonotion : 24,300 feet per second at a density of 1.7 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Approximately 365 0 to 500 0 F. (185 0 to 260 0 C.) . Stability: Stability in storage is good . At temperatures above 1490 F. (650 C.), the wax desensitizer may exude. Were It not for the addition of calcium chloride to the mixture, a pressure build up in the case would result during storage. Nonhygroscopie and not adversely affected by moisture . Reacts only very slightly with copper, brass, and steel when dry. Attacks all metals except aluminum and " tainless steel when moist or in the presence of moisture .

Toxicity : products toxic effects peculiar to its components. TNT is the only component of HBX that Is significantly toxic.

Method of loading: Loaded by casting.

Method of unlooding : May be steamed out . Once steaming has begun continue steaming until finished, Heat melts the wax off the crystals . When the explosive cools, the crystals shrink . Reapplication of heat expands the crystals, causing friction between them with possible detonation of the explosive.

leB3fids: sensitive to a hock and friction ; therefore. do not allow the steam nozzle to move freely in the container from which the explosive is being removed.

Use: A main-charge explosive primarily used in underwater ordnance such as torpe. does, mines, bombs, and depth charges .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

HEXANITE

Other names: Aluminized hexanite : Ger - Schiesswolle 18 . TSMV 1-101; Jap - OTSU- B . Unaluminized hexanite: Ger - Novit, H-1; Jap .. Seigats , Type 97.

Composition : A mixture of hexanitrodiphenylamine (END) and TNT is referred to as helts- nite, as well as a mixture which contains powdered aluminum in addition to END and TNT. The aluminized and unaluminized compositions have similar properties and the information presented below applies to both unless stated otherwise.

State: Solid.

Color: Greenish-gray if aluminized; unaluminized hexanite is lemon to dark yellow in color.

Melting point: Has no sharp melting point. Above tht melting point of TNT, 1780 F. (81 0 C.), the other components art suspended in the melted TNT. Solubility : rmm and TNT are soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : Similar in sensitivity to tetryl. Sensitive to cast penetration and cutting. Aluminized hexanite is slightly more sensitive than the unaluminized composition.

Vel(,city of detonation : Aluminized hexanite : 22 .000 feet ptr second at a density of 1. 72 grams per milliliter. Unaluminized hexanite : 23,400 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Approximately 3920 F. (2000 C.). Stability: if stored properly, stability is good . Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture. Bums violently on surface and may be burned underwater .

Toxicity : Very poisonous. One component, hexanitrodiphenylamine, attacks the " kin causing severe blisters . Explosive dust is injurious to mucous membranes.

Method of loading : Cast loaded .

Method of unloading : May be steamed out .

Use: A main-charge explosive employed by the Germans and Japanese for underwater ordnance .

Remarks:

330-516 0 - 69 - 4 41

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

HMX

Other namer: CycIutetramethylenetetranitrarnine, HomocycIonile, 1, 3, 5, 7-Tetranitro- tetracycle -octane .

Composition: C41-i8N808 .

State: Crystalline. Color . White. Melting point : 529 0 F. (276 0 C .) . Solubility : Practically insoluble in water; solubility in other solvents is comparable with that of RDX.

Sensitivity: Slightly more sensitive than RDX.

Velocity of detonation: Detonating temperature : 656 .6' F . (347 0 C .) . Stability: Unstable above melting point - stability of production grade Is decreased due to presence of RDX.

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic and generally does not cause dermatitis . If ingested, however, may affect the central nervous system .

Method of loading: Never used pure - always with other materials to desensitize. Usually press loaded except when used with TNT (octol), then it is cast loaded .

Method of unloading : Cast loaded ordnance may be steamed out.

Use: An ingredient of high explosive mixtures .

Remarks: Beta-HMX is no longer just an impurity in RDX manufacturing, but is used as an explosive itself. It is the moat insensitive of the various forms of HMX.

42 SECTION 2-5

HND

Other namer: Technical and U. S. - HNDP, 2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexanitrodiphenylamine, Dipicrylamine, Hexyl, Hexyl, Hexite, Hexamin; Ger - Hexa ; Ital - Esanitro difenilamina ; Russ - fi?HC$A

Composition : A having formula compound the (N02)3 C6H2 NH C6H2 (N02)3'

State: Crystalline solid. Color: Yellow to orange . As ordinarily manufactured it is yellow brown.

Melting point: 4690 to 4730 F. (243 0 to 2450 C.) with decomposition .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone, warm glacial acetic acid, nitric acid, and aqueous alkalies except potassium hydroxide.

Sensitivity : About the same sensitiveness to the action of a primary explosive as tetryl .

Velocity of detonation : 22,600 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter. Detonating temperature : Approximately 459 0 F. (237 0 C .) . Stability: Stability in storage is good. Slightly hygroscopic, but not adversely effected by moisture . Turns brown on exposure to sunlight . Burns underwater.

Toxicity : A most toxic and poisonous explosive. Attacks the skin, causing blisters which resemble burns. Dust from explosive is injurious to the mucous membranea of the mouth, nose, and lungs.

Method of loading : Press loaded .

Method of unlooding: Wash out with a suitable solvent. Steaming out is impracticable because of its melting point.

Use : A booster-class explosive used by the Germans and Japanese as a main charge for shells and as a component of hexanite .

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

HNS

Other names : Technical and U.S .-2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrostilbene, HNS-l. HNS-11, HNS-R, HNST .

A compound having the formula Composition : C14H6N6012'

State : Crystalline solid . Color : Tan to yellow ; varies with particle size .

Melting point : 6030 F. (317' C.) . Solubility: Soluble in hot nitrobenzene and dimethy1formamide, slightly soluble in hot glacial acetic acid, acetone, or methyl ethyl ketone.

Sensitivity : Comparable to tetryl .

Velocity of detonotiOnt 22,300 to 23,000 feet per second, Detonating temperature: Stability : Good thermal stability : stable at 5009 F. (2600 C .) . Decomposes at higher temperatures .

Toxicity : None .

Method of loading: Pressed.

Method of unloading :

Use: Used where explosive must withstand hlgh temperatures : end couplers, various components used for space vehicles .

Remarks : HNS-R and HNS-11 are recrystallized forms of HNS-l.

SECTION 2-5

LEAD AZIDE

Other names : Technical and U. S. - Lead hydronitride ; Fr - Azoture de plomb; Ger Bleiazid ; Ital - Acido di piombo; Jap - Chikkaen ; Russ - a3NA CBMHUE 2 a30f060AI)POAHON HMCOOibl, CBHHg0BdA CORb , Composition : A compound having the formula Pb(N3)2 or PbN6 .

State : Fine-grained crystalline material . Color: Varies from white to cream-colored to gray . The pure crystals are colorless while dextrinated azide has a yellowish-white tint .

Melting point : Detonates before melting Solubility : Somewhat soluble in an aqueous solution of ammonium acetate. Very slightly soluble in water.

Sensitivity : Considered more sensitive to impact, but less sensitive to friction, than mercury fulminate. A smaller weight of lead azide than of mercury fulminate is required to detonate an equal amount of TNT or tetryl . Can be set off by flame, shock, heat, or electric spark. Not normally set off by spit from a safety fuse . Sensitive to shock and friction even when wet, but large quantities of water do reduce the sensitivity somewhat. Could become more sensitive when stored under insufficient water because of crystal growth . A specially prepared dextrinated lead azide. (90-957. PbN6), does not seem to undergo crystal growth in the presence of water.

Velocity of detonation : 17,000 feet per second at a density of 4.0 grams per milliliter. Detonoting temperature : Approximately 635° F. (335 ° C.) . Stability : Stable in storage even at moderately elevated temperatures. Ignition temperature may be increased somewhat in storage. Moderately hygroscopic . When dextrinated lead azide is stored underwater, water must be free of bacteria that attack dextrine to form gas. When exposed to copper, zinc, or alloys containing such metals, may react to form other azides which are more sensitive than the original material.

Toxicity : Not considered to be particularly toxic; however, inhalation of the dust should be avoided as this causes headaches and distention of the blood vessels.

Methods of loading : Usually pressed into small capsules . Cannot be dead pressed. May be precipitated on starch or wood pulp . The mixture with starch is a free-flowing granular mass which can be loaded into detonators . The impregnated wood pulp is converted into paste board which is cut into discs for loading.

Method of unloading : Wash out with suitable solvent. Cannot be steamed out since it detonates before melting.

Use : A primary explosive employed universally as an initiator. Also used in primers, but not where it is desired to produce fire or flame from impact.

SECTION 2-5

L EAD STY PHNATE

Other names : Technical and U. S. - Trisinate, Lead salt of styphnic acid, Lead trini- rtoresorcinate ; Fr - Trinitroresorcinate de plomb; Ger - Blelstyphnate; Ital - Trini- troresorcinate di piombo ; Russ - THPC , TPHHHTPOP230PUPHaT CBMHua .

Composltion : A compound having the formula Pb02 C6H (NO2)3 .

State: Crystalline material. Color: Varies in color. May be straw colored, deep yellow, orange yellow, or reddish brown.

Melting point : Detonates before melting. Solubility : Slightly soluble in water, less soluble in acetone. Somewhat soluble in a 10 percent aqueous solution of ammonium acetate.

Sensitivity: Approximately as sensitive as mercury fulminate to impact ; has about the same order of friction sensitivity as lead azide. More sensitive in mixtures than when used alone. Easily ignited by flame. Can be set off by shock and heat. Particularly sensitive to dircharge of static electricity. Dry material can be Ignited by dircharge of static electricity from the human body .

Velocity of detonation : 16,100 feet per second at a density of 2.6 gram. per milliliter.

Detonating temperature: Approximately 5130 F. (267 0 C.) . Stability : Stability in storage is good, showing no effect on power or 0 enaltivlty . Slightly hygroscopic, but is not adversely affected by moisture . Can be stored under water or under a mixture of water and ethyl alcohol. Does not react with aluminum, copper, or " talnlesa steel, nor with lead azide or black powder . Will detonate if steamed.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: pressed in small pellets.

Method of unlooding : Wash out using a stream of water . The container should be in- clined during this procedure. Where removal with a stream of water is Impractical, removal by hand using rubber gloves is permissible.

Use: A primary explosive used in friction type primers . Not a satisfactory detonator for high explosive by itself, usually mixed with oxidizing agents or fuels, Russian detonrtors generally contain alternate layers of lead styphnate and lead azide.

Remarks :

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

MERCURY FULMINATE

Other names: Technical and U. S. - Mercuric fulminate, fulminate of mercury, M . F.; Fr " Fulminate de mercury ; Ger .- Knallquecksilber ; Ital - Fulminato di mercurio ; Jap ... Ralko mercury, Raisanuigin; Russ - rP, rpem14aB PTYTh .

Composition: A compound having the formula Hg(ONC)2 or HgC2N202 .

State: Heavy crystalline " olid. Color : white when pure, but ordinarily has . faint brownish-yellow or grayish tint . Melting point: Detonates before melting.

Solubility : Soluble in ethyl alcohol, ammonium hydroxide, and aqueous sodium thiosulfate " olution.

Sensitivity: One of the moat sensitive :materials capable of safe handling. Very sensitive when dry and can be detonated by percussion, friction, flame, electric spark, by contact with sulfuric or nitric acid, or by prolonged contact with steam. Not exploded by a spark or ordinary shock when wet. Static electricity generated on the body or in routine handling may cause detonation. Can be act off by . Spit from . " sfety fume.

Velocity of detonation : 16,500 feet per second at a density of 4.00 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: 3380 F. (170 0 c .) . Stability: Stability in " tor.ge depends on temperature . Can be stored for . considerable per&d of time at moderate temperature, but may be rendered useless in a short time if stored at elevated temperatures. NOnhygroscoplc ; however, moi/Lure does reduce " enaitivity . Reacts rapidly with aluminum " nd magnesium when dry; slowly with copper, zinc. brass, and bronze . Reaction with metals is accelerated when moist. Iron and steel are not affected . No longer explodes from f&e but merely burns when dead pressed under high pressures. Will detonate if steamed.

Toxicity : Noted for its production of dermatitis with abnormal redness of the skin, intense itching, and the formation of deep ulcers, especially upon the tips of the forgers; conaequcntly, it should be handled with minimum contact with the skin . Inhalation of its dust should be avoided, since overexposure causes fatigue. headache, and iirita- tion of the eyes and respiratory tract. Unduly susceptible personnel may experience a distinct fall in blood pressure .

Method of loading: Loaded by being pressed into caps .

Method of unlooding: Wash out using a suitable solvent. Do not steam out as it will detonate on prolonged contact with a te.m.

Use: A primary explosive universally employed 86 a component of primer compositions and a an initiator. Its use is limited to small quantities in primers, fuze detonators, and in bleating Caps .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

NI TRAMON

Other nam ai : "technical and U. S. _ Nitramex, Ammonium nitrate explosive.

Composition : A mixture consisting primarily of ammonium nitrate, and small percentages of dinitrotoluene and wax.

State : Solid .

Color: White, yellow. or brownish-yellow. Melting point : Does not melt . Solubility: Ammonium nitrate is soluble in water.

Sensitivity : Characterized by a high degree of safety . Cannot be detonated by the strongest commercial blasting cap, primacord, flame, the impact of a rifle bullet or steel drill bits . A special type primer (Nitramon Primer) containing amatol, which acts as a booster, is required for its detonation.

Velocity of detonation : Varies with composition ; 14,000 to 21,000 fast per ocond at . density of approximately 1.6 grams per milliliter.

Detonating temperature: Approximately 4100 F. (210 0 C.) . Stability : Stability is good provided hermetically scaled cans are used . Extremely hygroscopic showing adverse effects when exposed to moisture . Reaction with metals is negligible .

Toxicity : Not unduly hazardous from a toxicity viewpoint.

Method of loading: Extruded into cylindrical metal containers which are then hermetically sealed .

Method of unlooding : Containers can be chopped open with an axe, and contents emptied. May be washed out with water.

Use : A main-charge class explosive used am a demolition charge in quarrying and open pit work .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

NITROCELLULOSE POWDERS

The basic properties of nitrocellulose powders are such that, for the purpose of identification, handling, and disposal, they can be grouped together . The information presented below applies to all types of nitrocellulose powder unless stated otherwise.

Other names: Single-base powder : Smokeless powder, Straight nitrocellulose powder, Shultz powder, Bulk powder, E. C. powder, Pyro powder, IMR 4166 . IMR 4676, Pistol powder; Jap + Muenyaku . Double-base Powder : Nitroglycerin powder, }liVel No . 6.5 . Ballistite, JPN. Multi-base powder: Nitroguanidine powder, Cordite.

Composition: Single-base: Compositions containing essentially nitrocellulose. May contain other ingredients that help to reduce hygroscopicity, decomposition, and flash such as a stabilizer, inorganic nitrates, nitrocompounds, and nonexplosive meteriels. Double-base: Compositions containing nitrocellulose and a liquid organic nitrate such a s nitroglycerin. Frequently contain additives similar to the single-base powder in addition to a stabilizer. Multi-base : Compositions containing nitrocellulose . a liquid organic nitrate (nitroglycerin) and nitroguanidine plus stabilizers and other ingredients such as in single base propellant s. State: Hard. horny substance manufactured in a variety of forms. such as flakes, strips, pellets. sheets, small grains . and non-, single-, or multi-perforated cylindrical grains.

Color: Varies from a translucent pale yellow to an opaque brown or black. Melting point : Does not melt. Solubility : Most of these powders are soluble in an ether-ethyl alcohol mixture, and in acetone. Sen s i ti vi ty t Readily ignited by flame, bullet impact, or charge of black powder. Burn rapidly and have been known to detonate under confinement or when burned in deep piles. Sensitive to electric sparks, particularly if in dust or powder form. Small grains are nearly as sensitive to friction as black powder, and may ignite more readily and bum more freely than black powder. Dangerously increased sensitivity often accompanies decomposition . Can be detonated by initiating compounds or booster explosives . Burning Rot . : Varies considerably with composition, the initial temperature, and the pressure under which burning takes place. Burning temperature: Stability: Stability in storage is considered to be poor even though stabilized and stored under proper conditions. At ordinary temperatures. stability Is not appreciably affected ; however, rate of decomposition increases steadily with increasing temperature. At elevated temperatures, decomposition becomes so rapid that spontaneous ignitionmay occur. Mott varieties are hygroscopic and are adversely affected by moisture which accelerates decomposition Exposure to the atmosphere can result In decomposition, producing inferior and nonuni- form ballistic characteristics. Toxicity : Relatively nontoxic and generally does not cause dermatitis. Excessive handling of double-base powders may produce toxic effects peculiar to its components . Method of loading : May be loaded directly into cartridge cases, rocket motors, JATO units, or, for the larger caliber weapons. in powder bags ; may also be furnished in bulk . Method of unloading : The best method is to put on cotton gloves, and remove from the container by hand . A non-sparking powder scoop or other similar suitable device msy also be used for removing the bulk powder from containers . Use: Single-base: Used in small arms, grenades, and artillery pieces . Double-base: Used in small arms, mortars, artillery pieces, rockets, and JATO units. Multi-base : Used as a cool burning gun propellant . Remorks :

47b

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

NITROGLYCERIN

Other names : Technical and U. S. - Glyceryl trinitrate, NG, Trinitroglycerin. Tasting oil; Fr .. Huile explosif, Huile de Nobel; Cer - Nitroglyzerin, Sprengol, NGL; ital Nitroglicerina, Olio detonante, Olio esplosivo; Jap - Nitrogurisrrina ; Russ-HNP0rnx4ePNH 1 TPNHNTPOrfpUePNH .

Composition: A compound having the formula C3Fi5(ON02)3'

State: Liquid . Color: Varies with purity from water white through yellow to pale brown. Melting point: 55 .80 F. (13.2 0 C.) ; unstable form 36 0 F. (2 .2 0 C.) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride; very soluble in acetone, ether, ethyl and methyl alcohol.

Sensitivity: An extremely shock-sensitive explosive. Very sensitive to shock, friction, and vibrations of all types. Somewhat less sensitive when frozen than as a liquid . However. a half-frozen or partially thawed out mixture is more sensitive than either one. Frozen nitroglycerin may produce internal changes accompained by sufficient evolution of heat to cause an explosion upon thawing. Can be fired with a commercia : No . 1 blasting cap. However, a No . S or Engineer Corps special blasting cap is required to develop full power.

Velocity of detonation : 29,200 feet per second at a density of 1.59 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Approximately 4240 F. (218 0 C.),

Stability: Stable indefinitely when pure at ordinary temperatures. Begins to decompose as temperature increases. Moderately hygroscopic ; presence of moisture accelerates decomposition. Contact with free acids accelerates decomposition. Not easily flammable. If ignited, burns with a slight crackling and pale green flame. Overheating may cause an explosion.

Toxicity : Generally doe6 not cause dermatitis ; however, contact with the skin is to be avoided since it is readily absorbed through the skin into the circulatory system of the body. Absorption through the skin or vapor inhalation causes severe and persistent headache from which some relief can be obtained by removing affected personnel to fresh air, or by administering black coffee, phenacetin, aspirin, caffein citrate, or mor- phine acetate.

Method of loading: Usually manufactured only as required in the manufacture of other products of which it is a component .

Method of unlooding : May be removed from container by pouring slowly and carefully.

Use: A booster-class explosive which can be used directly as a high explosive. Em- ployed commercially to a limited extent as a liquid In the blasting of oil wells. Primarily employed In the manufacture of dynamite and propellants.

Romorks : SECTION 2-5

NITROGUANIDINE

Other names: Brit - Picrite ; Ger .. G-Pulver, G-Salz, Gudopulver, Nigu.

Composition : A compound having the formula (N02)"NH-C "NH(NH2).

State: Crystalline or solid material. Color: White when in crystalline powder form ; material may be yellow when 6olid.

Melting point : Melts with decomposition at 449.20 F. (232 0 C.) when the rate of heating is moderate, but values between 4280 and 4820 F. (220 0 and 2500 C.) are obtainable by varying the rate of heating.

Solubility : Slightly soluble in cold water, and in ethanol. Moderately aoluble In hot water.

Sensitivity : One of the least sensitive of the military explosives . Considered to be less sensitive than TNT to impact a6 well as to friction and initiation, Require6 a powerful detonator for consistent detonation.

Velocity of detonation : 25,100 feet per second at a denaity of 1.6 gram6 per milliliter .

Detonating temperature : Approximately 5270 F. (275 0 C.) . Stability : Referred to by same sources a6 having a high order of stability, undergoing decomposition at a higher temperature than doe6 TNT which is considered very stable . Essentially nonhygroscopic ; impairment of stability by moisture is not a problem. Chemically reactive ; however, available information indicate6 little or no reaction with metals . Gaseous product6 of explosion are not particularly erosive .

Toxicity :

Method of loading : Reported a6 being made in press form.

Method of unlooding :

Use: A main-charge explosive whose primary application is in propellant composition. Also employed a6 a component of high explosive mixtures and used independently to same extent by the Germans in armor-piercing munitions .

Remarks : Should not be confused with Guanidine Nitrate.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

NITROSTARCH EXPLOSIVES

Other names: Technical and U. S. - Trojan explosive, Grenite ; Fr .. Amidon nitre ; Ger -- Xyloidin; Ital _ Siloidins .

Composition: The term "nitrostarch explosives" refers to those explosive mixtures which contain a certain percentage by weight of nitrostarch.

State: Pure nitrostarch is a finely divided material similar in appearance to ordinary powdered starch; Trojan explosive is a solid which has a consistency similar to that of brown sugar; Grenite is usually found in small, hard, free-flowing granules .

Color: Pure nitrostarch and Granite are white; Trojan explosive is grayish-black Molting point: Decomposes before melting.

Solubility : Insoluble in water, but is dispersed by acetone to form a colloidal solution

Sensitivity: Considerably more sensitive to friction and impact than TNT. Less sensitive than dry gun cotton or nitroglycerin. Can be ignited by the slightest spark such as mi&ht result from friction . Crushing or breaking of the explosive into fragments may cause detonation. An Engineer Corps special blasting cap is required for consistent detonation.

Velocity of detonation ; Varies from approximately 14,500 feet per second to 21,300 feet per second depending on the nitrogen content of the nitrostarch.

Detonating temperature: Approximately 3830 F. (195 0 C .) . Stability : Stability varies with explosive composition; however, generally considered poor . Decomposes at elevated temperatures. Slightly hygroscopic; hygroscopicity depends upon components. Moisture may desensitize nitrostarch explosives . Highly flammable, and bums with explosive violence . Corrodes Iron and copper .

Toxicity : Considered virtually nontoxic since it generally does not cause dermatitis and has only limited volatility effects on personnel,

Method of loading: Press-loaded .

Method of unloading: May be washed out by using acetone.

Use: A main-charge explosive adopted as a substitute for TNT, but no longer used for this purpose. jjsedas an explosive charge in hand and rifle grenades, in trench mortar shells, and in demolition work .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

PBXN-3

Other namer:

Composition : A mixture consisting of 86 percent HM X and 14 percent nylon.

State:

Color: Melting point: Nylon softens et 300 0 F. (149 0 C.) . HMX decomposes at 5270 F. (275 0 C.); any RDX in the HMX decomposes almost immediately at 400 0 F. (2040 C.) .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone and alcohols .

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to impact than composition B.

Velocity of detonation : 27,456 feet per second . Detonating temperature : 390 0 to 4000 F. (199 0 to 204 0 C-)-

Stability: Stable to approximately the detonating temperature except for softening of nylon.

Toxicity : Not considered a toxic explosive.

Method of loading:

Method of unlooding :

Use:

Remarks:

5 1

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

PBXN-4

Other namer:

Composition : A mixture consisting of 94 percent DATE and 6 percent nylon.

State: Color:

Melting point : Nylon softens et 300 0 F. (149 0 C .) ; DATB decomposes at 500 0 F . (260 0 C.) .

Solubility: Soluble in acetone and alcohols .

Sensitivity : About one-half as " enxitive to impact es TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 24,075 feet per ttcond .

Dttonoting temperature : 5900 to 608 0 F. (3100 to 3200 C.) .

Stability: As stable as pure DATB except for " ofttning of nylon at elevated temperatures. Compatible with all materiels with which currently used.

Toxicity : Has very low toxicity ; is an Irritant only et very high dose levels .

Method of loading :

Method of unlooding :

Us . :

Remorks :

SECTION 2-5

P ENTOLITE

Other nameS: Technical and U . S . - Pentritol D (contains 8 percent wax) ; Ger - Pentol ; Ital m Penthrite, Pentritol ; Jap .. Pentoriru.

Composition : A mixture of PETN and TNT. Wax is sometimes added 88 a desensitizer .

State : Solid Color : White, gray, or yellow . A dye is sometimes used in foreign pentolite compositions.

Melting point : 169 0 F . (760 C .) . Solubility: Soluble in acetone ; however, acetone should not be used for cleaning out threads .

Sensitivity : Less sensitive than PETN . Has approximately the same sensitivity as tetryl . Sensitivity is such that it cannot be drilled. Detonated consistently by a No . 6 detonator inserted in charge .

Velocity of detonation : 24,600 feet per second at a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter

Detonating temperature : Approximately 374 0 F . (190 0 C .) . Stability: Not as stable 88 TNT in storage . Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture . Reacts slightly with magnesium, steel, copper, and brass. No reaction with aluminum or stainless steel .

Toxicity : Produces toxic effects peculiar to its components .

