LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10

PROPOSAL BATUR GEOPARK OWNED BY: BATUR GEOPARK FOUNDATION OPEARATED BY: PT. BATUR GEOPARK CORPORATION MANAGEMENT BY: TECHNOMANN & ISB 1 THIS PROPOSAL PREPARED FOR

BATUR GEOPARK FOUNDATION Page BY: IB.CHARMA & TEAMWORK DATED: OCTOBER 10th, 2010

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CONTENTS

1.Bali 2.What is Geopark 3.Global Geopark Network 4.What is Geopark Tourism 5.Geopark Activity  Walking  Cycling  Diving  Lake Kayaking  Kite Surfing  Sailing  Jet Skiing and Water Skiing 6.Partners and Members 7.Education 8.Geopark Management 9.Facility Plus in Batur Geopark A. Golf Club B. Horseback Sport Facility B1.Polo Club B2.Horse Tracking B3.Equestrian B4.Driving (Horse) C.Yoga Villages D.Flower Garden E. Fruit Plantation Garden

F. Vegetables Plantation Garden 2 Page

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G. Cable Car (Sight Seeing Facility) G1. Media in category “Cable Cars” G2. Media in category “Cable Transport” G3. Media in category “Cableway Signs” G4. Media in category “Gondola Lifts” G5. Media in category “Aerial Tramway Support Pillar” H. Water Sport (see Geo Activity above) 10. Housing for the Villages 11. Restaurant, Hotel, Resort 13. Gallery 14. Museum 15. Agro Shop 16. Observation Deck 17. Road Network. 18. Global UNESCO Network of Geopark 3 Page

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1. Bali It is a paradise island for all visitors and a world of Hinduism temples. Bali is a most favorite holiday destination for everyone from all part of the world. Bali offers peaceful place, great fun, relaxation for those who want to escape themselves and the family from the pressures of daily life. Besides the leisure and relaxing, Bali is also conjure up the unique experience for the couple who love one each other to marry here in the beautiful island…(many types of CHAPEL available around) Bali gives a blessing with a spirit from the paradise in the day where once in your lifetime experience. Bali welcomes travelers on any budget to spend their vacation. Go to Bali and experience it yourself - before someone does!

A friendly and remarkably artistic people, the Balinese have created a dynamic society with unique arts and ceremonies, making Bali synonymous world wide with the perfect ‘tropical paradise’. Terraced rice fields dominate the landscape, rivers and small irrigation streams direct the luscious green landscape, filling the air with the enchanting sound of running almost through the center of the island. In Bali the mountains are the home of the gods. Shrouded in mystery and magic, they stretch skywards in majestic splendour. Bali’s main volcano is the sometimes explosive Gunung Agung, which is considered sacred among local people as the center of the universe. Many visitors leave with the same beliefs.

The Balinese have been more exposed to international tourist and

generally speak more English than people in other parts of the 4 Indonesian archipelago. They have managed to preserve their culture despite overwhelming foreign influences brought to the region by an Page ever-increasing number of tourists. Bali’s International Airport, Ngurah

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Rai, is in the south of the island and is served by numerous international airlines and charters. In order to keep up with the growing the number of visitors and the need for their comfort, more hotels have been built, ranging from small bungalows for budget travelers to the luxurious Nusa Dua tourist resort area. Water sports have naturally gained in popularity and Bali offers superb surfing, windsurfing, sailing, scuba diving and white water rafting.

PREVIEW OF DANAU & GUNUNG BATUR (LAKE AND BATUR MOUNTAIN)

The Indonesian island, Bali is the largest tourist destination in the whole country. Sightseeing in Bali is something you can surely not miss out upon, any matter for whatever reasons you visits the country. The Danau Batur also known as the Lake Batur is one such amazing Tourist Attraction in Bali. Spread on the gigantic 13 kilometer long crater, the Danau Batur in Bali is the largest one among the 4 mountain lakes of Bali.

Set in Kintamani in the Bangli District and very close to Central Bali, the Danau Batur in Bali spreads over 8 kilometers in length, 3 kilometers in width and 65 meters in depth. The Danau Batur in Bali in Indonesia is fed by 11 springs and lies about 500 meters below the crater rim. The crater on which the lake lies also houses the Gunung mount.

The origin of the Batur area was the collapse of an ancient volcano. In the more than 100 sq km caldera left from this disaster, a new volcano cone was formed, namely Gunung Batur (Mount Batur,

1717m). Next to the mountain, a new lake (Danau Batur) came to 5 existence. The volcano is still active and its latest eruption was in Page

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1999. The village Penelokan is situated close to the lake. There's an amazing view from here of the lake and the volcano.

The Danau Batur in Bali is considered sacred by the natives of the island. People worship the Goddess of the Lakes, Ida Batara Dewi Ulun Danu at the Pura Ulun Danu Batur temple that stands on the crater rim. The hamlets that surround the lake are known as 'Bintang Banu' that precisely means 'stars of the lake'. In the village of Penelokan, you can find the beautiful temple of Pura Ulun Danu Batur. Apparently, the temple was spared by a few eruptions of the volcano.

Its hardly takes about an hour's time to get to the location of the lake if you take the road from northeast of Denpasar. The road that encircles the lake offers scintillating views of the lake and the exotic environment. You can get to the lakeside from the crater rim via Penelokan.

Bali's Danau Batur proposed to develop for Geopark, the first in Indonesia, rich in geomorphologic sites, is one of the most picturesque locations in the island. You are sure to fall for the natural beauty of the place the very moment you see it with your own eyes.

2. What is a Geopark?

Geoparks aims to protect geo-diversity and to promote geological heritage to the general public as well as to support sustainable economic development of geopark territories primarily through the development of geological tourism.

A Geopark is an area with an outstanding geological heritage and a strategy to promote that heritage for the benefit of the local community, part of economic development.

So what makes a geopark? A geopark must contain several geological or geomorphological sites of national and international importance. These may be significant because of their scientific quality, rarity, aesthetic appeal or educational value. But geoparks are not just

about rocks - they are also about people, and helping 6

communities to understand their Earth heritage, and to Page benefit from it.

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A geopark can include not only sites of geological importance, but also sites of archaeological, ecological, historical or cultural interest. A geopark territory must be large enough to allow for true economic development. Geoparks are driven by local communities that want to celebrate their Earth heritage and thereby achieve sustainable development of their area through 'geotourism'.

A geopark must play an active role in the business of the Global Geoparks Network. This involves collaborating with other geoparks on joint projects as well as exchanging ideas on how best to promote geopark activities.

PROPOSED for BATUR GEOPARK 3. Global Geoparks Network

The Global Geoparks Network (GGN) was set up by UNESCO in 2004. There were initially 25 members comprising 17 European 7 Geoparks and 8 Chinese Geoparks. Page

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The first International Conference on Geoparks was held in Beijing, China in June 2004. In October 2004, the European Geoparks Network signed an agreement with the Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCO to process applications from within Europe to join the Global Geoparks Network. New members joining the European Geoparks Network now automatically also become members of the Global Geoparks Network. This network provides a platform for active co-operation between geoparks around the world. Under the umbrella of UNESCO, and through exchange between the global network partners, important national geological sites gain worldwide recognition and benefit from the exchange of knowledge, expertise, experience and staff with other Geoparks. In the framework of the Global Geoparks Network, geological heritage and knowledge is shared with the general public and linked with broader aspects of the natural and cultural heritage.

Launched in 2004 the Global Geopark Network now has 63 Geopark members from 19 countries (Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, United Kingdom). The Global Network of National Geoparks assisted by UNESCO provides a platform of active cooperation between experts and practitioners in geological heritage. Under the umbrella of UNESCO, and through exchange between the global network partners, important national geological sites gain worldwide recognition and profit through the exchange of knowledge, expertise, experience and staff with other Geoparks. You can find out more about the Global Geopark Network by clicking here

Find out more:

UNESCO's current list of Global Geoparks

Global Geoparks Network

Our common objectives are:

 the protection of geological heritage 8  a long term regional development by the promotion of tourism

and Page  a modern environmental pedagogical program

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 To preserve Conservation.  Increase Economic Development / Growth  Education

4. What is Geopark Tourism?

Geopark tourism means the tourism emphasizing the features of geopark of a tourist site. Besides geoheritage, natural scene, tourism economy and geoscience popularization, the features of geopark contain the human, historical and cultural factors of local community.

As for common tourists, the geopark tourism is focused on the following aspects: first, utilizing the geoheritage of a geopark with special scientific value during sight-seeing to acquire the scientific knowledge of formation and evolvement of the earth and to boost the consciousness and ability of tourists to protect the geoheritage consciously; second, taking advantage of some landscapes of a geopark such as grotesque peaks, fantastic caves, high mountains, deep valleys, waving waterfall, flowing springs, glaciers, volcanoes, deserts and lakes as well as changeful and colorful modeling mountains and stones to enjoy the demiurgic beauty of the nature; third, sufficiently experiencing the unique human and historical landscapes and regional culture of the region of a geopark in the process of tourism. In a word, a tourist can feel the integration of science, aesthetics, history and culture indeed during geopark tourism and thereby gain multiple funs during sight-seeing.

