ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(10), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i10/74571, March 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 House Typology of Musi River’s Edge in the City of , South of –

Hartanto Budiyuwono* Department of Architecture of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia; [email protected]

Abstract Background/Objectives:

Methods/StatisticalRiverside’s Analysis:houses have specific traits that created by natural form, such as river’s water level, and river edges. Developments give rise to problems, namely: How typology building forms that are highly dependent on the riverResult: water. The method used is a qualitative method, with a descriptive analysis of the conduct, as well as the study of the relevant literature to gain an understanding of the order of the settlements by the river. This study found that, typology of the house Musi river bank happens comprised of: home floating on water that can move because it has no foundation; house floating on water that cannot move because it has a foundation that is embedded in the soil at the bottom of the river. Type the form space in which occur on the mainland are distinguished at the height of the face of the conservatoryConclusion/Application: floors corresponding to the status of nobility from the occupant of the House. While the type of the stage above the water, the type form of space it has the same high floor height, this shows the status of occupants that is the ordinary society. Musi river settlements into a tourist attraction of the city,Keywords: and become cultural preservation and building up to now.

House Preservation, Riverside, Typology 1. Introduction width of 540 meters, the longest reaching 1,350 meters wide (Figure 4)⁶. The river is an urban space that is formal, with a field is Palembang proclaimed by the President to the 6 basically in the form of surface water. The urban space is Republic of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as to be located in the central of the city and an important the ‘City of Air Travel’ city like Bangkok in Thailand and role in both directly and indirectly, in terms of growth Phnom Penh in Cambodia, on September 27, 2005. And and development in the city¹. The river became a primary in 2008 the city of Palembang welcomes tourist visit with morphological element in the tissue formation, and also the name ‘Visit Musi 2008’⁷. serves as the main transportation mean, to connect the Until now, inhabitants have remained settlement flour- inland centre with the outside world². So can be said the ished in the river of Musi. A form of settlement which has river was the pulse of the life of an area. In which growth been there since antiquity, and became a special attrac- and development come early and rely on the river. Similar tion for a city of Palembang. Using qualitative methods, to the life settlement of the Musi river in Palembang. a survey done in relevant books and through residential Since the era of the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang typology sat on its edges Musi what happened until now. ruling in the 7th century BC (Figure 1)³ also in the era of the Dutch colonial administration (Figure 2)⁴ up to now (Figure 3)⁵, Musi river is the artery of the economy in 2. Characteristic of the Bank of a Palembang and Province. Musi River to use as a Building This river divides the Palembang city into two parts, namely Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir, and is the larg- Generally, the initial development of a city tends to be est river with a length of 750 kilometers and an average ­centralized, where the city center is a public space, the

*Author for correspondence

House Typology of Musi River's Edge in the City of Palembang, South of Sumatra – Indonesia

Hartanto Budiyuwono*

Department of Architecture of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia; [email protected] Abstract Background/Objectives: Riverside’s houses have specific traits that created by natural form, such as river’s water level, and river edges. Developments give rise to problems, namely: How typology building forms that are highly dependent on the river water. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The method used is a qualitative method, with a descriptive analysis of the conduct, as well as the study of the relevant literature to gain an understanding of the order of the settlements by the river. Result: This study found that, typology of the house Musi river bank happens comprised of: home floating on water that can move because it has no foundation; house floating on water that cannot move because it has a foundation that is embedded in the soil at the bottom of the river. Type the form space in which occur on the mainland are distinguished at the height of the face of the conservatory floors corresponding to the status of nobility from the occupant of the House. While the type of the stage above the water, the type form of space it has the same high floor height, this shows the status of occupants that is the ordinary society. Conclusion/Application: Musi river settlements into a tourist attraction of the city, and become cultural preservation and building up to now.

Keywords: House Preservation, Riverside, Typology

1. Introduction The river is an urban space that is formal, with a field is basically in the form of surface water. The urban space is to be located in the central of the city and an important role in both directly and indirectly, in terms of growth and development in the city¹. The river became a primary morphological element in the tissue formation, and also serves as the main transportation mean, to connect the inland centre with the outside world². So can be said the river was the pulse of the life of an area. In which growth and development come early and rely on the river. Similar to the life settlement of the Musi river in Palembang. Since the era of the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang ruling in the 7th century BC (figure 1)³ also in the era of the HouseDutch colonial Typology administration of Musi (figure River’s 2)⁴ up toEdge now (infig urethe 3) City⁵, Musi of river Palembang, is the artery of South of Sumatra – Indonesia the economy in Palembang and South Sumatra Province.