Method of loading : Melt or cast-loaded.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out using a solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) .

Use: A booster explosive used in grenades . rockets. high-explosive-antitank shells, and in cast shaped charges; employed by the Italians in land mines and es a demolition charge .

Remorkr:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

P ETN

Other names: Technical and U. S. .. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETRIN), Tetranitro- pentaerythritol, Pentaerythrite tetranitrate. Penta, Niperyth, Nyperite. Pentyl ; Fr Penthrite; Ger _ Penthrite, Nitropenta . NP, Nitropentaerythrit, Pentrit; Ital .. Pentrite ; J ap - Shoeiyaku; Russ - T) H

Composition : A compound having the formula C(CH20NO2)4'

Stote: Fine crystalline or granular powder . Color: White when pure; may be light gray due to impurities. Color may vary due to addition of wax as a desensitizer . Malting point : 2860 F. (1410 C .) . Solubility: Insoluble in water. Soluble in acetone and methyl acetate.

Sensitivity : Most sensitive of the military explosives classed as a primary explosive. In the finely divided state it should be considered as sensitive as mercury fulminate. Very sensitive to heat, shock, and friction . Sharp blows or friction of metal on metal is sufficient to cause detonation . Readily detonated by bullet impact and may be ignited by sparks . Will not normally ignite or be detonated by static electricity generated on the body or in routine handling. Extremely sensitive to initiation by lead azide. Does not take fire from the spit of a fuse . Very Insensitive to flame, shock, and friction in primacord. and therefore must be detonated by a cap. Will not detonate under a long, slow pressure .

Velocity of detonation : 26,000 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter.

Detonating temperature : Approximately 3470 F. (175 0 C.) . Stability : Stability in storage is good . Usually stored wet when in bulk . Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture . When moist, reacts to some extent with most metals except stainless steel and aluminum . Most metals are unaffected by the dry material . Decomposed slowly by the action of caustic soda . Decomposition is fairly rapid in a solution of boiling ferrous chloride .

Toxicity : Even though considered not unduly toxic, exposure should be minimized. Contact with the skin does not generally cause dermatitis, although absorption through the skin is possible . Small doses either absorbed through the skin or inhaled may cause a decrease in blood pressure ; larger doses cause difficult or labored breathing and con- vulsionr

Method of loading: Loaded by pressing.

Method of unlooding: May be washed out with an available " ultable solvent.

Use: A booster explosive used primarily as the explosive core of detonating cord such as Primecord (U . S.) and Cordtez (Brit .) . Also used as a booster and detonator base charge .

Remarks :

SECTION 2-5

PICRATOL

Other names :

Compositiont A mixture of ammonium pierate and TNT .

State : Solid .

Color : Yello . . to brownish yellow .

Melting point : Does not have a sharp melting point . At temperatures above the melting point of TNT, the ammonium pierate is suspended in the melted TNT . Solubility : Ammonium pierate is moluble in hot water ; slightly soluble In ethyl alcohol and cold water . TNT is soluble in acetone, ethyl alcohol, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride .

Sensitivity : Ham about the same resistance to shock am that of straight ammonium pierate .

Velocity of detonotion : 22,600 feet per 0 econd at a denmity of 1 .6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature : Approximately 491 0 F . (255 0 C.) . Stability : Stability in " torage im good . Temperature ham little effect on stability . Nonhygroscopic . Moisture, however, may reduce explosive " trength and sensitivity to detonation . When wet, may react mlowly with lean at,d copper to x'0170 " enmitive malts .

Toxicity : Considered poisonous if ingested . Discolors mkin and may cause dermatitis .

Method of loading : Camt loaded .

Method of unloading : Wash out with available suitable solvent .

use : A main-charge explosive used in memi-armor-piercing bombs .

Remarks : GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

PICRIC ACID

Other flames : Technical and U. S. - 2,4,6,-Trinitrophenol, P. A.; Brit - Lyddite; Fr *. Acide picrique, Melinite, Fondu melinite ; Ger - Piltrinsaure, Granatfullung SS, Grf SS ; Ital - Acido picrico, Melinits, Pertite; Jap - Shimose. Picurin, Picurusan, Oshokuyaku ; Russ - MEnr MeflMHHT, nMHPMHOBdP HMU0id, TPi1HMTPOmi?HOn,

Composition : A compound having the formula HO-C6H2-(NO2)3

State: Crystalline powder. Color: Lemon yellow, but may vary in color from light cream to yellow red.

Melting point : 2520 F. (122 0 C.) . Solubility : Slightly soluble in water and in ether; moderately soluble in ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and benzene. Soluble in toluene, methyl alcohol, and baking soda solution . Very Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity: Less sensitive than tetryl, but more readily initiated by means of a detonator than TNT. Has about the same sensitivity to shock as TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 23,200 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter. Detonating temperature: Approximately 6080 F. (320 0 C.) . Stability: Stability in storage is good. Has no tendency to decompose at temperatures normally encountered in storage . Slightly hygroscopic ; presence of moisture increases reactivity, especially withmetals . Excessive moisture content decreases reliability of detonation . Reacts with all metals except aluminum and tin to form dangerously sensitive compounds . Is highly acidic and corrosive. Forms very dangerous mixtures with lead or lead compounds. Large quantities have been burned completely without explosions, but the possibility of detonation exists .

Toxicity : Very toxic. On contact with the dry powder, stains the skin and hair ; can cause dermatitis . The face is usually involved, especially the area around the mouth, sides of the nose, and eyes . If the eyes are affected, vision may become yellow and the eyes swollen . Irritation of the respiratory passage and lungs can produce a hacking cough and spitting of blood. Systemic poisoning has been reported having the following symptoms ; headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If ingested, may cause destruction of red corpuscles of the blood and inflammation of the stomach and intes- tine*.

Method of loading : May be cast, partially Cast, or press loaded.

Method of unlooding : May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) .

use: A main-charge or booster explosive. Used more extensively by foreign nations than by the United States . Employed by the Japanese as a main charge and booster. The French used it as a component in explosive mixtures . Used as a booster by the Germans . Used chiefly in the United States in the manufacture of ammonium picrate end to form mixtures with other components .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

PTX-1

Other names :

Composition: A mixture of RDX. TNT, and tetryl .

State : Solid .

Color: Yellow .

Melting point: 194° to 2030 1= . (900 to 95 0 C .) Solubility : Soluble in acetone .

Sensitivity: Less sensitive to impact than tetrytol .

Velocity of detonation : 24,200 feet per second at a density of 1 .66 grams pet milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Stability: Stable in storage. Does not exude. lfhen dry, may corrode magnesium-aluminum alloys . When wet will slightly corrode copper, brass, aluminum . magnesium . magnesium-aluminum alloys, mild steel, and mild steel plated with cadmium .

Toxicity :

Method of loading: A castable explosive.

Method of unloading:

Use : A main-charge explosive suitable for loading in shells, bombs, grenadea, mines. demolition blocks, and shaped charges .

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

PTX-2

Other no mer :

Composition : A mixture consisting of RDX, TNT, and PETN .

State: Color: Dirty white. light buff, or yellow.

Melting point :

Solubility: Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to impact than pentolite, but more so than composition B or ednatol . More readily initiated to high-order detonation than any of the binary explosives .

Velocity of detonotion : 26,200 feet per second at a density of 1 .69 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperoture :

Stability : Considered more stable than pentollte. Reacts only slightly with magnesium, steel, copper, and brass .

Toxicity : produces toxic effect peculiar to its components

Method of loading : Its melting point in such that it can be cast, but it may be press- loaded or used as a loose filler .

Method of unlooding :

U2C. A booster or main-charge explosive. More effective than tetryl as a booster. Also e uiteble for use as a shaped charge .

Remorkr :

SECTION 2-5

P VA-4

0th er names:

Composition : A mixture of RDX (90 percent), polyvinyl acetate (8 percent) . and dibu- tylphthalate (2 percent) .

State: A semi-plastic composition.

Color: White.

Melting point: Solubility :

Sensitivity :

Velocity of detonation : Detonating temperature:

Stability:

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Pressed or extruded .

Method of unloading:

Use : Demolition charges.

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

RDX

Other names: Technical and U . S . - Cyclotrtmethylenetrinttramine CTMTN, Hcxahydro 1,3,5-trinitro-sym-triazine . Cyclonite ; F r - HexOgene, Fxogen ; Ger - liexogen ; it :il - T4 ; Jap - Tanoyaku, Shouyaku ; Russ - rt'HC0' c' H . ! 1

Composition : A compound having the formula C 3116N 606

State: Crystalline solid . Color: White. Melting point : 3960 F. (202 0 C.) . Solubility: Moderately soluble in hot acetone; readily soluble in hot phenol

Sensitivity: Sensitivity lies about halfway between tetryl and PETN . Sensitivity appreciably reduced by the addition of wax.

Velocity of detonation : 27,000 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature : Approximately 4550 F. (235 0 C.) . Stability: Stability in storage is very good. Nonhygroscopic . and not adversely affected by moisture. Reacts slightly with copper-plated steel. Mixtures of RDX with oxides of copper or iron may ignite at temperatures only slightly above 2120 F. (100 0 C.) . Does not react with common metals or nitric acid .

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic and generally does not cause dermatitis . If ingested . however, may effect the central nervous system .

Method of loading : Always used in U. S. ordnance with a desensitizer . In explosives such as HHX and H-6 the RDX is cast with TNT; in composition A3 and CH-6 it is pressed.

Method of unlooding : Pure RDX may be washed out with a suitable solvent; steaming out is impracticable because of its high melting point. Cast charges containing RDX can be steamed out - pressed charges cannot be steamed out .

Use: A booster explosive used as the explosive core of some varieties of detonating cord. Employed as a detonator in some German and Italian ordnance . Used in the United States primarily as a component of explosive mixtures. May be used pure by Russians in detonators.

Remarks : The Germans may have used the following names for RDX; however, these names may represent mixtures of RDX with small amounts of desensitizers: E-Salz, KA-Salz, R-Salz, SH-Salz, and R'-Salz .

SECTION 2-5

STRAIGHT DYNAMITE

Other namer: Dynamite, Jap - Dainamaito ; Russ - 4NHdMdlbl .

Composition: A mixture consisting primarily of sodium nitrate and nitroglycerin.

State: A loose mass, appearing moist or greasy . Color: Brownish . Melting point: Does not melt . Solubility : Soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Sensitivity: More sensitive t0 shock and friction th an TNT. Can be detonated by the impact of a rifle bullet. May be set off with a commercial No. 6, No . 8, or Engineer Corps special blasting cap. Sensitivity decreases when frozen . and may not detonate under normal initiating - conditions .

Velocity of detonation : 8,000 - 18,000 feet per second . Varies with the strength of the straight dynamite . Detonating temperature: Detonating temperature is very low.

Stability : Stable in storage. Moderately hygroscopic . if sufficient moisture is absorbed, may exude nitroglycerin and cartridge becomes dangerous.

Toxicity : Not markedly toxic, however, excessive handling may produce toxic effects peculiar to its components.

Method of loading: Usually assembled in cartridges or cylinders ad wrapped in paraffin paper.

Method of unloading : Slit cartridge open in order to remove fill.

Caution: Deterioration makes this procedure hazardous.

Use : Employed in demolition work. May be used as substitute for nit ro s t arch or TNT. The higher percentages of straight dynamite have good water resisting properties and may be used underwater if fired within 24 hours.

Remorts: Straight dynamites have been largely supplanted by ammonia dynamites, and are no longer produced regularly in the United States . Straight dynamite is the reference standard for expressing the strength of other types of dynamite. For the straight dynamites the percentage figure which usually precedes the name refers to the percentage of nitroglycerin in the composition. The other dynamites are given percentage figures that indicate the percentage of nitroglycerin in a straight dynamite of equivalent strength .

61 GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

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SECTION 2-5

TETRANITRONAPHTHALENE

Other names :

Composition : A mixture of several isomeric tetranitronsphthalenes . C 10H4 (NO2)4'

State: Solid . Color: Yellowish .

Melting point : 401-4280 F . (205-220 0 C .) . Solubility :

Sensitivity : As sensitive 85 tetryl .

Velocity of detonation : Detonating temperature :

Stability :

Toxicity :

Method of loading :

Method of unloading :

Use : Employed in explosive mixtures by many foreign nations, but not by the United States ; seldom, if ever, used alone .

Rcmorkr :

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

TETRYL

Other names: Technical and V . s . .. 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, N-methyl- N,2, 4, 6-Tetranitro-dine, Tetralite, Tetrylite, Pyronite ; Brit - Composition Exploding, C . E . ; Ger - Tetra; Jap - Meisysku, Muayaku, Sanshoki mechilre nitoroamin ; Russ .. TI TQTVMn .

Composition: A compound having the formula (N02)3'C6H2'N(CH3)NO 2.

State: Finely divided crystalline powder . Color: Colorless when freshly prepared and highly purified; rapidly acquires a yellow color when exposed to light. Turns gray when graphite is added as a lubricant during loading. Melting point : 2660 F. (1300 C.) . Solubility : Very soluble in acetone; slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and benzene.

Sensitivity: $ensitivity is intermediate between TNT and PETN. More sensitive than picric acid . More easily detonated than TNT or ammonium picrate . Should be considered as sensitive as mercury fulminate when finely divided. Will usually detonate when subjected to bullet impact. May be ignited by spark; however, does not take (ire from the spit of a fuse .

Velocity of detonation : 24,600 feet per second at a density of 1.6 grams per milliliter. Detonating temperature: Approximately 4530 F. (234 0 C.) . Stability : Shows no serious decomposition when stored at ordinary temperatures. Slightly hygroscopic, but not adversely affected by moisture. First melts, then decomposes and explodes when heated. Maximum safe working temperature is 2120 F. (1000 C.) . Flammable and burns readily. Will corrode steel when wet or dry. In the presence of moisture, reacts slightly with Iron, zinc, and brass .

Toxicity: Principal evidences of exposure are dermatitis, discoloration of the skin and hair, irritation of the upper respiratory tract, and possibly, systemic poisoning. The areas usually affected by dermatitis arc the eyes, the neck, the bend of the elbow, and the forearms. Severe reactions result in acute inflammation or those parts with spread- ing to other areas. Continual handling may stain the hands, face, scalp, and hair a yellow color . Inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption may cause systemic poisoning with such symptoms as nosebleed, sneering, unproductive cough, pain in the chest, mild nausea, and abdominal cramping.

Method of loading : Melting point is too high to allow it to be melted and cast. Loaded by being mixed with a lubricant, such as graphite, stearic acid, or magnesium stearate, while being pressed Into pellets.

Method of u nIo od I ng : May be washed out with a suitable solvent. Steaming out is if,'- practical because of Its high melting point.

use: The " tmdard United States booster explosive. Used extensively as a booster and the main charge for small-caliber projectiles. Also used as the base charge in compound detonatorr .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

TETRATOL

Other dames: Tetratol .

Composition : A mixture of tetryl and TNT.

State: Solld .

Color : Yellow . Melting point : 1690 F. (760 C.) .

Solubility : Soluble in acetone and in benzene.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive to shock and friction than tetryl and only slightly more " ensitive than TNT. Partial separation of tetryl from the mixture Increases the 0 eneitlvlty . An Engineer Corps special blasting cap is required forconsistent detonation .

Velocity of detonation : 23,900 feet per second et a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 3450 F - (1790 C -) . Stability: Stability is good et temperatures ordinarily encountered In storage . Slightly lees stable than tetryl et elevated temperatures with possible separation of an oily exudate . Moderately hygroscopic, but it is not adversely affected by moisture . When dry, will slightly corrode megneeium-aluminum alloys . When wet, will slightly corrode copper, brass, aluminum, magnesium. megneeium-aluminum alloy, mild steel, and mild steel plated with cadmium. Stainless steel is unaffected .

Toxicity : May cause dermatitis . Considered a poisonous explosive.

Method of loading : Cast loaded . Designed to obtain a booster comparable to tetryl that could be cast .

Method of unloading : May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) .

Use : A booster explosive employed in burster tubes of chemical shells, in cast shaped Charges, in certain destructors, and as a bursting charge for mines . Used as en effective cutting or beaching charge . Suitable for both surface and underwater demolition .

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

TNT

Other names : Technical and U, S . - 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene, Triton, Trilite, Tritol, Trinol, Tritone, Trotol ; Brit - Trotyl ; Fr - Tolite ; Ger t Fullpulver 02, Fp 02 . Sprengmunition 02, Tutol ; Ital .. Tritolo ; Jep - Sanshokitoruoru, Type 92, Chakatsuyaku, Chakuhatsu ; Russ - iH1. TOPI TPMHMTPOi011Y0f; TPOTNO,

Composition : A compound having the formula CH 3 C6 Hz (N02 )3 " State: A flaked, granular, or crystalline material.

Color: Straw yellow to yellowish brown, depending on purity.

Molting point : 1760 to 1780 F . (800 to 81 0 C .) .

Solubility : Soluble In acetone, ethyl alcohol, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride . Sensitivity: One of the most insensitive high explosives . Relatively insensitive to shock, friction, and flame, but can be detonated by moderate force when confined between metal surfaces such as on threads of bolts. Cannot generally be exploded by a single rifle bullet, but may be detonated by concentrated machine gun or rifle fire . Can be detonated by a No. 6 blasting cap when in a crystalline or pressed granular form. When highly compressed can be detonated by a No. 8 blasting cap. An Engi- neer Corps special blasting cap, however, should be used for consistent detonation, When cast, requires a booster for consistent detonation. Distinctly more sensitive when decomposed by light. Velocity of detonation : 22,500 feet per second at a density of 1 .6 grams per milliliter Detonoting temperature : Approximately 8690 F. (465 0 C.) . Stability : Very stable when stored at prescribed storage temperatures . However, when stored at elevated temperatures, may exude an oily liquid which Is relatively insensitive alone, but when mixed with wood or cotton forms a low explosive which is easily ignited, bums rapidly, and may detonate. Nonhygroscopic and not adversely affected by moisture . DoesnOt react withmetals except in the presence of dilute nitric acid ; then the product is dangerous. Reacts readily with alkalies such as ammonia, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate to form compounds which are dangerously sensitive to heat and Impact. Toxicity : Highly poisonous. Main channel of entrance into the body is by absorption through the skin. Inhalation of dust and fumes as well as ingestion may be equally im- portent. Absorption into the body can cause watery eyes, visual trouble when jaundice sets in, and possible loss of vision . Systemic poisoning is characterized by a variety of symptoms and effects such as abnormalities of blood pressure, fatigue. headache. dizziness, irritation of nose and throat, shortness of breath, and pain in the chest. Nausea, with or without vomiting . stomach pain, and constipation are also evident. In most cases of poisoning there is more or less liver damage, and jaundice with fatal complications may result If early mild jaundice is not detected and properly treated. In addition to systemic poisoning, dermatitis through contact with the skin can occur. Der- matitis begins with itching, followed by redness of the skin and the formation of pimples and small water-filled blisters. Scratching may lead to more severe secondary infection. The hair and exposed portions of the skin may also be stained yellow. Method of loading : Usually cast, but may be pressed (tamped) .

Method of unlooding: May be steamed out. use: A main-charge explosive used as a filler for high-explosive shells, bombs, depth charges, large coastal mines, rockets, and as a demolition charge . Employed as a booster in pressed granular form. When flaked, may be used in small-caliber shells and projectiles, and in fragmentation hand grenades. Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

TORPEX

Otter names: Technical and U. S . - TPX; Ger - Trialene, Trialine, Tetranol .

Composition: A mixture containing RDX, TNT, and aluminum powder.

Stote: A hard mortar-like solid.

Color: Silvery white or slate gray. Melting point: Undergoes partial melting at approximately 1900 F. (88 0 C.). Solubility: Both the TNT and the RDX are partially dissolved in acetone.

Sensitivity: Impact sensitivity Is greater than that of TNT or Composition B. When struck by bullets, bombs, or projectile fragments, a low order detonation will occur.

Velocity of detonotion : 24,000 feet per second at a density of 1.72 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temparoture: Approximately 3650 F. (185 0 C.) . Stability : Quite stable at most temperatures encountered in storage. May undergo partial melting atelevated temperatures . Nonhygroscopic ; however, if all traces of moisture are not removed during manufacture, reaction between moisture and the ingredients of the composition results in the liberation of gas, which may rupture the case or increase sensitivity to shock. Though not excessively corrosive, will corrode brass. Burns under water.

Toxicity :

Method of loading: May be cast or pressed.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out; however, once steaming has begun, do not stop steaming process until finished .

Caution: If the explosive is allowed to cool, the crystals will shrink. Reapplica- tion of heat expands the crystals, causing friction between them with possible detonation of the explosive charge .

Use : A main-charge explosive which produces more blast effect than any other standard main-charge explosive. Used in mines, in torpedo warheads, and in depth bombs. Also employed by the Germans as a filler in their large armor-piercing and high-explosive bombs.

Remorks:

330-516 0 - 69 - 6 6 7 GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

1,3,5-TRIAMINO-2,4,6-TRIN IT ROB EN ZENE

Other names: TATNB, TATB .

Composition : C6H6N606,

State: Crystalline . Color: Yellow .

Melting point: Solubility : Soluble in nitrobenzene and aniline; insoluble in alcohol. ether, chloroform, benzene, or glacial acetic acid.

Sensitivity :

Velocity of detonation : Detonating temperature: Stability:

Toxicity :

Method of loading: Preened.

Method of unloading:

Use: Special application in warheads of high-speed guided missiles,

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

TRIDITE

Other naMOS ; Brit + Shellite, Nellite ; Fr .. DD or DD " xploalf ; Ital - MBT.

Composition : A mixture containing picric acid and dinitrophenol .

State: Solid. Color: Light cream to pale yellow. Melting point : 1760 to 194 0 F. (80 0 to 900 C.) . Solubility: Soluble in acetone.

Sensitivity : More insensitive than TNT or picric acid .

Velocity of detonotion : 19,700 - 23.000 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.6 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Approximately 5720 F. (300 0 C.) . Stability : Stable at temperatures normally encountered in storage. Nonhygroscopic . Moisture, however, does Increase reactivity, especially with metals. Reacts with most metals to form dangerously sensitive salts. Forms a dangerous mixture when combined with lead or lead compounds.

Toxicity : Very toxic. Avoid ingestion or inhalation of fumes or dust . Can be absorbed through the skin . Will generally cause dermatitis .

Method of loading: Can be melt loaded or cast .

Method of unlooding : May be steamed out using a saturated solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) .

Use : A main-charge explosive used by the British in armor-piercing bombs and shells . Employed by the French for loading bombs and shells, and by the Italians for loading shells .

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

TRIMONITE

Other names : Jap - Onayaku.

Composition: A mixture consisting of picric acid and dinittonaphthalene or mononitronaphthalene .

State: Solid. Color: Cream to yellow .

Melting point: Approximately 2210 F. (105 0 C .) . Solubility : Soluble in acetone and in benzene.

Sensitivity: Less sensitive than tetryl or picric acid, but more sensitive than TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 21,000 feet per second et a density of approximately 1 .6 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature : Approximately 5920 F . (300 0 C.) . Stability: Stable in storage at moderate temperatures . Subject to exudation when stored at elevated temperatures . Slightly hygroscopic . Moisture Increases reactivity, especially with metals. Reacts with all metals except aluminum and tin to form dangerously sensitive compounds. Forms a dangerous mixture when combined with lead or lead compounds.

Toxicity : A poisonous explosive. Dust of explosive is very irritating and inhalation should be avoided.

Method of loading: Cast loaded .

Method of unloading: May be steamed out. hobably best results would be obtained by using a saturated solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) .

Us . : A main-charge explosive used as an emergency substitute for TNT compositions . Employed by the Japanese as a burster for chemical bombs and in projectiles. Used in bombs by the French .

Remarks

70 SECTION 2-5

TRINITROANISOL E

Other names : Technical and U. S. + 2,4,6-Trinitroanisole, Methyl picrate, sync Trinitroanisole, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl methyl ether, Nitrolit, TNA; Ger - Anisol ; Jap Type 91 .

Composition : A compound having the formula CH30'C6H2'(NO2)3 .

Store: Crystalline solid. Color : Very pale yellow or white when pure; may appear yellow or brown.

Melting point : 1510 to 1540 F. (660 to 68 0 C.) . Solubility : Soluble in benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, aceticacid, and acetone.

Sensitivity : Less sensitive then tetryl, more sensitive than TNr.

Velocity of detonation : 22,600 feet per second at a density of 1 .4 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Approximately 3290 F. (165 0 C.) . Stability: Stability is unaffected even at somewhat elevated temperatures. Slightly hygroscopic . Reacts with moisture to form picric acid . Does not react with metals. However, exposure to moisture will produce picric acid which does react with metals to form dangerously sensitive compounds.

Toxicity : primarily a skin irritant capable of causing severe dermatitis . Can on oc- casion cause systemic poisoning. The dust of this material In contact with the eyes irritates the visual mucous membranes.

Method of loading: Cast loaded.

Method of unloading : May be steamed out provided there Is no evidence of corrosion of metal parts in contact with the explosive.

Use: A main-charge explosive used by the Japanese for high explosive bombs.

Remorkr :

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

TRITONAL

Othor names: Underwater explosive, UWE .

Composition: A mixture containing TNT and powdered or flaked aluminum .

