XVIII. PATHOGENS OF CIMICIDAE (BEDBUGS)

Mary Ann Strand Boyce Thompson Institute Yonkers, NY 10701, USA

313 314

'-4 '-4 ',0 ON '-4 i--I 0% C%I Cd 0 0 0%a% '-4 0 '-4 C)0 '-4 ,- 34 r-. 01% 4.1 *b0 0 C'4 C0% '-4 C., r- Oql 01% 0%-4 Un 0 i-I qs 0% C0% 0 4.1 04 -I 4.1 :2 :2 0 0% 'I 0) 00 Xbo N0 0d .-i0 "-I "-4 .0 .0 Ca i-I 0 0 $4 0. 0. --I .,0 0 0 0 "-I co 4.1 -Li 10 -4) 0 4.1 4-I 4-i 0 0 $4 A C)0 0d 0d 0Z4 U) (12 '-2 0 A4 0 04 04 (.2 S. .z C)'0 0 0 0- '-4 .0 n C) *~ * 3* A A A A ~AAAC) P- 10l I .1 I . 0 1 v-4- 4- '0 '44 10 0 0 0 0d 0o 0 0 o r '0 '0 Ad0 A - 4 (121 0 (12 - -4 .- -4:4 -4: . 4: .,- *,4 -- 0a000 0 CA c(2 c(12 En(12 (12n (12 (12 (1 '0 '0 '0la'0 C- oo 60 5-. 0 0 :D ~ 0 0 0 00 Pk o -4 0

co 04 O 0 --- 0 I 00 10 0 8 8 '-I co

utC-) (124 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 01 00z X 0o Da -.4 I _ 0@24- 4-I @2 J 0) 0 '-42 0-4 -~0 ' '0 00 r. 0O 0 4- 0 @2 0 4.1 -U .,0 0@2 .44-I 0 - 0 04 -_ - .i4 .0 @2 0 0w 0 0 @20o 0 Z4-4 0 '-4> -- Cd -aI > %-., co 0 00 $4 0c 4) 0 5-J 0w -45- V-4 @2 0.- 04 0 0 - @ -0 0 0v-4 r~~~~~~~~~-40 co 0 O) to 00 0 ) 14 -r4:3 V 04-I @<0.4 CO J o CA4 0 -_1iI 0-. r~~~~~~~~~--4 : co > u Cd R $4 U $ 0 C 0 @20 0@2 2a@ hiO .i-40c CDH 0 44 4J 00 U 04 U Z (12 PA 0 --40 °i '0 (a 4I 4U 4 4-I 0 ¢-4 '-I '--4 m °°C - - ,-4 - -I '-4 1 co4 :2 :2 : -4 0 -4: '0 '0 '0 0:2 4 : JJ JJ J4

co --4 to 14- @21m 4i $ 4 0 00 Q) 10@C f-4 4i :3 -i-4 U1 .0 L) $ 315

0) Ui I-1 0. r-

c4n 0% %1 %D r-4 0. '-4 I- 0 a 0 0-A 00 54i -0 0p 0 m4 04J no 0 03 0=

10 ,40' 1-'0 '0@,-4 rz..0 0) I 0)

04J -'. rz. Ci _0 .0 ',- ' U- 0 4 C) o >% 0 o x 0 V4 :1 0 0 -Li 4-i :E:co ' 0 '-4 I 0 I 0: CDC.) -i 5.i 04 0 0 0o 000 ,0 Co JJ no 10 ~.A *,LW -'4 4i L4 Co) 0 CD)E-4 5.4 U p-4 '-4 0C0 44 .0 -'4 '00 '-40 54) 054) 0 ff ,0 0 Z0 0w U3 o 0

'0 ai 00 o co 0o 4 -r4

(a v4 4-I :3 0 0 x Co "- 0 0 0 Cl4 -0 5.4 C0 316

ABSTRACTS

Mary Ann Strand

Arkwright, J. A. et al. (1921). An hereditary Rickettsia-like parasite of the ( lectularius). Parasitology, 13: 27-36.

This paper contains the original observations of Symbiotes (Rickettsia) lectularius, a symbiote of the bed bug.

Burton, G. J. (1963). Natural and experimental infection of bed bugs with Wuchereria bancrofti in British Guiana. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 12: 541-547.

C. hemipterus adults and larvae were collected from a bed used by people infected with W. bancrofti. Living or dead larvae of W. bancrofti were found in the abdomen, thorax, legs, and antennae of 83 of the bed bugs. However in only 3 cases did the filariae develop into the infective stage.

Chang, K. P. (1974). Effects of elevated temperature on the mycetome and symbiotes of the bed bug (). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 23: 333-340.

The lower fecundity of C. lectularius after treatment at 360 may be due to a direct effect of the high temperature on the or to the loss of their symbiotes.