As for governmental agencies of tourist sites, the geopark tourism is centered on the combination of scientific, economic and cultural factors relative to the tourism and the overall influence of tourism on local community.

OBSERVATION DECK RESTAURANT TO THE LAKE VOLCANO 9 Page

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5. Geo Activity

The area of the Ancient Volcano of Mount Batur offers a variety of different educational subjects on geology and environmental educational activities.

 Walking

There is no better way of getting to know an area than through the soles of your feet. Here is a resort that boasts dramatic coastal climbs rich in flora and fauna (including various rare and endangered species) and stunning architecture of days gone by. Perched on a series of many hills, there are plenty of opportunities for catching a good view from whichever direction you look! There are a host of hidden treats waiting to be discovered by the inquisitive and those wanting to escape the hustle and bustle of the 21st century. Walk the entire 18 miles of the Lake Batur border path and discover a unique landscape. The route extends from Panelokan to Trunyan or Panulisan Point, following the arc of Lake Batur. With an interesting mixture of cliff top and lakeside walking, this stretch forms part of the Panelokan Path. Walking on the Batur Geopark is as much about our cultural heritage as our natural environment. Pick up a leaflet from our Tourist Information Centers. 10 Page

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 Cycling

The Batur Kintamani area offers some great cycle trails where quiet, narrow lanes weave through lush green valleys, providing opportunities to discover many highlights not seen from the road. The Batur Geopark Kintamani Bali provides a good base to work from with "cycle friendly" routes out from the resort in addition to many off-road tracks through Batur, Panelokan, Kintamani, Panulisan Village and local woodland. Off-road and mountain bike tracks are also close by with Payangan, Ubud Forest and North Bali within easy reach by car. Route and further links planned, now is the ideal time to explore on two wheels all that our area has to offer! Cycle hire is available from several local bike shops and rental, which will be happy to assist with all of your requirements. Pop into one of our Tourist Information Centers and pick up a list of the hire shops in the area

CYCLING IN KINTAMANI VILLAGE 11 Page

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 Diving

As well as activities on the water's surface, there is also plenty of fun to be found. Lake Batur will try to explore under water activity will involve with the diving communities due to its natural, sheltered conditions and an abundance of alga beneath the water. You may not be diving in crystal clear Bunaken waters but there are still incredible diving opportunities on offer. The Lake Batur is fortunate to have several centers devoted to diving tuition, trips and equipment hire that can accommodate divers at all levels of experience. Some offer P.A.D.I courses and certification.

DIVING from the ROCKY & SCUBA LAKE DIVING 12 Page

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 Lake Kayaking

The next step up from regular canoeing, lake kayaking is a great way to explore the Lake Batur 12 miles of Lake Border line. Lake kayaking gets you up close and personal with all manner of lake and birdlife as well as helping you to fully appreciate our many weird and wonderful rock formations from the best focal point - the lake! Our sheltered Bay has an amazing diversity of environments and offers the perfect conditions for a leisurely kayak in our natural playground.

KAYAKING / CANOING IN LAKE BATUR 13 Page

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 Kite Surfing

Kite surfing is a new and exhilarating sport and out of season the Batur Lake is an ideal location with a consistent Mountain Valley winds and plenty of room to fly! Beginners in particular will find the Bay a good place to learn "hang time" with sheltered winds offering you the chance to perfect the art. Once mastered it is extremely exhilarating with lots of fast runs and lots of airtime, (if you wish), a real adrenaline sport, with a fast learning curve. You should never attempt to kite surf until you have completely mastered the control of the kite on land. Kite surfing should not be attempted without a rescue craft at hand. 14 Page

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 Sailing

A sheltered bay provides the perfect arena for any number of water sports, with sailing being no exception. If the idea of an environmentally friendly lake faring adventure floats your boat. Sailing dinghies can be hired from several places, with expert tuition for beginners. There are also facilities including harbourside restaurants and marine stores selling chandlery and specialist clothing and equipment. 15 Page

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 Jet skiing and Water skiing

Ploughing through the waves at top speeds is an exhilarating way to spend a couple of hours. Specially, designated areas of Lake Batur are given entirely over to water skiers and jet skiers giving beginners and experienced skiers plenty of room to gain speed. Wakeboarding is the illegitimate spawn of snowboarding and waterskiing, because you ride a board and get towed by a powerboat! The Bay boasts some of the calmest and warmest waters in the Bali Isles, making it the perfect venue for beginners in particular.

6. Partners and Members

The Batur Geopark in Bali also called Indonesia Geopark is run by the Communities of Batur People supported by “Ikatan Sarjana Batur” (Batur Academician Bond), empowering by Microsoft - TechnomanN Management Team. Manage the Batur Geopark in field as follows:

 Geo Tourism  Geo Education 16  Geosite Conservation

 Geopark Coordination Page  Geo Socio - Economic

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 Geo Partners and Members.

BAB / Batur Academician Bond is supported by a network of members who share a vision for raising the profile of the Batur Geopark, the Regency of Bangli – Bali - Indonesia, using its geological heritage, temples, sacred sanctuary, Toyabungkah Hot Spring Water, the Forrest, Trunyan Village and the Batur Lake as the geopark icon.

Geopark Partners (plan) to have all signed up the Batur Geopark Agreement and have contributed cash and/or services in kind to the work of ISB / BAB & Batur Peoples Communities (Desa Pakraman), where will be manage by TechnomanN empowering by Microsoft.

Geopark Commercial Members have also signed up to the Agreement and pay an annual membership to be associated to the work of the Batur Geopark or “Indonesia Geopark” cause the first.

7. Education

The Indonesia Batur Geopark Bali is an excellent educational resource that allows children of all ages the opportunity to experience their environment through outdoor field work.

We welcome visits from Primary and Secondary Schools, Colleges and Community groups. Visits can be tailor made to suit the needs of your group. 17 Page

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A new and exciting education programmed has been developed covering a broad range of curriculum subjects including Science, Geography, History and Citizenship.

Geopark Assemblies for Primary Schools are currently being offered free of charge to Primary Schools within the Batur area. Assemblies are suitable for all ages and can be tailored to include links to individual class topics. Indonesia Batur Geopark Bali Talks are also available. These can be tailored to individual group needs and cover a range of topics.

If you would like more information about the new education programmed, the Geopark Education and Community Officer will be happy to discuss opportunities and potential activities for your visit…….This is one of our entire education programmed………………………..Please contact: ISB &TechnomanN Team

Educational Register of Geological Sites – Is a Guide to Geological Fieldwork in Lake Batur. This Register has been compiled by BAB and Bangli Regency in partnership with Indonesia Geological Bond (Ikatan Akhli Geologi Indonesia / IAGI) and Museum Geology, and with funding support from The Geologists’ Association. 18 Page

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8. Geopark Management

The Indonesia Batur Geopark Bali encompasses the entire area of Batur, Kintamani – Bangli, and includes 100.00 km sq land and 45.00km sq lake. The terrestrial area is mainly urban or sub-urban in character but approximately 80% of the land remains undeveloped, as either farmland, woodland or other open space. The coastline is 19

dramatic, thanks to the area's geology, and has played a significant Page part in the development of the territory.

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9. FACILITIES PLUS IN LAKE BATUR GEOPARK.

A. GOLF CLUB

Golf is a precision club-and-ball sport, in which competing players (golfers), using many types of clubs, attempt to hit balls into each hole on a golf course while employing the fewest number of strokes. Golf is one of the few ball games that does not require a standardized playing area. Instead, the game is played on golf "courses", each of which features a unique design, although courses typically consist of either nine or 18 holes. Golf is defined, in the rules of golf, as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules." Golf competition is generally played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known simply as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes during a complete round by an individual or team, known as match play. 20 Page

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B. HORSE BACK SPORT ACTIVITY B1. POLO CLUB

The origins of Polo are lost in the mists of antiquity. History records that the ancient Persians knew the sport as “Chaughan” and played it as far back as 2500 years ago. The Chinese also lay claim to a polo tradition dating back several thousand years. Be that as it may, in all probability these ancient civilizations picked up the sport from the Central Asian nomads whose home was the saddle and whose writ ran from the Great Wall of China in the east to the Caspian Sea in the west.

Certainly, the game of polo reflects all the qualities that made the Mongol hordes the greatest nation of horsemen in the ancient world – great equestrian skills coupled with a clear eye and stout heart remain the prerequisites of a polo player till today.

Radiating outwards from the steppes of Central Asia, the game eventually spread as far as Japan, China, Tibet and India. Over the ages, the aristocratic game developed to promote equestrian and military skills. It was ranked next to battle itself, as the ultimate test of the prowess of princes and warriors.

We need to build the Integrated Polo Club with International standard, to facilitate the Federation of International Polo. 21 Page

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POLO CLUB INTERNATIONAL

The members of Federation international Polo 22 Page

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The Game

B2.HORSE TRACKING

Description

This is a holiday camp mainly for older, active school age children who love the outdoors and would like to experience country life on a farm or are interested in horses.

Children can attend on their own, or with their family. They can stay for just the day(s) or they can sleepover.

