Summary Table: Characteristics of the Ecoregions of

1 . COAST RANGE 1 1 . BLUE MOUNTAINS Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use

Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) 1a. Coastal 633 Low marine terraces, marine estuaries, beaches, 0-400/ Quaternary marine and non-marine terrace Spodosols (Haplorthods), Bullards, Netarts, Coquille, Isomesic/ 60-85. 200-240 36/50; Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest/ Sitka spruce, western hemlock, Douglas-fir canopy, Forest, wetland, pastureland, and residential, 11a. John Day/ 5022 Moderately to highly dissected hills and Mostly Quaternary volcanic ash, alluvium, and piedmont Mollisols (Argixerolls, Ruckles, Hack, Tub, Simas, Sorf, Mostly Mesic; 9-16 70-150 21/39; Wheatgrass–bluegrass and juniper steppe woodland/ Bluebunch wheatgrass, Grassland, shrubland, woodland, rangeland, Lowlands sand dunes, and spits with sloughs, shallow 10-180 deposits, beach and dune sands, and alluvium. Entisols (Fluvaquents), Clatsop, Nestucca, Brenner, Lint, Udic Often 52/68 with salal, sword fern, vine maple, and Oregon grape in the shrub layer. Riparian recreational, commercial, and port Clarno low mountains. Hills are rolling to steep and 1200-4500; gravels. Tertiary basalt, tuff, andesite, rhyolite, Palexerolls, Haploxerolls, Powder, Kimberly, Day, Brisbois, also Frigid/ 47/84 fescue, basin wildrye, big sagebrush, Thurber needlegrass. wildlife habitat; some irrigated pasture and freshwater coastal lakes. Low gradient, Inceptisols (Humaquepts), Quillamook. Soil textures range covered by areas: red alder, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple with salmonberry understory; development. Wildlife habitat, livestock mountain slopes are steeply sloping. Scattered max. 5500/ and breccia. Durixerolls), Aridisols Drinkwater, Oxwall Mostly Aridic; Western juniper woodland in transition to higher elevation ponderosa pine forest alfalfa farming on the alluvial flats that flank meandering, tannic streams and rivers occur. Andisols (Fulvudands, from silty clay loam to sandy loam. coastal fog. California bay-laurel common in the south. Estuaries and coastal wetlands: Baltic grazing, and logging. Channelization and Uplands buttes occur. Includes valleys formed by the John 400-2500; (Haplargids, Paleargids, also Xeric (llb). Riparian areas: white alder, mockorange, chokecherry, clematis, willows, major drainages. Broad areas of rangeland Melanudands) rush, Lyngby’s sedge, tufted hairgrass, Pacific silverleaf, and seaside arrowgrass diking have converted floodplain wetlands into Day and Crooked rivers. max. 3700 Haplocambids), Vertisols black cottonwood, water birch. covered with alien cheatgrass. with shore pine, sweet gale, and Hooker’s willow. Stabilized dunes support shore pastures for dairy farms; associated stream (Haploxererts) pine over salal, rhododendron, and evergreen blueberry, with dune wildrye, degradation has occurred. Chilean strawberry, and dune bentgrass. 11b. John Day/ 2475 Moderately to highly dissected, steeply sloping 3000-6200/ Quaternary colluvium and, especially on north- Andisols (Udivitrands, Hankins, Klicker, Tolo, Royst, Top, Frigid/ 16-28 30-100 20/37; Western ponderosa pine forest/ Open ponderosa pine, some Douglas-fir, western Forest and woodland. Woodland grazing, Clarno low mountains and rolling hills. Includes broad 200-2000 facing slopes, volcanic ash. Tertiary basalt, Vitrixerands), Mollisols Piersonte, Boardtree, Pilotbutte, Xeric 45/79 juniper, mountain-mahogany, snowberry, mountain big sagebrush, antelope logging, and recreation. 1b. Coastal 1177 Coastal headlands, high marine terraces, hills, 400-2500/ Quaternary colluvium. Tertiary siltstone, Inceptisols (Dystrudepts), Astoria, Templeton, Reedsport, Isomesic/ 70-125. 190-240 36/48; Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest/ Douglas-fir, and/or western hemlock canopy, Mostly forest; also pastureland. Logging, Highlands streams fed more by springs than by melt. andesite, tuffs, breccia, and ash beds. (Argixerolls, Haploxerolls, Yawkey, Humarel, Lamulita, Btree Continental- bitterbrush, elk sedge, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass. Riparian areas: grand Uplands and low mountains with medium to high 100-1400 sandstone, tuffaceous rocks, volcanics, Andisols (Fulvudands) Ecola, Tolovana Udic Often 52/68 with salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, rhododendron, and evergreen wildlife habitat, dairy farming, recreation, and Palexerolls) type climate. fir, mountain alder, red-twig dogwood, ninebark, Wood’s rose, Rocky Mountain gradient, tannic streams. conglomerate, and scattered intrusive rocks. covered by blueberry shrub layer. Wetter slopes and riparian areas: red alder, bigleaf maple, rural residential, residential, and commercial maple, willows. Cretaceous and Jurassic sedimentary rocks. coastal fog. and western redcedar; salmonberry and currant understory. Grasslands on development. Sitka spruce was dominant in the Mesozoic or Paleozoic schist. headlands. canopy before intensive logging. 