Chang, K. P. & Musgrave, A. J. (1973). Morphology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of mycetome and its rickettsial symbiotes in Cimex lectularius 1. Can. J. Microbiol., 19: 1075-1081.

Two kinds of rickettsia-like microorganisms were observed in the mycetomes of C. lectularius. One was a small rod and the other was pleomorphic. The rod is probably Symbiotes (Rickettsia) lectularius, but the pleomorphic one is apparently different in that it has host-provided membranes without encapsulation.

Cockbain, A. J. & Hastie, A. C. (1961). Susceptibility of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, to Aspergillus flavus Link. J. Pathol., 3: 95-97.

A culture of bed bugs kept at 30°C and 90% R.H. became infected with A. flavus. The culture was destroyed within 18 days after initial outbreak. Infectivity tests showed that a combination of high humidity and temperature favoured the development of the disease.

Francis, E. (1927). Microscopic changes of tularaemia in the tick, Dermacentor andersoni, and the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Publ. Health Rep., 42: 2763-2772.

In laboratory experiments Francisella (Bacterium) tularense multiplied in the fresh blood contents of the midgut in C. lectularius. Heavy infections in epithelium cells of the midgut and occasional infections in the mapighian tubules were observed.

Grewal, M. S. (1957). Pathogenicity of Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920 in the invertebrate host. Exp. Parasitol., 6: 123-130.

Invasion of the haemolymph of Cimex lectularius by the trypanosome was rapid. Mortality was higher in bugs with heavier infections in the haemolymph. 317

Grewal, M. S. (1969). Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli, a South American human trypanosome. Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. Sci., 20: 449-486.

T. rangeli is not pathogenic to its vertebrate hosts but is pathogenic to its inverte- brate hosts including Cimex lectularius. The bed bug cannot molt after a haemolymph infection is established. Heavily infected individuals die.

Gunawardena, K. (1972). A note on the susceptibility of the tropical bed bug to Wuchereria bancrofti in Ceylon. J. Med. Entomol., 9: 300.

Microfilaria ingested from infected patients survived in the bed bugs for up to 20 days. No infective forms were found in the bugs.

Hase, A. (1917). Die Bettwanze (Cimex lectularius L.) ihr Leben und ihre BekHmpfung. Monogr. Angew. Entomol., 1: 1-144.

Although no bed bug pathogens are listed, this paper contains a fascinating account of control attempts before the use of DDT.

Jenkins, D. W. (1964). Pathogens, parasites, and predators of medically important athropods. Bull. World Health Organ., 30 (Suppl.), 150 pp.

A review of the literature through 1963 is given.

Louis, C. et al. (1973). Mobilitd, ciliature et caracteres ultrastructuraux des micro- organismes symbiotiques endo et exocellulaires des Cimex lectularius L. ( Cimicidae). C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D, 277(6): 607-611.

The endo- and exocellular forms of Symbiotes (Wolbachia) lectularius were examined using the electron microscope.

Patton, W. S. (1913). Further observations on the development of Herpetomonas donovani in Cimex rotundatus and Cimex lectularius. Proc. 3rd Meet. Gen. Malaria Comm. (Madras), pp. 221-232.

Leishmania (H.) donovani is capable of carrying its development in the bed bug to the post-flagellate stage but does not multiply and eventually dies out.

Patton, W. S. et al. (1921). Studies on the flagellates of the genera Herpetomonas, Crithidia, and Rhynchoidomonas. No. 8. Note on the behavior of Herpetomonas tropica Wright, the parasite of a cutaneous Herpetomonas (Oriental sore) in the bed bug, Cimex hemiptera, Fabr. Indian J. Med. Res., 9: 240-251.

An intracellular stage of Leishmania (H.) tropica is described from the cells of the midgut of C. hemipterus. In the alimentary canal of the bugs, L. tropica can live for months.

Rosenholz, H. P. & Owsjannikowa, 0. W. (1929). Uber die rolle der Wanzen (Cimex lectularius) und Zecken (Ornithodorus moubata) bei Ubertragung des Milzbrandes. Zentralbl. Bacteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionsdr. Hyg. Abt. I Orig., 110: 160-164.

The bugs became infected with Bacillus anthracis from feeding on infected guinea-pigs. The bacillus penetrated the gut wall and multiplied in the haemolymph. Most bugs died within 2 days. A few survived and carried the infection in the intestinal tract for over one month. 318

Steinhaus, E. A. (1941). A study of the bacteria associated with thirty species of insects. J. Bacteriol., 42: 757-790.

The bacterial flora of various organs of Cimex lectularius was examined. Bacteria were found on the integument and in the ovaries, mycetome and hind gut.

Usinger, R. L. (1966). Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Thomas Say Foundation (Entomol. Soc. Am.) Vol. 7, 585 pp.

Aspergillus flavus was found infected cultures of Paracimex received from Malaya.