State: Solid . Color : Silver gray . Melting point: Does not have a sharp melting point. At temperatures above the melting point of TNT, 1790 F. (81 0 C.) . the aluminum is suspended in the melted TNT. Solubility : TNT i s 0 oluble In acetone, ethyl alcohol, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride. Aluminum is insoluble in most common solvents .

Sensitivity : Somewhat more sensitive to impact then TNT, but less so than tetryl . Sensitivity to initiation is essentially the same as for TNT.

Velocity of detonation : 18,000 to 2XCLU feet per second et a density of 1.7 grams per milliliter .

Detonating temperature: Approximately 9690 F. (465 0 C .) .

Stability : Stability at ordinary storage temperature is considered good . However, can undergo exudation if stored at elevated temperatures . Nonhygroscopic . Deterioration In the presence I)f moisture is not 0 erloue, probably being limited by the formation of a layer of oxide on the " wface of the pcrticlea of aluminum that prevents or retards further reaction . Burns very vigorously on the 0 urfece or underwater .

Toxicity : Produces toxic effects peculiar to its componenta . Considered a poisonous explosive . Fumes of explosion are poisonous end must not be Inhaled.

Method of loading: Cast loaded .

Method of unloodlng: May be steamed out.

Use: A main-charge explosive used for its bleat effect in light case end general purpose bombs.

Remarks:

SECTION 2-S

TYPE 88 EXPLOSIVE

Other names: Jap -Hoensosonbakuyaku, lio.

Composition : A mixture consisting primarily of ammonium perchlorate, combined with silicon carbide, wood pulp, and crude oils . Reportr indicate that either a illcon or fer rosllicon have been used In place of the a lllcon carbide.

State: Fine crystalline powder .

Color: Dark gray.

Malting point: Does not melt . Solubility : Ammonium perchlorate is eoluble in water, acetone, ethyl alcohol, and in ethyl ether.

Sensitivity : Extremely sensitive to friction . Classed with tetryl in this respect .

Velocity of detonation : 12,000 .. 14,000 feet per second . Detonating temperature: Approximately 2850 F. (14 10 C.) .

Stability: Storage stability is poor . Slightly hygroscopic ; excess moisture reduces " eneltlvity to detonation . Bums violently and frequently flashes even when unconfined . Forms dengeroue and sensitive compounds with tin and copper . May corrode* teel, brass, and bronze when moist; may corrode eteel when dry. Usually does not detonate when heated, but may detonate when exposed to stesm.

Toxicity : Not appreciably toxic and generally does not cause dermatitis . Reportedly does produce poisonous fumes .

Method of loading : Usually loaded as a loose powder but is a ometimee pressed.

Method of unloading : Weeh out with cold water. Do not a teamas 0 xploelve may detonate .

Use; A main-charge explosive used by the Japaneee in miner, depth Charges, and in other underwater ordnance . Also reportedly used a s a demolition charge .

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

TYPE 94 EXPLOSIVE

Other names:

Composition: A mixture composed of trinitroanisole and RDX.

State: Powder . Color: Cream yellow . Melting point: 352 0 F. (177 .7' C .) . Solubility :

Sensitivity :

Velocity of detonation : 25,300 feet per second . Detonating temperature: 4190 - 8240 F. (215 .2 0 - 4400 C .) . Stability:

Toxicity : A toxic explosive. Toxic effects are peculiar to its components.

Method of loading : Cast loaded.

Method of unloading:

Use: A main-charge explosive used by the Japanese in torpedo warheads and as a booster surround .

Remarks:

SECTION 2-5

TYPE 98 EXPLOSIVE

Other names: Jap "- H2 Kongo, H-2 .

Composition : A m1XtUre composed of trinitroanisole and HND.

State : Solid. Color: Greenish yellow to orange . Melting paint: 152 .6 0 to 1760 F. (670 to 800 C .) . Solubility : Soluble in acetone .

Sensitivity : Slightly more sensitive than trinitroanisale.

Velocity of detonation : 23,400 feet per second at a density of approximately 1.5 grams per milliliter . Detonating temperature: Approximately 458.6' F. (237 0 C .). Stability: Stability in storage is considered to be good. Nonhygroscopic, and not severely affected by moisture . Does not react with metals. However, trinitroanisole reacts with moisture producing picric acid which does react with all metals except aluminum and tin t0 farm dangerously sensitive compounds. Burns underwater .

Toxicity : A toxic explosive. Toxic effects are peculiar to Its components.

Method of loading : Cast loaded .

Method of unloading:

Use : A main-charge explosive used by the Japanese in bombs, see mines, depth charges, and in auxiliary boosters .

Remarks:

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SUR FACE)

9404

01her names:

Composition: A mixture of HMX (94 percent), nitrocellulose (3 percent), $ls- trlchloroethylphosphate (3 percent) .

State: Coated crystals . Color: Melting points 5290 F. (276 0 C.). but nitrocellulose begins to decompose rapidly above 2120 F. (100 0 C.) . Solubility ;

Seneltivity: eoOf a en@Jtlvethan composition B. Very sensitive to shock.

Velocity of detonation: 28,569 feet per second . Detonating tarnparaturet 393.8 0 to 4460 F. (201 0 to 2300 C .) . Stability, Nitrocellulose starts to decompose rapidly e t temperatures above 2120 F. (1000 C.).

Toxicity:

Method of loading :

Method of unloodlngr

Use: Application in special ordnance.

Remarks$

76 SECTION 2-5

Note . Limited information is available for the following explosives :

APX EXPLOSIVES A series of explosives developed in the U. S. Examples are APX-4A consisting of composition A (92 percent), aluminum (S percent) ; and APX-5A which consists of EDNA (S7 percent), aluminum (S percent), and wax (5 percent) .

COPPER CHLOROTETRAZOLE

A press-loaded primary explosive having the composition C 2N8Cl 2Cu .

HEXATOL

A mixture of go percent RDX and 20 percent TNT. Repotted to be used as a booster charge in Danish underwater ordnance.

HEX EXPLOSIVES Also known PI HEX-24, HEX-4S, or high energy explosive.

HEX explosives are a mixture of potassium perchlorate. atomized (HEX-24) or flaked (HEX-4S) aluminum, RDX, and asphaltum.

They are gray in color, press loaded, and used as HE fillers in small caliber shells .

LEAD MONONI T RORESORCINATE Generally referred to by the designation LMNR . It in used in detonators and priming compositions .

MOX EXPLOSIVES Specific designations are MOX-1, MOX-2B, MOX-3B, MOX-4B, MOX-6B . These es;. plosives are gray colored, powder mixtures ; they are usually press loaded in small caliber antiaircraft projectiles.

OCTOL Better known as 70/30 or 75/25 Octol.

A mixture of HMX (70 or 75 percent), and TNT (30 or 25 percent) . It is a solid, buff colored, castable explosive used in HE shells and as the filler for bombs.

P13-RDX

This explosive was originally designated PBX (plastic bonded explosive) . It is a mixture of RDX (90 percent), polystyrene (g,5 percent) and dioctylphthalate (1 .5 percent) . PB-RDX is white, can be press loaded, and is recognized for its high mechanical

When tested as a booster explosive, PB-RDX Web not desensitized by contact with TNT bearing explosives, and adequately boostered the main charges of HE shells .

PLUMBATOL

This explosive is a mechanical mixtUre of lead nitrate (70 percent) in molten TNT (30 percent) . It is a light-yellow, solid, castable explosive that has been used in Belgium unda the name of d fMarcarite 0t .

vXXXrL LVu IIVFUMMA I IUN, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

POTASSIUM DINITROBENFUROXAN

Also referred to s e KDNBF " It is en Orange to brown colored compound, having the composition C6H4N406K, KDNBF is considered a primary explosive end is capable of being press loaded. It explodes et 2100 C.

P"SERI ES EXPLOSIVES

British explosives equivalent to U, S. plastic explosives, 0 uch 0 e composition C.

SECTION 2-5

Table 2 Compounds and Mixtures Which Have Been Considered For Possible Use As Military Explosives or Solid Propellants

TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE, COLOR, STATE, SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, SENSITIVITY AND COMPOSITION METHOD OF NAME MELTINGPOINT TOXICITY VELOCITY OF DETONATION LOADING, USE

AMATET Ammon,am nn,ate, Ter.yl

AMATEX Ammonium V.I . of De,: 21,8001r sec ar a --a, RD X, d.nsiry of 1 .5 g -ml. TNT

A .I X-2 Aluminum, RDX, M.-harge e.pl- .e . wax S.-d-d f .ll for R.-an pl .Iectiles . Also used by Germans a o llller m large tine.-p--q bombs .

BARONOL Bo nXrtate, Heated os h, 91, as 200' C . for S-o-ty comporable to TNT. Ma, -charge explos . Do . TNT,.1 Aluminum 20 minute p-od -hour ignl- veloped as a ..Noble f.11ing Iron or deronat,on . to, under nir,ons .

BORONITE Am-- ;--, Baton, TNT

BUTYL TETRYL MP : 97 ClO H17 NS08 .5-98° C. Explodes at 210'C. Sensitivity comp-abl. web 2,4,6-T, 4n Hceph.ny Ib uty I- rer, y I .

H N whn. oy .I.l s Icne.n to cause all-gic symp- CARBAZOLE C12 9 MP : 244-246'C. romc,nhumon..

CRESYLITE C 7HSN3 07 MP : 1091 C . Explodes a. 4051 C. Impact sns, .pry comp-able 2,4,6-T,ini,,o .n-anal ro HND.Ve .I . of D., : 22,400 It,sec at a density of 1 .6 g/ml .

whit e , crystal- Mode,a,ely -lode and hyg,o- Ma- sansir,ve than CYANURIC TRIAZIDE C3N 12 --y I . ... MP : 9:'C . . . .Pict . . .mina . . ; large crystals a, v.. y s.nv,Xv .. vet. of 0.' : 18,200 it/..c at a density of 1 .1 g/ml .

DINA C4H8N408 MP : 51-52'C . Nonhyg,oscoplc ; bo .hng water, Approamarely th- thus a Can be c-1. A be,, ., plas- D .othonolnlvomine D-trar . how-, greatly affects ts s-- to -pact as TNT, r f o. .,tr .I1.lose n D,nlr...yahyln,r.emine sons,t "vity . Explodes at V.I . of Do , ; 23,4001./sec ar solvenflass powde, than 2001 C. Nonto..c . a densny of 1 .6 g/ml . roglycerrn .

m-D,NITROBENZENE C 6HAN20A Coledess cry.- Very stable ,nar-ol. Does I Less sensitive to mpact than M.-I-9. e.plos,v., Used rots . MP : 89- no, ,gn.,. to 3601 C. An in ITNT . e pe-al subs ., . .. . for 90 1 C . du.-al po, n be ab- I TNT in mlll-y ..pl.- .. ab.d by the body though the I skin ar by ,nhelaNon through I the I-gs . Affects the blood and may severely do ..,. the I,v

VNEU H N MP : M . -sn, ,mpocr than C3 4 405 21E-217'C. .' N,N'-D,ni, . ..thylene .- TNT; comporable w,1h, b.r shghrly less sons-v, than ter,yl . V.I . a!.Do, : 25,200 f,,..c o. a d.-ry of 1.6g'n,l.

H DNP C6 4N205 Yellow, crystal- Explodes a, 315'C . Forms 2-4-Dmirrapheeo' hne. MP : 114- ..plosive me,alhc salts . In . 115c C. hel-on of ..plosive dust may prove fatal .

ONT C7H6N204 I Yellow . MP : To.,, and can cause ,-fat- 2,4U,n,r,eroluenv 69.5" C. of the .... .

EMMET C6H11"3 09 MP : 42-52'C. Dell .g-rasar240'C . Imp-"n"t,vity,s'orr,para- Erhylrr,methylolms .hane ble .o TNT. Mores . t o T,in,nare all a.ms ,mpocr than 'TNT. 1,1,1-T-erhylolp,opane T......

ETHYL TETRYL C811 7I4 508 MP : 95-96' C. 2,4,6-Tr,ertreph.nyi.fhyl-

FIVOLITE CgH 13 NS0 M- -so- than TNT . 15 T,nomerhylolcyclopento-I V.I . of De,: 24,200W- at P-an,nare a dens .ry of 1 .5 9 'ml .

79 GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

Table 2 Compounds and Mixtures Which Have Beer Considered For Possible Use As Military Explosives or Solid Propellants (Continued)

TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE, COLOR, STATE, SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, SENSITIVITY AND "AYE COMPOSITION METNODOF ELTING POIN VELOCITY OF DETONATION TOXICITY LOADING, USE

FIVONITE ., crystal. Doflograres at 265' C. No d.- Sensitivity to mechanical shock Has possibilities as a con. C9H12 Nd013 whit T.trem.thylolcycIop.ntan. he . solid. MP : pleslon below 360* C. . No op . equal to that of 60/10 Cyclerol . sritu-m both of cast explosive T.t-itret . 68 0 C p,eciablo change ;n stability V.I . of Dot: 23,900 ft/..c ate rnwures and of propellants . when stead ., .-ad.-.l,.1.. d.n .h y of 1 .5 g/ml . May be pressed. Unda.Xar .r voted temps.... Somewhat effect ...... of tarp . with less stable than PETN . Role- hvenlt. substituted far TNT lively nontoxic . definitely increased.

MEPTRYL C MP : 151* C . Ignites at 18d'C; does net as . S.nsaiviry comparable with IO"BN8017 2,1,6-T.ieineph.nylnim.rhylel- with deaompe- plod. t o 360' C. PETN. ..thylnilriemine Trinitrats #ion .

HEXANITRODIPHENYL Yellow Used us a d.runatinq ;.Pl.- S . FI .E tve. Apowerful military ..plesiw and has a added military advantage in the, it. e.plasi .. ps.contain rotating end very tesic ..l- aw diooWe .

HMTD C6H12N206 YP : 115*C. E.Plod.. in early or 200PC. Vary s i i .. to b;erian . Ma . Hexanmlhylenetripre.idedie.ine Swrag. m closed containers pewerfvl and ofNciont end less e.us. no appreciable lose i ,olive than mercury ftrl .r- pow.. ; when ..pa-d to ..is. osr.. Produce. a poetically rust shows a lest in power, but fle-I..* explosion. V.I . of after drying, the power is Our Oat: 16,700 ft/sec at a density some es before exp..- . . Hers of 1 .1 q/ml . b. worke4 without causing toxic effects .

HOLTEX Nitraoaflules. Herd, slew Shlbility unaffoetad by water. Insensitive #o impact of smell Con be pus leedee or and nitroglycer. colored sub- Remain . unaltered after year. . fire ; tull.t ..pct doss molded into it. final shop . in to which are stance . Can be of immersion in water or after not .auto ignition a burning. Applicable to -he follewinq were, added .,her it nufaet-d as boiling in . Apparently Sensitivity re initiating agents types of charges: pining, explosives and on elastic rub. easily ignited by flame. somewhat less than TNT . Vale detona'ion booster, hollow high grad. as- by-like cam- of Do,: 26,250 ft/..c . explosive, and incendiary plestvas . position . .:alusi .e . Comparable HYMAN C3HSN306 MP : 821 C . Ipnires at 280* C; do . no, a.- I with rosy, ;n son He . been .sad as a tea . N.nUre-NrnetKylgly-id . plod. t o 360' C. wi .iry . 'h-q. for dvona,ors. N.trar.

M.EDNA C3HON101 MP : 120.2- N-thyl.rhyl-dinit-in. 12^.80 C. Trimerhyleos-I,d-pinirromine

H N MNO C1 6 106 Y P : 122,5- No explosion a# 360* C. Star- Lass sensitive than TNT to N,N'-Dinine-N,N'- 125 0 C . ego at moderately elevated .pct . Leas ...;Here end Dinwthyleaxamid. ..Were# ., . causes no deer ... os p.werful as picric acid . stability. Evaluated as between t .tryl and TNT in prfaman- V.I . of Dar: 23,600 It/..c at a d.n . airy of 1 .5 q/ml . X NENO C6MON6012 MP : Reported eflagrat .s at 260-270* C. Me,. sensitive than TNT. May b, cast . N,N'-Dinine-N,N'- between 88 .5 Les stable than t .tryl or RDX. Ahout the same senstrivity to impact Dihydroxy0hylexemide Dinitr.ts and 92 0 C . ruble undo conditions of as PETN . V.I . ri Dar: lightly elevated temperature 25,100 ft/..c or a density of nd considerable humidity . 1.6 p/ml .

NIP NitrOindeno Poly ..,

PBXN-101 HMX (82%), Whit. ..lid . ISolubly"' .b .c"..'in ketone., aromatic Me mwe sensitive than can- Cast -pl-i- Used Laminae MP : 250* C. Irons. Dimensions., .anti . . ., cast ..plostv.s . I guided rnissile ..,heed .. Polyut.r (18%) and retention of V.I . of Do, : 25 .800 ft/66C . .n.ngrh u great., than that of TNT . Noglipibla to.-ty . E .elod .5 at 350* C.

PBXN-102 HM X (597,), Gray solid. Dim s,onal stability and re No mere ....hive then con- Cos+ ..plosive . U..d 1n Aluminum (23%) MP : 250. C. Nnt .on of snength is greets anflonel cast ..plosives . low too bombs and guided Polyester (18%) than that of TNT. N.ghqible V.I . of Oat: 21,500 It/s ... missile warheads . toxicity . E.plades et 350* C .

PENTANOL TNT,PETN, Aluminum

88 SECTION 2-5

Table 2 Compounds and Mixtures Which Have Been Considered For Possible Use As Military Explosives or Solid Propellants (Continued)

TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE. COLOR. STATE, SOLUBILITY, STABILITY. SENSITIVITY AND Of NAME COMPOSITION MELTING POINT VELOCITY OF METHOD TOXICITY DETONATION LOADING, USE

PENTRYL CBH6N6011 Y P : 126' C . Burns itha,t e.plosion hen Impact sens-,ity comparable May be passed . (2,4,6-Tnpirrephenylnwamlno) ., . .,ad without confinement. .nh PETN . V.I . of D., Ethyl Nnror. E.plod.s er 235' C . E-1- 17,250 1, 1 .n,,,y of osidas of nihogen at .1-t.4 1 .0 g/n,l. tsmp-t- Sto-q. und.r- .aur a dry at moderately ala- .ared temperatures causes no less m pear . Reported ro e dermatitis .

PEP PETN, Oil

PETX CSH 12 N808 No 1- MP bur Terra (ninamlnamethyl) m.rhona ..h . -th al .- -P-Ii.. abo.. 165' C .

PICRAMIDE C6H4N406 O-gedrad . 2,4,6-T-inoani lin. MP : 188' C .

PIPE PETN, GA V .I'sit,. a(Del:12 ,700Itisec610 C,O., Oil as of 1 39

PTx-4 Halaifa added B-1-I... be t .3 o n o preen by lengo- storage. Pentohu .

RIPE RDX, Gulf V.I . of Dac 24,000 h,- C'... Oil d.-,y of 1,34 q/ml .

: .+ . SIXOLITE C 10H 15 N501 MP 122' C . D,flaprar ar 240' C. No . . V.I . of D.r : 23,700 fr-c ar Tanem.thylolcyclohuanol plos-ro 360' C . S,-q . ar d.nsny of 1,4 q/ml . Pentanitfote .d .-I.ly .Lvettd t .mpa- ra shows lint . no de- .a .. n at'b .lXry oI.

: SIXONITE C10 HIA N4013 MP 55-56'C. V.I . 01 Del: 25,400 ft/.,c or a Tatrem.thylolcycleh..anene d.n-, of 1 .4 q/rnl .

STYPHNIC ACID 1-1 0 MP : 175'C. E or 314' . A+ --r- -pact C6 3N3 8 .plads, C to 2 , 4,6-Tr mrt . .. ..o-ne l p.c X -d . V.I . of D,rX About half that of mocu .y lulm .nar,.

TACOT C 12 M4 N808 Orange s .I .d . Soluble Xn a _- Stuns de- More s sir. ., than DATE . High r .mp...... uplosne. T.,--od .b .nao- Decompose, at mp--on at 300c' C. Hon V.I . of Del : 23,000 It +.c at Sol..nt p..a .d . 1,3a,4,6a-r.rresa- 410 C . .Xc . d.n ..ry of 1 .86 q-rnI. p,nral .n.

TENA C6H3N508 MP : 215` C. E .pled.. at app--ef.l y V.I . e1 D.r : 25 .000 r, s.c of 2,3,4,6-Tenan.rroanlh- ..rh dacompusi 237' C. May -ol- -"ous dens- .1 1,6 p ml . r,on . c .d . Does no, .,lock ..,at, . R.po.,,d to b. nonro.Xc .

TETRACENE C2H,N 10 0 C.I."I ..o. E.pl.d .. .1 154°C . No s .qn.- I. n . . n . . ., ru -pact as Used rn pr-mg rompo+i- pal. yell'. am change m p-, or u. y f fl-.r . an d d.aso- on and with lead-de II'Ify mat-o1, -- y of . .. . .q. at mod ^ d, .- oph-l . ..plos. .. r . ..rs . ' r .ly .). .acdr cm .p..ar. .. . .

TNB C6M3N306 .1 .1 . plar .l .-r, rob ;l .ty n qua ; t' TNT . Sh«k s n X .Xty --d-bly Employ .dn World w.. I Xn 1,3,5-T-orob.ns.n. hXgha.the' TNT. .ol AP shells .

TNETB Colorless. soluble n . " n-Heron,, Too . ., to ,chanmol C6H6N6014 d,t,7-i .in.r .oanyl I nd corboX t .r " achlo.Xd., e.y shockbr. a . 4,4,4-Trm,1,obmy,ar . olubl. .n nit. .thane, qla- mXLmry ..plc-acceptable. when .. .d Col a - .-d, and .rhyI alone. aerate .

TPEON hna crystal. . Insoluble n .are . ; +olubl, n H CIS H24 N8026 '" .gh-plow . . . and as pos . T.Xp.nraa" yrhr .rol Icohol and

VELrEx IHMX(70.OL), ?rang. solid . H.qh mechon-l s engrh, 14 C0 S.0%), mach .nab la .wes t pl.- ." iNG(10 .7%), 2 INOPA (1 .3'4),

8 1 GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE :

Table 3 . Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics

SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, NAME COMPOSITION I STATE; COLOR USE TOXICITY

AMMONIUM CHLORATE NH 4CIO3 White powder . Soluble m water and ethyl alcohol. Too wnsinve to be used in commerual or military explosives ; explodes of 212` F(I OOoC.) .

BARIUM NITRATE Ba(N03)2 Very poisonous; soluble in water. Powerful ond,xing agent.

BIS (2, 2-DINITROPROPYL FUMARATE) White crystals . Ingredient of shell and bomb filler, ClOH 12N4012 HE DNPF and as explosive all aaemw. .-

ISIS (2, 2-DINITROPROPYL SUCCINATE) CIOH14N4012 White crystals . Desensitising ingredient of high ee. DNPS plosive composition 2, -DINITROPROPYL-4, 4, 4-TRINITRO- C H N 0 BUTYRATE 7 g 5 12 White crystal ., DNPTB

CYCLOTRIMETHYLENE TRINITROSOMINE C3H6N603 Yellow crystals. Easily decomposed by acid or alkah, Ingredient of shell filler . _ or by boiling in water.

DIPENTAERYTHRITOL HEXANITRATE ClOH 16 N60 19 White crystals . Ingredient of priming compositions . DPHEN TYYLEA B GLYCOL DI- H N Casting medium for compounds TRINITROBUTY RATE C10 12 6016 Crystals HE . GTNB

HEXANITRO OXANIUDE C14H6N8UI4 Almost white. Soluble in nitric acid ; very soluble in Ingredient of gnrrer powder, pyro- HNO dlmethyllormamlde . technic compost-f .

Red or yellow Ingredient of electric detonators, stared LEAD 2. 4-DINITRORESORCINATE Pb C6H2N206 LDNR crystals . I I wet. LEAD 4, 6-DINITRORESORCINOL Pb2C6H4N203 Red or yellow Ingredient of e leans detonators,stored LDNR-basic crystalline form I wet in detonators, and in MANNITOL HEXANITRATE C6HSN601B Secondary charge NHromannite 61usting caps designed to be in,hated by a fuse .

in Not explosive unless mixed with MONONITRONAPHTHALENE C10H7NO2 Yellow solid. Insoluble m water, readily soluble ( on MINN other, hot ethyl alcohol, and bensene. oxygen carriers, such as ommonn.m alpha Nitronap6tholene nitrate, seldom, Xf ever, used alone.

MONON;TROPHENOL C6H5NO 3 Slightly soluble in cold water, more Not used in explosives in U S , used by MNP readily soluble m hot water, soluble foreign military services . n ethyl alcohol and in ether, poison ous, and may cous-dermatitis.

H N While rocket pro- PENTAERYTHRITOL TRINITROACRYLATE Cf3 II 3OII crystals . Ingredient of composite I-PETRIN acrylate pellants.

POTASSIUM CHLORATE KCI0 3 White powder Moderately soluble in water, slightly Ingredient of initiarng, HE, and pro- Koliumchlorate (Ger) soluble in ethyl alcohol, rapid heat. pellant compositions, never used alone Clorotn d, pats .- (hall ng nay cause it to explode; relot-l as on explosive. rr,c2 ±rx,.,tn,^'eue3'Biie'ns r X gnew (Russ on-tonic, and does not cause den -W . ..