11c. Maritime- 1391 Dissected, gently-sloping to hilly volcanic 3000-6000/ Quaternary volcanic ash, colluvium, and, at low Andisols (Udivitrands, Olot, Syrupcreek, Tamara, Frigid/ 20-40 40-80 22/36; Western ponderosa pine forest, grand fir–Douglas-fir forest/ Mostly ponderosa Forested. Logging, grazing, wildlife habitat, Influenced plateau and mountain valleys. Springs occur. 150-1600 elevations, loess. Mostly Tertiary basalt. Vitrixerands), Inceptisols Downeygulch, Lowerbluff, Tolo, Xeric 48/77 pine, some Douglas-fir, grand fir. Dense forest understory and riparian shrub and recreation. 1d. Volcanics 2043 Steeply sloping mountains and capes. High 600-4100; Quaternary colluvium. Tertiary basalt, pillow Andisols (Fulvudands, Knappton, Hemcross, Klistan, Mesic, Frigid/ 70-200 100-190 30/46; Hemlock-Douglas-fir forest/ Douglas-fir and/or western hemlock canopy, with Forest. Logging, wildlife habitat, rural (Haploxerepts), Mollisols Klicker, Anatone, Fivebit, Bocker, Marine- cover: snowberry, spirea, ninebark, serviceberry, and red-twig dogwood. gradient, cascading streams and rivers occur with sometimes to lava, tuffaceous basalt, breccia, scattered Hapludands), Ultisols Harslow, Caterl, Laderly, Murtip Udic 50/76 salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, and rhododendron shrub layer. Wetter residential development, and recreation. Zone (Argixerolls, Haploxerolls) Albee influenced Herbaceous ground cover: heartleaf arnica, pinegrass, elk sedge, Idaho fescue, relatively stable summer flows. sea level/ intrusive rocks, and basaltic sandstone, siltstone, (Palehumults) slopes and riparian areas: western redcedar, bigleaf maple, and red alder canopy; climate. Sandberg bluegrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass. 600-3000 and conglomerate. salmonberry and oxalis understory. Grassy coastal headlands and mountaintop balds: Roemer’s fescue, thin bentgrass, California oatgrass, and diverse forbs. 11d. Melange 1228 Mid-elevation mountains. Few perennial streams. 3500-7400/ Quaternary colluvium. Tertiary basalt, andesite, Alfisols (Haploxeralfs), Gutridge, Threecent, Cryic, Frigid/ 16-35 30-90 17/34; Western ponderosa pine forest, juniper steppe woodland/ Juniper, ponderosa Forested. Woodland grazing, wildlife habitat, 600-3400 and rhyolite. Cretaceous and Jurassic granitic Andisols (Vitricryands, Honeymooncan, Angelpeak, Udic, Xeric 46/79 pine, Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, western larch, grand fir, grouse and mining; only limited logging occurs due 1f. Willapa Hills 751 Low, rolling hills and low, gently sloping 0-1300; Quaternary colluvium. Mostly Tertiary marine Andisols (Hapludands), Vernonia, Scaponia, Braun, Mesic/ 50-100 100-210 31/46; Hemlock-Douglas-fir forest/ Douglas-fir and/or western hemlock canopy, with Mostly forest; some pastureland. Logging rocks. Triassic partly metamorphosed limestone, Udivitrands), Inceptisols Vanandamine, Bordengulch, huckleberry, snowberry, prince’s pine, sidebells pyrola, twinflower, pinegrass, elk to the difficulty in reforesting the droughty, mountains with medium gradient streams and max. 3300/ sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and tuffaceous Alfisols (Hapludalfs), Anunde, Rinearson, Alstony Udic 50/76 sword fern, vine maple, salal, Oregon grape, and rhododendron shrub layer. Wetter wildlife habitat, and some rural residential marble, chert, argillite, shale, graywacke, (Dystrocryepts, Analulu, Bluecanyon, Vogel, Cotay sedge, and heartleaf arnica. Riparian areas: mountain alder, red-twig dogwood, exposed soils. Historic placer mining for gold rivers. Drainage density is low. 300-1000 rocks. Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, slopes and riparian areas: red alder, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple in the development. serpentine, greenstone, and schist. Paleozoic Dystroxerepts, Haploxerepts), Lemonex, Highhorn, Huntrock prickly currant, black currant, Columbia monk’s hood, bluebells. has altered the structure of many streams. Eutrudepts) canopy, salmonberry and oxalis beneath. limestone and argillite. Mollisols (Argixerolls, Haploxerolls) 1g. Mid-Coastal 3739 Moderately sloping, dissected mountains with 300-3000/ Quaternary colluvium. Eocene marine sandstone, Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, Preacher, Bohannon, Digger, Mesic/ 60-130. 110-200 32/48; Hemlock-Douglas-fir forest/ Douglas-fir and/or western hemlock canopy, with Mostly forest; some pastureland in valleys. Sedimentary medium to high gradient streams. 600-1500 siltstone, mudstone, and conglomerate. Eutrudepts), Ultisols Blachly, Honeygrove, McDuff Udic 48/78 salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, and rhododendron shrub layer; Logging, wildlife habitat, and some rural 11e. Wallowas/ 526 Deeply dissected mid-elevation mountains. 