We encourage you to make this a family occasion to do something together that is inexpensive and fresh environment.

The daily activities will vary not according to the weather (cause not influence), farm activities and scheduled horse treks, and the interests of those attending each day. We will try to accommodate everyone’s interests. 23 Places are unlimited but we still take advance bookings for the next school holidays if you don’t want to miss out this time. Page

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Other Activities

The types of activities include

 Horse riding and grooming  Canoeing  Calf feeding  Milking cows  Rope swings  Campfire cook up

Bring your bike! Bring a bike of any kind; there are plenty of places to ride, both on the flat farm tracks and for the adventurous with mountain bikes there are endless hills and bush.

You can also bring a sleeping bag or heavy blanket and lay on the wooden deck looking at the beautiful night stars.

A communal lounge with TV Cable and a DVD player is available for evenings after dinner. There are also board games, a large sheltered deck and other indoor activities for very wet days.

Bookings

Bookings are essential and late bookings are OK - if we have space we will fit you in even at short notice!

Children can be booked in for as many days and/or nights as they want to come during the school holiday period, or even for just one day as a taster!

Children aged 10 and under must be accompanied by an adult guardian.

We welcome mums, aunties, grandmas, dads, uncles and granddads too! To plan our overnight accommodation we will need to know the gender of everyone booking in overnight. Bunkrooms will be organized as either same gender, or same family groups. 24 Page

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We have room on the lawn for those who prefer to bring a small tent and sleep outside.

Bookings will be confirmed only on receipt of payment, cards accepted.

Meals

Breakfast – choices of Cereals, Toast, Boiled Eggs, Mix Fruits

Lunch – Balinese Food, Breads, spreads and filling to create Sandwiches, instant Noodles, apples, grapefruit, oranges

Dinner – Meat (mince or sausages) (vegetarian options - fish fingers, eggs or baked beans), Potatoes or Rice and Vegetables, Nasi Campur, Fried rice.

Drinks – Water, Tea, Coffee, Milo, and Fruit for Juice are available for you to help yourself

Snacks and other drinks – you are welcome to bring your own

Arrivals and departures

We are flexible about pick up and drop off times for working parents, however it would be best to arrive no later than 9.30am and the latest pickup by 9.00pm.

For overnight stays we prefer an evening drop off and a pick up the following evening about the same time. 25 Page

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What to bring

The following is a guideline – please check the weather forecast for guidance

 Gumboots and/or old trainers  Raincoat / leggings  Warm jersey and beanie  Peaked cap and sunscreen  Layered, old outdoor clothes – jeans, tracksuit pants, shorts, t-shirt, skivvy, jersey, socks  At least one full change of clothes  Personal medication  Plastic bag for wet or muddy clothes  Personal water bottle or container  Optional – bike of any kind  A sense of humor and adventure

Overnighters

 Small torch  Snacks  Toiletries  Warm pajamas, dressing gown, slippers or sandals

What to leave at home

Good clothes and shoes that need to stay clean and dry! We recommend that you leave all valuables, including electronic devices at home.

We prefer people not to lose expensive sunglasses, cell phone, camera, mp3 player, and iPod or car keys somewhere on our 15 Hectare farm!

Supervisor

The meals and overnight supervisor is…... who is an active and vibrant young woman with experience as a ……………... ……….is assisted by a schoolgirl -……. who has been helping out in the holidays and 26 weekends for over a year. Page

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Housekeeping

The accommodation is a self contained farmhouse which contains four rooms with bunks, a communal lounge, and well equipped kitchen, bathroom and laundry facilities.

To create a family camping atmosphere, children and adults will be expected to participate in meal preparation and clean-up, make their own bed, and to clean up after themselves just as they would at home.

The ingredients for meals will be provided but guests are welcome to bring any special food or snacks of their own.

A phone and Internet (Hot Spot) is freely available for local calls – any time.

Health & Safety

Unaccompanied children will need to be able to attend to their own hygiene and routine medical needs and have care for their safety and the safety of others.

Schools

Horse trekking and canoeing are an outdoor education experience suitable for all intermediate and secondary children as there is no particular level of fitness or ability required. It is especially appreciated by “town” children who often have no opportunity to experience close contact with horses.

Treks are an opportunity to travel across working farmland

where it is usual to see a range of animals and birds on every trek. 27 The alert child may see goats, hares, rabbits, peacocks, ducks, turkeys, and of course cows and buffalos. Children are treated to a Page view coloring of the Flower, Fruit and Vegetable from high hill country

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 – COMMITTEE - PROPOSED FOR INDONESIA GEOPARK 27 LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10 and pass through areas of bush including a range of native trees, Hot Spring Water of Toyabungkah and the ancient village of Trunyan.

Volunteers

If you are horse mad and just want to help out regularly in exchange for a bit of riding please E-mail relevant details. We are looking for people who meet the requirements below so include this info in your E-mail.

Requirements: Age: Must be over 16 Contactable: Landline and cell phone Drivers License and own transport necessary Current First Aid Certificate Confident rider - trot, canter, open and close gates, mount and dismount in a paddock, manage own horse and lead another, able to give basic riding instructions People person - friendly, helpful, outgoing and safety conscious Physically fit - able to saddle up to 10 horses with stock saddles, help people mount, dismount, adjust stirrups, tighten girths etc

Horse Tamers

From time to time we break in some new horses and ride them out until they are ready for trekking.

If you are a superbly confident rider interested in volunteering to ride green horses please E-mail your details and availability.

Requirements: Age: Must be over 18 28 Contactable: Landline or cell phone

Drivers License and own transport necessary Page Current First Aid Certificate

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Available at the times that we are working the horses (this varies) Previous experience training green horses is useful and you will be aware that breaking in horses has inherent dangers

HORSE TRAIL TRACKING

B3.Equestrian

A young rider at a horse show in Australia

Equestrianism (From Latin equester, equestr-, horseman, horse) refers to the skill of riding or driving horses. This broad description includes both use of horses for practical, working purposes as well as recreational activities and competitive sports.

Overview of equestrian activities

Young rider, horse riding is an essential means of transportation in parts of the world

where the landscape does not permit other 29 transportation means Page

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Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch. They are also used in competitive sports including, but not limited to, dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving, and rodeo. (See additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples.)

Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows, where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. Horses (and other equips such as mules and donkeys) are used for non- competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding or hacking. There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, ranches, and public stables offer both guided and independent riding. Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes, both in specialized par equestrian competition as well as non- competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development.

Horses are also driven in harness racing, at horse shows and in other types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony, often pulling carriages. In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as farming.

Horses continue to be used in public service: in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), police and volunteer mounted patrols, and for mounted search and rescue.

History of horse use Main articles: Domestication of the horse and Horses in warfare See also: Horses in the Middle Ages

Though there is controversy over the exact date horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 4,500 BC. Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven. There is some evidence that about 6,000 years ago, near the Dneiper River and the Don River, people were using bits on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit. However, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. Chariot burials about 2,500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses used as working animals. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by 30

the use of war horses as light and heavy cavalry. The horse played an Page important role throughout human history all over the world, both in

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 – COMMITTEE - PROPOSED FOR INDONESIA GEOPARK 30 LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10 warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the Ice Age. Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493.

B4. Driving (Horse)

Driving, when applied to horses, ponies, mules, or donkeys, is a broad term for hitching equines to awagon, carriage, cart, sleigh, or other horse-drawn vehicle by means of a harness and working them in this way. It encompasses a wide range of activities from pleasure driving, to harness racing, to farm work, horse, and even International combined driving competition sanctioned by the FEI. The term in harness often is used to describe a horse being driven.

Styles

For horse training purposes, "driving" may also include the practice of long-lining (long reining), wherein a horse is driven without a cart by a handler walking behind or behind and to the side of the animal. This technique is used in the early stages of training horses for riding as well as for driving. Horses, mules and donkeys are driven in harness in many different ways. For working purposes, they can pull a plow or 31 other farm equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull carts, wagons, horse-drawn boats or logs for Page

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 – COMMITTEE - PROPOSED FOR INDONESIA GEOPARK 31 LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10 basic hauling and transportation. They may draw carriages at ceremonies, such as when the British monarch is Trooping the Colour, as well as in parades or for tourist rides. Horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight one-person cart known as a sulky. At the other end of the spectrum, some draft horses compete in horse pulling competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance. In horse show competition, the following general categories of competition are seen: Combined driving, an internationally- recognized FEI competition where horses compete in one, two, and four-horse teams, pulling appropriately designed light carriages or carts. They are expected to perform an arena-based "dressage" class where precision and control are emphasized, a cross-country "marathon" section that emphasizes fitness and endurance, and a "stadium" or "cones" obstacle course.