its side, as with any form of open space on the river⁹. The waterfront is a dynamic area, where the land meets the water body. The meeting area is an area that is fer- tile and has the potential for community planning and development. In a larger sense, the waterfront is not only physically seen directly adjacent to bodies of water, but

Figure 1. An early form of the raft houses is the form of a boat ‘Kajang’ in the era of the Kingsom of ‘Sriwijaya’ 7 also have a connection with the water in the historical century AD. Figure 1. An early form of the raft houses is the form of development of the area. Having a separate uniqueness a boat ‘Kajang’ in the era of the Kingsom of ‘Sriwijaya’ 7 to the development of social society who lives, have eco-

century AD. nomic value, creating public enjoyment of its own, and become the identity of these regions¹⁰. 1 Palembang has the character as a city of water, Statistical data from 1990 shows that the natural physical condition Generally,of Palembang the initial development city, mostlyof a city tends made to be centralized, up of where water the city approxi center is- a public space, the public space is a functional space⁸. Public space in urban areas is understood asmately a space that 52.24%¹¹. is free to use byThis anyone, canand is controlledbe seen by fromthe State. the Public spacemany the large shape isrivers stretched and as corridors, creeks generally that only are have in a the limit city.on its side, River as with in any Palembang form of open space is on the river⁹. The waterfront is a dynamic area, where the land meets the water body. The meetingstrongly area isinfluenced an area that is fertileby the and tides, has the potentialwith effect for community as far planning as 60 andkm

Figure 2. Raft houses in the Dutch colonial era in the 1920s (source: tropenmuseum royal tropical institute). development.from the In mouth a larger sense, of the waterfront river. Theis not only highest physically tides seen directly occur adjacent from to Figure 2. Raft houses in the Dutch colonial era in the 1920s bodies of water, but also have a connection with the water in the historical development of theOctober area. Having to a separateApril, uniqueness with fluctuations to the development in of socialwater society level who reacheslives, have (source:Figure 2. Raft houses tropenmuseum in the Dutch colonial eraroyal in the 1920stropical (source: tinstitute).ropenmuseum royal tropical institute). economic2.50 – value, 3.50 creating meters public at enjoyment high tide. of its own,Consequently, and become the identitythe build of these- regionsings¹⁰ .in the area of a stage 2.50 – 3.50 meters with a height Figure 2. Raft houses in the Dutch colonial era in the 1920s (source: tropenmuseum royal tropical institute). Palembang has the character as a city of water, Statistical data from 1990 shows that the

naturalof the physical bottom condition of of the Palembang stream, city, mostly situated made upabove, of water or approximately on the 52.24%¹¹surface. This of can thebe seen water from the of many a tide.large rive Basedrs and creeks on thatthe are topography, in the city. River in Figure 3. Life settlement musi river current. Palembang is strongly influenced by the tides, with effect as far as 60 km from the mouth of thethe river. settlements The highest tides in occur Palembang, from October togenerally April, with fluctuationslocated inat water three level This river divides the Palembang city into two parts, namely Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir, reacheslocations, 2.50 - 3.5 0namely meters at high directly tide. Consequently, on the the water, buildings the in the tidal area of or a stage river 2.50 – 3.50 meters with a height of the bottom of the stream, situated above, or on the surface of and is the largest river with aFig lengthure 3. Lifeof settlement750 kilometers musi river and current. an average width of 540 meters, banks and land. The River grows very naturally, depend- the water of a tide. Based on the topography, the settlements in Palembang, generally located the longest reaching 1,350 meters wide (figure 4)⁶. ating three on locations, the circumstances namely directly on the of water, the the ebb tidal and or river flow banks andof theland. Thewaters River This river divides the PalembangFigure city 3. Life into settlement two parts, musi rivernamely current. Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir, andFigure is the larg 3.est riverLife with settlement a length of 750 musi kilometers river and current. an average width of 540 meters, growsof its very river. naturally, To depending avoid on the the tidecircumstances is always of the ebbchanging, and flow of theand waters affect of its the longest reaching 1,350 meters wide (figure 4)⁶. river. To avoid the tide is always changing, and affect the surrounding area, the embankment usedthe as surroundinga barrier (Figure 5). area, the embankment used as a barrier This river divides the Palembang city into two parts, namely Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir, If (Figureyou do not use5). the levee as a barrier, then the tide would be unclear, so that the area at the time of low tide, is as ground, but at high tide, into area waters. and is the largest river with a length of 750 kilometers and an average width of 540 meters, the longest reaching 1,350 meters wide (figure 4)⁶.