3000-6400/ Quaternary colluvium, loess, volcanic ash, Alfisols (Haploxeralfs), Tamarackcanyon, Anatone, Frigid/ 20-40 30-60 18/33; Western ponderosa pine forest and grand fir–Douglas-fir forest/ Ponderosa pine, Forest and shrubland. Woodland grazing, (Palehumults, Haplohumults) tanoak on drier slopes to the south. Wetter slopes and riparian areas: bigleaf maple, residential development. Seven Devils Perennial streams fed by snow melt. 400-2600 and glacial till. Mostly Tertiary basalt. Triassic Andisols (Udivitrands), Limberjim, Rebarrow, Tamara, Xeric, Udic 46-77 Douglas-fir, grand fir, western larch, ninebark, snowberry, Rocky Mountain logging, wildlife habitat, and recreation. western redcedar, grand fir, and red alder in the canopy, salmonberry and oxalis sedimentary, metasedimentary, volcanic, and Inceptisols (Haploxerepts), Gutridge, Klickson, Klicker, Northwest maple, serviceberry, mountain big sagebrush, big huckleberry, grouse huckleberry, Mountain water is diverted or impounded for beneath; California bay-laurel increases to the south. Mountains metavolcanic rocks. Cretaceous and Jurassic Mollisols (Argixerolls, Bigcow is marine- twinflower, prince’s pine, elk sedge, and pinegrass. human use. igneous rocks. Haploxerolls) influenced. 1h. Southern 692 Dissected mountains with high gradient streams 0-4000/ Quaternary colluvium. Cretaceous and Jurassic Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, Etelka, Whobrey, Remote, Digger, Mesic, Frigid/ 70-140 170-220 36/52; Hemlock canopy, with salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, and Mostly forest; some pastureland in valleys. Oregon and rivers. Part of the Siskiyou Mountains are in 800-2600 siltstone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, Eutrudepts) Umpcoos, Rinearson Udic 52/76 rhododendron shrub layer. Wetter slopes and riparian areas: California bay-laurel, Logging, recreation, wildlife habitat, and rural 11f. Canyons and 1093 Steeply sloping, upper canyons and dissected Mostly Quaternary colluvium, alluvium, volcanic ash, Andisols (Udivitrands, Limberjim, Syrupcreek, Tamara, Frigid/ Higher 15-30 30-90 18/33; Grand fir–Douglas-fir forest and western ponderosa pine forest/ Douglas-fir, grand Mostly forest; on steep, south-facing canyon this ecoregion. graywacke, granite, diorite, and serpentine. western redcedar, bigleaf maple, grand fir, red alder in the canopy, salmonberry residential development. Dissected plateaus. 4000-6000; and loess. Mostly Tertiary basalt; also some Vitrixerands), Inceptisols Anatone, Olot, Bocker Albee, zones: Udic. 46-78 fir, western larch, ponderosa pine, ninebark, snowberry, oceanspray, heartleaf slopes: grassland and shrubland. Logging, Coastal and oxalis beneath. min. 3000/ Tertiary lacustrine and fluvial deposits. (Dystroxerepts), Mollisols Kamela, Cowsly Lower zones: arnica, elk sedge. Riparian areas: mountain alder, stinking and prickly currant, woodland grazing, wildlife habitat, and Mountains Highlands 400-2000 (Argialbolls, Haploxerolls) Xeric thimbleberry, Columbia monk’s hood. recreation. 1i. Redwood Zone 31 Dissected coastal mountains and foothills with 50-1800/ Quaternary colluvium. Lower Cretaceous and Inceptisols (Dystrudepts), Bosland, Floras, Loeb Isomesic/ 80-95. Fog 190-280 38/50; Redwood forest/ Coast redwood and Douglas-fir. with vine maple, rhododendron, Forest. Logging, recreation, wildlife habitat, 11g. Canyons and 1091 Deep, river canyons and dissected plateaus. Mostly Quaternary alluvium. On terraces and north-facing Andisols (Vitrixerands), Kettenbach, Gwin, Bocker, Imnaha, Mesic, Frigid/ 10-20 70-180 21/34; Wheatgrass–bluegrass/ Lower north-facing slopes and upper south-facing Mostly grassland and shrubland; some forest medium gradient streams. 600-1400 upper Jurassic sandstone, conglomerate, and Ultisols (Haplohumults) Udic affected. 50/74 sword fern, and oxalis. and rural residential development. Dissected 1000- slopes: Quaternary ash mixed with colluvium. Mollisols (Argixerolls, Mallory, Harlow, Cherrycreek, Xeric, Aridic 50/80 slopes: Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and Idaho fescue. Lower south-facing slopes: stands especially on upper, north-facing graywacke. 5000; 6000 On south-facing slopes: Quaternary lacustrine Haploxerolls) Lickskillet, Fivebit, Klicker, bluebunch wheatgrass and arrowleaf balsamroot. Upper north-facing slopes: slopes. Wildlife habitat, livestock grazing, and Uplands maximum/ deposits. Extensive Tertiary basalt. Deepest Klickson, Threebuck grand fir, ninebark, and pinegrass. Riparian areas: (Hells Canyon)– recreation. 800-4000 canyons: Cretaceous igneous rocks, Jurassic hackberry, bluebunch wheatgrass. Overgrazed areas dominated by cheatgrass. granite, diorite, mudstone, shale, siltstone, and Exotic annuals. Tributary Canyons–mock-orange, poison ivy, red-twig dogwood, tuff, and Triassic sedimentary, metamorphic, and snowberry, Rocky Mountain maple. volcanic rocks. 11h. Continental 1555 Moderately dissected, mountainous volcanic 4000-6700/ Quaternary colluvium and volcanic ash. Tertiary Mollisols (Argixerolls, Egyptcreek, Royst, Klicker, Gaib, Frigid/ 16-30 50-80 17/35; Western ponderosa pine forest, grand fir–Douglas-fir forest, and sagebrush steppe/ Forest with a xeric shrub or bunchgrass 3 . Zone plateau. Mountain slopes are steep. Scattered 400-2000 basalt, andesite, rhyolite, ash fall tuffs, and Haploxerolls) Anatone. Soils are shallow and Xeric 45/79 Ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, grand fir, juniper, antelope bitterbrush, snowberry, understory. Livestock grazing, logging, and cinder cones occur. breccia. stony. Continental- mountain-mahogany, mountain big sagebrush, stiff sagebrush, elk sedge, recreation. Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use Highlands type climate. pinegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue.

Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation 11i. Continental 3715 Foothills, hills, and scattered buttes. A few 1800-6000/ Quaternary colluvium and volcanic ash. Tertiary Mollisols (Argixerolls), Ruckles, Ateron, Snell, North Mesic, Frigid/ 9-18 50-140 17/34; Mostly sagebrush steppe/ Bluebunch wheatgrass, mountain big sagebrush, Idaho Shrub- and grass-covered. Livestock grazing perennial streams occur and originate in the Mostly 200- basaltic and tuffaceous rocks. Jurassic and Aridisols (Durargids, Powder, Gwinly, Durkee, Virtue, Aridic, Xeric 50/84 fescue, Wyoming big sagebrush, Sandberg bluegrass, and, on schist, and wildlife habitat. (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 Zone Foothills miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) surrounding mountain ranges. 2500; max. Triassic graywacke, siltstone, and limestone. Haplocambids), Entisols Snaker Continental- greasebush. 3700 Triassic gabbro and metamorphic rock. (Torriorthents) type climate. 3a. Portland/ 269 Nearly level to undulating terraces and 0-300; buttes Quaternary unconsolidated and semi- Mollisols (Argixerolls, Sauvie, Rafton, Hillsboro, Mesic/ 37-50 165-210 34/45; Douglas-fir, Oregon oak woods and prairies/ Ash forest in wet depressions, Urban, suburban, rural residential, commercial, 1084 Nearly flat to rolling alluvial valleys containing 2600-5000/ Mostly Quaternary alluvium; also Quaternary Mollisols (Haploxerolls, Wingville, Balm, Catherine, Mesic, Frigid/ Wallowa 70-160 19/35; Wheatgrass–bluegrass and sagebrush steppe/ Baker Valley: sagebrush steppe Irrigated pastureland, cropland, recreation, and floodplains with low gradient, meandering to 625/ consolidated, alluvium and glacial lacustrine Endoaquolls), Inceptisols Multnomah, Latourell, Quatama. Xeric 56/80 black cottonwood groves on riverbanks and islands, Oregon white oak groves and industrial development, pastureland, 11k. Blue Mountain Vancouver Basins floodplains, fluvial terraces, scattered buttes, less than terrace gravels, fanglomerate, and, in Wallowa Argixerolls, Endoaquolls, Redmount, Reavis, Harlow, Xeric and Grande 47/85. Wallowa composed of Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue. commercial, residential, and rural residential Basin streams and rivers. Numerous wetlands, oxbow 20-250 deposits. (Dystroxerepts), Alfisols Soil texture ranges from silty clay and Douglas-fir forests on uplands; prairie openings with camas, sedges, tufted and nurseries. Remnant natural vegetation in and, in the Wallowa Valley, outwash terraces, 25-200; Valley, lacustrine, fluvial, and outwash deposits. Durixerolls, Palexerolls, Snell, Conley, Baker, Zumwalt, Ronde and Grande Wallowa and Grande Ronde valleys: grassland containing bluebunch wheatgrass development. Principal crops: alfalfa, peas, lakes, ponds, and a few buttes occur. (Haploxeralfs), Entisols loam to loam. hairgrass, fescue, and California oatgrass; alder, ash, and western redcedar in riparian areas and wetlands. moraines, and a low elevation basalt plateau. maximum Tertiary basalt. Argialbolls), Inceptisols Powwatka, Chesnimus, Silverlake, valleys: 13- Ronde valleys: and Idaho fescue. Wetlands: tufted hairgrass, sedges, basin wildrye, and black winter wheat, and grass seed. Most wetlands on (Fluvaquents) riparian areas. 1400 (Halaquepts, Endoaquepts), Minam, Langrell, Rondowa, 25. Baker more marine greasewood. floodplains have been drained for agriculture. 3b. Willamette 674 Floodplains with low gradient, incised, strongly 40-500/ Quaternary alluvium. Mollisols (Haploxerolls, Cloquato, Newberg, Chehalis, Mesic/ 40-50 165-210 33/46; Mixed riparian hardwood and Douglas-fir forest/ Black cottonwood, Douglas- Cropland, pastureland, forested riparian areas, Andisols (Haploxerands) Haines, Umapine, Hot Lake Valley: 10- influence than River and meandering streams and rivers and associated 10-80 Endoaquolls), Vertisols Wapato, Deep, well-drained highly Xeric 50/85 fir, Oregon ash, bigleaf maple, grand fir, Oregon white oak, and black hawthorn and urban, suburban, and rural residential 16. Baker Valley. oxbow lakes and meander scars. Historically the (Endoaquerts) fertile soils occur. Soil textures on well-drained floodplains; Pacific willow in backwater sloughs; diverse shrubs development. Primary crops: vegetables and 2226 Dissected, volcanic plateau and mid-elevation Mostly Quaternary volcanic ash and colluvium. Andisols (Vitricryands, Cold slopes: Mountemily, Mostly Cryic/ 30-60. 15-70 19/34; Grand fir–Douglas-fir forest/ Cold slopes: Subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, Forested. Logging, woodland livestock grazing, Tributaries Willamette River was extensively braided. range from silty clay loam to fine including Indian plum, ninebark, stream dogwood, and willows. fruits. Historically there was extensive gallery 11l. Mesic Forest Gallery Forest Zone mountains. Intermittent headwater streams or 4000-7000; Extensive Tertiary basalt and andesite. Also Udivitrands), Inceptisols Troutmeadows, Bucketlake, Udic. Lower Mostly 45/74. mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, big huckleberry, grouse huckleberry, wildlife habitat, and recreation. sandy loam. forest. larger perennial streams fed by snow melt from maximum Cretaceous and Jurassic granitic rocks, Jurassic (Dystrocryepts, Dystroxerepts, Angelpeak, Bordengulch, Prouty, elevations: snow. Snow Marine- honeysuckle, sidebells pyrola, roundleaved violet, and northwestern sedge. Cool 3c. Prairie 1971 Nearly level, slightly depressional, or undulating 160-500/ Quaternary glacio-lacustrine deposits and Alfisols (Albaqualfs, Woodburn, Aloha, Willamette, Mesic/ 40-50 165-210 33/46; Mosaic of prairies and oak savannah/ Oregon white oak with camas, sedges, Cropland, nurseries, urban and rural residential adjacent high mountains. 