POTASSIUM NITRATE KN03 wihite powder . Soluble X- cold water, vm y soluble Oxygen comer w6-ch h a s v.-de applkc, PVN n hot water, soluble in ethyl . an in both HE -roves and oroprll-ts Saltpeter alcohol and ether, relatively non Not on explosive . N,rre tons, and does nct cause dermatitis . N, 1rote de potassium (Fr) Kol,solpetet (Gel) Solntro Old ;) - . u -Pre x eirci -anew (Russ)

POTASSIUM PF RCHLORATE KC10 4 w'h,te powder . Slightly soluble in cold water, mod- Employed m prime,, pyrotechnic and Kahumperchlorate (Ger) elately soluble in hot water, can be propellant compositions, employed by Perclorote d, potossio (Ital) detonated by shock or friction- re foreign nations as mar. charges far latively non-toxic, and does not cause bombs and mines. dermatih s.

SILVER AZIDE VXAg N"te to gray Insoluble m water, soluble in am- Ingredient of initiators . Stored wet crystals . mon,um hyroxide, decomposes in nitric acid . SODIUM CHLORATE NoCl03 N6oe powder . Very soluble, in water, and moderately Ingredient of initiating, HE, and propel_ Natr,umchlorate (Gel) I soluble n ethyl alcohol, relatively lant compositions . Mixtures containing Clorato d, sadm (Ital) nonto+ic, and does not cause der- sodium chlorate are dangerously se- 1- ;a' ix Xroli;(Russ) matnis . It, ve to shock and friction .

82 SECTION 2-5

Table 3 Other Dangerous Solid Materials Having Explosive Characteristics (Continued)

NAME COMPOSITION STATE; COLOR SOLUBILITY, STABILITY, USE TOXICITY

SODIUM NITRATE NONO3 Mute po .dar . Vary soluble in water, and slightly O yger, came Which has wide applrc .- Chile saltpeter soluble methyl alcohol ; .Iaiady Iron m both HE -twos and propellants . Nitrate d. sodium (Fr) non-to- and does not cause Oar . Not an aaplo- . . Notransalp.ter (Ger) nnatitis . Touc to h .th-tar fr.h Nrtrata chi Podia (Ital) and certain animals, particularly -OTPal WFOR (Ruse) Cattle .

SODIUM PERCHLORATE NOCIO 4 lbtito pa.dar . Vary soluble in water, and moderatel y Employed m primer, pyrotechnic, and Nat-in porchlora (Gar) soluble m ethyl alcohol, methyl propellant compositions, ..played by n[FNnopEI "RIPON (Run) alcohol, and ethane . Relatti .aly nom foreign nations as main charges for toxic, and does not cause dvmattrs . bombs and mines . ln9redrantofprime TRINITROTRIAZIDOBENZENE C 606N 12 Gooniah" yella . Readily soluble macttone,moderately , ae. TNTAB crystals. soluble in chloroform, sparingly Pal- uble m alcohol ; in .oluble in water .

330-516 0 - 69 - 7 8 3

GENERAL EOD INFWMA1 ION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (S[IRi-ACE)

6 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES is required io r this procedure. To prepare this solution, add two grams of A chemical procedure for the identifi- potassium or sodium hydroxide to 100 cation of 33 conventional military explo- milliliters of distilled water. sives and ammonium nitrate, that requires only readily available apparatus Sulfuric acid, H9S04, - Requires no and reagents and does not presuppose preparaYon- . Use as obtained. chemical training, is described below : Distilled water.

6-1 EXPLOSIVES IDERTiFIED 6-3 APPARATUS REQUIRED Amatol HND Pyrex test tubes, about 3/4 inch in di- Ammonium nitrate PETN ameter. Composition A Picric acid Composition B R.DX Metal spatula with a slightly dished Composition C Tetryl blade about one inch long and 1/8--inch Explosive D Torpex wide that will normally hold about 0.1 HBX TNT gram sample. Medicine droppers. 6-2 REAGENTS CARE AND PREPARATION

Acetone, CH3COCH3. - The container 6-4 PROCEDURE mum lsept tightly' stoppered when the acetone is not in use. The acetone The procedure for identification of the must be free of water to be effective. explosive sample is based on solubilities and color reactions. Chart 1, a sche- Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH. - A 2% matic outline of the procedure, has been aqueous ammonium ydroxide solution prepared to provide a reference to the is necessary for this procedure. To various steps of this procedure and prepare this solution, add two to three shows the group separations and tests milliliters (ml) of concentrated ammo- used to identify the explosive sample nium hydroxide to 100 milliliters of dis- under consideration. tilled water. 6-4.1 Preparation of Sun' ple. Carbon tetrachloride, CC14. - -Requires A sample of the unknown explosive no preprra non. se as obtained. about the size of a marble is sufficient for identification. When collecting the Diphenylamine, CGH5NHC6H5 . - A 1% sample, it is advisable to obtain a few p eny amore reagent is required for small portions from each of several this procedure. This reagent is pre- different parts of the explosive. The pared by adding one gram of diphenyl-. portions should be crushed gently until amine to 100 milliliters of concentrated they are more ox less powdery with no (96%) sulfuric acid. lumps present and should then be mixed. Potassium or sodium hydroxide, KOH 6-4.2 Mix Sample with Corbon Tetrochloride. or NaOH. - A 2% aqueous solution of Us .ng the spatula, place a portion either potassium or sodium hydroxide (about 0.1 gram) of the thoroughly

8 4

Chart. 1 Schematic Diagram for Identification of High Explosives

PLACE ONE SCOOP OF SAMPLE IN A 14 INCH TES' TUBE AND ADD 1-141'1CNES OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, SNAKE TUBE .ELL A 5MT FILE MUST BE COMPLETELY DISSOLVED BEFORE IT IS PLACED 'N rME 'SOLUBLE" GROUP BELOW LOOK FOR A GREY RESIDUE .NICN 1 TAKES TIME TO SETTLE . WAIT APPROXIMATELY FIVE MINUTES.

SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE

TNT PLACE A NEW SAMPLE (ONE SCOOP) IN ANOTHER TEST-TUBE AND ADD ACETONE (ONE INCII) . SNAKE TUBE WELL TO DISSOLVE SAMPLE . ONE INCH IS SUFFICIENT FORMOST EXPLOSIVES BUT ONE HALF INCH MORE MAY BE ADDED FOR OOOC MEASURE Ar,AIN j I LOO( FOR A GREY RE . AV F N

SOLUBLE -XIN$OLllBLEX_

ADD ABOUT A DROPS OF AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE TO THE ACETONE SOLUTION ADD ABOUT n I Dqp4DROPS OFF ,H AIM`IDIUMXNX uYGOOXIDF TO THE ACETONE FROM ABOVE . SHAKE TUBE VERY WELL (USE A CORK STOPPER IF NECESSARYI . a I FOF tsn SrCUHf5 LOOK FORT I MAKE IMMEDIATE OBSERVATIONS LOOK FOR COLORS. I ifINII LULU4IJANVVCDLURX17 ALL'

F .._ _ .X ( GROUP F_1q0UP-11 X GROUP X0 CHANGE IN 11 COLOR INK SOLUTION NO LNA!DF

DISSOLVE ONE SCOOP OF NEW SAMPLE IN A CLEAN I PLACE ONE SCOOP OF NEW SAMPLE IN ONE INOI I PL ACF ONE $COOP OT NEW SAMPLE NUNF'NK .] TEST+TUBE WITH ONE INCH OF ACETONE .THEN ADD I OF ACETONE . SHAKE VIGOROUSLY AND THEM I J OE ACET-F ANO THFN ADD TN-fNYLU11NF DROP BY DROP A TOTAL OF 610 DROPS OF 2% KOH, ,ADD WICKLY (POUR DIRECTLY FROM BOTTLEI NF AGFNT DROP BY X(1PSLOWLI LOOK 'OR I OHE HALF INCH OF DIPHENYLAMINE REAGENT i .HITI'OLUMINOUSPRNCIPI1A!F .r1NO' .FA1 I ALLOW REAGENT TO RUN :OWN INSIDE OF 'EST TI!JN IS NOTID POUR k'CKLY K+f HALF INOI TUBE. SHAKE TEST-TUBE AGAIN . X4UPf '.'IFHFNYLAYINf REAGENT

I COLOR 11 NO REACTION X DSSOLVE ONE SCOOP OF NEW SAMPLE IN ONE INCH OF ACE' I TONE AND POUR RAPIDLY ONE IFb1 OF DIPHENYLAMIHE REA-I GENT INTO THE SOLUTION . TORPEX OR NBA r ODOR DEEP BLUE __ ._ - I. C E 1 XWHITE vOLUMINOU$ NOTE : BLUE COLOR MAY ; pREK.IVITATF+NWH1FH THEN ONLY DEVELOP AODUN0 EP ) BLUE IDISSOLVFSfNFKCESS THE REMDUE ON THE I DIPNFNYLAMINF IS ADDED BOTTOM NOTE CAVE THE SOLUTION J I .(PU'i -D4v AND S MINUTES TO CHANGE COLOR `4Y$T ALL IHF,f N' INPL f'. 'O FROM LIGHT RED TO A DEEP PO.DF .Y FORM VNI 14 . I RED JMIONIUM X I ' ru1fYION L I NITRA7E OF X- _ __ 4NATOLI I FfPLJVVE'_C7

PETH

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

mixed sample in a 3/4-inch diameter ing explosives: composition B, HND, test tube and add carbon tetrachloride and tetryl. to the test tube to a height of from one to one and one-half inches. Shake the If the solution turns pink, the explo- test tube well, allowing up to five min- sive is composition B. utes for the sample to dissolve. Care- fully examine the solution for the pres- If the solution becomes red, the ex- ence of a residue. If the sample is plosive is HND. completely soluble, it is identified as TNT. If the solution turns light red at once but gradually changes from light red 6-4.3 Mix Sample with Acetone. to a very deep red during a period of If the sample is not completely solu- about five minutes, the explosive is ble in carbon tetrachloride, take a new tetryl. portion of the sample. Place this new portion in a clean test tube and add ace- 6-4 .4 .2 Group II., (Sample soluble in tone to the test tube to a height of ap- acetone : no change in color evident upon proximately one inch. Shake the test the addition of ammonium hydroxide tube well and look for the presence of solution). Forming roup are the fol- any insoluble matter. lowing explosives : PETN, picric acid, and RDX. In order to identify the partic- If the sample dissolves completely, ular explosive, (1) fill the spatula with it belongs to the soluble group con- a fresh sample and then add the sample sisting of composition B, HND, to a clean test tube containing acetone to PETN, picric acid, RDX, and a height of about one inch, (2) add 6 to tetryl. 10 drops of the 2% solution of either potassium or sodium hydroxide to the If a residue remains in the test above solution using a clean medicine tube, the sample belongs to the dropper. insoluble group composed of amatol, ammonium nitrate, compo- If the solution turns orange, the ex- sition A, composition C, explo- plosive is picric acid. sive D, HBX, and torpex.

6-4.4 Add Ammonium Hydroxide to the If there is no color change, place a fresh sample in a clean test tube Acetone Solution . containing acetone to a height of To the acetone solution add approxi- about one inch. Add rapidly one mately 20 drops of the 2% ammonium inch of diphenylamine reagent to the hydroxide solution, using a clean medi- test tube. If the solution turns deep cine dropper. The soluble group of blue, the explosive is PETN. No explosives as well as the insoluble change in color identifies the explo- group are further divided into sub- sive as RDX. groups depending on whether or not the acetone-sample solution changes color upon the addition of the ammonium 6-4.4 .3 Group III. (Sample insoluble hydroxide solution. in acetone ; change in color evident upon the addition of ammonium hydroxide 6-4 .4.1 Group I. (Sample soluble in solution) . Forming Group III are the acetone; change in color evident up-)n fo: wing explosives: amatol, HBX, and addition o ammonium hydroxide solu- to x. To identify the particular explo- tion) . Forming Group I are the follow- si%,, (1) add a new sample of the explo-

SECTION 2-5

sive to a clean test tube containing ace- Note. Composition A can be distin- tone to a height of about one inch, (2) guished from composition C by the mix the sample and acetone throughly, difference in physical properties. (3) add about 1/2 inch of diphenylamine Composition A is dry and crumbles reagent to the test tube, allowing the to a powder, while composition C is reagent to run down'the inside surface soft and plastic. of the test tube.

If the solution turns deep blue, par- 7 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ticularly around the residue on the bottom of the test tube, the explosive is amatol. Assembled below are the general safety precautions applicable to the dis- If there is no reaction, the sample posal of explosives and solid propellants, of explosive may contain either to r- pex or HBX. 1. Departmental regulations pertain- ing to the disposal of explosives and Note. This procedure does not solid propellants must be read, under- distinguish between torpex and HBX. stood, and followed. 2. No procedure should be undertaken without approval by and except in those 6-4.4.4 Group IV. (Sample insoluble areas which conform with the require- in acetone : no color chance evident ments of the Department concerned when upon addition of ammonium hydroxide such approval is required by a particu- solution). Forming Group IV are the lar Department. following explosives: ammonium nitrate, composition A, composition C, 3. Access to the disposal area should and explosive D. In order to identify be controlled and restricted to a min- the particular explosive, (1) add a new imum number of authorized personnel portion of the explosive sample to a necessary to the safe conduct of the clean test tube containing acetone to a disposal operation. height of about one inch, (2) mix the sample and acetone thoroughly, (3) add 4. All disposal operations must take slowly diphenylamine reagent drop by place under the direction of a qualified drop to the above solution using a clean and experienced supervisor who has the medicine dropper. responsibility for the safety of personnel and general safe conduct of the op- If a white voluminous precipitate eration. forms which redissolves upon the addition of excess diphenylamine 5 . One (1) person must never be per- reagent, the sample is explosive D. mitted to work alone in disposal operations. If no reaction is noted, add quickly 1/2 inch more of the diphenylamine 6. When disposal work is in process, reagent. If the solution becomes or when an explosive or solid propellant deep blue in color, the explosive is being transported by land or water, is ammonium nitrate. No reaction the hazardous nature of the operation indicates that the sample may con- should be suitably indicated by promi- tain either composition A or compo- nently displaying a red flag or sign as sition C. called for by the Department concerned.

GE14ERAI EOD INt-ORMATION, T ECHNIOUES A N D T00I S (SURF ACE)

7 . Du not undt:rtal- tlic LA-i,dli,:g u i 13, Deteriorated t:apluL;ive6 or solid disposal of an explosive oisolid prk,pcl- propellants niaX' be, and often are, more lant if nut familiar with the clLaracter- dangerous to handle than those in good istics of the material. III tire absoilce of condition, and consequentl` require information covering a specific e;Xplo special care in handling and disposal. sive or solid propellani or any phase of the destruction of the material, request 14. Explosives or solid propellants instructions. awaiting destruction must be dispersed throughout the disposal area, and must 8, Personnel enjgag,_Xd in or nea-z dis- be protected against accidental ignition posal operations must avoid inhaling or explosion from fragments or fire. fumes and vapors of explosives or solid propellants. If required, adequate res- 15. Static electricity, the direct rays piratory equipment and appropriate pro- of the sun, and even water introduce def- tective clothing must be worn to mini- inite hazards in the presence of certain mize contact with explosives or solid explosives and solid propellants. propellants.

9, Individuals showing evidence of 16. Disposal operations involving exposure to explosives or solid propel-- explosives and solid propellants must lams must be removed immediately be suspended upon the approach of a from the area of concert1at10n and given thunderstorm or electrical storm. qualified medical treatment.

10. Smoking must not be permitted 8 DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVES BY when working on or near explosives or BURNING solid propellants. Not only is smoking a serious fire and explosive hazard, but Burning generally is the preferred it offers a means for ingestion and in- method for destroying explosives and halation of toxic vapors. solid propellants. Burial in the earth is not an accepted practice, but dumping 11 . All tools and equipment used on in the ocean, at sea, or in inland waters or near explosives or solid propellants is permitted and is the only disposal should be nonsparking . Flame- or method for black powder approved by the spark-producing devices should not be U, S . Navy . Since burning as well as permitted in the disposal area. No dumping in large bodies of water are not portable lights other than approved elec always practicable, detonation and trio lanterns and flashlights should be chemical decomposition methods are used around explosives or solid propel- also utilized to dispose of explosives lants. and solid propellants.

12. Explosives or solid propellants, 8-1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS whether in containers or loaded in projectiles, rockets, bombs, etc., must 1. Except in specific cases, explo- not be handled roughly. They must be sives should not be burned in containers handled carefully to prevent shock or nor should they be burned in large lump friction which may cause a fire or an form or in deep piles because of the explosion. danger of detonation.

SECTION 2-5

2. When disposing of explosives by than burn. Careful consideration, there- burning, keep in mind that detonation fore, must always be given to the pos- or a premature ignition may occur. sibility of damage to the surrounding Consequently, adequate protective meas- property or injury to any person or per- ures must be utilized for the protection sons which could involve suit against of personnel and property. the government.

3. If no natural barrier exists, a barricade or mound should be erected 8-3 PREPARATION OF BURNING AREA at a safe distance froin the burning site for protection of disposai personnel 1. A dirt surface should be used to during the burning procedure . burn explosives. The dirt surface should be of well-packed earth and 4. Personnel engaged in the burning should be free from large stones and of explosives should be provided with and deep cracks in which the explosive wear flameproof clothing. might lodge or accumulate. Concrete, gravel, or cindered surface should not 5 . improvised showers and solutions be used. for medication should be available ir_ the disposal area. 2. Strip the immediate burning site of trees, dry grass, leaves, high weeds, 6. Whenever possible, firefighting brush and other combustible material apparatus and communication facili- within a radius of 200 feet from the ties should be present in the disposal point of burning. area. 3. After each burn is completed, 7. An emergency vehicle must be in thoroughly soak the burning site with the disposal area whenever a disposal water. Wait four hours and then in- operation involving burning is in prog- spect the site. If no hazardous con- ress. dition exists, another quantity of explosives may be prepared for burn- 8 . Signs or roadblocks must be posted ing. at the entrance and on all sides of the disposal area, warning of the disposal 4. Explosives awaiting destruction operation being undertaken and restrict- must be dispersed throughout the dis- ing unauthorized personnel and equip-. posal area and protected against acci- Inent from the area. dental ignition or detonation.

8-2 SELECT ;ON OF BURNING AREA 8-4 PREPARATION OF EXPLOSIVE FOR BURNING To be acceptable for the burning of explosives, the burning area must be 1 . Never burn more than 200 pounds located at the maximum practical dis- of explosive at one time. Burn only tance from any magazine, inhabited 300 pounds of dynamite at one time and building, public highway, or railroad. never more than 10 pounds of blasting The minimum interval, however, must gelatin. never be less than 1900 feet unless suitable barricades are erected, or 2. Make certain that only one type natural barriers utilized, since the ex- of explosive is destroyed at any one plosive could possibly detonate rather time.

89 UtNtKAL tUU INt- UKMA I WIN, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

3. Carefully examine the explosive be complete. Wet explosives should be to make certain that no detonator or spread out on a layer of combustible blasting cap of any kind is included with material and allowed to partially dry the explosive. Any attempt to burn prior to burning. If it is found that the explosives with detonators or blasting wet explosive will not burn completely caps of any description will almost or only with difficulty on the combus- always result in an explosion. tible bed, a nonvolatile, flammable fuel oil may be sprinkled over the bed 4. Remove the explosive to be burned of combustible material upon which the from its container since the burning of explosive is to be placed to assure explosives under even slight confine- complete burning. ment may result in an explosion. If removal of the explosive from its con- Note. It is recommended that boxes tainer is impracticable due to the haz- of dynamite be opened and each cartridge ardous nature of the explosive, it may be slit and scattered loosely on the com- become necessary to use a different bustible bed; however, considering the method of disposal. hazard to disposal personnel, especially with deteriorated dynamite, common size dynamite cartridges (2 inches in WA RNING diameter and less) may be placed on the combustible bed as carefully as pos- TNT, explosive D, composition sible without slitting. If the cartridges B, and pentolite in open con- are of large diameter, slitting alone is tainers may be burned out when inadequate and the loose explosive must destruction by detonation or wash- be spread out in a layer not over two ing out and burning the explosive inches thick. Burn the boxes and emp- separately is impracticable. How- tied cartridges together, but separately ever, instances are on record of from the explosive. TNT, pentolite, and explosive D detonating while being burned. 7. Separate parallel beds of explosives, prepared for burning, in accord- 5. Spread the explosive out in layers ance with applicable service directives. not more than two inches deep and four inches wide. 8-5 IGNITION OF EXPLOSIVES WARNING 1. The layer of explosive must be Type 88 explosive must be burned ignited by a train of combustible mate- in very thin layersnot more than rial, such as excelsior. See Figure 1. one inch deep. Blocks of TNT may The material for an ignition train must be burned by placing the individual be free from cardboard, paper, or blocks in reasonably close contact boxes which have served as packaging with each other in a single layer for the explosives. not exceeding three or four blocks in width. 2. The ignition train of combustible material must never be less than 25 6. Loose, dry explosives may be feet in length and should be as much burned without being placed on a layer longer as is necessary to permit per of combustible material if burning will sonnel to reach a place of safety.

9 0 SECTION 2-5

Figure l Layout for ignition of explosive to be disposed olby burning

3. Test the ignition train for burn- Caution: This procedure must be ing speed and possible hazards prior followed in order to prevent the wind to use. This test must be made at a from blowing any burning matter toward safe distance from any explosive . the explosive, thus speeding the burning time of the ignition train or possibly causing a premature ignition before personnel have reached a place of safety.

4. Arrange the ignition train to lead directly downwind from the material to 5. Ignite the ignition train of com- be destroyed. bustible material from a safe distance

GE14ERAL L-00 Iris u}:t:Xr. f II I ;, I ECIiNIQUES AND TOOL S (SI)R r AC E)

' means of air cloccrically initiate dhd a . When disposing of black powder back powder squib or by time blasting by burning, adequate protective meas- fuse (safety fuse). ures must be utilized for the protection of personnel and property, particularly because premature ignition may occur. WARNING 3 . Cotton apparel, protective cloth- the event of a misfire, do nut In ing, asbestos apron, and magazine approach the burning site for at safety shoes should be worn by all least 30 minutes. At the end of personnel engaged in handling and dis- this time, not more than two posing of black powder. qualified persons should be permitted to approach and examine 4. Containers which have been emp- the misfire. tied of black powder should be filled with water until such time as they can be washed free of residual black pow- 6. Do not repeat a disposal procedure on a previously burned--over plot within der. 24 hours, unless the burning site has been thoroughly soaked with water. Caution: Serious explosions have occurred with supposedly empty containers .

9 DISPOSAL OF BLACK POWDER 5. Carefully clean up and remove any BY BURNING spilled black powder. If the black powder cannot be readily removed, wash Immersing in the ocean, at sea, or in it down thoroughly with water. inland waters is the only disposal meth- 6, Always ground a black powder od for black powder approved by the container while the contents are being U. S . Navy . However, the burning of removed. black powder is permitted in the event that no suitable body of water is conven- ient.