Figure 5. configuration Pieces of land on the banks of the Musi River in Palembang.

Figure 5. configuration Pieces of land on the banks of the A = Area of land and the riverside area, at the time of high tide, this area is the area of the riverbank. However,Musi at River low tide, in the Palembang.area became land area. Foster home ground in the form of a stage. B = Area of the tidal river, where the current state of the waters receding, this area became the A = Area of land and the riverside area, at the time of high tide, FigureFigure 4.4. Musi riverside residential area in the city of Palembang. riverbank.this area Clearly is the visible area pillars of of the building. riverbank. However, However, at high tide, at the low waters tide, of the the river area area, where buildings look like floats on water. Foster home stage. Figure 4. Musi riverside residential area in the city of became land area. Foster home ground in the form of a stage. Palembang proclaimed by the President to the 6 Republic of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang C = Area waters by the river, foster homes raft. PalembangYudhoyonoPalembang. proclaimed as the ‘City by of the Air President Travel’ city to like the Bangkok 6 Republic in ofThailand Indonesia, and PhnomSusilo Bambang Penh in D B= T he= areaArea of traffic of thelanes attidal the waters river, of thewhere inland waterwaythe current transportation. state of the waters YudhoyonoCambodia, on as September the ‘City of27, Air 2005. Travel’ And cityin 2008 like the Bangkok city of inPalembang Thailand welcomes and Phnom tourist Penh visit in receding, this area became the riverbank. Clearly visible pillars of Cambodia,withpublic the name on spaceSeptember ‘Visit Musi is 2008’27,a functional 2005.⁷. And in 2008 space⁸. the city Publicof Palembang space welcomes in urban tourist visit 3.the Dwelling building. Settlement However, Building at T ypology high tide, Musi R theiver watersEdge of the river area, withUntil t he now, name inhabitants ‘Visit Musi have 2008’ remained⁷. settlement flourished in the river of Musi. A form of where buildings look like floats on water. Foster home stage. The grouping of a kind of means of building the river based on the configuration of the state of Untilsettlementareas now, inhabitantswhichis understood has been have there remained sinceas a settlementantiquity, space a thatnd flourished became is free ina special the to river attractionuse of Musi.by forany A a form city- of C = Area waters by the river, foster homes raft. Palembang. Using qualitative methods, a survey done in relevant books and through its natural, consisting of: (A) The land of the stage; (B) The tidal stage; (C) The house of a raft settlementone, andwhich is has controlled been there since by antiquity, the State. and became Public a special space attraction the shape for a city of D = The area of traffic lanes at the waters of the inland waterway residential typology sat on its edges Musi what happened until now. (Figure 6). Palembang. is stretched Using qualitative as corridors, methods, generally a survey done only in relevant have booksa limit and on through transportation. residential typology sat on its edges Musi what happened until now. 2. Characteristic of the Bank of a Musi River to use as a Building 3

2 2. VolCharacteristic 9 (10) | March of the 2016 Bank | www.indjst.orgof a Musi River to use as a Building 2 Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Figure 4. Musi riverside residential area in the city of Palembang. 2

Palembang proclaimed by the President to the 6 Republic of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the ‘City of Air Travel’ city like Bangkok in Thailand and Phnom Penh in Cambodia, on September 27, 2005. And in 2008 the city of Palembang welcomes tourist visit with the name ‘Visit Musi 2008’⁷. Until now, inhabitants have remained settlement flourished in the river of Musi. A form of settlement which has been there since antiquity, and became a special attraction for a city of Palembang. Using qualitative methods, a survey done in relevant books and through residential typology sat on its edges Musi what happened until now.