7700/ and Triassic sedimentary or volcanic rocks, and Haploxerepts), Mollisols Ufish. Cool moist slopes: Gorham Frigid/ persists late influenced. moist slopes: grand fir, western larch, queen’s cup beadlily, and prince’s pine. Drier Terraces fluvial terraces with sluggish, meandering 10-150 alluvium. Endoaqualfs), Mollisols Dayton, Amity, Concord, Malabon, Xeric 51/85 tufted hairgrass, fescue, and California oatgrass; occasional Douglas-fir groves; development, and some forested riparian 400-2500 Triassic and Paleozoic partly metamorphosed (Argixerolls). Thick volcanic Gulch, Limberjim, Syrupcreek, Udic and, on into spring. slopes: Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, mountain maple, ninebark, pinegrass, elk streams and rivers. Historically, seasonal (Argialbolls, Argixerolls), Coburg, Salem, Waldo, Bashaw. ash forest in wet depressions; ash, oak, maple, and fir riparian forest along zones. Primary crops: grass seed (on terraces) sedimentary and volcanic rocks. ash retains moisture well and Tamara, Threecent. Dry slopes: south-facing sedge, and bigleaf sandwort. wetlands and ponds were common. Many Inceptisols (Haploxerepts) Soil textures range from deep silty sluggish streams with scattered cottonwood groves; some ponderosa pine to the and small grains (especially on reclaimed enhances soil productivity. Klicker, Analulu, Endcreek. slopes, Xeric streams are now channelized. clay loam to silt loam. Well drained south. Understory: poison oak, hazel, and Indian plum. wetlands). Prairie and oak savanna once 540 High elevation, glaciated mountains with aretes, 6500-9900/ Quaternary glacial, volcanic ash, and colluvial Andisols (Vitricryands), Angelpeak, Mountemily, Teewinot, Cryic/ 35-80 10-30 15/32; Western spruce–fir forest; alpine meadows–barren/ Subalpine fir, whitebark pine, Forest, meadowland, or bare rock. Recreation, to poorly drained. maintained by Native American burning. 11m. Subalpine– Alpine Zone cirques, mountain slopes, tarns, permanent 600-3000 deposits. Tertiary basaltic, andesitic, and intrusive Inceptisols (Eutrocryepts, Moran, Troutmeadows, Chinacap, Udic and, on Mostly 40/69 Engelmann spruce, and lodgepole pine. Dry south-facing slopes: mountain big wildlife habitat, and, outside of designated- 3d. Valley 2415 Rolling foothills with medium gradient, sinuous 200-1500; Quaternary colluvium. Miocene andesitic basalt Alfisols (Haploxeralfs), Bellpine, Jory, Nekia, Hazelair, Mesic/ 45-60. 165-210 32/46; Mosaic of oak woodlands and Douglas-fir forests/ Oak savanna and prairies Woodland, deciduous and evergreen forest, snowfields, and a remnant glacier. High gradient rocks. Extensive Cretaceous and Jurassic Dystrocryepts) Fruitcreek, Cornucopiapeak. Soils south-facing snow. sagebrush and Idaho fescue. Wet meadows: heather and Parry’s rush. Treeline: wilderness areas, summer livestock grazing. Foothills streams. A few buttes and low mountains occur. max. 2200/ and marine sandstone. Ultisols (Haplohumults, Willakenzie, Laurelwood, Cascade. Xeric Wettest in 50/80 with California oatgrass, fescue, blue wildrye, brodiaea and other prairie forbs. pastureland, vineyards, and orchards. Rural streams with boulder and cobble substrates. granitic rocks. Jurassic, Triassic, and Paleozoic are rocky; rock outcrop and rubble slopes, Xeric krummholz. Alpine meadows of green fescue and Hood’s sedge. Highest: rock Important water source for lower elevation 300-1000 Palehumults), Mollisols Soil textures range from deep silty east. Douglas-fir forests with sword fern, oceanspray, hazel, baldhip rose, poison oak, residential development, Christmas tree farms, sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Rock outcrops land is extensive. outcrops, rubble land, and snowfields. areas. (Haploxerolls), Inceptisols clay loam to silt loam. and alien Himalayan blackberry. and logging. occur. (Fragixerepts) 11n. Deschutes 1576 Broad, nearly level to rolling valley with deeply 2000-4000; Quaternary basalt and fluvial, lacustrine, and Mollisols (Haploxerolls, Deschutes, Agency, Caphealy, Aridic/ 8-12 70-140 22/41; Sagebrush steppe/ Wyoming big sagebrush, Antelope bitterbrush, basin big Shrubland, grassland, irrigated cropland and River Valley incised streams. Southern part: capped by basalt buttes to tuffaceous deposits. Tertiary sedimentary and Argixerolls), Entisols Stukel, Deskamp, Gosney, Cullius. Mesic 46/84 sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, and pastureland, some rangeland. Principal crops: and nearly level. Northern part: where basalt cap 5300/ volcanic rocks; Tertiary fluvial deposits from (Torripsamments) Soils have a high content of sand- needleandthread. On shallow, rocky soils: western juniper. Riparian areas: grass seed, winter wheat, potatoes, alfalfa hay, is absent, terrain more rolling and dissected. 10-300; the old are capped, south of sized volcanic ash. white alder, black hawthorn, ponderosa pine and juniper. Introduced Himalayan mint, onions, carrots for seed, and garlic. max. 2000 Redmond, by Tertiary basalt. Rock outcrops are blackberry, reed canarygrass, and sweet clover. common. 4 . CASCADES 11o. Cold Basins 400 Cold, wet valleys and basins. Streams, if not 3600-6000/ Quaternary alluvium and lacustrine deposits. Mollisols (Cryaquolls, Silvies, Damon, Damore, Welch, Frigid, Cryic/ 12-25 less than 16/36; Mostly sagebrush steppe; also wetlands/ Sedges, mountain big sagebrush, low Pastureland, shrubland, grassland, and wetland. channelized, are meandering. mostly Tertiary tuffaceous sediment. Endoaquolls, Haploxerolls, Rastus, Sumpley. Silt- or clay- Xeric, Aquic 20-50 43/80 sagebrush, and Idaho fescue. Wetlands and wet meadows: tufted hairgrass, Baltic Heavily grazed by cattle and elk. Meadow hay level-400 Durixerolls) textured soils are common. Water rush, and alien bluegrass. is harvested for winter livestock feed. Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use tables are typically high. Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) 4a. Western 3905 Westerly-trending low mountain ridges, buttes, 600-4000/ Quaternary colluvium. Tertiary andesitic, Inceptisols (Dystrudepts), Klickitat, Kinney, Peavine, Orford, Mesic/ 60-90 120-180 31/41; Mostly cedar–hemlock–Douglas-fir forest/ Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western Mostly forest; some pastureland in lower 1 2 . SNAKE RIVER PLAIN Cascades and valleys with reservoirs and medium gradient 400-3000 basaltic, and rhyolitic lava flows and breccia. Ultisols (Palehumults, Honeygrove, Gustin, Harrington Udic 47/78 redcedar, bigleaf maple, red alder, vine maple, salal, rhododendron, Oregon grape, elevation valleys. Logging and recreation. rivers and streams. U-shaped, glaciated valleys Haplohumults) huckleberry, thimbleberry, swordfern, oxalis, hazel, and blackberry,. Lowlands and are found in the east. Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use Valleys Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation 4b. Western 2729 Partly glaciated. Mountains that are steeply 3000-6500/ Quaternary colluvium and volcanic ash. Tertiary Inceptisols (Dystrudepts), Illahee, Mellowmoon, Scaredman, Frigid (mostly 70-120 80-120 26/37; Mostly silver fir–Douglas-fir forest; some fir–hemlock forest/ Pacific silver fir, Forest. Logging and recreation. Important (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 Cascades sloping and highly dissected with buttes, ridges, 2000-3100 andesitic and basaltic lava flows and breccia. Andisols (Hapludands, Lempira, Telemon, Snowlin, Keel, in south), 44/75 western hemlock, mountain hemlock, Douglas-fir, noble fir, bigleaf maple, red water source for lower elevation urban, miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) and scattered lakes in glacial rock-basins. Haplocryands, Fulvicryands), Hummington Cryic (mostly alder, and Pacific yew. Understory plants include vine maple, rhododendron, suburban, and agricultural areas. Montane Medium to high gradient streams occur. Ultisols (Palehumults) in north/ Oregon grape, huckleberry, and thimbleberry. Highlands 12a. Treasure 499 Flat to rolling valley containing many canals and 2100-2600/ Quaternary alluvium, loess, lacustrine, and Aridisols (Calciargids, Powder, Umapine, Owyhee, Mesic/ 8-11 110-180 19/35; Sagebrush steppe/ Wyoming big sagebrush, basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, Irrigated cropland, pastureland, shrubland. Udic Valley incised rivers. 0-400 alluvial fan deposits. Argidurids, Haplocambids, Greenleaf, Nyssa, Frohman, Virtue Aridic 57/96 bluebunch wheatgrass, cheatgrass, basin wildrye, Thurber needlegrass, and grassland, and residential and commercial 4c. Cascade Crest 1909 Glaciated. Undulating plateau punctuated by 4000-6500; Quaternary colluvium, volcanic ash, glacial Spodosols (Haplocryods, Lastance, Talapus, Thader, Mt. Cryic/ 55-100 30-90 21/35; Mostly fir-hemlock forest/ Mostly Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock, and Forest. Recreation and some logging. Important Haplodurids), Mollisols rabbitbrush. Saline areas: shadscale, greasewood, and inland saltgrass. development. Primary crops: wheat, sugar buttes, volcanic cones, lava flows, and mountains. max. 8000/ deposits, and volcanic rocks. Pliocene basaltic Humicryods), Andisols Hood, Dinzer Udic 43/72 subalpine fir; some noble fir, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine. Understory: vine water source for lower elevation urban, (Haploxerolls), Inceptisols beets, potatoes, onions, and alfalfa. Montane (Halaquepts) Forest Meandering, medium gradient streams cross the 500-2500 and andesitic lava flows, breccia, and pyroclastic (Fulvicryands) maple, huckleberries, rhododendron, beargrass, twinflower, and wintergreen. suburban, and agricultural areas. subdued, glaciated terrain. Many lakes occupy deposits. Mountain meadows support sedges, dwarf willows, and tufted hairgrass. 12j. Unwooded 489 Rolling foothills, hills, benches, alluvial fans, and 2600-3500/ Quaternary alkaline lacustrine sediments. Tertiary Aridisols (Argidurids), Chilcott, Haw, Lolalita, Payette, Mesic/ 9-12 100-160 19/35; Mostly sagebrush steppe/ Wyoming big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Shrub- and grass-covered rangeland and glacial rock-basins. Alkaline scattered badlands. Few perennial streams occur. 0-1200 tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. Mollisols (Argixerolls), Shoofly, Brogan Aridic 57/96 Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and cheatgrass. wildlife habitat; some irrigated hayland and 331 Glaciated. Steeply sloping to undulating 5000-11239/ Quaternary colluvium, glacial deposits, basalt, Entisols (Cryorthents) Bare rock and rubble Cryic/ 75-140 0-30 16/31; Mostly alpine meadows and barren; some fir–hemlock forest/ Herbaceous and Bare rock, glaciers, snow fields, subalpine Entisols (Torriorthents) Saline-alkaline areas: black greasewood, shadscale, fourwing saltbush, and inland pastureland near rivers. 4d. Cascades Foothills saltgrass. Subalpine/ mountains and volcanic peaks with cascading 1600-6200 and andesite. Udic, Perudic 38/65 shrubby subalpine meadow vegetation; scattered stands of mountain hemlock, meadows, and forest. Recreation. Important streams, glacial cirques, and tarns. Glaciers whitebark pine, and subalpine fir.Wet meadows support Brewer’s sedge, Holm’s water source for lower elevation urban, Alpine and year-round snowfields occur on the highest sedge, black alpine sedge, tufted hairgrass, and alpine aster. suburban, and agricultural areas. peaks. 4e. High Southern 915 Glaciated. High, undulating plateau punctuated 4000-8200/ Quaternary glacial deposits, volcanic ash, Andisols (Vitricryands, Castlecrest, Timbercrater, Cryic/ 45-70 70-100 23/37; Mostly fir–hemlock forest/ Mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, Pacific silver fir; Mostly forest; open meadows and bare rock at 7 8 . KLAMATH MOUNTAINS Cascades by volcanic peaks. Many tarns occur. Drained by 150-2500 pumice, and colluvium. Pliocene and Miocene Haplocryands), Spodosols Llaorock, Winopee Udic 44/74 some grand fir, white fir, and Shasta red fir. Understory plants include woodrush, higher elevations. Recreation and some logging medium to high gradient streams. andesite and olivine basalt. (Haplocryods) prince’s pine, lupine, and sidebells shinleaf. At highest elevations: white bark pine and livestock grazing. Montane and open meadows support Shasta buckwheat, Newberry knotweed, and Brewer’s Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use Forest sedge. Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation 4f. Southern 1414 Mid-elevation mountains that are moderately 1400-5300; Quaternary colluvium. Tertiary pyroclastic rocks, Ultisols (Palexerults), Freezener, Straight, Shippa, Mesic/ 45-80 80-180 30/45; Mostly mixed conifer forest/ Lower elevations: Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, Forest and open forest. Logging, recreation, (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 Cascades dissected. Medium to high gradient streams and max. 6200/ basalt, basaltic andesite, breccia, tuff, sandstone, Inceptisols (Dystroxerepts, Dumont, Geppert, Vena, Farva, Xeric 49/85 white fir (grand fir/white fir hybrids), incense cedar, and some sugar pine. Higher and some livestock grazing. Important water miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) rivers occur. Reservoirs and a few large lakes of 200-2800 and siltstone. Haploxerepts), Alfisols Pinehurst, Coyata elevations: Shasta red fir, mountain hemlock, whitebark pine. Understory: source for lower elevation urban, suburban, and glacial origin occur. (Haploxeralfs), Mollisols snowberry, twinflower, Oregon grape, serviceberry, golden chinkapin, and agricultural areas. 78a. Rogue/Illinois 285 Terraces and floodplains in mountain valleys. 900-2000/ Quaternary fluvial terrace and floodplain Mollisols (Haploxerolls, On floodplains: Newberg, Camas, Mesic/ 20-60 120-180 31/47; Mostly Oregon oak woods; scattered Douglas-fir forest and grasslands/ Oregon Woodland, grassland, orchards, cropland, (Argixerolls) oceanspray. Valleys mostly less deposits. Argixerolls), Alfisols Evans. On valley terraces: Xeric 51/89 white oak, madrone, California black oak, ponderosa pine, and grasslands. pastureland, and rural residential, residential, than 100- (Palexeralfs), Inceptisols Medford, Foehlin, Central Point. Common understory plants include California fescue, snowberry, and serviceberry. and commercial development. 200; max. (Haploxerepts, Endoaquepts) On fans: Ruch, Barron, Clawson. In riparian areas: willow and cottonwood. 600 78b. Oak Savanna 818 Moderately sloping mountain foothills with 1400-4000/ Quaternary colluvium and alluvium. In east: Mollisols (Haploxerolls, Medco, McMullin, McNull, Mesic/ 25-45 110-160 28/45; Oregon oak woods and Douglas-fir forest/ Oregon white oak and California black Woodland, forest, grassland–savanna, Foothills medium gradient streams. 400-2000 Eocene basaltic lava flows. In west: Jurassic Argixerolls), Inceptisols Brader, Debenger, Carney Xeric 50/87 oak woodlands, madrone, and ponderosa pine, grassland savanna. Wetter areas: rangeland, orchards, and some row cropland. sandstone and shale. (Haploxerepts), Vertisols Douglas-fir and incense cedar. Understory species include oceanspray, poison oak, Rural residential development and some 9 . EASTERN CASCADES SLOPES AND FOOTHILLS (Haploxererts) snowberry, Idaho fescue, California brome, roughstalk bluegrass, and ceanothus. logging. Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use 78c. Umpqua 921 Foothills and narrow interior valleys containing 400-2800/ Quaternary alluvium and colluvium. Pliocene Mollisols (Haploxerolls, On terraces: Conser, Newberg, Mesic/ 30-50 120-180 34/49; Douglas-fir forest and Oregon oak woods/ Oregon white oak, Douglas-fir, Woodland, forest, pastureland, vineyards, Interior fluvial terraces and floodplains. less than marine sandstone. Eocene basalt. Argixerolls, Argiaquolls), Roseburg. On foothills: Oakland, Xeric 53/84 ponderosa pine, grand fir, madrone, tanoak, and chinkapin. Understory plants orchards, cropland, and rural residential, Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation 100-1900 Alfisols (Haploxeralfs), Sutherlin, Nonpareil. include snowberry, salal, Oregon grape, poison oak, oceanspray, and swordfern. commercial, and residential development. Foothills Inceptisols (Dystroxerepts) (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 o miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max ( F) 78d. Serpentine 440 Highly dissected mountains containing perennial, 1500-4300/ Quaternary colluvium. Jurassic ultramafic and Alfisols (Haploxeralfs), Pearsoll, Dubakella, Eightlar, Mesic, Frigid/ 45-120 70-140 32/44; Mixed conifer forest and montane chaparral/ Jeffrey pine, tanoak, incense cedar, Sparse woodland. Recreation, logging, and Siskiyous high gradient streams. 600-2400 related rocks. Inceptisols (Dystroxerepts) Perdin, Gravecreek Xeric 49/82 Douglas-fir, and chaparral composed of manzanita, ceanothus, Idaho fescue, and mining. Historical gold, nickel, chrome, 9b. Grand Fir 162 High, glaciated plateaus, mountains, and canyons 2500-4900/ Quaternary colluvium, volcanic ash, and loess. Andisols (Vitrixerands), Yallani, Bins, Bindle, Ketchly Frigid/ 35-55 50-90 16/32; Mostly grand fir–Douglas-fir forest and ponderosa shrub forest/ Grand fir, Forest. Logging and recreation. Important Lemmon needlegrass. Soils derived from serpentine support unique understory copper, and mercury mining. Mixed Forest containing high gradient, streams and rivers. 600-1800 Pleistocene, Pliocene, and Miocene andesite Inceptisols (Dystroxerepts), Xeric 47/77 Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and western larch. Understory plants include vine water source for lower elevation areas. species and sparse woodland vegetation. Scattered lakes in glacial rock-basins occur. basalt, and tuffaceous rock. Alfisols (Haploxeralfs) maple, hazel, snowberry, and oceanspray. 2610 Highly dissected mountains with high gradient 800-7000/ Quaternary colluvium. Jurassic granitic rocks, Alfisols (Haploxeralfs), Vannoy, Caris, Offenbacher, Mesic, Frigid/ 35-70 90-160 29/44; Mixed conifer forest/ Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, Oregon white oak, California Forest. Logging, recreation, rural residential 9c. Oak/Conifer 461 Foothills, low mountains, plateaus and valleys. Mostly 600- Quaternary volcanic ash, breccia, loess, Mollisols (Haploxerolls), Wamic, Hesslan, Skyline Mesic/ 16-40 90-140 26/40; Douglas-fir forest, Oregon oak woods, and ponderosa shrub forest/ Eastern areas: Mostly woodland and forest; also some 78e. Inland Siskiyous streams. A few small lakes are found at higher 1000-2800 shale, and sandstone. Inceptisols (Haploxerepts, Josephine, Beekman, Kanid, Xeric 50/86 black oak, madrone, serviceberry, snowberry, Oregon grape, California fescue, and development, and mining. Foothills Perennial and intermittent, mostly medium 3000/ colluvium, fluvial deposits, basalt, and basaltic Inceptisols (Haploxerepts) Xeric 53/82. Oregon white oak woodlands and ponderosa pine. Western areas: Douglas-fir. grassland. Logging, recreation, livestock elevations. Dystroxerepts), Ultisols Siskiyou, Tethrick poison oak. gradient streams and rivers occur. 