9-2 SELECTION OF BURNING AREA 9-I SAFES Y PRECAUTIONS The selection of an area for the dis- 1. Black powder is one of the most posal of black powder by burning should dangerous and treacherous of all explo- be based on the principle of obtaining sives, and the one with which accidents the maximum practical distance from are most likely to occur. Black pow- all magazines, inhabited buildings, der is highly flammable and is sensi- public highways, and railways . tive to friction, shock, sparks, or heat, and is extremely quick and violent in its action if ignited. Although black 9 .3 PREPARATION OF BURNING AREA powder is classed as a low explosive, it approaches a high explosive in vio- Bare ground should be used as the lence and in the destructive effect of its burning surface for black powder. Con- explosion . crete mats, concrete, gravel, or ein-

SECTION 2-5

dered surfaces should not be used. Strip 3 . Permit the black powder to burn the immediate burning site of trees, dry completely before reapproaching the grass, leaves, high needs, brush, and burning area other combustible materials within a from radius of 200 feet the point of 4. Upon completion of burning, in- burning. spect the burning site and adjacent area to insure that all of the black powder has been consumed. 9-4 PREPARATION OF BLACK POWDER FOR BURNING 5. Incompletely burned and smoldering residues should be washed down thoroughly with water. 1 1 . Never burn more than 25 pounds of black powder at one time . 6. After drying out, the incompletely burned black powder should be carefully reignited as described in steps 2. Spread the black powder out for 1 and 2 above . burning on the bare ground in a train about 2 inches wide. No part of the train must parallel another part unless separated by a distance of at least 10 feet . 10 DISPOSAL OF SMOKELESS POWDER BY BURNING Caution: Ground sizable black powder containers before emptying the 10-I SAFETY PRECAUTIONS contents. 1. Since premature ignition is an 3. Do not make any sharp turn is ever-present hazard when disposing of the black powder train ; be sure to round smokeless powder by burning, ade- off all turns. quate protective measures must be utilized for the protection of personnel and property. Personnel engaged in or associated with the handling of smoke- 9-5 IGNITION OF BLACK POWDEV less powder and other operations at the burning area should wear fire-resistant 1 . The black powder must be ignited safety outer garments, nonsparking safety by means of an ignition train of flam- shoes, and safety goggles. mable material such as excelsior which extends directly downwind a safe dis- In handling smokeless powder in a tance (about 25 feet) from the black container, minimize the motion of the powder train. powder within the container so as to prevent the possible generation of static electricity. Note. If dry and in good condition, black powder burns rapidly, especially 3. Do not expose smokeless powder in small grain size. to the direct rays of the sun for any period longer than necessary to com- 2. Ignite the ignition train and with-- plete the burning operation. Any con- draw to a place of safety. tainer of smokeless powder should

93 ULNERAL EUD IN rORMA I ION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

likewise be protected from the direct used for actual burning, and should be rays of the sun. separated from the burning area by a mound of earth. 4. Charges of static electricity and stray currents could cause premature 104 PREPARATION OF SMOKELESS ignition of smokeless powder. There- POWDER FOR BURNING fore, thoroughly ground smokelesspow- der containers before removing the powder. 1 . Never burn more than 4000 pounds of single-base smokeless powder at one time . 5. Be careful to avoid walking on smokeless powder. 2. Limit the amount of smokeless powder to be burned at one time to 10-2 SELECTION OF BURNING AREA 2000 pounds if it is of the double-base or very small web type, such as bulk The burning area to be used for the small arms powder, bulk shotgun pow- disposal of smokeless powder should be der, or similar single-perforated or at least 1900 feet from any magazine, thin-flake grained powder. This type public highway, Passenger railroad, or powder burns very rapidly. inhabited building. 3 . Remove the smokeless powder from its container and spread the powder in 10-3 PREPARATION OF BURNING AREA a straight row on the bare ground. The rows must not be'more than four feet 1. Strip the immediate burning site wide and six inches deep. Even up the of trees, dry grass, leaves, high weeds, bed of powder, if necessary, with a brush, and other combustible material wooden tool, such as a long-handled within a radius of 200 feet from any point wooden rake. of burning. Caution: Smokeless powder contain- 2. Carefully inspect the burning area ers should be grounded while the pow- and adjacent area to determine that the der is being removed. ground is not dangerously warm and that the area is free from glowing, smoldering, or burning residue. 4. Bagged smokeless powder propellant charges with igniter pads may be 3 . Use the bare ground as the burn- burned without slitting, but in all cases ing site for smokeless powder; do not the igniter protector cap must be re- use prepared trenches or pits. moved from the charge to be burned. If a bagged smokeless powder propellant 4 . Downwind burning sites in the burn- charge is to be slit open, use a non- ing area should be selected first so that sparking knife. successive burnings will be carried out in an upwind direction from previous burnings . Caution: Bagged smokeless powder prop charges must not be piled one z) . Smokeless powder awaiting de- on the other, but must be burned in a struction should not be closer than 100 single layer of charges laid side by feet from the nearest point of any area side .

9 4

SECTION 2-5

5 . Point the smokeless powder row 5 . Wash down smoldering residues directly into the prevailing wind and, with water. if possible, wet the powder with water as it is being spread into the row.

G, If successive rows of smokeless powder are to be burned within the same day, position one row at a time on the 11 DISPOSAL OF BULK EXPLOSIVES only ground, but after completion of BY DETONATION burning of the previous row.

7. Subsequent rows must not be 11-I SAFETY PRECAUTIONS closer than 50 feet away from the last previously burned row and either di- 1. Because of the hazards involved in rectly upwind or parallel to it. preparing the material for detonation, as well as the actual destruction, the 10-5 IGNITION OF SMOKELESS POWDER disposal of explosives by detonation must be carried out with extreme care. 1. Lay a thin train of dry smokeless powder (four to six inches wide) so that 2. Always keep a primary or initiat- it points into the wind and extends a safe ing explosive water-wet when required distance (not less than 25 feet) from the to transport it to a disposal area. main bed of powder. 3. Whenever possible, utilize natural barriers between the disposal area Note. Other combustible material and adjacent structures and personnel. such as excelsior may be used as the If no natural barrier exists, a barricade ignition train. or mound should be erected at a safe distance from the disposal site for the protection of disposal personnel 2. Ignite the ignition train and with- and surrounding property. draw to a place of safety. 4. Firefighting facilities as well as an emergency vehicle should be main- Note. It is recommended that wooden tained readily available at the disposal matches of the safety variety carried in area during the disposal operation. a metal receptacle be used to ignite the ignition train. 11-2 SELECTION OF DISPOSAL AREA

3. Permit the smokeless powder to Select a disposal area which will burn completely and then approach and assure that adjacent and nearby struc- inspect the burning site and adjacent tures and personnel are safe from the area. blast effect or fragments resulting from the explosion . To be acceptable, the 4. Reignite any incompletely burned disposal area should be situated at smokeless powder using as an ignition least 2400 feet from any magazine, train a thin train of smokeless powder public highway, inhabited building, or which has been extended to and is ignited railroad. In all operations involving from a safe distance. the disposal of explosives by detonation,

9 5

GENERAL EGD INFORh1A 1 IGiXX TECHNIQUES AND TOOL 5 (SI1R r AX.E)

Naval personnel must COITnilly With 4110 1 5 IrlI IiA'Il610r' DE-IoNAI1014 instructions set forth in Chapter 2J of OP 5 (Second Rc\ isiori), dated a Aseust When praitic able- detonation of 1957 . , ,Xplosi , e should he initiated by an electric special blasting cap uSing an approved blasting machine. Time blasting fuse with nonelectrie special 11-3 PREPARATION OF DISPOSAL. AREA blasting cap may be used to &toi.are the explosive an electric special bti when The destruction of explosives det- blasting cap or blasting machine is not should be carried out in a pit onation available. not less than four feet deep, the explosive being covered with not less than two feet of earth . Where the disposal area is located remotely from struc- 1, 1, r<.pare an electric special blast- tures and inhabited buildings, a pit ing cap and blasting niachine (electric need not be used. firing), or noncleeti is special blasting cap and time blasting fuse (nonelectric Clear the disposal area of dry grass, firing), and the iliil iating charge in leaves, and other combustible material accordance with approved procedures . within a radius of 200 feet from the point of destruction. The disposal pit Note . Dynamite in cartridge form can must also be stripped of dangerous be primed by carefully punching a hole objects such as sharp obstructions, and in one end of the cartridge with a wooden glowing or smoldering residues. Explo- or brass punch and inserting a prepared sives awaiting destruction by detonation electric or nonelectric special blasting should be segregated throughout the cap . A primed cartridge of dynamite disposal area and at least 300 feet from can be used to initiate detonation of the disposal pit. Extreme precautions boxed dynamite . The primed cartridge must be taken to protect explosives should be placed well in the center if awaiting destruction from accidental a new box of dynamite of uiiquest i', it'd detonation by fire, fragments, or sym- quality and this box placed in c l o .- c pathetic detonation . contact among the boxes of dynamite to be destroyed.

2 . Place the prepared initiating 11-4 PREPARATION OF BULK charge on or adjacent to the explosive EXPLOSIVES FOR DETONATION to be destroyed in such a way as to ex pose the largest area of the explosive 1 . It is recommended that not more to the influence of the initiating charge. than 200 pounds of explosive be disposed To insure complete detonation, ade- of by detonation at any one time. quate supplementary charges in block or paste form should be placed in 2. Only one type of explosive should intimate contact on top of the explosive, be destroyed by detonation at any one and should be confined in this position time. with packed earth.

3 . Depending on the surrounding area, Note. A blasting cap carefully in- either carefully empty the explosive serted directly into a loose primary into the disposal pit or place it on the explosive may be utilized to initiate bare ground. detonation of a primary explosive .

SFC1 ION 2-S

In thc, evcrnt of o rni-fire, 6., 1, " )t approach the dislvosil site imntcdintelt it the charge, is prin!cd %:'ith iionelectric 1 . Qwd iflF'cl pc,- svmiel haying ;i krnowl- spcX('.i'd blasiing cah and time !lasting oJg ; c, 1 must supervis(, the fuse . After tbc longest prc'dictod delay dc-vnipo<:ition of tire expl<>- has elapsed, allc;%v a.ij :ample ii-art,m of time, at least 30 milimc^, b(,f(,T-c, in- vestigation . 2 . Th- hazards of the chemical reagents and solvents employed must be 4. Search the surrounding area a ft-i known since most organic solvents pre- each detonation for Imdetonated e-I.plo- sent a fire and/or toxicity hazard. If sive which may h?ve been t.hr.,%vn from the solvent is very volatile (evaporates the disposal site . readily), the fire and toxicity hazards _are increased. Carefully gather up any explosive which has not detonated a.>)d prepare 3 . Be sure to lead clierr)ical names it for the next d(, tc,n?tic)n, propoTiy . Mai,y accidents haveoccurred as Xt result -)f misreading instructions -1 ,} labels .

4. Do not attempt to destroy by chemical decomposition any 12 DISPOSAL OF- EXPLOSIVES BY explosive which is enclosed or pressed into Com CHEMICAL- DECOMPOSITION pon;2nts such as a detonator.

Disposal of explosives by chemical decomposition is standard only for a 13-2 DECOMPOSITION PROCEDURES limited number of primary explosives and nitroglycerin. However, proce- For convenience in computing the dures for chemically decomposing othfXr requirements for them ical reagents explosives are available and should be and solvents, one pound of explosive considered for disposing of small qu.mn- ha s br'ell selected as the basis for many t i t i e s of these explosives if other meth- of tlW P rocedur'es t;iverl below . flow- ods are not practical . Chemical de- ever, personnel are advised to dispose cornposit ion procedures are provided, of an explosive chemically in several herein for : small batches rather than in a single la rge batch. Ammonium nitrate Lead styphnate 12-2 .1 Ammonium Nitrate. Ammonium picrate Mercury fulin inate AJI1rn0TIiuni nitrate is decomposed by Bla elk powder Nitroglycerin strong alkalies with the liberation of ammonia, and by sulfuric acid with the Composition A Nitroguandine formation of ammonium sulfate and ni- Composition B PE 'T'N tric acid,

Composition C-3 Picrtc acid 12-2 .2 Ammonium Picrote . Diazodinitrophenol RDX 1 . For each pound of ammonium pi(--- rate prepare a solution containing four Haleite TetrYl pounds of hydrated sodium sulfide Lead az ide TN? (Na 2S .9 FlX)O) in three gallons of water.

`97

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

2. Place this solution in a wooden 5. Allow the mixture to cool and container. settle. As the mixture cools, the wax, 3. While agitating the solution by which rises to the surface during de- means of a wooden paddle or current of composition, solidifies and can be air, slowly add the ammonium picrate . removed. 4. Continue the agitation for at least 6. Dispose of the cooled mixture by one hour or until all of the ammonium drainage into a disposal pit. picrate has been dissolved. Some sulfur may be precipitated as a gray solid and 12-2 .5 Composition B. should not be mistaken for undecomposed 1 . For each pound of composition B ammonium picrate . place 1 .8 gallons of technical grade acetone in a wooden or cast iron con- Caution: During this procedure avoid tainer. inhaling the fumes since ammonia is 2 . B in evolved. Dissolve the composition the acetone and heat this solution to 12-2 .3 Black Powder . 1130 F. (450 C.) . 1. Desentitize and partially decom- 3. Meanwhile dissolve 2 .5 pounds of pose black powder by placing it in water hydrated sodium sulfide (Na2S . 9H20) to dissolve the sodium or potassium in 1.2 gallons of water and heat the nitrate constituent. Enough water must solution to 1600 F. (71 0 C.). be used to dissolve all the nitrate. 4. While vigorously agitating the 2 . Discard the washings and the in- composition B-acetone solution by soluble residue separately since wet means of a wooden paddle, slowly add black powder, when permitted to dry, the sodium sulfide solution. may regain its explosive properties. Caution: Do not add the sodium 3. Allow the washings to drain into sulfide solution rapidly enough to cause a disposal pit and then cover with earth. a rise in temperature of the mixed so- The residue of sulfur and charcoal lution above 1400 F. (600 C.). is combustible but nonexplosive and can be burned. 5. After addition of the sodium sulfide solution is complete, continue 12-2 .4 Composition A. agitation of the mixture for one-half . 1 . For each pound of composition A hour transfer to an iron container 2.75 gal- 6. Discontinue agitation, allow the lons of a 5% solution of sodium hydrox- mixture to settle, and then pour it into ide. a disposal pit.

2 . Heat the solution to boiling by 7. If any residue remains in the means of a steam coil or by injecting container, add additional acetone and steam. treat with additional hot sodium sulfide solution until the residue dissolves. 3. Add the composition A in small portions to the iron container so as not 12-2 .6 Composition C-3. to interrupt boiling. 1 . For each pound of composition 4. After adding all of the composition C-3, prepare the following solution: A to the iron container, continue boiling a. Dissolve 1 .25 pounds of sodium for one-half hour. hydroxide in 1 .35 gallons of water.

SECTION 2-5

b. Add 6 gallons of denatured ethyl Procedure No. 2. alcohol (95% by volume) to the sodium hydroxide solution. 1. Add 1 part of haleite to 5 times its weight of a 2 0% solution of sodium 2. Place the alcoholic-hydroxide hydroxide . solution in a wooden or cast-iron container and agitate with a wooden paddle 2 . Discard the solution by drainage pit . or a jet of steam. into a disposal and cover with earth 3. Heat this solution to 122° F. 12-2 .s (u) Leod Azide. This explosive can (50° C .) . be decomposed, using either one of the following procedures: 4. Add the composition C-3 to the alcoholic-hydroxide solution in the con- Procedure No. 1. tainer and, while agitating slowly heat the mixture to 176e'F. ' XA C. ) . Main- 1. Place 1 ounce of lead azide in tain this temperature until assured that 1.5 gallons of a 10% ammonium acetate the reaction is complete. (NH4C2H30 2) solution. 2. To this mixture, add a solution 5. Allow the mixture to cool and then composed of 2 .5 ounces of sodium ni- pour it into a disposal pit. trate (Na2NO3 ) dissolved in one pint of 6. Should any residue remain in the water. container, treat this residue with 3. Stir the mixture and, while additional hot alcoholic-hydroxide solu- stirring, add 7 ounces of glacial acetic tion until decomposed. acid (CH3000H). 4. Allow the mixture to stand in a 12-2.7 Diozodinitrophenol . warm place for one hour or more. 1 . Water-wet the diazodinitrophenol, then decompose it by adding it to 100 5. Discard the mixture by drainage times its weight of a 10% solution of into a disposal pit and cover with earth. sodium hydroxide . Procedure No. 2. Note. Nitrogen is given off as the diazodinitrophenol decomposes. 1 . For each ounce of lead azide to be decomposed, place at least 5 ounces 2. Discard the solution by drainage of a 10% by weight aqueous sodium into a disposal pit and cover with earth. hydroxide solution in a wooden or iron vessel. 12-2 .a (u) Holeite . This explosive can be decomposed, using either one of the 2. Add water-wet lead azide to the following procedures vessel while agitating the solution.

Procedure No. 1 . 3. Allow the mixture to stand with occasional or continuous stirring, pref- 1. Slowly add haleite to hot, dilute erably by means of a current of air, sulfuric acid. for at least 16 hours. Caution: Nitrous oxide, acetaldehyde, 4. Dispose ofthe mixture by drain- and ethylene glycol are given off during age into a disposal pit. this procedure. 5. Discard any insoluble sludge by 2 . Discard the solution by drainage drainage into another disposal pit and into a disposal pit and cover with earth. cover with earth.

330-516 0 - 69 - 6 99

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, jfCHNI QUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

12.2.1 Ledd Styphnate. 3 . Continue to agitate the mixture until mixing and solution is complete . 1 . Dissolve lead styphnate in either 40 times its weight of a 20% solution of Note . Considerable heat is liberated sodium hydroxide, or in 100 times its by the reaction, but does not represent weight of a 20% solution of ammonium a hazard unless agitation is interrupted. acetate ( NH4C21H302) . 4. Discard the mixture by drainage 2 . To either solution add a sodium `into a disposal pit and cover with earth. dichromate solution which is prepared 12-2 .13 Nitroguanidine . as follows 1 . Prepare a 45% sulfuric acid solu- Obtain a quantity of sodium a. tion equal to 15 times the weight of the dichromate (Na 2Cr207 . 2H2 0) solution nitroguanidine . equal to half the weight of the lead styphnate. 2 . Heat this solution to 770 F . (250 C . ) and then add the nitro- b. Add the sodium dichromate to guanidine. 10 times its weight of water. 3 . Warm the mixture until gas is 3 . Allow the solutions to mix and evolved. settle, and. then discard the mixture by dra inage into a disposal. pit and cover 4. Continue heating for some time with earth . and then allow the mixture to cool.

12-2 .11 Mercury Fulminate . Discard the cooled mixture by drainage into a disposal pit and cover 1 . For each ounce of mercury fulmi- with earth . nate place 10 ounces of a 20% by weight aqueous sodium thiosulfate (Na2S203 . 12-2.14 PETN . 5H20) solution into a wooden or earth- 1 . For each pound of PETN place enware container. 1 .2 gallons (8 .0 pounds) of technical 2, While agitating the solution, add grade acetone into a shallow iron, the water-wet mercury fulminate . wooden, or enameled container. 3 . Stir the mixture continuously by 2. Add the PETN to the acetone. means of a wooden paddle or current of 3 . Warm the PETN-acetone mixture, air until all of the mercury fulminate no open flame, to 105 F. dissolves . Use g 0 (40' C . ) . Caution_: Avoid inhaling the fumes . 4 . While agitating, add to the above a poisonoos gas, may Some cyanogen, mixture a sodium sulfide solution which be evolved. is prepared as follows : 4 . Discard the mixture by drainage a. Add 2.5 pounds of hydrated so- into a disposal pit and cover with earth. dium sulfide (Na2S . 9H 20) to 0 .6 gallon 12-2.12 Nitroglycerin . of water. b . Heat the hydrated sodium sal- 1, Frepare a 17 .5% solution of hy- fide solution to 175 0 F'. (800 C .) . drated sodium sulfide (Na2S ' 9H20) Mix mixture equal to 10 times the weight of the ni - 5 . the PETN-acetone troglycer. in. and the sodium sulfide. solution at such a rate that the increase in temperature 2. While agitating the solution, add does not result in boiling and loss of the nitroglycerin . acetone .

100

SECTI ON 2-5

6 . After mixing is complete, continue 4 . After all the RDX has been added agitation of the mixture for one-half to the sodium hydroxide solution, con- hour. tinue boiling for one-half hour .

7 . Allow the mixture to settle and 5 . Allow the mixture to cool and then pour it into a disposal pit. settle, and then dispose of the cooled mixture by pouring it into a disposal 8 . If any residue remains in the con- pit. tainer, add acetone and treat with additional sodium sulfide solution to effect 6 . If any residue remains, treat with solution of the residue. additional sodium hydroxide solution to effect solution. 12-2 .15 PICrIC Acid . 12-2.17 Tetryl . 1 . For each pound of picric acid add 0.2 pound of sodium hydroxide and 4.2 1 . For each pound of tetryl dissolve pounds of hydrated sodium sulfide 2.25 pounds of hydrated sodium sulfite (Na2S . 91120) to 2.4 gallons of water. (Na2SO3 . 71120) in 1.1 gallons of warm or hot water. 2 . Place this solution in a wooden or enameled container and, while agi- 2 . Place the solution in a wooden or tating the solution by means of a wooden iron container. air, paddle or current of slowly add the 3 . Add the tetryl in portions to this picric acid . solution with agitation of the mixture. until all 3 . Continue agitation or Note. The rate of reaction is in- all essentially of the picric acid has creased markedly by increase in tem- dissolved and the temperature of the perature . The mixture can be heated by fall . reaction begins to the injection of steam or by means of Caution : During the reaction, the a steam coil to 175° F . (800 C .), if temperature rises and some hydrogen desired to facilitate decomposition . sulfide and then ammonia are evolved . 4 . Continue agitation of the mixture Do not inhale these fumes. until reaction is complete as indicated 4 . Allow the mixture to settle and by complete or almost complete solu- then pour it into a disposal pit. tion of the tctryl. 5 . Any residue must be decomposed 5 . Allow the mixture to settle, and with a fresh sodium hydroxide-sodium then pour it into a disposal pit. solution and then poured'into a sulfide 6 . Dispose of any residue by burning . disposal pit. 12-2.1s TNT . 12-2 .16 RDX. 1 . For each pound of 1, For each pound of RDX place 3 TNT dissolvt. 4. gallons of a 5 `Io sodium hydroxide solu- 25 pounds of hydrated sodium sulfide (Na 2S - 911 20) in . tion in an iron container. 3 gallons of water 2. Place this solution in a or 2 . Heat the sodium hydroxide solu- woudcgl iron container . tion to boiling, using a steam coil or by steam injection. 3 . Add the TNT gradually to this so- 3. Add the RDX cautiously in small lution with agitation of the mixture . portions to the solution so as not to cool 4. Continue agitation of the mixture the solution below the boiling point and until all or nearly all of the TNT is dis- cause interruption of boiling. solved . This should take place within

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

one-half hour if the initial temperature at sea, or in inland waters must be is not less than 770 F. (250 C.). conducted in accordance with regulations and instructions of the Department 5. Discontinue agitation and allow any concerned . undissolved solid to settle to the bottom of the container. 2. Whenever transporting an explosive either out to sea or to inland wa- G. Pour the mixture into a disposal ters, the mode of transportation should pit. indicate the hazardous nature of the operation by the prominent display of 7. Treat any undissolved solid with a red flag or sign as called for by the additional hydrated sodium sulfide solu- Department concerned . tion until all solid matter has dissolved. 3. The waters selected for disposal of an explosive by dumping in the ocean 13 DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVES BY or at sea should be appreciably deeper DUMPING IN THE OCEAN, AT than surrounding waters and must be SEA, OR IN INLAND WATERS not less than 10 miles from shore to preclude the possibility of an explosive being washed toward or upon the shore. Only bulk explosives containing a If the explosive is to be dumped in in- water soluble constituent which, when land waters, precautionary measures removed, renders the material non- must be taken that no deposits are explosive may be disposed of by dump- made in any water which would contam- ing in the ocean, at sea, or in inland inate and restrict the water for future waters. use or prove harmful to fish and wild- life. 1. Before disposal of an explosive by dumping in the ocean or at sea is 4. Before dumping the explosive in undertaken, Navy, Coast Guard, and the ocean, at sea, or in inland waters, port authorities must be consulted and positive measures must be taken to as- their regulations regarding transfer and sure that the dumped explosive will sub- disposal of the explosive must be ob- merge and will be desensitized by even served. All disposal operations partial solution. The explosive must accomplished by dumping in the ocean, be removed from its shipping containers. EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS [SURFACE]

NAVORD EODB 1385-1 TO 1 1A-1-100-1

SECTION 2-6 DESCRIPTION OF AND DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIQUID PROPELLANT FUELS AND OXIDIZERS

This change, dated '9 VoX- 1968, rhanges Section ?-6 of ,NA IYEPS EODB 138 .7-1 ; -I1 !'() 11 1-1-100-1 . dated .71 Jannan- 196-1. The section contains the follou-ing efc!, tiue pagcs as o(?9 ,11av 1968 . Pages 1 and -1? ...... Change 1 ...... ?9 .11a ti 1968 Pages ? through 11 . . . . Original . . . . .;1 Januan 1961

1 . INTRODUCTION continued repetition of this material in each section. It includes information on EOD operations involving rockets, fuels and oxidizers now in use as well as guided missiles, or other explosive ord- those whose use is considered probable, nance of either U. S . or foreign origin but does not include information on all which utilize liquid propellant fuels and fuels and oxidizers nor all the informa- oxidizers in their propulsion systems tion on any one. requireanawareness and an understanding by EOD personnel of the additional The general characteristics and eiher - hazards and complications presented by cut hazards of liquid propellant fuels and these fuels and oxidizers. This section oxidizers arc described in this section has been prepared to furnish EOD per- together with the safe operating proce- sonnel with more detailed information on dures required to minimize existing fuels and oxidizers than can be covered hazards. The coverage presented should in sections on individual items of explo- enable qualified EODpersonnel to identify sive ordnance, and to reduce lengthy and these fuels if encountered, take proper

103

GE=NERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

pr-ca>>tioriarX- measures n-hen working umes of gases at high temperatures and i>; t}w vicinity of these materials, andto pressures. dispose of them with maximum safety, if required br the Department concerned . These materials are generally used in two component systems. One compo- This section does not have precedence nent is the oxidizer, and the other the over _appropriate Departmental regula- fuel. The oxidizer contains a high per- tions, but `is a general summarization centage of oxygen readily available to and guide to these regulations. produce and/or support combustion of the fuel. The fuel consists of material capable of burning when heated or ignited 2 CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITION in the presence of the oxidizer, or which ignites spontaneously on contact with the I,iquid propellant fuel and oxidizer sys- oxidizer, to furnish the gases necessary terns must be able to deliver energy for propulsion. Single component pro- rapidly to and develop intense pressures pellants (monopropellants) are possible in constricted areas. The fuels and but are not currently in use. oxidizers are generally stored in tanks within the propulsion system and are introduced into a combustion chamber 3 DATA ON LIQUID PROPELLANT where they are burned asneeded. Fuels FUELS AND OXIDIZERS and oxidizers, therefore, can be usedto supply initial thrust, intermittent thrust, This paragraph contains specific data or to sustain rocket or missile flight. on individual liquid propellant fuels and For this purpose, liquid propellant fuels oxidizers. Table 1 has been prepared to and oxidizers consist of violently reactive provide a ready reference to the data on and combustible materials capable of specific fuels and oxidizers covered in decomposing to produce enormous vol- this section.