. Draft horse showing: Most draft horse performance competition is done in harness. Draft horses compete in both single and multiple hitches, judged on manners and performance. . Carriage driving, using somewhat larger two or four wheeled carriages, often restored antiques, pulled by a single horse, a tandem or four-in-hand team. Pleasure competitions are judged on the turnout/neatness or suitability of horse and carriage. . Pleasure driving, sometimes called Carriage driving in some nations: Horses and ponies are usually hitched to a light, two- wheeled cart (four-wheeled fine harness carts are also seen, particularly at the highest levels of competition), and shown at a walk and two speeds of trot, with an emphasis on manners. Nearly any breed of horse can be trained for pleasure driving. 32 . Fine harness: Also called formal driving. Horses are hitched to a light four-wheeled cart and shown in a manner that emphasizes Page

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flashy action and dramatic performance. Refined pony breeds and certain light saddle horse breeds noted for their action are most often seen in fine harness. Most fine harness competition requires horses to perform a bit of a walk, and two types of a high-action "park" trot, a slow trot with more controlled but elegant action, and a faster, flashier trot where the horse exhibits the most animation possible, often announced by the command "show your horses" (or "show your ponies" in the case of pony shows). . Roadster: A horse show competition, usually for ponies, (a few light horse breeds also offer roadster classes), where exhibitors wear racing silks and ride in a sulky in a style akin to harness racing, only without actually racing, but rather focusing on manners and performance. Roadsters are shown at two types of trot, known as road gait and at speed. 33 Page

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C. Yoga Villages / Healing Park.

Summary

اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ: أُم Hindu: Aum Omh / Aum, a symbol of Hindu faith, is one of the most sacred symbols in Hinduism. The symbol comes from Devnagiri, a script based on Sanskrit, from which many Indian and other languages have emerged. Om is the universal name of the Lord. It is made up of the letters A (phonetically as in "around"), U (phonetically as in "put") and M (phonetically as in "mum"). The sound emerging from the vocal cords starts from the base of the throat as "A." With the coming together of the lips, "U" is formed and when the lips are closed, all sounds end in "M."

The three letters symbolize the three states (waking, dreaming, and deep sleep), the three deities (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva), the three Vedas (Rig, Yajur, and Sama), and the three worlds (Bhur, Bhuvah, Suvah). Om is also called "pranava", which means, "that [symbol or sound] by which the Lord is praised." 34 Page

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Yoga (Sanskrit, Pāli: yóga) refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India. The word is associated with meditative practices in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.In Hinduism, it also refers to one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy, and to the goal toward which that school directs its practices.In Jainism it refers to the sum total of all activities—mental, verbal and physical.

Major branches of yoga in Hindu philosophy include Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Hatha Yoga.Raja Yoga, compiled in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and known simply as yoga in the context of Hindu philosophy, is part of the Samkhya tradition. Many other Hindu texts discuss aspects of yoga, including Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Shiva Samhita and various Tantras.

The Sanskrit word yoga has many meanings, and is derived from the Sanskrit root "yuj," meaning "to control," "to yoke" or "to unite.” Translations include "joining," "uniting," "union," "conjunction," and "means." An alternate root from which the word yoga may be derived is "yujir samadhau", which means "contemplation" or "absorption." This translation fits better with the dualistic Raja Yoga because it through contemplation that discrimination between prakrti (nature) and purusha (pure consciousness) occurs. Outside India, the term yoga is typically associated with Hatha Yoga and its asanas (postures) or as a form of exercise. Someone who practices yoga or follows the yoga philosophy is called a yogi or yogini.

History of yoga 35 The Vedic Samhitas contain references to ascetics, while ascetic practices (tapas) are referenced in the Brāhmaṇas (900 to 500 BCE), Page

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 – COMMITTEE - PROPOSED FOR INDONESIA GEOPARK 35 LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10 early commentaries on the Vedas. Several seals discovered at Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1700 B.C.E.) sites in Pakistan depict figures in positions resembling a common yoga or meditation pose, showing "a form of ritual discipline, suggesting a precursor of yoga", according to archaeologist Gregory Possehl. Some type of connection between the Indus Valley seals and later yoga and meditation practices is speculated upon by many scholars, though there is no conclusive evidence.

Techniques for experiencing higher states of consciousness in meditation were developed by the shramanic traditions and in the Upanishadic tradition.

While there is no clear evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well.[23] Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rg Vedic period.

The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states which had existed before the Buddha as well as those which were first developed within Buddhism. In Hindu literature, the term "yoga" first occurs in the Katha Upanishad, where it refers to control of the senses and the cessation of mental activity leading to a supreme state. Important textual sources for the evolving concept of Yoga are the middle Upanishads, (ca. 400 BCE), the Mahabharata including the Bhagavad Gita (ca. 200 BCE), and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (150 BCE). 36 Page

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D. FLOWER GARDEN

COMMUNITIES (DESA PAKRAMAN) PROGRAMMED IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

FLOWER GARDEN

FOR SOCIO ECONOMIC

GROWTH

AND DEVELOPMENT 37 Page

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THE BEST VIEW TO THE VALLEY AS FLOWER GARDEN WITH MOST COLOURS FROM THE MAIN ROAD OF KINTAMANI

A flower garden is a general term for any garden where flowers are grown for decorative purposes. Because flowers bloom at varying times of the year, and some plants are annual, dying each winter, the design of flower gardens can take into consideration to maintain a sequence of bloom and even of consistent color combinations, through varying seasons.

Flower color is an important feature of both the herbaceous border and the mixed border that includes shrubs as well as herbaceous plants, and of bedding-out schemes limited to colorful annuals. Flower gardens are sometimes tied in function to other kinds of gardens, like knot gardens or herb gardens, many herbs also having decorative function, and some decorative flowers being edible.

One simpler alternative to the designed flower garden is the "wildflower" seed mix, with assortments of seeds which will create a bed that contains flowers of various blooming seasons, so that some portion of them should always be in bloom. The best mixtures even include combinations of perennial and biennials, which may not bloom until the following year, and also annuals that are "self-seeding", so they will return, creating a permanent flowerbed.

Another, even more recent trend is the "flower garden in a box", where the entire design of a flower garden is pre-packaged, with separate packets 38

of each kind of flower, and a careful layout to be followed to create the Page proposed pattern of color in the garden-to-be.

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History

Many, if not most, plants considered decorative flowers originated as weeds, which if attractive enough would sometimes be tolerated by farmers because of their appeal. This led to an artificial selection process, producing ever-prettier (to humans) flowers. This is thought to have occurred for the entire history of agriculture, perhaps even slightly earlier, when people tended to favor naturally occurring food-gathering spots. This may also explain why many flowers function as companion plants to more useful agricultural plants; they had evolved that symbiotic relationship with the food plants before either was domesticated, and therefore was found in the same area, convenient to be selected as an attractive plant.

Once domesticated, though, most flowers were grown either separately or as part of gardens having some other primary function. In the West, the idea of gardens dedicated to flowers did not become common until the 19th century, though in fact many modern gardens are indeed flower gardens.

Flower gardens can enhance almost any home or business. Photo by Christa Hanson, provided courtesy of Park Seed Company

Flower gardens are, indeed, a key factor in modern landscape design and even architecture, especially for large businesses, some of which pay to have large flower gardens torn out and replaced entirely each season, in order to keep the color patterns consistent.

Cutting garden

A functional garden used to grow flowers for indoor use rather than outdoor display is known as a cutting garden. It is usually only a feature of large residences.

The cutting garden is typically placed in a fertile and sunlight position out of public view and is not artistically arranged, as it contains flowers for cutting. The cutting garden may comprise a herb garden and ornamental vegetables as well. 39 Page

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E. Fruit Plantation .

The Medici citrus collection by Bartholome w Bimbi, 1715

Fruit basket painted by Balthazar van der Ast

The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context, and the term is not synonymous in food preparation and biology. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds, and the presence of seeds indicates that a structure is most likely a fruit, though not all seeds come from fruits.

No single terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. The term "false fruit" (pseudo carp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. The term "fruit" has also been inaccurately applied to the seed-containing female cones of many conifers.

Fruit and vegetable output in 2004 40 Page

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Botanic fruit and culinary fruit An Euler diagram showing the overlaps between "fruits" and "vegetables" in the informal (culinary) sense, and "fruits" in the botanical sense

Many true fruits, in a botanical sense, are treated as vegetables in cooking and food preparation because they are not sweet. These culinary vegetables include cucurbits (e.g., squash, pumpkin, and cucumber), tomatoes, peas, beans, corn, eggplant, and sweet pepper; some spices, such as allspice and chilies, are botanical fruits. Occasionally, a culinary "fruit" is not a true fruit in the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb is often referred to as a fruit, because it is used to make sweet desserts such as pies, though only the petiole of the rhubarb plant is edible. In the culinary sense, a fruit is usually any sweet tasting plant product associated with seed(s), a vegetable is any savoury or less sweet plant product, and a nut is any hard, oily, and shelled plant product.

Technically, a cereal grain is a fruit termed a caryopsis. However, the fruit wall is very thin and fused to the seed coat so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed. Therefore, cereal grains, such as corn, wheat and rice are better considered edible seeds, although some references list them as fruits. Edible gymnosperm seeds are often misleadingly given fruit names, e.g., pine nuts, ginkgo nuts, and juniper berries.

