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Incentives for Sustainable Hunting of Bushmeat in Rio Muni

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Incentives for Sustainable Hunting of Bushmeat in Rio Muni Incentives for sustainable hunting of bushmeat in Río Muni, Equatorial Guinea Noëlle Francesca Kümpel Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Imperial College London, University of London Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London 2006 ABSTRACT Bushmeat hunting is thought to be becoming increasingly unsustainable in west and central Africa, but true assessment of sustainability, and consequently appropriate management, is constrained by poor understanding of cause and effect. This cross-disciplinary study considers the complex and dynamic interactions between market, hunter and prey along an entire bushmeat chain in continental Equatorial Guinea, thus enabling evaluation of the sustainability of the system under different policy scenarios. Fieldwork was undertaken over a period of 18 months from 2002-2004. Market surveys and consumer interviews in Bata, the regional capital, were used to evaluate the determinants of urban bushmeat consumption: people preferred fresh meat and fish, including bushmeat, but tended to consume cheaper frozen foods more often. Bushmeat consumption increased with income. 1607 household and 72 hunter interviews were conducted in the village of Sendje, gateway to the forested Monte Alén National Park and major source of bushmeat to Bata. Men hunt for income because there are few other livelihood options. A village offtake survey estimated over 10,000 animals hunted per year (90% by trapping), hunted using a long-term rotation of camps up to 30 km from the village. Hunter behaviour, prey choice and animal encounter rates were recorded during 77 trapper and 48 gun-hunter follows. Trapping is currently preferred to gun- hunting due to lower costs and relatively high returns. However, as the availability and affordability of guns and cartridges increases, and trapping success decreases, hunters are switching to shooting arboreal prey. Population densities of key primate prey species were estimated in two sites with differing gun-hunting histories, using 408 km of line transects. Whereas some of the guenon monkey species were still numerous in the heavily hunted village site, the absence of Colobus satanus suggests they are more vulnerable to hunting pressure. Extremely high densities of Colobus satanus were found inside the park, suggesting it should be an urgent conservation priority. The current oil boom in Equatorial Guinea is increasing urban wealth and subsequent demand for bushmeat. In the absence of alternative foods and rural livelihoods, and proper enforcement of protected areas, people will continue to hunt for the commercial bushmeat trade until many vulnerable species become at least locally extinct. Kümpel, N.F. (2006) Incentives for sustainable hunting of bushmeat in Río Muni. PhD thesis, Imperial College London 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is an enormous number of people who have either helped me through this project or contributed hugely to it. Firstly, my supervisors, Marcus Rowcliffe and Guy Cowlishaw at ZSL’s Institute of Zoology and E.J. Milner-Gulland from Imperial College London. It would be hard to imagine a better supervisory trio, so thanks, Marcus, for your impressive patience with stats help and for doing far and beyond what must be in the supervisors’ manual, E.J., for those rapid-fire email responses and always making sense, and Guy, for the cheery way in which you brandished ‘the schedule’ - and the welcome biscuit supply in those last desperate days… I would like to gratefully acknowledge the Economic and Social Research Council and the Natural Environment Research Council for my PhD studentship, Conservation International for some extra fieldwork funding and my salary this year as a research assistant, and AGRECO consultancy for funding some of the mammal survey work in Monte Mitra. Sincere thanks go to my collaborators in Equatorial Guinea: the Ministerio de Bosques y Infraestructura (Bata), ECOFAC-GE (Bata) and CUREF/INDEFOR (Bata). In particular, Crisantos Obama was always helpful and efficient, and Michael Allen was a great friend and support. Next up, thanks to Nick Keylock, without whom I may never have had the guts to hit Equatorial Guinea in the first place (and is probably sometimes surprised I ever went back!), and Tamsyn East, who made an excellent discoteca companion during her time in Bata. Thanks also go to Marielle Puit for collaboration on her Mundoasi Market project. My intrepid volunteers, Guy Hills Spedding and Brigid Barry, were both absolute stars and a huge thanks goes out to both for giving up their time and sanity to work in the Camp of Death. Some of my greatest memories of Sendje were hanging out with my research assistants, especially Bienvenido ‘ el viejo ’ Ndong Ondó, Santiago ‘ el elefante ’ Enseñ, Teresa ‘ la guapa ’ Akeng and Antonio ‘ mafioso ’ Elo Nsue Nseng. Thanks also to Pedro Nsue Nseng, Eleuterio Nadon Nguema, Anastasia Ova Nsó, Amparo Nvo Etuba and my mad friend, Filomena Keita. Most importantly I’d like to say a big thanks to all the hunters and villagers in Sendje who helped with the study and accepted me into their village, in particular Joaquín Masolo Nvulu, Emiliana Ayang, Pablo Ncogo, Fernando Micha, Pedro Engono, Joaquín Ovono, Carmen Acurifere, Bienvenido Nsue, Andres Nzé Ntutumu, and Anita, Anastasia and Bibiana the traders. I hope I make a difference. Anton Ayong Nguema and Teófilo Ntutumu were invaluable in making our first introductions to Sendje, way back in May 2002, as was John Fa in first telling us about Equatorial Guinea. Amanda and Cyrille Menáge were fantastic hosts, putting up with endless rants and visa hassles. Lise Albrechtsen and Angela Formía were gratefully-received friends in Bata. Good luck to the new chicas on the block, Sophie Allebone-Webb and Janna Rist: thanks for all your help, advice and bravery (or madness?!) in taking on Equatorial Guinea after me, and well done for doing an excellent job under difficult circumstances. The support, worrying and endless ‘little favours’ of my family and friends meant a lot whilst sitting alone in my house in Sendje in the evenings, listening to the frogs, hyraxes and drum- beating. Particular thanks to Susie for all of the above plus helping with the last mad days of editing, Mum for all those emergency requests and Granny and Great Aunt Jill for emailing! Finally, thanks to all my colleagues and friends at ZSL (including Jimmy the gibbon) who have helped me through the years and made it such a great place to work. Last but not least, big beers owed to Kate and Jon for that last, heroic all-nighter… Oof. Kümpel, N.F. (2006) Incentives for sustainable hunting of bushmeat in Río Muni. PhD thesis, Imperial College London 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables .......................................................................................................................... 7 List of figures ........................................................................................................................ 8 List of appendices ............................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 ‘THE BUSHMEAT CRISIS’................................................................................... 11 1.2 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF BUSHMEAT HUNTING....................................... 13 1.2.1 Socio-economic drivers.............................................................................................. 14 1.2.2 Livelihood issues ....................................................................................................... 19 1.2.3 Hunter behaviour....................................................................................................... 23 1.2.4 Biological impacts..................................................................................................... 26 1.2.5 Sustainability ............................................................................................................ 28 1.2.6 Research needs.......................................................................................................... 32 1.3 EQUATORIAL GUINEA: BOOM, BUST... AND BOOM.................................... 35 1.3.1 Geography ................................................................................................................ 37 1.3.2 History...................................................................................................................... 37 1.3.3 Culture...................................................................................................................... 38 1.3.4 Politics...................................................................................................................... 39 1.3.5 Economy................................................................................................................... 39 1.3.6 Climate ..................................................................................................................... 42 1.3.7 Biodiversity............................................................................................................... 42 1.3.8 Conservation............................................................................................................. 43 1.3.9 Bushmeat hunting and trade ...................................................................................... 45 1.4 STUDY AREA
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