2. Characteristic of the Bank of a Musi River to use as a Building

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Hartanto Budiyuwono

If you do not use the levee as a barrier, then the tide waters, pole height is measured by the height of the high- would be unclear, so that the area at the time of low tide, est tide in the area. While on land, the height of the mast is as ground, but at high tide, into area waters. is as tall as a human, so that people can be to put goods on under the house. This pyramid house in antiquity is 3. Dwelling Settlement Building the residence of the nobles, where there is a difference in floor height. It is associated with the hierarchy of space Typology Musi River Edge and social status of its inhabitants. On the roof there are

ornaments likeFigure crowns. 6. Grouping Called building typesthe Musi ‘head’ riverbank is .the roof along The grouping of a kind of means of building the river based on the configuration of the state of its natural, con-Typologywith means the of settlement ornament building (tandook on the bakambeengnks of the river and can simbar be broadly). The divided into two, namely‘body land’ houseand houses consists on stilts ofabove all thethe tidal rooms land, and in housesthe house floating except on water. sisting of: (A) The land of the stage; (B) The tidal stage; the pyramid ‘jogan’ or guest rooms. The ‘legs’ house con- (C) The house of a raft (Figure 6). 4. (A) Stage House on Land and (B) House Stage at The Tidal River Water sists of ‘jogan’ enterance stairs up on poles foundation Typology means of settlement building on the banksHouses on stilts land and houses on stilts tides in Palembang have the same characteristic of the river can be broadly divided into two, namely landshape. Thecalled stage house‘cagak consists’ (Figure of two 7 types + Figure of Pyramid 8). house and Barn house. The difference lies in the function of the bottom only, namely: This house rests immediately on the ground and houses on stilts above the tidal land, and housesand close to the bank of a river, made also in the form of the stage. The house which located ­floating on water. on the ground6. createdBarn in theHouse stage for the securing for a wild animal attack. Therefore, the bottom part of the house is not occupied by the family. But functioned as a warehouse, or to take care of pets. With warehouse functions under the house, then the location of the stairs to the roomA above residence were outside for tradersthe building, and which ordinary can be reached people, directly and by is the also public. The 4. (A) Stage House on Land and tidal stageused house for is storage a form ofof anticipation goods. The of tidal roof waters, shape avoiding shield floo ding.without Stairs -even position located outside the building. (B) House Stage at The Tidal ornamentation. Flat floor, there are differences in floor height. This type of home is still widely used as well as new River Water 5. Pyramid (Meru) House built, especially in swampy areas (Figure 9 + Figure 10). A house with a roof shape pyramid (meru), supported by poles above the ground. Especially in Houses on stilts land and houses on stilts tides inthe area of tidal waters, pole height is measured by the height of the highest tide in the area. Palembang have the same characteristic shape. The stageWhile on land, the height of the mast is as tall as a human, so that people can be to put goods on under7. the house.Raft This Housepyramid house in antiquity is the residence of the nobles, where house consists of two types of Pyramid house and Barnthere is a difference in floor height. It is associated with the hierarchy of space and social house. The difference lies in the function of the bottomstatus ofAt its inhabitants.the beginning On the roofof its there development are ornaments inlike the crowns. kingdom, Called the raft 'head' is the roof along with the ornament (tandook kambeeng and simbar). The 'body' house consists of all only, namely: This house rests immediately on the groundthe roomshouses in the house inhabited except the by pyramid migrants, 'jogan namely' or guest Arabicrooms. The and 'legs Chinese' house consists of and close to the bank of a river, made also in the form'jogan ' enterance stairs up on poles foundation called 'cagak' (Figure 7 + Figure 8).

of the stage. The house which located on the ground cre- ated in the stage for the securing for a wild animal attack. Therefore, the bottom part of the house is not occupied by the family. But functioned as a warehouse, or to take care of pets. With warehouse functions under the house, then the location of the stairs to the room above were outside the building, which can be reached directly by the pub- lic. The tidal stage house is a form of anticipation of tidal waters, avoiding flooding. Stairs-even position located outside the building.

Figure 7. Typology a sketch and Form Roof on House Pyramid Stage. Figure 7. Typology a sketch and Form Roof on House

5. Pyramid (Meru) House Pyramid Stage. 4 A house with a roof shape pyramid (meru), supported by poles above the ground. Especially in the area of tidal

Figure 6. Grouping building types Musi riverbank. Figure 8. Looks House Pyramid Stage.