SECTION 2-6

Table 1 Pace Reference to Data Sheets, and Decontamination and Disposal Procedures for Liquid Propellant Fuels and Oxidizers

PAGE NUMBER I FUEL . OR OXIDIZER i DATA PROCEDURES SHEET L Decontamination Di sposol AI kyl Borones ...... 4 37 40 41 Aluminum Borohydrides ' ' 5 Ammonia, Anhydrous ...... 6 37 42

Aniline ...... 7 37 41 41 Chlorine T rifluoride ...... 8 37 Diboiane ...... , ...... , . . . 9 41 Ethyl Alcohol 10 37 41 Ethylene Oxide . . . . , ...... 11 38 41

Ethyl Nitiote-Propyl Nitrate 12 37 41 Fluorine ...... 13 38 42 Furfuryl Alcohol ...... 14 37 41 Gasoline and Associated Fuels ...... 15 37 41 Hydrozine and Hydruzine Hydrate ...... 16 37 41 Hydrogen Peroxide ...... 17 38 41 Liquid Hydrogen ...... 18 38 42 Liquid Oxygen ...... 19 38 41 Methyl Acetylene ...... 20 38 42 Methyl Alcohol ...... 21 37 41

Mixed Amine Fuels ...... 22 Mixed Hydrozinc Fuel ...... 23 Monoethylaniline Crudt ...... 24 37 41 Nitric Acid ...... 25 38 40

Nitrogen Tetroxide 26 39 42 Nitromethonc ...... 27 37 41 n-f ropyl Nitrate ...... 28 37 41 Fentoboranc ...... 29 39 41

Perchloryl Fluoride 30 38 42 Tetrollitromohane ...... 31 37 41

Unsymmetrical Dimeth ,-IhydXozlne 32 37 41

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

ALKY L BORANES

Other names : H i Cal -3 , HEF-2, HEF-3 .

State : Mobile liquids

Color: Colors range from pale yellow to a brownish-orange

Freezing point:

Boiling point:

Solubility: Insoluble in water, although slow hydrolysis does occur. These fuels are compatible with and soluble in hydrocarbon fuels; they are also soluble in the halogenated hydrocarbons . but maN form extremely shock-sensitive mixtures .

Stability : Known to react violently with oxidizing materials and the hydrazines . React only slowl` with water, releasing hydrogen . HEF-2 reacts violently with alcohols and may ignite spontaneously in air.

Sensitivity: Not shock-sensitive. May decompose slightly under storage conditions .

Toxicity: Contact of the liquid fuel with the skin or the eyes can cause severe local damage. Slml- lar to other chemical burns. The liquids can also penetrate skin and cause systemic effects : in this regard, HEF-3 and HlCal-3 are more dangerous than HEF-2. Vapors from these fuels are highly toxic and can cause damage to the eyes, lungs, and upper respirator!, tract, as well as systemic effects. Central nervous system excitation is manifested by tremors and convulsions, but depression ma) be observed in other cases. Other effects Include changes in heart rate and blood pressure ; in severe poisoning, blood pressure maN he ver\ high and later fall to shock levels. Muscular effects may contribute to weakness or unsteadiness . There maN also be evidence of liver and possibly kidney damage . Though the odor of these vapors is objectionable. odor should not be relied upon as sufficient warning. First aid: Great speed in removing; liquid boranes IS essential. Contaminated clothing must be quickly removed. HEF-3 or HiCnl-3 should be promptly removed from the skin b} washing with large amounts of aqueous ammonia. The ammonia combines with the fuel to form a colored water- soluble complex that is washed off with the solution ; however, the colored compound formed 1 s also very toxic, so large amounts of the ammonia solution must be used to Insure removal of both the insoluble fuel and the solubilized product. Skin areas contaminated by HEF-2 should be thoroughly washed with soap and water. If any of these fuels get into the eyes, immediatelN flush with water, assisted by a companion if necessary to hold the eyes open to insure adequate flushing. Wash the eyes for at least 15 minutes. In the event of swallowing, indueevomiting and drink soothing materials such as milk, if available . Summon medical assistance .

Protective clothing: Wear complete rocket fuel handler's protective clothing (clothing; worn under the outer protective clothing must be flame-resistant), propellant-resistant vinyl coated gloves, rubber boots underneath the legs of the protective suit, and self-contained full-face mask breathing apparatus.

Use : Liquid rocket fuels .

Storoge: Stored in the cylinders in which shipped.

Fire fighting: Use a large quantity of water fog. Mechanical foam solution expanded with an inert gas is also an effective fire fighting agent.

106

SECTION 2-6

ALUMINUM BOROHYORIDE, Al(BH4 )3

Other names :

State: Liquid .

Color: Water-white .

Freezing point: -840 F . (-64 .4'C . ) .

Boiling point : 1120 F . (44 .5'C . ) .

Solubility : Reacts vigorously with water to evolve hydrogen gas which may inflame from heat of reaction . Soluble without reaction in cgclohexane and benzene.

Stability: Flashes spontaneously when exposed W air due to reaction with oxygen and water vapor. Decomposes with evolution of hydrogen when exposed to moisture. Decomposes bX heat and flame with evolution of hydrogen which may form explosive mixtures with air.

Sensitivity: Not sensitive to mechanical shock.

Toxicity: Causes burns on contact with the skin. The effects of ingestion are believed to be toxic.

First aid: First aid procedures have not been established. Flushing with water is not practical, because of reaction with water.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, gloves, boots, and flameproof clothing are required In addition . a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn.

U se: A fuel used in combination with oxidizers for rocket propulsion.

Storage: Generally stored under an atmosphere of nitrogen (to prevent decomposition) in a stainless steel. mild steel, or iron container having a working pressure of 1800 psi.

Fire fighting : Use CO2 or dry chemicals. Reacts violently with water to form hydrogen .

" ENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

ANNO NI A, AN N Y D R Ot1 5, NH3

Other names : (Fr) ammoninque ; (Ger) ammoniak : (Ital) ammoniaca : (Russ)dMMNaH .

Stote: Liquid stored under pressure .

Color: Colorless.

Freezing point: -107 .90 F . (-77. 7oC . ) .

Boiling point: -280 F. (-33 . 4'C . ) .

Solubility : Very soluble in cold water; soluble to a much less extent in hot water. Soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Stability : Stable. Can be stored for long periods of time in suitable containers . Nonflammable in liquid state. However, air containing 1G-25% ammonia gas by volume is flammable and explosive.

Sensitivity: Cannot be detonated. However, contact with any acid will lead to a violent reaction.

Toxicity: Because of caustic nature, is irritating to the eyes and skin, and can produce strong penetrating burns. Inhalation may cause inflammation of the lungs and produce a burning sensation in the throat, coughing, and possible respiratory failure . Ingestron of ammonia can be fatal.

First oid: Contaminated clothing must be removed and the body throughly drenched with water. After treatment with water. exposed parts of the body should be sponged with a dilute acetic acid solution . Eye contamination must be promptly washed with large quantities of water, and this procedure should be followed by treating the eyes with a saturated solution of boric acid. Personnel showing the adverse effects of inhalation must be moved to an uncontaminated atmosphere. Artificial respiration must be administered if respiration has been affected, and qualified medical treatment must be obtained. If ingested, large quantities of water must be taken internally . Vomiting should be induced only on the approval of qualified medical personnel.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber boots, rubber gloves, rubber apron, rubber coat or jacket, and a rubber hat or cap are required. Cotton shirts, socks, trousers, and under- wear should be worn (cotton resists alkalies better than wool). Where vapors are present, a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus .= required.

Use: Used as a component of propellant mixtures.

Storage: Generally stored as a liquid under pressure in steel containers.

Fire fighting: Use water fog for fires burning in free air. For fires supported by a strong oxidizer, use water providing it is suitable for the particular oxidizer.

SECTION 2-6

ANILINE, X H5NH 2

Other names : (Fr) aniline ; (Gel') andin ; (Ital) anilina ; (Russ)allH11H State: Oily liquid .

Color: Colorless ; rapidly turns brown upon exposure to light.

Freezing point: 220 F . (-5.9'C . ),

Boiling point: 363 . 20F . (184. 90C . ) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol and ether.

Stability: Stable when properly stored and tightly sealed.

Sensitivity : Not sensitive to mechanical shock

Toxicity: Toxic through ingestion, by absorption through the skin, and inhalation of the vapors. Principal toxic hazard is by absorption through the skin because of low volatility . However, at elevated temperatures, poisoning from inhalation of vapors becomes the most important toxic effect. Ingestion or inhalation of vapors is characterized by headaches, coldness and numbness of the skin, sudden weakness, convulsions, a blueness of the lips and fingernail beds, a decrease in the power of perception, and slow, labored speech . More severe cases give rise to eruptions in the skin; difficulty in breathing may also develop, with the possible cessation of respiration, and death.

First aid : Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately, and the contaminated skin must be washed promptly with large amounts of water, followed by sponging with a five percent solution of acetic acid (vinegar). Eye contamination should be flushed with a solution of boric acid. Per- sonnel who display any symptoms of poisoning through ingestion or inhalation must be removed from the contaminated area to fresh air immediately, kept warm and quiet, and given a mild stimulant, such as black coffee, but never alcohol. A qualified medical officer should be consulted and, if possible, the victim must be placed under his supervision. If respiration ceases, as may happen in severe cases of poisoning, artificial respiration or pure oxygen must be administered .

Protective clothing: Goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing are required. A service gas mask should be worn in open areas. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn in closed spaces or where high vapor concentrations exist.

Use : Fuel for rocket and guided missile propulsion .

Storage: Generally stored in mild steel containers.

Fire lighting: Use water fog or water spray. Carbon dioxide and dry chemical are also effective on small fires .

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE,CIF3

Other names: CTF.

State : Vapor at temperatures above 530 F . (11 .5'C .) .

Color: Solid state, white; liquid state, ver3 pale green-yellow ; gaseous state, nearly colorless.

Freezing point: -105 .40 F . (-76 . l'C . ) .

Boiling point: 530F . (11 . 50C . ) .

Solubility : Reacts generally with solvents rather than dissolving in them. It is soluble in all proportions in anhydrous liquid hydrofluoric acid, and in liquid chlorine .

Stability: A very strong oxidizing agent. Reacts with most organic and inorganic substances. liberating large quantities of energy . Under ordinary conditions, reacts violent13 with ice or water. At elevated temperatures, will ignite most common metals. Reaction with water forms hydrogen fluoride, oxygen, and some oxygen fluoride.

Sensitivity: Insensitive to shock, heat, and electrical spark.

Toxicity: Highly corrosive; contact with the skin or eyes could result in deep, painful burns. Ex- posure to the vapor causes irritation of the eyes and of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Symptoms of exposure could include watering of the eyes, coughing, and respiratory distress . If concentrations are high enough, the lungs may be affected so that death maN follow if quick action is not taken.

First aid : If spilled on the skin, flush immediately with large amounts of water. If spilled Into the eyes, flush well with water for at least 15 minutes and get medical attention; if necessarti to choose between flushing and seeking help, choose the flushing action for at least 10 minutes, then seek help. Get persons exposed to the vapor out of the contaminated area quickly and keep them quiet . If breathing stops, administer artificial respiration. If exposure is known or suspected W be severe, get medical assistance .

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots, woolen outer clothing, and a rubber apron should be worn. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn in confined spaces or where high vapor concentrations exist.

Use: Oxidizer for liquid-fueled rockets.

Storage: Seamless steel or welded and brazed steel cylinders.

Fire fighting . Apply fine water spray or fog, sodium bicarbonate base agent, or special dr) 1luor- spar mix consisting of 70% powdered fluorspar and 30°/p dry powder.

SECTION 2-6

DIBORANE, g1H6

Other names: Boroethane, diboron hexahNdride . State : Gas at room temperature. Has a sickly-sweet nauseating odor when present in low concentrations.

Color: Colorless as a gas and as a liquid.

Freezing point: -2650F. (-1650C.) .

Boiling point: -1340 F. (-92'C .) .

Solubility : Soluble in water with instantaneous decomposition to form hydrogen gas and boric acid. Soluble in benzene and cyclohexane without reaction .

Stability : A flammable material which may ignite spontaneously in air due to reaction with oxygen and water vapor. Reacts with water evolving hydrogen . The absorption of moisture from the air may cause flashing. When heated, releases large amounts of hydrogen which may burn or unite with oxygen forming a highly explosive mixture. Compatible with most metals but corrosive to natural rubber, some synthetic rubber, some greases. and some lubricants .

Sensitivi ty : Not sensitive to mechanical shock.

Toxicity : Toxic by inhalation and probably by ingestion. Deadens the sense of smell on contact. Its effect on the skin is unknown. Cough and tightness in the chest follow immediately upon exposure .

First aid: Contamination should not be flushed with water. All persons coming in contact or showing any effect of inhalation must be removed from the contaminated area and transferred to the care of qualified medical personnel. Administration of oxygen may be helpful.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing are required in addition to either a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus.

Use: Fuel used with oxidizers as a rocket propellant.

Storogc: Containers are generally of stainless steel or steel construction . Containers are generally filled to one-third their capacity at dry ice temperature, under an inert atmosphere of carbon dioxide or nitrogen .

Fire fighting : Use dry powder or carbon dioxide. Water spray may also be used.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

ETHYL ALCOHOL, C2H50H

Other names : Ethanol, grain alcohol, frequentlX called "alcohol"; (Fr) alcool, ethylique ; (Ger) "Athvlalkohol" ; (Ital) alcole etilico; (Russ) 3TAOBbIN CrmpT .

State : Liquid.

Color : Colorless.

Freezing point: -1740 F . (-1140C . ) .

Boiling point: 1730 F . (78. 30C . ) .

Solubility : Completely soluble in water, in ether, and in chloroform.

Stability : A flammable liquid which, when stored properly, will keep indefinitel) . Sensitivity: Will not explode from heat or shock.

Toxicity : Considered toxic by prolonged contact or by ingestion. Has negligible effects upon the skin and eyes, providing exposure is not prolonged. If allowed to remain in contact with the skin or eyes, irritation of these tissues will result. Heavy vapor concentrations can produce severe irritation of the eyes, and if inhaled can cause headaches, intoxication, nausea, and partial blindness. Does not accumulate in the system . However, the ingestion of large quantities within a short period of time can be fatal.

First aid: Contamination of the skin and eyes should be treated by washing with large quantities of water, and contaminated clothing should be removed. Cases of exposure must be immediately removed from the contaminated atmosphere. If the symptoms of severe exposure are evident, qualified medical treatment must be given. If breathing has stopped, artificial respiration must be started. The stomach must be immediately emptied b) vomiting if large quantities have been ingested, and qualified medical treatment must be obtained.

Protective clothing : Protective clothing is not ordinarily required . In closed areas, or if vapor concentrations are high enough to cause irritation, a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-Contained breathing apparatus should be worn.

Use: Fuel used with other propellants and oxidizers in rockets and guided missiles, and in torpedoes.

Storage: Stored in tin cans, carboys, iron and wooden barrels, or in large steel tanks.

Fire f iy6ting: For fires burning in free air, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water spray . In fires supported by strong oxidizers. dilute with water.

SECTION 2-6

ETHYLENE OXIDE, C2H40

Other names: 12-epox)ethane ; oxirane .

State: A gas at room temperatures; a mobile liquid at lower temperatures. Has characteristic ether-like odor.

Color: Clear and colorless

Freezing point: -168 .3" F. (-111 .30C . ) . 0 Boiling point: 51 .30 F . (10. 7 C . )

Solubility : Infinitely soluble ill ether, water, and alcohol.

Stability: Reacts with both water and alcohol to liberate heat. This reaction takes place verN slowly and, ordinarily, is not a hazard unless confined over a period of time. Considered non- corrosive .

Sensitivity: No effect noted when dropped in container upon dirt, wood, concrete. and steel surfaces, or when subjected to machine gun fire employing incendiary, tracer, and A. P. rounds.' Ma) undergo violent chemical reaction in the presence of certain catalytic materials such as anh)drous Iron, tin, and aluminum chlorides; pure iron and aluminum oxides ; and alkali metal hydroxides .

Toxicity: Can produce eye burns, but when spilled on exposed skin is not immediately irritating . Continued contact can cause burns. If spilled on clothing, it is capable of producing a delayed burn if not promptly removed. Exposure to low concentrations of the vapor often results 111 delayed nausea and vomiting . Continuous exposure to low concentrations will result in numbing; of the sense of smell. Exposure to high concentrations can result in damage to lungs and irritation of eyes and mucous membranes . No cases of chronic poisoning have been reported. A maximum allowable concentration of 100 parts per million by volume for an H-hour period has been proposed as tolerance .

First aid : Contaminated clothing must be removed and affected areas thoroughly washed with soap and water. E ye contamination must be irrigated with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Personnel showing effects of inhalation should be moved to fresh air and artificial respiration administered. Milder exposure resulting in nausea should be treated by giving large amounts of warm water.

Protective clothing : Gas-tight safetN goggles, rubber gloves, rubber apron, and rubber shoes or boots should be worn. Where vapors are present in a confined space, use a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus.

Use : Oxidizer with various liquid propellants. Also used as a fuel for guided missile accessory power supply.

Storage : Stored in steel, stainless steel, and aluminum containers which are tightly closed, electrically grounded, and Insulated from heat and sparks.

Fire fighting: Use water until highly diluted (volume ratio of 22 :1 is usual requirement) Small fires may be extinguished with carbon dioxide or dry chemical agents . GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

ETHYL NITRATE-PROPY L NITRATE, C2HSN0 3 (60%) i C3H7N03 (40%)

Other nomcs :

Stote: Liquid with ethereal odor.

Color: White to straw.

Freezing point: -1480 F . (-1000 C.)

Boiling point: 1900 F. (880 C.) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ether and alcohol

Stability : Classified as a flammable liquid. Flammability limits when mixed with air are 20b-1000/0, with only a small amount of heat or electrical energy required for ignition. Stable in drum storage. Compatible with polyethylene, teflon . nylon, dacron, orlon, mylar, bakelite, and kel-F. Sensitivity : Relatively, insensitive to thermal and mechanical shock. Tests of explosion and detonation tendencies indicate mixture is safe to use under conditions likely to be encountered in military service; mixtures containing other proportions should be regarded as hazardous.

Toxicity : Brief contact of the liquid with skin or tissues of the eye results in transient irritation . Inhalation of high concentrations, or prolonged exposure to moderate concentrations of the vapor in air, may be expected to cause severe headaches or other adverse effects.

First aid: In the event of contact, the affected area should be washed promptly and thoroughly with soap and water.

Protective clothing : No special requirement under conditions of ordinary prudent handling.

Use : Used as a monopropellant .

Storoge: Shipped as a nonexplosive, flammable liquid in conventional steel drums. Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, and glass may be used as container material . The container should be stored on one side so that the bungs are in continuous contact with the liquid.

Fire fighting : Use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or water fog; additional cooling is required to prevent reignition .

SECTION 2-6

FLUORINE, F2

Other names : (1'r) Iluor: (Cit'r) fluor; (Italy fluuro : (Ituss) :DPOP,

State : Gas N ith a pronounced odor resernhlmg ozone.

Color: Greenish-Mellow,

Freezing point: -3f30 F. (-2190 C. ) .

Boiling point : -3060 F. (-187 .70 C . ) .

Solubility : Reacts violently with most solvents .

Stability : Reacts violentl.\ or explosively with most substances including water .

Sensitivity : Cannot he detonated .

Toxicity: A %ert caustic and poisonous gas . Attacks the skin vigorouslN, causing sore's which heal slowly . Inhalation of the vapors causes a sense of constricted breathing. coughing, and Irritation of the throat. Extremely irritating to the ekes .

First aid : Contaminated clothing should he removed and discarded . Affected areas of the hod y should he immedi .itek flushed with large amounts of fresh water . Burns should either be snaked in a 2:i percent magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) solution or ha\e a compress. wet with the same solution, placed (n el' the injured area . Blisters should never he ruptured . Persons overcome III or shins ing inhalation effects should he removed from the contaminated area immediately and placed in the care of qualified medical personnel.

Protective clothing : Ruhher gloves, face shield or hood, impregnated coveralls, and ruhher hoots are required for handling fluorine . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should he worn in closed spaces or where high vapor concentrations arc likely to exist.

Use : Oxidizer used with fuels, such as h}drazine, for rocket propulsion .

Storage: Stored as a compressed gas in steel or nickel cylinders .

Fire fighting: Use dry powdered fluorspar. Small spills may he handled b) remote application of water fog to promote rapid controlled combustion.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

FURFURYL ALCOHOL, C4H3 0CH 2 0H

Other names: Farfuralcohol ; furfurol .

State: Liquid with slight brine-like odor.

Color: Straw yellow to dark amber.

F reezin g point: -24 .90 F. (-31. 60 C.).

Boiling point : 333-3430 F . (167-1730 C .) .

Solubility : Very soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, ether, and benzene.

Stability: Stable, but may darken in color. Flammable and burns similarly to kerosene . Reacts explosively with either diluted or concentrated acids.

Sensitivity : Cannot be detonated .

Toxicity: Considered toxic by ingestion. Its inhalation hazard is quite small because of its low vapor pressure. Skin absorption is slight and there is little effect on the skin and eves providing exposure is not prolonged. Heavy vapor concentrations can produce severe eye irritation and, if inhaled can cause headaches, intoxication, nausea, and partial blindness. Ingestion of large quantities within a short period of time can be fatal.

First aid: Contaminated skin and eyes should be treated b)' flushing with water. Remove contaminated clothing immediately. Move affected personnel to fresh air and transfer to care of qualified medical personnel. If ingested, and patient is conscious, vomiting must be induced.

Protective clothing : No special clothing is required . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn in closed areas or in the presence of high vapor concentrations.

Use: Fuel used with oxidizers in guided missile propulsion systems.

Storage : Stored In iron or steel containers .

Fire figh ting : For fires burning in free air, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water spray. In fires supported by strong oxidizers, dilute with water.

SECTION 2-6

GASQLINE AND ASSOCIATED FUELS

(heptone, JP-fuels, kerosene, ott,Xne, pentone, RP-1 fuel)

Other names :

Store. Liquid

Color Colorless to yellow or red. 0 CFreezing point: Vary frorn -2010 F. (-129. 8 C.) to -690 F. (-5G° .)

Boiling point: VarN from 97 .30 F. (35 . 60 C .) to 5720 F . (300 C ) .

Solubility : Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol.

Stability : Stable to oxidation for approximatell one year, Flammable liquids whose vapors form explosive mixtures with air at most temperatures. Attack rubber, certain plastics, and paints .

Sensitivity: Toxicity: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Harmless to the skin, even in large amounts, if removed immediately . More than momentary contact, however, will produce irritation of the skin. If sufficiently prolonged, destruction of the tissues and scarring may result. Serious intoxication results from the inhalation of mild vapor concentrations . The inhalation of heavier vapor concentrations are characterized by headaches, nausea, extreme weakness, convulsions, bluing of the skin, coma, and even death. Ingestion produces symptoms similar to those resulting from inhalation. However, the Symptoms are usually not apparent for some time. If lead compounds are present as additives, poisoning is evidenced by maniacal attacks and paralysis .

First aid: Clothing contaminated by spillage or splashing should be discarded immediately and the affected skin areas bathed with large amounts of water. Move exposed personnel to fresh air promptly . The effects of exposure should then subside. If gradual recovery is not immediately evident or if poisoning has resulted from Ingestion, obtain qualified medical attention.

Protective clothing : Special clothing is unnecessary. In confined spaces or whenever vapors collect in dangerous proportions, a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus must be used.

Use: Used as a fuel for rockets, guided missiles, and torpedoes.

Storage: Generally stored in steel drums .

Fire fighting : Suppress with foam, carbon dioxide, or dry fluidized powder. Use water in fog form only.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION ., TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

HYDRAZINE, N2H4, and HYDRAZINE HYDRATE, N2H4H20

Other names: (Get) HXdrazin ; (ltal) idrazina ; (Russ)fNAP83NH, AHdMNA .

State : Liquid with a characteristic odor of ammonia ; hydrate is fuming colorless liquid .

Color: Colorless .

Freezing point: 35 0 F . (1 .3 0C . ) ; for hydrate -400 F. (-400 C .) .

Boiling point: 2360 l!. (113 .50 C.); for hydrate 245,30 F. (118,50 C .) .

Solubility: Extremely soluble in water; soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Stability: Flammable, highly explosive, corrosive, and fuming liquid. Fairly stable when kept in tightly sealed containers . Some ammonia may be formed due to decomposition. Detonating temperature 4500 F . (2320 C . ), Attacks rubber, cork, mild steel, and common metals .

Sensitivity: In liquid state cannot be detonated by a commercial No. 8 blasting cap. Vapors, sparked at 2120 F. (1000 C.) will explode.

Toxicity : Presents a toxic hazard by inhalation, by skin contact, and by ingestion. Concentrated vapors are quite irritating and this fact serves to limit acute exposure . Low concentrations, however, can affect respiration and produce nose and throat irritation, severe burning of the eyes, and even temporary blindness if exposure is prolonged. Exposure to mild concentrations may not be evident at the time of inhalation and the symptoms may not appear until several hours after exposure . Skin contact may result in typical severe alkali burns accompanied by an intense burning sensation.