Simple fruit Epigenous berries are simple fleshy fruit. From top right: cranberries, lingo berries, blueberries red huckleberries

Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy, and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not

opening to discharge seeds). 41 Page

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Types of dry, simple fruits, with examples of each, are:

 achene – (dandelion seeds, strawberry seeds)  capsule – (Brazil nut)  caryopsis – (wheat)  fibrous drupe – (coconut, walnut)  follicle – is formed from a single pistil, and opens by one suture. One or more may form from the same flower. (milkweed, magnolia)  legume – (pea, bean, peanut)  loment  nut – (hazelnut, beech, oak acorn)  samara – (elm, ash, maple key)  schizocarp – (carrot seed)  silique – (radish seed)  silicle – (shepherd's purse)  utricle – (beet)

Lilium unripe capsule fruit

Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits.

Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:

 berry – (redcurrant, gooseberry, tomato, avocado)  stone fruit or drupe (plum, cherry, peach, apricot, olive)  false berry – Epigenous accessory fruits (banana, cranberry, strawberry (edible part).)

Dewberry flowers. Note the multiple pistils, each of which will produce a drupelets. Each flower will become a blackberry-like aggregate fruit. A syncarpous fruit, or etaerio, develops from a single flower with numerous simple pistils.

 Magnolia and Peony, collection of follicles developing from one flower. 42  Tulip tree, collection of samaras.

 Sweet gum, collection of capsules. Page

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 Sycamore and teasel, collection of achenes.

The pome fruits of the family Rosaceae, including of (apples, pears, rosehips, and Saskatoon berry) are a syncarpous fleshy fruit developing from an inferior ovary.

Schizocarp fruits form from a syncarpous ovary and do not really dehisc, but split into segments with one or more seeds, they include a number of different forms from a wide range of families including:

 cremocarp – which is a dry syncarpous fruit with two one-seeded carpels that separate into mericarps when ripe; they are the most common fruit type of the carrot family Apiaceae and a few genra in Araliaceae.  Carcerulus – form from a superior, bicarpellary ovary, they split into four, one-seeded segments which are called nutlets.  Double samara – are fruits with a two or four chambered ovary and a winged pericarp. The fruit splits into one-seeded segments with wings, common to the maple family Acer.  Regma

Aggregate fruit

Detail of raspberry flower

Aggregate fruits form from single flowers that have multiple carpels which are not joined together. Each carpel forms a fruit let, and collectively the fruit lets are called an etaerio. Four types of aggregate fruits include etaerios of achenes, follicles, drupes, and berries. Ranunculaceae species, including Clematis and Ranunculus have an etaerio of achenes, Calotropis has an etaerio of follicles, and Rubus species like raspberry, have an etaerio of drupes. Annona have Etaerio of berries.

The raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.[18] The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes. In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with 43 numerous pistils. Page

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Multiple fruits

A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, Osage-orange, and breadfruit.

In some plants, such as this noni, flowers are produced regularly along the stem and it is possible to see together examples of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening.

In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.

Fruit chart

To summarize common types of fruit (examples follow in the table below):

 Berry – simple fruit and seeds created from a single ovary o Pepo – Berries where the skin is hardened, like cucurbits o Hesperidium – Berries with a rind, like most citrus fruit  Epigynous berries(false berries) – Epigynous fruit made from a part of the plant other than a single ovary  Compound fruit, which includes: o Aggregate fruit – multiple fruits with seeds from different ovaries of a single flower o Multiple fruit – fruits of separate flowers, packed closely together 44  Other accessory fruit – where the edible part is not generated by the

ovary Page

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Types of fruit Aggreg Other Hesperidi False berry Multiple True berry Pepo ate accessory um (Epigynous) fruit fruit fruit Blackcurra Apple, nt, Apricot, Redcurrant, Black Peach, Gooseberry, Pu berry, Cherry, Tomato, mpkin, Orange Raspberr Banana, Pineap Green Eggplant, Gourd, , Lemon, y, Cranberry, ple, Fig, bean, Guava, Cucum Lime, Boysenb Blueberry Mulberry Sunflower Lucuma, Chili ber, Grapefruit erry, seed, pepper, Melon Hedge Strawberry Pomegranate apple , plum, , Kiwifruit, pear Grape,

Seedless fruits An arrangement of fruits commonly thought of as vegetables, including tomatoes and various squash

Seedless ness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges), satsumas, mandarin oranges, table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedless ness. In some species, seedless ness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination but most seedless citrus fruits require stimulus from pollination to produce fruit.

Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids, and seedless ness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization.

Seed dissemination

Variations in fruit structures largely depend on the mode of dispersal of 45 the seeds they contain. This dispersal can be achieved by animals, wind, Page water, or explosive dehiscence.

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Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs, feathers or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant.

The sweet flesh of many fruits is "deliberately" appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and "unwittingly" carried away and deposited at a distance from the parent. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents (such as squirrels) who hoard them in the soil in order to avoid starving during the winter, thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent.

Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades, e.g. maple, tulip tree and elm. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny parachutes, e.g. dandelion and salsify.

Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds. Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine.

Some fruits fling seeds substantial distances (up to 100 m in sandbox tree) via explosive dehiscence or other mechanisms, e.g. impatiens and squirting cucumber.

Uses Fruit bowl containing pomegranate, pears, apples, bananas, an orange and a guava (Right) Nectarines are one of many fruits that can be easily stewed (Left)

Many hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple, peach, pear, kiwifruit, watermelon and mango are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. Fruits are also in manufactured foods like cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. Many fruits are used to make beverages, such as fruit juices (orange juice, apple juice, grape juice, etc) or alcoholic beverages, such as 46

wine or brandy. Apples are often used to make vinegar. Fruits are also used Page

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 – COMMITTEE - PROPOSED FOR INDONESIA GEOPARK 46 LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10 for gift giving; Fruit Basket and Fruit Bouquet are some common forms of fruit gifts.

Many vegetables are botanical fruits, including tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, okra, squash, pumpkin, green bean, cucumber and zucchini. Olive fruit is pressed for olive oil. Spices like vanilla, paprika, allspice and black pepper are derived from berries.

Nutritional value

Fruits are generally high in fiber, water and vitamin C. Fruits also contain various phytochemicals that do not yet have an RDA/RDI listing under most nutritional factsheets, and which research indicates are required for proper long-term cellular health and disease prevention. Regular consumption of fruit is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging.

Nonfood uses

Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have developed many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible. Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed. Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.[31]

Fruits of opium poppy are the source of opium which contains the drugs morphine and codeine, as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabaine from which the drug oxycodone is synthysized. Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches. Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles. Many fruits provide natural dyes, e.g. walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry. Dried gourds are used as decorations, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes. Pumpkins are carved into Jack-o'- lanterns for Halloween. The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the inspiration for the invention of Velcro.

Coir is a fibre from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, insulation and as a growing medium for container plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make souvenir heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.

Fruit is often used as a subject of still life paintings. 47 Page

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Safety

For food safety, the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) - USA - recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness. Fresh fruits and vegetables should carefully be selected. At the store, they should not be damaged or bruised and pre-cut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice. All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage. Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as utensils that have come in contact with raw foods. Fruits and vegetables, if they are not going to be cooked, should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood or eggs. All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.

Storage

Maintaining fruits in an efficient cold chain is optimal for post harvest storage. The aim is to extend and ensure shelf life. All fruits benefit from proper post harvest care. 48 Page

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F. Vegetable Plantation Garden

Farmers' market showing vegetables for sale in Lhasa, Tibet, China

Fruit and vegetable output in 2004

A vegetable is an edible plant or part of a plant. However, the word is not scientific, and its meaning is largely based on culinary and cultural tradition. Therefore the application of the word is somewhat arbitrary and

subjective. For example, some people consider mushrooms to be vegetables, 49 while others consider them a separate food category. Some vegetables can be consumed raw, and some may (or must) be cooked in various ways. Page

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Fruit or Vegetable?

An Euler diagram showing the overlaps between "fruits" and "vegetables" in the informal (culinary) sense, and "fruits" in the botanical sense.

In everyday (non-technical) language, the words "fruit" and "vegetable" are mutually exclusive: plant products that are called fruits are hardly ever classified as vegetables, and vice versa. However, for scientists the word "fruit" also has a precise botanical meaning, which is considerably different from its common meaning. While peaches, plums, and oranges are "fruits" in both senses, many items commonly called "vegetables" — such as eggplants, bell peppers, and tomatoes — are technically fruits, as are also most cereals, as well as some spices like pepper and chilies.

The question of whether the tomato is a fruit or a vegetable found its way into the United States Supreme Court in 1893. The court ruled unanimously in Nix v. Hedden that a tomato is correctly identified as, and thus taxed as, a vegetable, for the purposes of the 1883 Tariff Act on imported produce. The court did acknowledge, however, that, botanically speaking, a tomato is a fruit.[5]

Languages other than English often have categories that can be identified with the common English meanings of "fruit" and "vegetable", but their precise meaning often depends on local culinary traditions. 50 Page

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Some vegetables defined as different parts of plants

The list of food items called "vegetable" is quite long, and includes many different parts of plants:

A Celery leaf.

 Flower bud: broccoli, cauliflower, globe artichokes  Seeds: Sweet corn (maize), peas, beans  Leaves: kale, collard greens, spinach, beet greens, turnip greens, endive, lettuce

A tomato.