Figure 6. Grouping building types Musi riverbank. Figure 8. Looks House Pyramid Stage. Typology means of settlement building on the banks of the river can be broadly divided into 6. Barn House two, namely land and houses on stilts above the tidal land, and houses floating on water. A residence for traders and ordinary people, and is also used for storage of goods. The roof shape shield without ornamentation. Flat floor, there are differences in floor 4.Vol (A )9 S (10)tage |H Marchouse on 2016 Land |and www.indjst.org (B) House Stage at The Tidal River Water height. This type of home is still widelyIndian used as Journal well as neof wScience built, especially and Technology in swampy 3 areas (Figure 9 + Figure 10). Houses on stilts land and houses on stilts tides in Palembang have the same characteristic shape. The stage house consists of two types of Pyramid house and Barn house. The difference lies in the function of the bottom only, namely: This house rests immediately on the ground and close to the bank of a river, made also in the form of the stage. The house which located on the ground created in the stage for the securing for a wild animal attack. Therefore, the bottom part of the house is not occupied by the family. But functioned as a warehouse, or to take care of pets. With warehouse functions under the house, then the location of the stairs to the room above were outside the building, which can be reached directly by the public. The tidal stage house is a form of anticipation of tidal waters, avoiding flooding. Stairs-even position located outside the building.

5. Pyramid (Meru) House

A house with a roof shape pyramid (meru), supported by poles above the ground. Especially in the area of tidal waters, pole height is measured by the height of the highest tide in the area. Figure 9. Typology Forms Warehouse Roof House Stage. While on land, the height of the mast is as tall as a human, so that people can be to put goods on under the house. This pyramid house in antiquity is the residence of the nobles, where there is a difference in floor height. It is associated with the hierarchy of space and social status of its inhabitants. On the roof there are ornaments like crowns. Called the 'head' is the roof along with the ornament (tandook kambeeng and simbar). The 'body' house consists of all the rooms in the house except the pyramid 'jogan' or guest rooms. The 'legs' house consists of 'jogan' enterance stairs up on poles foundation called 'cagak' (Figure 7 + Figure 8).

Figure 10. House Stage Warehouse.

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Figure 7. Typology a sketch and Form Roof on House Pyramid Stage.

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7. Raft House Figure 8. Looks House Pyramid Stage. At the beginning of its development in the kingdom, raft houses inhabited by migrants, namely Arabic and Chinese traders, who are not allowed to own land on the mainland. It is paying 6. Barn House Figure 8. Looks House Pyramid Stage. particular attention to if they do not pay taxes, then the rulers at that time could easily expel them. Besides foreigners, there are also natives who stay at home rafts coming from lower A residence for traders and ordinary people, and is also used for storage of goods. The 6. Barn House classes¹². roof shape shield without ornamentation. Flat floor, there are differences in floor These immigrants settled in the raft house, the house is placed on a foundation which can A residenceheight. This for type traders of home and isordinary still widely people, used andas well is alsoas ne usedw built, for especially storage of in goods.swampy The float in water. The anvil is made of a series of bamboo or wood¹³. To maintain stability, the roofareas shapeHouse (Figure shield Typology 9 + withoutFigure 10) of ornamentation.. Musi River’s Edge Flat floor, in the there City are of differences Palembang, in floor South of Sumatra – Indonesia height. This type of home is still widely used as well as new built, especially in swampy house is placed in the middle of the raft (Figure 11). areas (Figure 9 + Figure 10).

Figure 11. The position of the house which placed in the midst of a raft. Figure 11. The position of the house which placed in the midst The house of a raft there is no foundation until embedded into the ground. But the house of a ofraft a will raft. be carrying the burden of ballast that can be brought down to the river bed. With the ballast tools, house these rafts can stop somewhere. These waters also built an embankment that is embedded in the bottom of the stream, that serves to bind the fore part of the house 8.of a raft  Conclusionso as not drifting by the flow of Typologythe water of a river. In general, in the The raft house has two FigureFigure 9. 9Typology. Typology Forms Forms Warehouse Warehouse RoofRoof House House Stage Stage. . doors, each facing the mainland and into the river. In the section that faces the mainland, there is Form a bridge in the of form ofHome a series of bamboo River or board. Edge Home form is Musi simpler than Figure 9. Typology Forms Warehouse Roof House Stage. pyramid house and barn house. Rectangular and on the inside there are two rooms. The front Theroom is edgeused to receiveof the guests river and watersdaily activities, has whilenatural the back characteristics room serves as a bed. that The arekitchen closely at the house related raft part attachedbetween to the outsidewater, wall soil, of the backclimate, room. as well as