First aid: Contaminated clothing must be removed and the exposed skin washed with large quantities of water. A boric acid paste or a dilute solution of acetic acid should then be applied to the contaminated areas of the skin. Treat eye exposure liberally with water, and irrigate with a boric acid solution . Personnel overcome by vapors must be removed from the area of contamination and given qualified medical attention. If ingested, drink large quantities of water and obtain qualified medical treatment.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, and flameproof clothing are required. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn in areas of high vapor concentration.

Use : Fuel used in combination with oxidizers as a rocket or guided missile propellant,

Storage: Generally stored in stainless steel tanks and drums, glass carboys, or polyvinyl chloride lined or coated drums . Glass, iron, or aluminum containers are not used for hydrate,

Fire fighting : Use water, water fog, foam. carbon dioxide, or dry powder. SECTION 2-6

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, H 202

Other names: (Fr) bioxvde d' hN,drogene, eau oxygenee ; ;Ger) Wasserstoffsyperoxyd, T-Stoff, Igolin ; (Ital) acqua ossigenata; (Russ)nePEHHCb B0QOP0Qfl .

State : Liquid .

Color: Colorless .

Freezirbg point: Varies with concentration . 70 percent, -38.3' F. (-39. 10 C. ) ; 90 percent, 12. 60 F. (-10 . 8 C . ), 2540 Boili,Xg point: Varies with concentration. 70 percent, F. (123.3' C. ) ; 90 percent, 2870 F. (142 C .) ..

Solubility : Completely soluble in water.

Stability: Undergoes a small but continuous decomposition liberating oxygen (bubbles rise to the surface) . Contamination by a variety of materials such as dust, chemicals, etc., may lead to rapid decomposition, often with explosive violence. Non-flammable, but will support combustion of combustible materials.

Sensitivity: Cannot be detonated by mechanical shock.

Toxicity: Can produce severe burns if in contact with the skin for any prolonged period. Skin effects are easily cleared up and disappear rapidly if the contact is brief. Poisoning through skin penetration has not been observed, but if ingested, serious evidence of poisoning occurs. The inhalation of vapors produces redness and running of the eyes and irritation of the nose and throat. First aid: Skin contamination should be flushed with large quantities of water, followed by treatment with Vaseline or tannic acid paste. Eye contamination should be washed immediately with fresh water and Irrigated with boric acid solution . Personnel showing exposure through inhalation must be removed immediately from the area of contamination, and the upper respiratory system examined by qualified medical personnel. When ingested, give personnel water, and place under the supervision of qualified medical personnel.

Protective clothing : Goggles, boots, and flameproof clothing are required . A service gas mask should be worn in areas of high vapor concentrations .

Use: Oxidizer used with fuels such as alcohols and gasoline in rocket, guided missile, and torpedo propulsion systems.

Storage : Usually stored in aluminum drums which are vented at all times.

Fire fighting : Use water until highly diluted.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

LIQUID HYDROGEN, H2

Other names : (Ger) Wasserstoff (flussig); (Ital) idrogene (liquids), (Huss)BOAOPOA (HINAH01 lb). State : Normally exists as a colorless and odorless gas. At extremely low temperatures it condenses to a transparent, odorless liquid .

Color. Colorless.

Freezing point: -434 .6' F. (-259.2' C .) .

Boiling point: -422 .9' F. (-252.7' C.) .

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water.

Stability: Evaporates readily. Is not particularly reactive chemically ; however, it is a highly flammable gas which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Sensitivity : Not sensitive to detonation or mechanical shock. However, when contarninated with oxidizing substances, it can be detonated.

Toxicity : Body tissues may freeze if in contact with this material or equipment containing it.

First aid: Treat affected body tissues as a severe burn.

Protective clothing : Gloves, goggles, and protective clothing are necessary for handling purposes. Gloves should be of impermeable material such as leather or rubber, and should be loose fitting to permit ventilation and ease of removal.

Use: Fuel used in combination with oxidizers for rocket propulsion.

Storage : Stored in low pressure tanks constructed of special alloys for low temperature service and insulated to reduce evaporation losses.

Fire fighting : Use water, carbon dioxide, or steam.

SECTION 2-6

LIQUID OXYGEN, 02

Other nerves : Lox; (Fr) ox)'gene (liquide) ; (Get) Sauerstoff (flussig); (Ital) ossigeno (liquida); (Russ) HOUOOQ (MHAHOCTO), State: Normall) an odorless gas . At extremely low temperatures it condenses to an odorless liquid.

Color: Colorless. Upon exposure to air assumes a light blue color.

Freezing point: -3630 F. (-2190 C .).

Boiling point: -2970 F . (-1830 C .) .

Solubility : Insoluble in water.

Stability : Not combustible, but supports and accelerates combustible material .

Sensitivity :Not sensitive to detonation or mechanical shock, but is an explosion hazard when contaminated with organic materials such as oil, grease, cloth, paper, wood, and particularly rocket fuels; these mixtures are sensitive to shock, ignition, or heat. Causes freezing of fuels and, when mixed with frozen fuel, is shock sensitive and capable of reaction with violence of high order detonation.

Toxicity: Not toxic and does not produce irritating vapors . However, body tissues contacted will freeze, and the effect is similar to a serious burn.

First aid: Wash contaminated portions of the body immediately with fresh water and treat as any burn or frostbite.

Protective clothing: Wear protective clothing resistant to low temperatures. Protective clothing should be of the apron type, for ventilation and ease of removal. Goggles, gloves, and boots are also required . Gloves must be of material having good insulation properties, such as asbestos or leather, and should be loose fitting to permit ventilation and ease of removal.

Use: Oxidizer used with fuel for rocket and guided missile propulsion,

Storage: Usually stored in special low pressure tanks constructed of special alloys and insulated to reduce evaporation losses .

WARNING

The probability of the tank (if made of titanium, magnesium, beryllium, or aluminum) reacting violently with liquid oxygen is very high when venting. Certain metal tanks ignite immediate1) when punctured or fractured.

Fire fighting: Will not burn but supports combustion vigorously . Procedures differ with the type of fuel; for water-soluble fuel fires, use enough water to dilute the fuel and put the fire out quickly.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

METHYL ACETYLENE, CH3C=CH

Other names: Propane ; propinc . alldcnc .

State: Gas.

Color: Colorless .

Freezing point: -150.7' F. (-101 .50 C.) .

Boiling point: -9 .6' F. (-23 . 10 C.) .

Solubility : Very slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, and soluble in ethe i .

Stability: Extremely flammable and always considered a fire hazard. Detonation may be Initiated by open flame, high energy spark, or other source, particularly at elevated temperatures.

Sensitivity : May undergo rapid decomposition if an explosion is initiated, resulting in a pressure rise many times the normal pressure.

Toxicity: As with acetylene, there is some tendency to anesthetize.

First aid: Must be determined by the condition of the victim. The most likely effect is that of suffocation, in which case the victim should immediately be moved to an uncontaminated atmosphere and artificial respiration administered until the arrival of qualified medical personnel. Protective clothing :

Use : Special fuel applications which require a high flame temperature or extreme ease of ignition.

Storage: Stored generally in cylinders, preferably outdoors in a vertical position and protected from the direct rays of the sun. Open-sided sheds are recommended .

Fire fighting : Use carbon dioxide or dry chemicals. DO NOT USE WATER.

SECTION 2-6

METHYL ALCOHOL, CH30H

Other names: Methanol, wood alcohol, commercial grade alcohol; (Fr) alcool methylique ; (Ger) methylalkohol ; (Ital) metanolo, alcole metilico ; (Russ) MUMP METMMA CRIAPT.

State: Liquid.

Color: Colorless .

Freezing paint: -1440 F . (-97 .8° C.) .

Boiling point: 148 .3' F . (64 .6' C .) .

Solubility : Completely soluble in water, alcohols, and ethers.

Stability: A flammable liquid which, when stored properly, will keep indefinitely.

Sensitivity: Will not explode from heat or shock.

Toxicity: Considered toxic by ingestion, skin absorption, and by inhalation. It is a poisonous liquid and is perhaps responsible for the majority of cases of severe poisoning by ethyl alcohol to which it has been added as a denaturant. Small doses, if ingested, will produce blindness; quantities as large as 5 ounces can result in irreversible injury and death. Exposure to vapors will produce headaches, intoxication, nausea, and partial blindness. However, these symptoms may be delayed, depending on the extent of exposure . Vapor concentration need not be heavy; acute poisoning can result through accumulation by repeated exposure over a period of time.

First oid: Skin and eye contamination must be treated by washing with large quantities of water, and contaminated clothing must be removed. Remove cases of exposure immediately from the area of contamination. If the symptoms of severe exposure are evident or if the subject is in a coma, qualified medical treatment must be given. If breathing has stopped, start artificial respiration. If ingested, induce vomiting, and summon qualified medical personnel.

Protective clothing : No special clothing is required. In confined spaces, a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus is required.

Use: Used in combination with other fuels and oxidizers in rocket and guided missile propulsion .

Storage: Stored in tin cans, carboys, iron and wooden barrels, or large steel tanks.

Fire fighting : For fires burning in free air, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water spray. In fires supported by strong oxidizers, dilute with water.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

MIXED AMINE FUELS

Other names: MAF-1 . MAF-3.

The nominal compositions by weight of these fuels are as follows :

MAF-1 MA F-3

Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) 40.5% 20°x, Dlethylamenetriamine (DETA) 50.5% 80ck Acetonitrile (Methyl Cyanide) 9.0% - -

State : Liquids .

Color: Slightly yellow ; vapors have an ammoniacal or fishy odor .

Freezing paint: MAF-1 ; -650 F. (-58. 80 C. ) (Approximate).

Bailing point: MAF-1 ; 2100 F. (98.8' C. ) (Approximate).

Solubility : Not available .

Stability : Not available.

Sensitivity : Not available .

Toxicity: Produces toxic effects peculiar to its components. UDMH is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact. DETA is toxic in either liquid or vapor form. Upon exposure, the eyes are severely irritated, and spillage on the skin produces caustic burns. Acetonitrile is considered relatively harmless . However, there are some technical grades of acetonitrile which may contain traces of methylisocyanide which is highly toxic.

First aid: If breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration and call for medical aid. For skin infection, immerse the affected area in magnesium sulfate solution, or flood with water. If the eyes are affected, flush with water for at least 15 minutes and get medical assistance as soon as possible.

Protective clothing : Rubber gloves, rubber boots, flameproof clothing, and chemical safety goggles are required. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn in areas of high vapor concentration.

Use: MAF-1 is used as the fuel in the Bullpup missile; MAF-3 is the fuel in Sparrow III. Both missiles use inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) as the oxidizer.

Storoge: Usually stored in containers, drums, or tanks, as shipped.

Fire fighting : Use foams, CO2' or dry chemicals .

SECTION 2-6

MIXED HYDRAZINE FUEL

(Usually composed of monomethylhydrazine (MMH). hydrazine, and hydrazine hydrate)

Other names: MHF-1 .

State: Liquid.

Color: Water-clear.

Freezing point: Not available.

Boiling point: Not available.

Solubility: Only partially soluble in Water .

Stability: Not available.

Sensitivity: Not available.

Toxicity : As toxic as any of its components . Causes severe eye damage, and can cause blindness if splashed into the eyes. May be fatal if taken internally or absorbed through an abrasion of the skin.

First oid: Contaminated clothing must be removed and exposed skin washed with large quantities of water. A boric acid paste or a diluted solution of acetic acid should then be applied to the contaminated areas of the skin. Treat eye exposure liberally with water and irrigate with boric acid solution . Personnel overcome by vapors must be removed from the area of contamination and given qualified medical attention. If ingested, drink large quantities of water and obtain qualified medical aid.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, and flameproof clothing are required . A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn in areas of high vapor concentration.

Use: A candidate liquid rocket propellant.

Storage: Generally stored in stainless steel tanks and drums, glass carboys, or polyvinyl chloride lined or coated drums.

Fire fighting : Use water, water fog, foam, CO2 or dry powder .

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

MONOETHYLANILINE CRUDE

The composition of this fuel is as follows:

Monoethylaniline, C6H5NHC2 H5 ...... 64% Aniline, C6H5NH 2 ...... 26% Diethylaniline, C 6H5N (C 2H5 ) 2 ...... 10%

Other names : MEA mixture.

he : Oily liquid .

Color: Colorless, but turns light amber to dark brown upon exposure to light.

Freezing point: -800 F . (-62 .4'C . ).

Boiling point: 3990 F. (204' C.).

Solubility : Slightly soluble in water; completely soluble in ethyl alcohol and in ether.

Stability: Stable when properly stored and tightly sealed. A flammable liquid.

Sensitivity: Not sensitive to mechanical shock.

Toxicity: Very toxic through inhalation, ingestion, and absorption through the skin. Skin contamination is of minor importance, but continued contact will cause an irritating rash.

First oid: Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately and the affected areas of the skin washed promptly with large amounts of water, followed by sponging with a 5 percent solution of acetic acid (vinegar). Contamination of the eyes should be treated by washir, with large amounts of water. Cases of exposure to heavy vapor concentrations must be removed from the area of concentration . Obtain qualified medical treatment in the event of ingestion .

Protective clothing : Goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing shoald be worn mask should be worn in open areas. In enclosed areas or where high vapor concentratior. hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn.

Use: Fuel used with acids in rocket propulsion .

Storage: Stored in mild steel containers .

Fire fighting : Use water fog or spray. CO2 and dry chemicals are also effective on small fires.

SECTION 2-6

NITRIC ACID, HHO3

Some special grades of nitric acid have the following compositions . White fuming nitric acid : 95% nitric acid and 5% water. Red fuming nitric acid: 92% nitric acid, 6 .5% nitrogen dioxide, and 1.5% water. Mixed acid: 84% nitric acid, 14% sulfuric acid, and 2% water.

Other names: (Fr) acide azotique, acide nitrique : (Ger) salpetersaure; (Ital) acide nitrico; (Jap) shosan ; (RUSS) d30TO HNcnora .

State: Liquid . Color: Water-white (white fuming) to reddish brown (red fuming).

Freezing point: Varies from -43.6' F. (-420 C.) to -600 F. (-51. to C.).

Boiling point: Varies from 1300 F . (54 .4' C.) to 1910 F. (88.3' C .).

Solubility : Soluble in water in all proportions. Soiutions of organic compounds (particularly aromatic nitro compounds) in nitric acid are powerful high explosives. They are called Sprengel explosives . Solution of nitrobenzene in nitric acid are called Dithekite.

Caution: Large amounts of heat are released when acids are dissolved in water.

Stability: Stable and can be stored for long periods of time. Contamination with organic material, such as oil, paper, or wood, may create an explosion hazard. Such materials will cause the evolution of poisonous nitrogen oxides. Corrodes most metals and reacts with sea water to liberate chlorine (poisonous gas). When heated, evolves poisonous fumes and actively supports combustion. Nonflammable, but is a strong oxidizing agent which supports combustion of organic materials.

Toxicity : Extremely toxic. It will produce severe burns and possible destruction of those body tissues with which it comes in contact. Fatal poisoning may result due to ingestion and inhalation. Toxic exposure and acute poisoning through inhalation can result without warning. Symptoms such as a sensation of chocking, spasmodic coughing, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue are definite indica- tions of exposure, but may appear several hours after exposure .

First aid: Skin or eye contamination shall be immediately and thoroughly washed for at least 15 minutes with water or bicarbonate of soda solution, whichever is most readily available. If ingested, dilute by drinking large amounts of water. After the acid has been diluted, vomiting may be encouraged on the recommendation of a medical officer. Personnel showing signs of inhalation of fumes or displaying any unexplained symptoms must be removed immediately from the contaminated area and given qualified medical attention.

Protective clothing : A rubber hood, apron, and boots, as well as acid-handling gloves are required. If fumes are present, a service gas mask furnishes adequate protection in open spaces ; a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus is required in confined areas.

Use: Oxidizer used with fuels for rocket and guided missile propulsion .

Storage: Stored in aluminum, glass, or special stainless steel containers .

Fire fighting : Dilute with large quantities of water.

127

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

NITROGEN TETROXIDE, N204

Other names : Dinitrogen tetroxide, NTO; (Ger) hcxol: (Ital) tetrosside di azoto; (Russ) 4FTbIP6X0HNC0 83OM, d30THOBaTbIR allrNAPA State : A liquid at room temperature.

Color: Colorless solid, yellow liquid, red-brown gas.

Freezingpoint: 11 .8' F. (-11 .20 C. ) . 0 Boiling point: 700 F. (21 . 1 C .) .

Solubility : Soluble in water with formation of nitric acid and nitrous acid which undergoes decomposition forming additional nitric acid and evolving nitric oxide (NO). Stobi lity: Stable and can be stored for long periods of time. Non-flammable, but is a strong oxidizing material which will support the combustion of or form explosive mixtures with combustible gases or vapors . Extremely corrosive.

Sensitivity: Not sensitive to detonation ; however, forms explosive compounds when in contact with organic material or ammonia.

Toxicity: Skin contact apparently produces no symptoms, but toxic by inhalation. Acute or fatal poisoning can be produced with little or no warning to the victim at the time of inhalation .

First aid: Individuals showing evidence of exposure must be removed from the area of concentration promptly ; administer artificial respiration if breathing has ceased, and summon qualified medical personnel immediately .

Protective clothing: Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots, woolen outer clothing, and possibly a rubber apron should he worn. A service gas mask furnishes adequate protectton only in open spares, where vapor concentrations are low. A hose mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn to confined spaces or where vapor concentrations exist.

Use : An oxidizer used in propellant systems.

Storage: Stored in the high-pressure seamless or forged steel, welded, cylinders in which shipped.

Fire fighting: Dilute with large quantities of water.

SECTION 2-6

NITROMETHANE, CH3H7NO3

Other names : (Fr) nitromethane; (Get) Nitromethan; (Russ) HIOTPOMeTaH

State : Liquid, which may contain 1-2% chromium acetylacetonate as an additive to prevent spontaneous decomposition.

Color : Light straw color when pure; with chromium acetylacetonate in solution is dark purple.

Freezing point: -200 F . (-290 C .) .

Boiling point: 2140 F. (101. 20 C.).

Solubility : Soluble in water and most common organic wlvents.

Toxicity : Combustible liquid which, when unconfined, burns with a quiet flame; but, when confined, may detonate. Attacks most common metals.

Sensitivity : When confined in a strung container, it can be detonated by a commercial No. 8 detonator. It is dangerously sensitive to detonation when dissolved with small amounts of bases (alkalies, ammonia, amines).

Toxicity : Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. It is relatively harmless in contact with the skin unless there are open cuts . There is no evidence of significant skin absorption into the body.

First aid: Wash contaminated skin areas with large amounts of water. Personnel overcome by vapors must be removed from the contaminated area and given qualified medical treatment.

Protective clothing: To guard against contact with open cuts or sores, personnel should wear rubber gloves, rubber boots, and special impregnated coveralls. If fumes are present, wear a hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus.

Use: Fuel used in liquid propellant systems.

Storage: Stored in non-reactive plastic coated tanks or drums, or in stainless steel tanks

Fire fighting : Use CO2 or dry chemical.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

n-PROPYL NITRATE, C3H7NO3

Other names :

State: Liquid with ethereal odor.

Color: White to straw.

Freezing point: -1480 F. (-100' C .) .

Bailing paint: 2190 F. (104° C .). Solubility : Slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ether and alcohol.

Stability : Classified as a flammable liquid . Flammability limits when mixed with air range from 2% - 100%, with only a small amount of heat or electrical energy required for ignition. Stable in drum storage at somewhat elevated temperatures for periods of at least one year.

Sensitivity: Insensitive to thermal and mechanical shock. However, entrained bubbles cause an explosion hazard . If bubbles are present, their sudden high compression may raise the temperature enough to cause an explosion. Compatible with alcohols, ethers, ketones, organic nitrates and most plastic nitro compounds. Avoid contact with copper, copper alloys, and nickel.

Toxicity : Brief contact of the liquid with skin or tissues of the eye results in transient irritation . Prolonged or repeated contact causes skin injury ranging from yellow discoloration through marked irritation, swelling, and thickening, to severe damage. Inhalation of moderate concentrations for short perigds, or prolonged exposure to low concentrations of the vapor in air, may cause severe headaches, and irritation of the respiratory passages . Inhalation of high concentration can cause death.

Note: The fumes given off during burning are more dangerous than the vapor of the pure liquid.

First oid: Move exposed personnel into fresh air at once. For spills on body or clothing, remove clothing promptly and wash body parts thoroughly with large amounts of water. Summon medical attention immediately if exposure has been considerable .

Use: Used as a monopropellant.

Storage: Shipped as a nonexplosive, flammable liquid in conventional steel drums. Stainless steel, aluminum, copper, and glass may also be used as containers. Usually stored in containers on side so that the bungs are in continuous contact with the liquid.

Fire fighting : Use carbon dioxide or dry chemicals in combination with water. Water spray deluge may be used for control, cooling, and washing, but it alone will not extinguish a well- established large fire .

Note: Because n-propyl nitrate is a monopropellant, once ignited it will burn when the surroundings are above its autoignition temperature, 379 F. (192,5 C.), even if it is covered with foam or a carbon dioxide blanket. Burning will continue until the surroundings are cooled below this temperature.

SECTION 2-6

PENTABORANE, 135149

Other names :

State : A liquid with a disagreeable acid odor.

Color: Colorless. 0 Freezing paint: -53 F. (-47 .2' C.) .

Bailing paint: 1400 F. (600 C. ) .

Solubility : Very soluble in benzene , ether, and carbon tetrachloride. Slightly soluble in water with some decomposition.

Stability: Spontaneously flammable liquid. In air at ordinary temperatures, reacts with oxygen usually to give dark-colored products of undetermined composition. Compatible with most metals, but corrosive to natural rubber, some synthetic rubber, some greases, and some lubricants . Contamination should be prevented since many contaminants can cause decomposition. Burns liberating hydrogen, which in turn may form explosive mixtures with oxygen.

Sensitivity: Forms shock-sensitive mixtures with halogenated materials.

Toxicity : Very toxic. In contact with the skin, produces burns. Inhalation of the vapors will apparently cause acute, if not fatal, poisoning. Slowly affects the nervous system.

First aid: In case of contact, immediately wash skin with soap and water; flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Remove and wash clothing before re-use . Move personnel affected to fresh air and transfer to care of medical officer.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, gloves, rubber boots, and flameproof clothing are required. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be used when high vapor concentrations are present.

Use: Fuel used in combination with oxidizers for rocket propulsion .

Storage : Stored in glass, stainless steel, or mild steel containers .

Fire fighting : Use a large quantity of water fog. Mechanical foam solution expanded with an inert gas is also an effective fire fighting agent.

330-516 0 - 69 - 10

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

PERCHLORYL FLUORIDE, C103 F

Other names:

State : A gas at ordinar) temperatures and pressures . Color: The gas is colorless with a sweet odor. On cooling, forms a colorless liquid which solidifies to a white crystalline solid. 0 0 Freezing point: -231 F . (-147 C .) . 0 Boiling paint: -52 .3 F. (-47 .7' C. ) . Solubility :

Stability: A strong oxidizing agent. Under most conditions it is relatively nonreactive. Tempera- ture is the controlling factor in rate of reaction . Stable in storage at normal temperatures . Cor- rosive to most melds in the presence of water.

Sensitivity : Combinations with most rocket fuels are explosion hazards. Combinations with porous organic materials, such as sawdust and charcoal, yield explosive mixtures which may be shock sensitive . In poorly ventilated spaces, forms flammable and explosive mixtures with easily oxidizable vapors.

Toxicity: Splashes on the skin cause skin irritation or moderate to severe burns, depending on the amount spilled and the length of time it remains on the skin. Exposure to moderate to high concentrations of the vapor causes respiratory irritation and decomposition of the blood. If severe, this will be accompanied by cyanosis (blue tinge to mucous membranes of eyelids and mouth and to lips and fingernail beds). Repeated exposure to lower concentrations may cause, in addition to anemia, fluoride deposition in bones and teeth.

First aid: If splashed onto the skin or into the eyes, wash immediately with large amounts of water. Remove personnel exposed to the vapor from the contaminated area. If cyanotic, keep personnel comfortably warm and quiet. If breathing stops, apply artificial respiration, preferably with the aid of oxygen.

Protective clothing : Chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves, rubber boots, fiberglas clothing impregnated with acid resisting plastic, and a rubber apron should be worn. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn in confined spaces or where high vapor concentrations exist .

Use: Oxidizer for liquid-fueled rockets.

Storage : When kept dry, it can be stored in glass or metal containers.

Fire fighting : Dilute with large quantities of water fog.

SECTION 2-6

TETRANITROMETHANE, C(N02)4

Other names:

State : Heavy liquid with Sweetish, acrid odor.

Color: Colorless to straw or yellow .

Freezing point: 56 . 70 F. (13. 70 C.). 0 FBoiling point: 258.30 . (123. 7 C.) .

Solubility : Insoluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, ether, and hydrocarbons .

Stability : A flammable liquid which forms explosive mixtures with wood, oil, grease, or other organic material .

Sensitivity: About the same sensitivity to detonation as TNT. Impurities and contamination with fuels, particularly benzene derivatives, increase the detonation sensitivity, and can produce a very sensitive, powerful explosive .

Toxicity : Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and by skin contact. The vapors are poisonous and irritating to the eyes and respiratory passages .

First ofd : Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately and affected skin areas thoroughly washed with water. Cases of exposure through inhalation or by ingestion must receive immediate and qualified medical treatment.