 Leaf sheaths: leeks  Buds: Brussels sprouts , capers  Stems of leaves: celery, rhubarb (sometimes loosely called a "fruit", because sweet pies are made from it)  Stem of a plant when it is still a young shoot: asparagus, bamboo shoots, and ginger  Underground stem of a plant, also known as a tuber: potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potatoes, and yams 51

 Whole immature plants (sprouts): soybean (moyashi), mung beans, Page urad, and alfalfa.

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 Roots: carrots, parsnips, beets, radishes, turnips, and burdocks.  Bulbs: onions, shallots  Fruits in the botanical sense, but used as vegetables: tomatoes, cucumbers, squash, pumpkins, capsicums (bell peppers and hot peppers), eggplant, tomatillos, christophene, okra, breadfruit and avocado, and also the following: o Legumes: green beans, snap peas, soybean

Etymology

Vegetables in market.

"Vegetable" comes from the Latin vegetabilis (animated) and from vegetare (enliven), which is derived from vegetus (active), in reference to the process of a plant growing. This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo- European base *weg- or *wog-, which is also the source of the English wake, meaning "become (or stay) alert".

The word "vegetable" was first recorded in English in the 15th century,[6] but applied to any plant. The word is still used in science with that meaning (e.g., vegetable matter, vegetable kingdom). The meaning of "vegetable" as "plant grown for food" was not established until the 18th century.

Nutrition 52

South Asian style stir fry ipomoea aquatica in chili and sambal Page

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Indian Vegetable Salad containing Lemon, Tomato, Radish, Beetroot, Cucumber and Green Chilies

Vegetables (and some fruit) for sale on a street in Guntur, India

Vegetables are eaten in a variety of ways, as part of main meals and as snacks. The nutritional content of vegetables varies considerably, though generally they contain little protein or fat,[9][10] and varying proportions of vitamins, provitamins, dietary minerals, fiber and carbohydrates. Vegetables contain a great variety of other phytochemicals, some of which have been claimed to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticarcinogenic properties.

However, vegetables often also contain toxins and antinutrients such as α-solanine, α-chaconine, enzyme inhibitors (of cholinesterase, protease, amylase, etc.), cyanide and cyanide precursors, oxalic acid, and more. Depending on the concentration, such compounds may reduce the edibility, nutritional value, and health benefits of dietary vegetables. Cooking and/or other processing may be necessary to eliminate or reduce them.

Color pigments

The green color of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green 53 pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is affected by pH and changes to olive green

in acid conditions, and bright green in alkaline conditions. Some of the acids Page are released in steam during cooking, particularly if cooked without a cover.

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The yellow/orange colors of fruits and vegetables are due to the presence of carotenoids, which are also affected by normal cooking processes or changes in pH.

The red/blue coloring of some fruits and vegetables (e.g. blackberries and red cabbage) are due to anthocyanins, which are sensitive to changes in pH. When pH is neutral, the pigments are purple, when acidic, red, and when alkaline, blue. These pigments are very water soluble.

Safety

Pulse seeds.

For food safety, the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) - USA - recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected. At the store, they should not be damaged or bruised and pre-cut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice. All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage. Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as any cooking utensils or surfaces that may have come into contact with them (e.g. cutting boards). Fruits and vegetables, if they are not going to be cooked, should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood or eggs. All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within 2 hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.

Storage

Proper Post Harvest Storage aimed at extending and ensuring shelf life is best effected by efficient cold chain application. All vegetables benefit from proper post harvest care 54 Page

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Many root and non-root vegetables that grow underground can be stored through winter in a root cellar or other similarly cool, dark and dry place to prevent mold, greening and sprouting. Care should be taken in understanding the properties and vulnerabilities of the particular roots to be stored. These vegetables can last through to early spring and be nearly as nutritious as when fresh.

During storage, leafy vegetables lose moisture, and the vitamin C in them degrades rapidly. They should be stored for as short a time as possible in a cool place, in a container or plastic bag.

Standards

There are a series of ISO standards regarding fruits and vegetables.

F1. Vegetables from Seed

Growing great vegetables from seed

How to harvest seeds from vegetables you grow

Although many very experienced gardeners save seeds from their flowers, saving seeds from vegetables can be a bit more complicated. Unfortunately, it is not a good idea to save seeds from all of the vegetables you grow. How then do you decide when NOT to save seeds?

Some vegetables for which seeds and plants are sold are hybridized. The theory behind hybridization is that by creating a hybrid, it is possible for botanical geneticists to take the best qualities of one variety of a vegetable and combine that with the best qualities of another variety of the same vegetable.

Why is this done? Quite simply, hybridization makes it possible to improve on nature by making certain vegetables more disease resistant.

If hybridization improves the disease resistance of a particular plant or vegetable, then why not save the seeds? Quite simply, it isn't possible to ensure that the seeds harvested from a hybrid plant will be pure. There's always the possibility of cross pollination. There is also the fact that some

plants are particularly predisposed to certain problems. 55 Page

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By trying to grow seeds from a hybrid variety of a vegetable, it is distinctly possible that you will be reinforcing the diseases or problems that the hybridization was trying to prevent. Most good nurseries will indicate on the plant labels when the plants are hybrid varieties. The most disease resistant tomato varieties are typically hybrid varieties.

Some varieties of lettuce may be hybrids. A dwarf variety of Cos Romaine lettuce is likely a hybrid because Romaine originated on the Island of Cos in the Mediterranean Sea. It wasn't a small variety of lettuce, but rather one that grew in compact heads that typically grow upwards rather than outward.

Lettuce isn't prone to diseases the way tomatoes are. Any vegetable that is prone to diseases - whether bacterial, fungal or viral is one for which I'd be reluctant to save seeds. Unless you have a set up whereby you can separate your crops and keep a sufficient distance to make any possibility of cross pollination impossible, you can never be certain that you haven't unwittingly produced a hybrid on your own.

What are the best vegetables from which to harvest seeds? Any type of heirloom vegetable will always be pure. Heirloom vegetables are bred to perpetuate the original variety. When seeds are planted so that new seeds can be harvested from the newest crop, they are planted in a manner that will prevent any possibility of cross pollination.

Any seed manufacturer F2. Vegetable Seed Planting Tips

Planting Vegetables from Seed and Seedling

You can plant vegetable seeds indoors or outdoors. If you plant seeds indoors, you transplant them into your garden later. With direct seeding, you skip the indoor step and sow the seeds directly in your garden. If you're serious about growing vegetables, you'll probably end up using both options. Consider these points when making your choice:

 You get a jump on the growing season 56 when you sow seeds indoors. This process is called seed starting (or starting, for short). If Page

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you start at the right time, you can have vigorous seedlings ready to go into the ground at the ideal time. In areas with short growing seasons, starting seedlings indoors really gives you a head start. The best candidates for an early start are plants that tolerate root disturbance and benefit from a jump on the season, including broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, eggplant, leeks, onions, parsley, peppers, and tomatoes.  Seeds are easier to start indoors than outdoors. You can more easily provide the perfect conditions for hard-to-germinate or very small seeds, including the ideal temperature, moisture, and fertility.  Some vegetables don't like to be transplanted. These vegetables include many of the root crops, such as carrots, beets, turnips, and parsnips. They're cold-hardy vegetables, so you can direct seed them pretty early anyway. Crops like corn, beans, and peas are also pretty finicky about transplanting and grow better when you direct-seed. F3. Transplanting seedlings into the ground

Harden off vegetable seedlings that have been grown indoors or purchased from a greenhouse before exposing them to the elements. Hardening off is a way of increasing your plant's stamina before planting — similar to slowly acquiring a base tan before taking that outdoor, tropical vacation. Plants that have been growing outside at the nursery can go right into the ground, but greenhouse-grown plants are lush and soft and have never known a single day of sunshine in their lifetimes. You have to introduce them slowly to the harsh, real world. To harden-off seedlings, leave the plants in their containers and put them in a shaded area with some indirect light for a few days. A north-facing, covered porch is ideal. Whenever a freeze is predicted, bring the plants inside overnight. If these are shade plants, you can leave them in this protected site for a few more days and then put them in the garden. For sunny-spot plants, give them a few days in the shaded area and then place the plants in a sunny location for an hour one day. Give them a couple of hours of sun the next day, and so on, increasing their exposure each day. At the end of a week, the plants are thoroughly accustomed to sunlight and wind and are ready to go into their new home. Don't over harden your plants. Certain crops, such as cabbage and broccoli, can bolt (flower before they're supposed to) quickly if seedlings

over three weeks old are repeatedly exposed to temperatures lower than 57 40°F (4°C) for a couple of weeks. Page

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Before transplanting your seedlings, you need to prepare your soil and sculpt beds or rows, and your garden must be ready to plant. When setting out plants in biodegradable peat pots, make slits down the sides of the pots or gently tear the sides to enable the roots to push through. Also, tear off the lip (top) of the pot, so that it doesn't stick up above the soil surface and pull moisture out of the soil. With premade growing blocks encased in netting, cut off the netting before planting. Choose a calm, cloudy day to transplant, if possible. Late afternoon is a good time because plants can recover from the shock of transplanting without sitting in the midday heat and sun. If you don't get an ideal transplanting day and the weather is hot and sunny, shade the plants until the sun goes down. Don't be alarmed if your plants look a little droopy after you set them out because they'll soon recover. Cabbage seedlings can droop and look almost dead, for example, and then be up and growing in a day or two. F4. Sowing seeds directly in your garden

