PLANT tremula Tender Brake

AUS SA AMLR Endemism Life History and Horsnell Gully creeklines and Hindmarsh Falls Reserve (K. Brewer and J. Smith 2007 pers. comm.).7 - R V - Perennial Pre-1983 AMLR filtered records, whilst limited, also Family occur in north-western Adelaide, Mount Compass and Inman Valley.4

Habitat Occurs in wet, shaded gullies or gorges, sinkholes and caves.2 Interstate occurs in sheltered places within rainforest or open forest.1

Requires permanent water, e.g. freshwater springs, rivers or perched swamps.3

At Hindmarsh Valley/Inman Valley occurs in a deep gully, spring fed with Blechnum minus, Veronica derwentiana ssp. homalodonta and Bursaria spinosa.5

Within the AMLR the preferred broad vegetation groups are Wetland and Riparian.4

Within the AMLR the ’ degree of habitat specialisation is classified as ‘High’.4

Biology and Ecology

Photo: R. Hill ©ANBG Highly versatile species that appears able to colonise artificial substrates (T. Jury pers. comm.). Fast-growing Conservation Significance species that germinates readily and will colonise The AMLR distribution is disjunct, isolated from other gardens and walls.8 extant occurrences within SA. Within the AMLR the species’ relative area of occupancy is classified as Aboriginal Significance ‘Extremely Restricted’. Relative to all AMLR extant Post-1983 records indicate the entire AMLR distribution species, the species' taxonomic uniqueness is occurs in Ngarrindjeri Nation.4 classified as ‘Very High’.4 Threats Description Threats include drought, climate change, weed Tall erect , fronds variable to 1 m tall, light-green invasion (e.g. Blackberry and Broom), increased water colour.2 tufted, bearing multiple crowns in flows from surrounding development and altered old . Fronds fine, lacy; margins finely toothed; water quality (K. Brewer and J. Smith pers. comm.). veins single, entire or forked once or twice.8 Weed competition is a significant issue. Many plants Distribution and Population establish following weed control.3 Also occurs in NT, QLD, NSW, VIC and TAS, as well as and NZ. In SA occurs in FR, EP, MU, YP, Very limited occurrence within the AMLR, however the SL and SE regions.2 Widespread across the State but majority of known distribution occurs within 2 km of very rare.6 confirmed or suspected Phytophthora infestations.4

Post-1983 AMLR filtered records restricted to a small Additional current direct threats have been identified area near Hindmarsh Valley.4 Specifically, occurs in and rated for this species. Refer to the main plan Upper Hindmarsh River Catchment Wetlands, accompanying these profiles. adjoining Spring Mount CP and Myponga CP, Giles

Further information: Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Adelaide Region Phone: (61 8) 8336 0901 Fax: (61 8) 8336 0999 http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/  Department for Environment and Heritage FIS 90346 May 2008 Prepared as part of the Regional Recovery Plan for Threatened Species and Ecological Communities of Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges, South 2009 - 2014

Regional Distribution 7 Department for Environment and Heritage (2007). Wetlands Inventory Database of South Australia. Unpublished data, extracted October 2007.

8 Jones, D. and Clemesha, S. (1976). Australian and Fern Allies. AH & AW Reed, Wellington.

Map based on filtered post-1983 records.4 Note, this map does not necessarily represent the actual species’ distribution within the AMLR.

References Note: In some cases original reference sources are not included in this list, however they can be obtained from the reference from which the information has been sourced (the reference cited in superscript).

1 Botanic Gardens Trust (1993). PlantNET - The Information Network System of Botanic Gardens Trust. Available from http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au (accessed September 2007).

2 Department for Environment and Heritage Electronic Flora of South Australia species Fact Sheet: Pteris tremula R. Br. Available from http://www.flora.sa.gov.au (accessed September 2007).

3 Department for Environment and Heritage. (2007). Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Regional Recovery Pilot Expert Flora Workshop, Unpublished Notes. Participants: Bickerton, D., Croft, T., Jury, T., Lang, P., Prescott, A., Quarmby, J. and Smith, K., Adelaide.

4 Department for Environment and Heritage (2007). Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Regional Recovery Pilot Project Database. Unpublished data extracted and edited from BDBSA, SA Herbarium (July 2007) and other sources.

5 Department for Environment and Heritage (2007). State Herbarium of South Australia Database. Unpublished data, extracted October 2007.

6 Department for Environment and Heritage. (2007). Summary of two Wetland Threatened Flora Workshops (unpublished spreadsheet).

Further information: Biodiversity Conservation Unit, Adelaide Region Phone: (61 8) 8336 0901 Fax: (61 8) 8336 0999 http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/  Department for Environment and Heritage FIS 90346 May 2008 Prepared as part of the Regional Recovery Plan for Threatened Species and Ecological Communities of Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia 2009 - 2014