Protective clothing : Rubber gloves, rubber boots, and special impregnated coveralls should be worn. A hose mask, air-line mask, or self-contained breathing apparatus should be employed in areas of high vapor concentration.

Use: A fuel used in liquid propellant systems.

Storage: Stored in containers in which shipped.

Fire fighting : Dry chemicals or CO 2.

Caution: Take explosive safety precautions when fighting fires.

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE, (CH3)2NNH1

Other nomes: UDh1H .

State: Liquid with ammonia or fish) odor .

Color: Clear, colorless .

Freezing point: -720 F . (-57 .7' C .).

Boiling point : 1460 F. (63 .30 C .).

Solubility : Very soluble in water, ethanol, and most petroleum fuels.

Stobility : Stable and can be stored for long periods. Flash point is 340 F . (1 .10 C . ), flammability limits in air are 2.5% t0 95%. Spontaneous ignition temperature is 4820 F. (2500 C.).

Sensitivity: Liquid is not sensitive to shock or friction. Vapors can be exploded by an electric spar!< or an open flame. Hypergolic with some oxidants such as fuming nitric acids.

Toxicity: Contact with liquid may cause burns, severe eye damage, and general poisoning . Breath- ing the vapor may cause lung damage. Causes irritation of eyes, nose, and throat .

First aid : If breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration and call for medical aid. For skin infection, immerse the affected area in magnesium sulfate solution, or flood with water. If the eyes are infected, flush with water for at least 15 minutes and get medical assistance as soon as possible.

Use: A fuel for rockets and guided missiles. Used alone or mixed with other fuels (such as JP). Storage: Usually stored in containers, drums, or tanks as shipped. Storage and shipment equipment is made of mild steel.

Fire fighting : For fires supported in free air, use water until the liquid is highly diluted. For oxidizer-supported fires, where acceptable for the specific oxidizer present, water is the most effective agent for extinguishment. SECTION 2-6

4 (U) SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 6. When disposal work is in progress, or when fuels or oxidizers are being Assembled below are the safety transported by land or water, the haz- precautions applicable to liquid propel - ardous nature of the operation should lant fuel and oxidizer disposal in gener- be suitably indicated by prominently al. Safety precautions are the result displaying a red flag or sign as called of costly experience. People are apt for by the Department concerned . to become careless as they become familiar with hazardous materials. The end result of such carelessness is 7. Do not undertake the handling or disaster. The lessons learned from disposal of fuels or oxidizers if not such disasters of the past are the safe- familiar with the characteristics of the ty precautions of today. It is not pos- material. In the absence of informa- sible to set up safety precautions that tion covering a specific material or any would cover every emergency tnat phase of the destruction of the materi- might possibly arise. Therefore, the al, request instructions. most important points to be observed in any operation involving fuels and 8. Protective clothing and proper oxidizers are the understanding and respiratory equipment should be worn application of existing safety precau- by all persons actually engaged in or tions and a working knowledge of the near disposal operations. Table 2 fuels and oxidizers to be handled. lists the items of protective clothing and equipment which are available to 1 . Departmental regulations must personnel engaged in disposal of liquid be read, understood, and adhered to in propellant fuels and oxidizers. connection with disposal operations. 9. Contaminated clothing must be 2. Approval must be obtained before removed immediately after completion undertaking the disposal of fuels and of the disposal operation, but not until oxidizers if required by the Department personnel are out of the disposal area, concerned . since liquid fuels and oxidizers are skin irritants and can produce severe poisoning by absorption through the skin. 3. Access to the disposal area should be controlled and restricted to a minimum number of authorized per- 10. When removing protective cloth- sonnel necessary to the safe conduct ing, be careful not to contact contami- of the disposal operation. nated surfaces. If necessary, have another man assist in taking off pro- 4. All disposal operations must take tective clothing. place under the direction of a qualified and experienced supervisor who has 11. Individuals showing evidence of the responsibility for the safety of per- exposure to liquid propellant fuels or sonnel and general safe conduct of the oxidizers, or displaying unfamiliar or operation. unexplained symptoms, must be removed immediately from the area of 5 . One (1) person must never be concentration and given qualified medi- permitted to work alone in disposal cal treatment . Fatal poisoning can operations. result with little or no warning.

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Table 2 List of Protective Clothing and Equipment for Disposal of Liquid Propellant Fuels and Oxidizers

DESCRIPTION OF ITEM FEDERAL STOCK NUMBER

BOOTS : Knee, Men's Acid Resistant 8430-269-0089 Rocket Fuel Handlers ...... 8430-272-3025 thru 3029

BREATHING APPARATUS : Compressed Air, ABC.M15A1 . 4240-715-5134 Oxygen Generating, M13 . . . . . " ...... 4240-2 17- 1094 Oxygen Generating, ABC-M20 ...... 4240-6785263 Self-Contained, Commercial, M23 ...... 4240-640-5497

COVER : Cooling, Rocket Fuel Handlers, Hood ...... 84152661488

COVERALLS : Coaling, Rocket Fuel Handlers ...... " . . . . 8415-272-3013 th rU 302 1 Rocket Fuel Handlers ...... 8415-272-3008 th ru 3012

GLOVES Rocket Fuel Handlers ...... 8415-264-3598 (Green) 8415-264-3599 (Red)

HOOD : Rocket Fuel Handlers 8415-276-7624

MASK : Gas, Rocket Propellant, M21 . . " " ' ' ...... 4240-725-7490 (Sm) 4240-725-5471 (Med) 4240-725-5472 (L gel Protective, Field, M9A1 ...... 4240-368-6093 thru 6098 Protective, Field, M17 ...... 4240-542-4450 thru 4452 Respiratory, Protective ...... (No number available)

12. Smoking must not be permitted dled carefully to prevent shock or when working on or near fuels or oxi- friction which may cause fire or an dizers . explosion.

13. All tools and equipment used on 15. Static electricity, the direct rayr or near fuels or oxidizers should be of the sun, and even water introduce a nonsparking. Flame- or spark-produc- definite hazard in the presence of cer- ing devices should not be permitted in tain fuels and oxidizers. the disposal area. 16. Disposal operations involving 14. Liquid propellant fuels and oxi- liquid propellant fuels and oxidizers dizers, whether in containers or loaded should be suspended whenever practical into rockets, missiles, etc., must not during or upon the approach of a be handled roughly. They must be han- thunderstorm.

136

SECTION 2-6

17. No portable lights other than ap- terials such as coal, wood, paper, card- proved electric lanterns and flashlights board, etc., which undergo a "smolder- should be used around fuels and oxidizing" stage in combustion (i.e., produce ers. glowing embers or char); (2) fires involving liquids which must be vaporized before combustion occurs (i. e. , fire above a liquid pool of gasoline involves 5 FIRE FIGHTING only the vapors issuing from the fuel); and, (3) fires in the presence of an of an electrical hazard where the com- The liquid propellant fuels and oxidiz- bustibles may be either solids or liquids. ers covered in this section are, in general, highly reactive chemicals. These materials and their reaction products possess certain fire hazards which should be thoroughly understood by all 5-3 AGENTS who are required to handle them. Ex- plosive ordnance disposal personnel Water is not used on fires in the pres- must be familiar with the principles ence of an electrical hazard unless ap- guiding the elimination and control of plied as water fog from a well-grounded these fire hazards before attempting fog nozzle. (Such a technique should not, any decontamination or disposal proce- however, be used by personnel untrained dures which interfere with the accom- in its application.) Foam, which is a plishment of the EOD mission. This water base agent, is generally preferred paragraph is intended as a guide to for fires involving liquids, since foam help establish rules needed to fit actual minimizes chances of the flame flashing cases. back. Antifreeze and "loaded-stream" water solutions are used particularly for fires involving solid materials. Other 5-1 GENERAL types of fire extinguishing agents are water base,vaporizing liquids, and dry Water is the most universally applica- powders. ble fire fighting agent. However, there are critical exceptions to the use of water to extinguish fires. These exceptions concern special-type fires involving extremely active or concentrated 5-3.1 Water Bose oxidizers or fuel mixtures, such as those with fluorine, liquid oxygen, and 5-3.1 .1 (U) No Additives Present. Appli- fuming nitric acid. In addition, the use cation of water depends on the specific of water on metal hydrides is to be incident. Where range is required, a made only in situations where the ad- straight stream is used, or two or vantage, such as cooling of adjacent more impinging jets may be used to pro- combustibles, to be gained outweighs the vide a water spray at an extended dis- reaction effect. tance from the nozzles. Water fog is highly effective in fire knockdown and extinguishment, but must be applied 5-2 TYPES OF FIRES at close range. For water insoluble volatile fuel fires, care must be taken The three most common types of in the use of water fogbecause of flash- fires are: (1) fires involving solid ma- back danger.

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5-3.1 .2 Salt Additives Present. 5-3.2 Vaporizing Liquids

1. Straight (loaded) stream. Potas- 5-3.2.1 Carbon Dioxide. This is an sium carbonate with inhibitor is a type extinguishing medium of low toxicity of salt used. Encrustation of the salt which acts for the most part as an oxy- embers present in burning materials gen diluent and "blanketing" agent. It impedes oxygen penetration, thus a is not as effective as some of the hal- more persistent extinguishing effect ogenated liquids, and, in its application, may be achieved. The use of a loaded care must be exercised to guard against stream on nitric acid, chlorine trifluor- flashback. Carbon dioxide is used on ide, etc., is not advisable since heat and fires involving liquids, and fires in the gas will be generated in the resultant presence of electrical hazards. reaction. 5-3.2.2 Bromochlormethane . This is a halogenated liquid. Like other halo- 2. Straight stream antifreeze. Cal- genated liquids, it suppresses a flame cium chloride is used as an antifreeze by chemical means. for water to about -400 F. For lower temperatures, lithium chloride or a 5-3.2.3 _ Bromotrifluoromethane . This lithium-calcium chloride salt mixture material is less toxic than carbon diox- may be used. Use of these winterized ide, although in the presence of fire, solutions on nitric acid, chlorine tri- hydrogen fluoride is produced. It is a fluoride, and fluorine, should not be highly effective fire extinguishing ma- attempted since gaseous products of terial . corrosive nature will be generated.

5-3.3 Dry Powders

5-3 .1 .3 Mechanical Foam. Mechani- 5-3.3.1 Sodium Bicarbonate. Sodium cal foam is a dispersion of air in a bicarbonate base powders with fluidizing solution of water and a stabilizing water additives are very effective against liquid additive, generally liquid and designated fuel spill fires. The action of the pow- "Foam Liquid". The foam produced by ders in extinguishment may be to a large mechanical foam generators is usually part physical, as opposed to halogenated three parts air and one part water. liquids which are chemical agents. In Foam nozzles produce foam which is using the powder agents, care must be from five to seven parts air to one part exercised to prevent flashback. Powder water. Aspirating type foam generators agents are less effective than vaporizing (in line type) produce foam similar in liquids against fires involving solid quality to that produced by foam nozzles. materials, and are not recommended Foam extinguishes fuel fires by cooling for fires in the presence of electrical and forming a blanket barrier to fuel hazards when solid combustibles are vapors, thus sealing the fuel off from involved. the supply of air. The formation of the vapor barrier is most significant in 5-3.3.2 Potassium Bicarbonate . Po- extinguishing gasoline type fuel fires. tassium (Purple K) bicarbonate base pow- Chemical foam equipment may be used ders are` similar to the sodium bicar- in older installations. Chemical foam bonate base types. But, they are more is much stiffer and of longer drainout effective, and cause much less flashback time than mechanical foam. in the process of extinguishment .

138

SECTION 2-6

5-3.3.3 Fire Fighting Powders . Fire disposal area . Wash-down waste must fighting powders are powder type agents not be permitted to drain so that sani- having a capability for controlling fires tary water supply systems become pol- involving solid as well as liquid com- luted. All wastes should be disposed of bustibles . Physically, they are similar promptly, since the decontamination to the other powders that have less re- process does not render the waste harm- sistance to moisture caking, and are of less . entirely different chemical base . These powders are effective on small magnesium fires. 6-2 AMMONIA, ANHY DROUS Deluge the area and any contaminated equipment with water fog or spray immediately to dilute the ammonia to the 6 DECONTAMINATION point where the hazards of fire, explosion, and toxicity are eliminated. This paragraph provides information concerning procedures for such decontamination of small areas and small 6-3 ANILINE, ETHYL ALCOHOL, ETHY L quantities of specific liquid propellant NITRATE- PROPY L NITRATE, FUR. fuels and oxidizers as may be neces- FURYL ALCOHOL, GASOLINE AND sary for the accomplishment of an EOD ASSOCIATED FUELS, HYDRAZINE, mission . Procedures for the disposal HYDRAZINE HYDRATE, METHYL of bulk quantities of these fuels and ALCOHOL, MONOETHY LANILINE oxidizers are included in Paragraph 7 CRUDE, NITROMETHANE, n-PROPY L of this section. NITRATE, TETRANITROMETHANE, AND UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYL- HYDRAZINE 6-1 ALKYL BORANES Flush the contaminated area and Inert absorbents, such as sand, may equipment with generous quantities of be used to remove small spills . Small water to remove the fuel . Extreme spillage can also be washed down with care must be taken to prevent the drain- a 5 to 10% aqueous solution of methyl age or flushing of the fuel from making alcohol or ammonia. The reaction contact with the flushing of an oxidizer, products must be flushed away with as fire or explosion may result. Con- copious quantities of water . Because fined spaces must be ventilated to pre- hydrogen may be evolved during this vent accumulation of vapors . procedure, enclosed areas must be adequately ventilated and all sources of ignition must be removed . A final treat- 6-4 CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE ment with a 5% aqueous solution of ammonia containing a good detergent Powdered fluorspar should be spread followed by water will complete decon- on spillage. The contaminants remain- tamination if an odor persists . ing from a chlorine trifluoride spill are hydrofluoric acid, solid fluorides, and, in some cases, liquid chlorine fluoride . Since these fluoride compounds are Caution: Any contaminated absorb- corrosive and toxic, they must be re- ent should be collected in suitable con- moved . This can be accomplished by tainers and promptly transferred to a washing the area with copious quantities

139

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

of water. The drained water, in turn, provisions for enhancement of evapora- becomes contaminated and must be tion will help to reduce the fire hazard. collected for disposal. There are no efficient means of decontamination other than rapid vaporization and dilution with air.

6-5 ETHYLENE OXIDE

Contaminated areas and equipment 6.9 LIQUID OXYGEN should be washed down with large quan- Since oxygen is a nontoxic gas, the tities of water; a minimum of 22 vol- primary danger from a spill or leak is umes of water to one volume of ethylene a fire or explosion from concen- oxide is required to eliminate the fire high trations in the presence of combustible hazard. Waste mixtures containing The danger of an ethylene oxide should not be allowed to materials . oxygen- enriched explosive atmosphere in open enter drains and sewers where there is areas is very small, but the danger is danger of the vapors becoming ignited. appreciable in enclosed areas . Proper Extreme care must be taken to ensure will minimize any such dan- that drainage containing ethylene ventilation oxide does not mix with the drainage ger. Personnel encountering an area from an oxidizer as fire or explosion contaminated with liquid oxygen or con- would be likely to occur. Ethylene centrations of oxygen gas should elimi- oxide may also be allowed to evaporate, nate all possible sources of ignition and provided the vapors are vented to a evacuate the area until the liquid oxygen safe location. has evaporated and the gas has been diluted in the atmosphere.

6-6 FLUORINE

In the event that personnel encounter 6-10 METHYL ACETYLENE AND a spillage of liquid fluorine, the area PERCHLORY L FLUORIDE should be evacuated until the fluorine has evaporated. The principal danger from spillage or leakage is fire. Proper ventilation of contaminated areas and provisions for 6 .7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE enhancement of evaporation will help to reduce the fire hazard. Personnel en- Flush the contaminated area and countering an area contaminated with equipment with generous quantities of these oxidizers in either the liquid or water to dilute the hydrogen peroxide, gaseous form should eliminate all pos- and allow the drainage to flow into sible sources of ignition. The area ditches or into sewage. Every effort should be evacuated until the liquid has must be made to keep the spillage from evaporated and/or the gas has been reaching organic material before it has diluted in the atmosphere. been highly diluted with water.

6-11 NITRIC ACID (ALL CONCENTRATIONS)

6-8 LIQUID HYDROGEN

The principal danger from a spill or In the event of an accident involving leak of liquid hydrogen is fire. Proper spillage or leakage of nitric acid, the ventilation of contaminated areas and procedure is as follows:

SECTION 2-6

1 . Spray the contaminated area and ing with an aqueous solution containing equipment with a water solution of sodi- from 3 to 5°% ammonia and a small um dichromate (Na Cr O ), 70% by amount of detergent. The decontami- weight, using at least one7gallon of di- nation solution should be applied by chromate solution to each gallon of means of hoses, sprinklers, or fog acid. This process will reduce the nozzles. The reaction between penta- evolution of fumes which accompanies borane and the decontamination solution the application of water. liberates hydrogen, thus requiring good ventilation of the area. The reaction takes place slowly and might require Note. If sodium dichromate is not several hours for completion. Follow- available, this step may be omitted pro- ing the decontamination treatment, vided personnel are sufficiently pro- rinse with water to remove the excess tected against the fumes. of ammonia solution and the nongaseous reaction products formed. The drained fluids should be conducted to and col- 2. Flush contaminated areas and lected in a ditch for subsequent disposal. equipment with large quantities of water in order to remove the acid from the area and the equipment, and to dilute the acid. 7 DISPOSAL 3 . If neutralization of the diluted acid is desired, spray the working areas and The procedures for the disposal of all pools of diluted acid with a 5% solu- liquid propellant fuels and oxidizers are tion of sodium carbonate (Na2co3) un- presented in this paragraph. til the bubbling ceases.

7-J SELECTION OF DISPOSAL AREA 6-12 NITROGEN TETROXIDE No disposal procedure should be Wash down contaminated areas and undertaken except in those defined areas equipment with large quantities of water which have been specifically approved in order to remove and dilute the nitro- for the purpose by the Department con- gen tetroxide. The products formed cerned when such approval is required from the reaction are nitric acid and by a particular Department. In emer- nitric oxide; therefore, all flushings gencies or at activities not having estab- must be directed to an area approved for lished approved disposal areas, an acid disposal. If neutralization is de- area which is considered to be suitable sired, spray the working areas and all for disposal purposes, such as described pools of the flushed acid with a 5% solu- below, should be proposed to the De- tion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) partment concerned when such approval or a 5% solution of sodium carbon- is required by a particular Depart- ate (Na2 C03 ) until the bubbling ceases. ment.

The following recommendations for a 6-13 PENTABORANE disposal area will permit disposal of the fuels and oxidizers in the quantities Decontamination of pentaborane spill- mentioned with considerable safety to age or leakage is accomplished by wash- surrounding facilities. A proposed dis-

GENERAL EOD INFORMATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

posal area should always include care- 2. Material awaiting destruction must ful consideration of possible damage to be dispersed throughout the disposal surrounding property, as well as nui- area and protected against accidental sance effects of combustion and, hence, ignition or explosion . Signs must be suit against the government. Disposal posted at the entrance and on all sides of large quantities of liquid fuels and of the disposal area warning of the pres- oxidizers are not within the EOD man's ence of hazardous or poisonous mate- capability. The information contained rial. herein is for information and should only be used when there are no quali- 3. Communication facilities, an fied fuel and oxidizer handling personnel emergency vehicle, and improvised available . showers and solutions for medication must be available in the disposal area 1. The disposal area should be iso- whenever a disposal operation is in lated at least two thousand (2000) feet progress. from an inhabited building, passenger railroad, public highway, service building, magazine, or storage area, and at 7-3 ACIDS (ALL CONCENTRATIONS) least one thousand (1000) feet from any other building. Acid (all concentrations) should be disposed of by dilution and neutraliza- 2. If possible, the disposal area tion as follows: should be located near a stream, and be level or only slightly sloping. The 1 . Fill a disposal pit with at least stream should be used only as a source ten (10) gallons of water for each gallon of water, and care should be exercised of acid to be disposed. to avoid contaminating the stream. 2 . Very slowly pour or allow the acid to drain into the water. Caution: Attention must be given in selection of a disposal area to the possibility of fuels and oxidizers accumu- Note. This procedure minimizes the lating in sumps, sewers, and pipes. hazard of splashing or spurting acid and the liberation of large quantities of heat, which can cause the evolution of toxic vapors due the sudden rise in tem- 7-2 PREPARATION OF DISPOSAL AREA to perature. 1 . The disposal area should be stripped of trees, high weeds, brush, and other combustible matter. A series 3 . After the acid has been diluted, of pits stripped free from combustible wash down the disposal pit with large material must be dug into the surface of quantities of water and neutralize the the ground to contain the material to be acid by adding slaked lime, powdered disposed of by dilution, burning, or limestone, or sodium bicarbonate to venting. A barricaded structure or the disposal pit. mound should be erected at a safe distance from the disposal pits for protection of personnel during disposal opera- 7-4 ALKY L BORANES tions. A new pit must be used for each successive disposal operation on the Wastes and spills should be burned in same day. an incinerator. Solid residues from the

SECTION 2-6

incinerator should be water quenched. 2 . Each type of material must be Final wastes should be subjected to deep burned in a specially prepared disposal burial, provided no water system con- pit; the pit must be cleared of all com- tamination results. Large quantities of bustible matter, and must be deep enough alkyl boranes in containers should be to hold at least twice the volume of mate- disposed of in accordance with the pro- rial to be burned at one time. Carefully cedure outlined in Subparagraph 7-8. pour or allow the material to drain into the disposal pit, and wash down thearea surrounding the pit with water to prevent 7.5 CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE, ETHYLENE or minimize the spread of fire. OXIDE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AND LIQUID OXYGEN 3. The material in the pit should be ignited by means of a trail of combus- These materials should be disposed of tible material, such as excelsior, which by dilution with water, but not more than has been extended to a safe distance from one type should be diluted at any one the disposal pit. time. 1 . Prepare a disposal pit which is 4 . Ignite the excelsior train and with- deep enough to hold twice as much water draw to a place of safety; allow the ignited as necessary for complete dilution. Fill material to burn completely, then wash the pit half full of water. down the disposal pit with water.

2. Carefully pour the material to be disposed of in the pit and allow decom- 7 .7 NI TROMETHANE AND T ETRANITRO- position or evaporation to take place in METHANE the pit. These materials should be disposed of by burning in accordance with the procedure outlined in Subparagraph 7 -G ex- 7-6 ANILINE, ETHYL ALCOHOL, ETHYL cept that not more than two hundred (200) NITRATE-PROPY L NITRATE, FUR- pounds should be burned at one time. FURY L ALCOHOL, GASOLINE AND ASSOCIATED HYDRAZINE, FUELS, 7-8 ALUMINUM BOROHYDRIDE, DIBORANE HYDRAZINE HYDRATE, METHYL AND PENTABORANE ALCOHOL, MONOETHY LANI LIN E These materials in containers should CRUDE, n-PROPY L NITRATE, AND be disposed of by burning, but do not burn UNSYMMETRICAL DIMETHYLHYDRA- more than fifty (50) pounds at one time. ZINE The above-listed materials should be 1. Place the container in a specially disposed of by burning, with the follow- prepared disposal pit. The bottom of ing procedures being observed: the pit must be covered with rags or cotton waste slightly soaked in kerosene. 1 . Not more than one thousand (1000) Install an electric squib in the disposal pounds and not more than one type of pit under the rags or cotton waste. In- material must be burned at one time. sulated wires connected to the squib must lead to a place of safety where a Note. Mixtures of alcohols may be firing device is connected. burned, as may mixtures of gasoline and associated fuels, but alcohols and gaso- 2 . Mount a Mk 2 shaped charge on the line or associated fuels must not be surface of the container, and detonate mixed before burning. the charge from a safe.distance.

ULNtKAL tUU INt-UKMA I WIN, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS (SURFACE)

3 . If the material does not ignite and ing, in the evening, or on any cold, low burn when the shaped charge detonates, overcast day. fire the squib. Allow the material to in until Disposal should be accomplished by burn place completely consumed. placing the container in a pit and open- ing with a Mk 3 shaped charge. The 7-9 FLUORINE, LIQUID HYDROGEN, charge is placed on the container and METHYL ACETYLENE, NITROGEN fired from a safe distance. TETROXIDE, AND PERCHLORY L When venting is complete, and the area FLUORIDE appears to be free of gas, cautiously add water to the pit until the container is These materials should be disposed of covered. Since any residual material by container venting. Not more than fif- may react violently with the water, first ty (50) pounds and not more than one type place the hose in the pit and then turn of these materials must be vented at one the water on from a remote location. time. Whenever possible, disposal by Maintain security of the area until all venting should be conducted on a warm, bubbling has ceased in the pit. sunny day at about midday. During this time there are usually strong convection currents of air with a high degree of 7-10 ANHYDROUS AMMONIA turbulence which will disperse the gas This material should be disposed of or prevent a build-up of vapor concentra- in accordance with the procedure out- tion at any one place. Unless absolutely lined in Subparagraph 7-9 except that necessary, do not dispose of any of these up to one hundred fifty (150) pounds may materials by venting in the early morn- be vented at one time.

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

TM 9-138S-50 Techniques for Explosive Ordnance Disposal .

TM 9-1385-51 Identification of Ammunition (Conventional) for Explosive Ordnance Disposal .

TM 38-750 Army Equipment Record Procedures .