Unless you live in an area where summers are really short, you're better off sowing some types of vegetables directly in a garden. Large-seeded, fast- growing vegetables, such as corn, melons, squash, beans, and peas, usually languish if they're grown in containers for even a day or two too long. Before direct seeding, make sure that the soil has dried out sufficiently before you work it, and be sure that the soil is warm enough for the seeds that you want to plant. Pea seeds, for example, germinate in soil as cool as 40°F (4°C), and you can plant them as soon as you can work the soil in spring. Squash seeds, on the other hand, need warmth. If your soil temperature is much below 65°F (18°C), the seeds are likely to rot in the ground before they sprout. The best way to determine the temperature of your soil is to use a soil thermometer, which you can buy at a garden store. You can plant seeds in a variety of patterns. The method that you choose depends on your climate, your tools, and your taste:  Row planting: Mark the placement of a row within your garden, and then make a furrow at the correct depth along the row. Some seeds may not sprout, so sow seeds more thickly than you want the final spacing of the crops to be. Thinning rows is less of a chore if you space seeds as evenly as possible. Cover the seeds with fine soil and then firm them in with the back of a hoe to make sure that all the seeds are in contact with

the soil. Water gently. If you plan to use furrow irrigation, fill the furrows 58 with water first and then push the large seeds into the top of raised beds. Page

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 Wide row planting: This method allows you to plant more seeds in less space by concentrating watering, weeding, and fertilizing in a smaller area. Rows are generally 10 to 16 inches (25 to 41 cm) wide. Sprinkle seeds over the entire row — with most crops, try to land the seeds about 1/2 to 1 inch (1 to 2 cm) apart. For peas and beans, space them 1-1/2 to 2 inches (4 to 5 cm). Cover small seeds with a thin layer of potting soil. Lightly pat the potting soil down again to bring the added soil into firm contact with the seeds.  Bed planting: Planting in beds is essentially the same as planting wide rows.  Hill planting: Plant seeds for veining crops that spread out, such as squash, melons, or cucumbers, in hills or circular groups. Loosen the soil in a 1-foot-diameter (30 cm) area, level the area, and then plant five to six seeds close together. Thin out all but the two strongest seedlings. If your soil is heavy, you may want to plant in a raised hill, or mound. The raised soil warms up more quickly than the surrounding soil and drains better. Just don't let the mound dry out! Soon after seedlings grow their second set of true leaves, you need to thin them out to avoid overcrowding. (The first set of leaves that a seedling produces are called seed leaves or cotyledon, which is followed by the true leaves.) When you thin plants, either discard the extra seedlings or move them to another part of your garden. Newly transplanted seedlings need extra attention until they get established. Shade them from the hot sun for a day or two and be sure to keep them well watered.

F5. Growing Tomatoes from Seed

Growing tomatoes from seed takes time and care, but ultimately it is not hard and the results are well worth it. 59 Welcome Page

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F6. How to grow tomatoes. Welcome to my site! Look around and see what you can learn. Whether you're completely new to tomato growing, or you're just looking for more info and advice, I think you will find what you need here.

I have created separate pages on this site for different categories of tomato growing. You can start from scratch and plant your own tomato seeds, or you can just pick up a few store-bought tomato plants.

Tomatoes are easy to grow. Provide them with enough water, fertile soil, and sunlight, and you will be harvesting your own tomatoes that are far better than store-bought tomatoes.

Choosing what kind of tomatoes to grow can be difficult. There are several thousand available tomato varieties, and you won't find many of them at the nursery. I will show you some popular varieties that are known for outstanding taste, and some that are known for huge production. In fact, I have several lists of popular varieties, grouped by taste, production, type, size, etc.

Seed or seedling?

Before you go choosing your varieties, you should decide whether you want to grow or grow from store-bought plants. Growing from seed allows you to choose from many more varieties, as your local nurseries may have only a few different tomato varieties to choose from. Growing from store-bought plants will limit your options, but saves time and money and is much easier.

Growing from seed while growing your tomatoes from plants you purchased at the nursery is much easier, growing tomatoes from seed is more rewarding and allows you to choose virtually any variety you want. However, it does cost more time and money.

You will need to start seeds indoors several weeks before you plant them in the garden. The young tomato plants will need a good light source (windows generally don't provide enough light for tomatoes to grow well, although it is possible to use them as a light source). A cheap fluorescent shop 60 light is the best option for light, and you will also need containers and good potting soil. I personally prefer growing from seed. Page

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F7. Growing from nursery plants (seedlings)

Young plants that haven't matured are called seedlings. If you buy tomato plants at Lowe's, Home Depot, your local nursery, etc., you save money and a lot of time. However, you are at the mercy of whatever they have in stock.

Either way you grow them, the bottom line is that you can still grow healthy tomato plants that produce delicious tomatoes. You will be rewarded for your work when you start bringing in the harvest of fresh-picked, truly vine-ripened tomatoes that will replace the nasty supermarket tomatoes.

You choose how you want to grow your tomatoes. Use the menu on the left side of this Web site to navigate the site and learn everything you need to know about growing your own tomatoes. 61 Page

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G. Cable car (Sight seeing Facility)

A cable car is any of a variety of transportation systems relying on 62 cables to pull vehicles along or lower them at a steady rate, or a Page vehicle on these systems.

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Varieties in which the vehicle is suspended cable from a station to station.

A cable car is any of a variety of transportation systems relying on cables to pull vehicles along or lower them at a steady rate, or a vehicle on these systems.

Varieties in which the vehicle is suspended from a cable:

 An aerial tramway consists of a cabin suspended from a cable, pulled by another cable.  A gondola lift consists of a loop of cable that is strung between two or more stations, usually over intermediate supporting towers, from which cars are suspended.  A ropeway conveyor is a subtype of gondola lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended.  In an aerial lift transport, gondolas or open chairs are hauled above the ground by means of a cable.

Varieties in which the vehicle rests on rails or a road:

 A system to haul trains along streets, see Cable car (railway)  The particular cable car system in operation in San Francisco, California, see San Francisco cable car system  A funicular consists of a pair of railway cars that alternately ascend and descend an inclined right-of-way, attached to a common cable.  A cable railway uses a cable or rope to haul trains.

G1. Media in category "Cable cars" 63 Page

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G2. Media in category "Cable transport"

G3. Media in category "Cableway signs" 65 Page

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G4. Media in category "Gondola lifts" 67 Page

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G5. Media in category "Aerial tramway support pillar" 68 Page

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Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks

According to national and international initiatives, like the “International Declaration of the Rights of the Memories of the Earth” (Digne, France 1991), the IGCP, IUGS, ProGeo, Malvern Group, UNESCO’s Division of Earth Sciences and the Council of Europe, an international group of experts on Geoparks recommended the establishment of a “Global Network of National Geological Parks (Geoparks) seeking UNESCO’s assistance” in order to promote the three goals of conserving a healthy environment, educating in Earth Sciences at large, and fostering sustainable economical local development.

In February 2004 the UNESCO international group of experts assembled in Paris where the following items were discussed and decided:

a) the establishment of a Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks b) the acceptance of the Operational Guidelines for application on the global Network.

It was also decided that the existing 17 European Geoparks and 8 new Chinese Geoparks be included in the Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks.

As a result the “First International Conference on Geoparks” was held in Beijing, China from 27 to 29 June 2004, in order to promote the establishment of a worldwide network of national Geoparks with the contributions from the international governmental and non-governmental community.

In October 2004 during the 5th European Geoparks Meeting held in Petralia Sottana, Madonie Geopark, a new agreement between the Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCO and the European Geoparks Network was officially signed.

According to this agreement:”A European territory wishing to become a member of the UNESCO Global Network of Geoparks must submit a full application dossier to the European Geoparks Network, which acts as the integration organization into the UNESCO Network for the European continent.

The Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCO recognizes that the European Geoparks 69 Network is the reference to follow for the creation of other continental networks of geoparks.” Page

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Madonie Declaration

The foundation of the UNESCO Network of Geoparks

On Friday 13 February 2004 a meeting on geoparks was held in UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. In the meeting participated members of the Scientific Board of the IGCP, representatives of the International Geographical Union (IGU) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), and international experts on geological heritage conservation and promotion. The following items have been discussed and decided:

Presentation and establishment of the “Operational Guidelines for National Geoparks seeking UNESCO’s assistance” (Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks) The establishment of a Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks. The foundation of a Coordination Office for the Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks at the Ministry of Land and Resources in Beijing China. New geoparks are invited to send their application respecting guidelines and criteria upon to UNESCO’s Division of Earth Sciences, that will forward it to the International Advisory Group. If there is a Geopark network on a national level existing, the applicant geopark has to be first member of this network. For Europe the already established cooperation agreement between UNESCO’s Division of Earth Sciences and the European Geoparks Network, shall serve as the mechanism for integration national Geoparks through the label of European Geoparks into the global UNESCO Network. The Division of Earth Sciences is encouraged to confirm or initiate agreements at a regional (continental) level using the cooperation agreement with the EGN as an example. During a closed meeting of the International Advisory Group of Experts the evaluation of the existing geoparks took place. It was decided to include 17 European Geoparks and 8 Chinese Geoparks in the Global UNESCO Network of Geoparks. 70 Page

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Members of the Global Network of Geoparks (November 2007)

57 National Geoparks (33 European, 20 Chinese, 1 Brazil, 1 Iran, 1 Malaysia, 1Australia) are currently members of the Global Network of Geoparks assisted by UNESCO.