social and cultural heritage of the people in that location. Typology8. Conclusion T ofypology the in house The Form Musiof Home riverRiver E dge bank Musi happens com- posed of: home floating on water that can move because The edge of the river waters has natural characteristics that are closely related between Figure 10. House Stage Warehouse. itwater, has soil, no climate, foundation; as well as social house and cultural floating heritage on of thewater people that in that cannot location. Figure 10. House Stage Warehouse. moveTypology ofbecause the house Musi it has river banka foundation happens composed that of: home is embedded floating on water in that the can move because it has no foundation; house floating on water that cannot move because it has Figure 10. House Stage Warehouse. 5 soila foundation at the that bottom is embedded of in thethe soil river. at the bottom of the river. traders, who are not allowed to own land on the main- 5 The housesThe are houses using material are fromusing wood ormaterial bamboo. Takingfrom into woodaccount theor securitybamboo. of a Takingwild beast, theninto the account house that are the found security on land was ofmade a towild float abovebeast, the surfacethen of the the land. It is paying particular attention to if they do not pay ground, which is being raised on a platform. Type raised on a platform happened on land, and taxes, then the rulers at that time could easily expel them. housein the area that of ups are and downsfound of water. on landType the was form spacemade in which to float occur on abovethe mainland the Besides foreigners, there are also natives who stay at home surfaceare distinguished of the at the ground, height of the which face of the is conservatory being floorsraised corresponding on a plat to the- form.status of Type nobility fromraised the occupanton a platform of the House. happened While the type on of the land, stage aboveand thein rafts coming from lower classes¹². water, the type form of space it has the same high floor height, this shows the status of These immigrants settled in the raft house, the house theoccupants area that of is theups ordinary and society. downs of water. Type the form space is placed on a foundation which can float in water. The in which occur on the mainland are distinguished at the anvil is made of a series of bamboo or wood¹³. To main- height of the face of the conservatory floors corresponding

tain stability, the house is placed in the middle of the raft to the status of nobility from the occupant of the House. (Figure 11). While the type of the stage above the water, the type form6 The house of a raft there is no foundation until of space it has the same high floor height, this shows the embedded into the ground. But the house of a raft will be status of occupants that is the ordinary society. carrying the burden of ballast that can be brought down to the river bed. With the ballast tools, house these rafts can 9. References stop somewhere. These waters also built an embankment that is embedded in the bottom of the stream, that serves 1. Werner R. Cities and towns in Indonesia; Their develop- to bind the fore part of the house of a raft so as not drift- ment, current positions and functions with regard to ing by the flow of the water of a river. In general, the raft administration and regional economy, Urbanization of the house has two doors, each facing the mainland and into Earth. 1987; 292. 2. Johannes W. The Role of Chinese Settlements in The Urban the river. In the section that faces the mainland, there is a Development of Southeast Asian Coastal Cities. Singapore: bridge in the form of a series of bamboo or board. Home Journal of the South Seas Society. 1996. form is simpler than pyramid house and barn house. 3. Djohan H. Palembang Zaman Bari: Citra Palembang Tempoe Rectangular and on the inside there are two rooms. The Doeloe. Palembang: Humas Pemda TK I Palembang. 1990; front room is used to receive guests and daily activities, 323 while the back room serves as a bed. The kitchen at the 4. Paul Michel M. Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian house raft part attached to the outside wall of the back Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions room. Didier Millet. 2006; 175.

4 Vol 9 (10) | March 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Hartanto Budiyuwono

5. Sungai Musi Sumatra Selatan, 2012 Nov. Available from: 11. Pemerintah Kota Palembang dengan Badan Aplikasi http://fransiskatya.blogspot.com/ Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Sriwijaya, Laporan 6. Kerjasama antara Pemerintah Kota Palembang dengan akhir: rencana pembangunan jangka panjang (RPJP) Badan Aplikasi Ilmu Pengertahuan dan Teknologi Sriwijaya. kota Palembang (2005-2025), Baliteks Unsri: Palembang, Bappeda kota Palembang, Tahun. 2002. 2006. 7. Kategori: Kota Palembang, 2012. Available from: https:// 12. Van Sevenhoven JL. Lukisan Tentang Ibukota Palembang, id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Palembang Bhratara: Jakarta, 1971. 8. Jonathan B. Redesigning Cities Principles, Practice, 13. Hartanto B. Rumah Rakit Palembang, presentasi sim- Implementation, APA: Chicago, 2003; 312. posium arsitektur vernakular ke 1, 22 Mei 2004, Gedung 9. Rob K, Urban Space, New York: Rizzoli Intl Pubns, 1979. Serbaguna, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan: Bandung, 10. Wrenn DM. Urban Waterfront Development, ULI - The 2004. Urban Land Institute, Washington D.C, 1983.

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