Network Members: 1. Mount Lushan Geopark - PR China 2. Geopark Wudalianchi - PR China 3. Songshan Geopark - PR China 4. Yuntaishan Geopark - PR China 5. Danxiashan Geopark - PR China 6. Stone Forest Geopark – Shilin Geopark - PR China 7. Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest Geopark - PR China 8. Huangshan Geopark - PR China 9. Reserve Géologique de Haute Provence France http://www.resgeol04.org/ 10. PetrifiedForest of Lesvos – Greece http://www.petrifiedforest.gr/ 11.Vulkan eifel European Geopark – Germany http://www.geopark-vulkaneifel.de/ 12. Maestrazgo Cultural Park – Spain 13. Psiloritis Natural Park – Greece http://www.psiloritis.net.gr/ 14. Nature park Terra Vita European Geopark – Germany 15. Coper Coast – Ireland 16. Marble Arch Caves European Geopark– Northern Ireland, United Kingdom 17. Madonie Natural Park – Italy http://www.parcodellemadonie.it 18. Kamptal Geopark – Austria www.krahuletzmuseum.at 19. Nature Park Eisenwurzen – Austria http://www.geoline.at/ 20.European Geopark Bergstrasse–Odenwald - Germany www.geo-naturpark.de 21. North Pennines AONB – United Kingdom http://www.northpennines.org.uk/ 22. Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark – United Kingdom www.worc.ac.uk 23. Park Naturel Régional du Luberon – France 24. North West Highlands – Scotland, UK 25. Geopark Swabian Albs – Germany 26. Geopark Harz Braunschweiger Land Ostfalen – Germany 27. Mecklenburg Ice age Park - Germany 28. Xingwen National geopark– P.R. China 29. Hexigten National geopark– P.R. China 71 30. Yandangshan National geopark– P.R. China Page 31. Taining National geopark– P.R. China

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32. Hateg Country Dinosaur Geopark - Rumania 33. Parco del Beigua - Italy 34. Fforest Fawr Geopark - Wales UK

35. Bohemian Paradise Geopark - Czech Republic

36. Qeshm Island - Iran 37. Subeticas Geopark - Spain (July 2006) 38. Sobrarbe Geopark - Spain (July 2006) 39. Cabo de Gata - Spain (July 2006) 40. Naturtejo Geopark - Portugal (July 2006) 41. Gea-Norvegica - Norway (July 2006) 42. Araripe Geopark – Brazil (September 2006) 43.Fangshan Geopark - Hebei Province, P.R.China (September 2006) 44. Leiqiong Geopark (Heinan Province, P.R. China (September 2006) 45. Funiushan Geopark (Henan Province, P.R. China (September 2006) 46. Wangwushan-Daimeishan Geopark an Province, P.R. China (September 2006) 47. Jingpohu Geopark - Heilongjiang province, P.R. China (September 2006) 48. Taishan Geopark - Shandong province, North east, P.R. China (September 2006) 49. Geological, Mining Park of Sardinia – ITALY (April 2007) http://www.parcogeominerario.eu 50. Papuk Geopark – CROATIA (April 2007) 51. Lochaber Geopark – Scotland UK (April 2007) 52. Langkawi Geopark – Malaysia (June 2007) 53. English Riviera Geopark - England UK (September 2007) 54. Longhushan Geopark - P.R. China (November 2007) 55. Zizong Geopark – P.R.China (January 2008) 56. Adamello Brenda Geopark – Italy (April 2008) 57. Kanawinka Geopark – Australia (June 2008)

International promotion of the European Geopark Network in the 1st International Conference on Geoparks organized by UNESCO in Beijing, 27-29 June 2004

The European Geopark Network with its integration in the Global Geoparks Network of UNESCO is recognized henceforth by the international community as an organization of great contribution on natural heritage and sustainable development issues. 72 In a special festive ceremony that was organized in the frames of

the 1st International Conference on Geoparks, the Under-secretary of Page UNESCO Dr. W. Erdelen and the Minister of Earth and Natural

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Resources of China Sun Wengsheng, delivered in the representatives of the 25 Geoparks a special plaque for their integration in the Global Geoparks Network (17 from Europe and 8 from China).

1st International Exhibition on Geoparks Along with the Conference on Geoparks, a great exhibition was organized in which participated with kiosks the 8 Chinese Geoparks and a number of the members of the European Geoparks Network, the 44 National Geological Parks of China as well as more geological parks from various countries. The exhibition inaugurated by the Vice Minister of Natural Resources of China Mrs. Shou Jiahua who visited the kiosks of EGN with the General Secretary of Natural Sciences of UNESCO, Dr.W. Erdelen, and were informed for the priceless value of geological heritage and for Networks efforts for conservation and promotion.

2nd International Conference on Geoparks organized by UNESCO in Belfast, September 2006

The 2nd Global Geoparks Conference was held in Belfast in September 2006. The conference was successful and had a high number of participants. The meeting provided delegates with the opportunity to discuss and assimilate new ideas which they could use to develop their own territories. However, aspirations are not fulfilled at conferences. It is essential that we consider the origins of our European Geoparks Network in order to define how we progress in the future.

The origin of European Geoparks Network began in 1998. Discussions were initiated between the Reserve Geologique de Haute Provence, Gerolstein and Vulkaneifel G. Martini to explore the potential for collaboration in an innovative project designed to create a European Geoparks Network. The Greek Lesvos Petrified Forest and the Spanish Cultural Park of Maestrazgo also participated in this process. This new and exciting concept, namely the creation of a European Geoparks Network, was based on the view that the "in situ memory of landscape which every inhabitant of a region has" can be used to secure the future through the development of "geo and economic / tourism". The success of the project is a tribute to the creativity, patience, strength and enthusiasm of members within a growing network to work together with a common aim. This is clearly reflected by the continued growth of the EGN and the EGN and the success of the Belfast conference.

The conference demonstrated the need for communication 73 between politicians, tourist providers, economic consultants and geoscientists. It was a pleasure to discuss ideas and share practical Page experiences with colleagues from participating geoparks and

LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 – COMMITTEE - PROPOSED FOR INDONESIA GEOPARK 73 LAKE BATUR FESTIVAL 2010 (OCTOBER 10) / 10.10.10 to consider the diverse views expressed on the future development of the Geopark concept raised in oral presentation and in workshop discussions. Many of us benefited by discussing, in a wider forum, and ideas concerning geological heritage arising from the management strategies of Geoparks and of existing World Heritage Sites, and from current and proposed collaborations between Geoparks.It became clear from the meeting that we still have a long way to go in progressing our common future on planet Earth under the aegis of "geosciences and landscape for the future of human society" to "meet the needs of future generations" both for a stable society and for sustainable economic development.

It was a privilege in the "Geoparks Celebration" in Belfast. Landscape and geosciences are not boring, dirty and dead! This was shown during the celebration in which the UNESCO certificate was presented to new members of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. The meetings and discussions between diverse nations who have already worked together, and new members will lead to future progress and to the creation of new projects. They are a cause for celebration.

The partners within the Network form links within a growing chain in which members contribute to the strength and development of the Geopark concept and, simultaneously, serve the needs of future generations within different area of the world. Each partner is an equally important link within the chain. Let us pull together so that we all benefit through our creativity, progress collaborative efforts and above all in our support for each other.

3rd International Conference on Geoparks organized by UNESCO in Osnabruck, June 2008

The conference in 2008 in Osnabrueck was embedded in the "International Year of Planet Earth 2008" (IYPE), proclaimed by the United Nations in December 2005. For this initiative the conference in Osnabrueck can play a major role in communicating the global objectives.

The key themes of the International Year have been decided by a panel of world experts and assembled by the Year's Science Programmed Committee. A selection of these themes, such as "Earth and Health", "Resources issues - towards sustainable use", and "Soil - Earth's living skin", have been explored in workshops and sessions during the Osnabrueck conference, while the main focus of the Year,

"Outreach - brinking Earth sciences to everyone", was stressing our 74 main conference theme "Communication". Page

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By working in partnership with the largest environmental foundation, The Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) and its Centre for Environmental Communication in conjuction with the two Universities of Osnabrueck this conference had a solid financial basis and was guaranteed the broad scientific background for its main theme "Communicating Earth Heritage".

The experienced Conference and Convention Bureau of the City Marketing organization in Osnabrueck ensured the professional and efficient organization of the conference, including reservations, booking etc. 75 Page

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