200-1200 andesite. Tertiary basalt, andesite, tuffaceous Some grasslands also occur. Understory plants include Idaho fescue, bluebunch grazing, rural residential development, (Haploxerults) rock, and intrusive rocks. wheatgrass, antelope bitterbrush, Oregon grape, hazel, and snowberry. orchards, and, in valleys, grain and hay farming. 78f. Coastal 853 Highly dissected mountains with high gradient 600-5300/ Quaternary colluvium. Cretaceous and Jurassic Inceptisols (Dystrudepts, Fritsland, Bravo, Cassiday, Mesic, Frigid/ 70-130 100-190 38/50; Mostly mixed conifer forest/ Tanoak, Douglas-fir, madrone, bigleaf maple, Forest. Logging, recreation, rural residential Siskiyous streams. 1000-2700 conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone. Dystroxerepts), Ultisols Deadline, Barkshanty, Nailkeg, West: Udic; 50/76 California laurel, Port Orford cedar, chinkapin, salal, rhododendron, and development, and some mining. 9d. Ponderosa 1077 Undulating volcanic plateau with canyons Mostly Quaternary volcanic ash, pumice, colluvium, Andisols (Vitrixerands) Sisters, Wanoga, Fremkle, Frigid/ 16-35 50-90 20/40; Mostly ponderosa shrub forest/ Ponderosa pine. From lower to higher elevations, Woodland. Logging, livestock grazing, and (Palehumults, Palexerults) Jayar, Althouse, Skymor, Atring, East: Xeric swordfern; some western hemlock in west on udic soils. Pine/ containing medium gradient perennial streams. 2400-5000; and buried glacial outwash deposits. Pleistocene Allingham, Circle. Well-drained, Xeric 40/82 understory vegetation varies from antelope bitterbrush to greenleaf manzanita to recreation. Kanid, Acker Bitterbrush The volcanic-influenced hydrogeology produces max. 6000/ and Pliocene olivine basalt and olivine-bearing loamy sand to gravelly sandy loam snowberry. Riparian areas support mountain alder, stream dogwood, willows, and consistent, year-round stream flow. 250-1800 andesite. derived from volcanic ash. sedges. 121 Highly dissected mountains containing high 3800-7500/ Quaternary colluvium. Miocene and Oligocene Mollisols (Argixerolls, Skookum, McMullin, McNull Mesic/ 25-35 90-160 24/42; Montane chaparral and mixed conifer forest/ Higher altitudes and north-facing Forest, woodland, savanna, and chaparral. Woodland 78g. Klamath River Ridges gradient streams. 800-3000 basaltic and andesitic flows. Jurassic granitic Haploxerolls) Xeric 49/88 slopes: Douglas-fir and white fir. Lower altitudes and south-facing slopes: Logging, livestock grazing, and recreation. 9e. Pumice 4236 High elevation, nearly level to undulating 4200-8300/ Thick Quaternary volcanic ash and pumice. Andisols (Vitricryands) Shanahan, Lapine, Steiger, Yawhee. Cryic/ 16-30 10-50 14/37; Ponderosa shrub forest/ Flats and depressions: lodgepole pine. Slopes: ponderosa Forest. Logging, livestock grazing, and rocks. ponderosa pine, western juniper, and chaparral. Oregon grape, western fescue, snowberry, bluebunch wheatgrass, and ceanothus. Plateau volcanic plateau with isolated buttes, marshes, 200-2000 Pleistocene basalt and andesite. Miocene olivine Well- to excessively-drained, Xeric 38/80 pine. Higher altitudes: white fir. Understory plants: antelope bitterbrush and Idaho recreation. spring-fed creeks, streams with low to medium basalt. coarse soils derived from pumice fescue. Riparian areas support mountain alder, stream dogwood, willows, and gradients. and ash. quaking aspen. 9f. Pumice 640 High elevation basins containing forested 4100-5200/ Thick Quaternary volcanic ash and pumice; also Andisols (Cryaquands, Tutni, Sunriver, Wickiup. Mostly Cryic/ 20-25 10-50 12/38; Lodgepole pine and wetlands; scattered ponderosa shrub forest on driest soils/ La Forest, marshland, wetland meadows, and Plateau Basins wetlands, marshes, lakes, reservoirs, and both Mostly less Quaternary semi-consolidated lacustrine and Vitricryands), Mollisols mucky silt loam, loamy sands, and Aquic 38/80 Pine Basin: mostly lodgepole pine and wet, forested wetlands containing willow, forested wetlands. Livestock grazing, rural medium and low gradient rivers. Extensive marsh than 50-200; fluvial sediments. (Cryaquolls) sandy loam. aspen, and lodgepole pine; on driest sites, ponderosa pine. Sycan and Upper residential development, duck hunting, and 8 0 . NORTHERN BASIN AND RANGE areas are found in the south. max. 800 Klamath marshes: wetland vegetation. recreation. Important habitat for migratory waterfowl. Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use

9g. Klamath/ 1039 Pluvial lake basins containing floodplains, 4000-5400/ Quaternary unconsolidated and semi- Histosols (Haplohemists), Lather, Henley, Tulana, Kirk, Mesic/ 10-18 90-120 21/39; Mostly sagebrush steppe/ Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Antelope Shrub- and grass-covered rangeland, wetland, Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation terraces, and low-gradient streams. mostly less consolidated lacustrine and fluvial sediments. Aridisols (Haplodurids), Lakeview, Ozamis, Drews, Deter. Xeric 51/85 bitterbrush, mountain big sagebrush, low sagebrush, basin wildrye, and basin big cropland, and rural residential development. Goose Lake (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 than 50-200; Inceptisols (Humaquepts), Mostly very deep to deep, peaty sagebrush. Historically, extensive wetlands of tules, cattails, and sedges. Many wetlands drained for agriculture. Wildlife miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) Basins max. 400 Mollisols (Haploxerolls, muck, clay loam, silt loam, and habitat and wildlife refuges occur. Primary Endoaquolls, Argixerolls), loam. crops: alfalfa, potatoes, and small grains. 80a. Dissected High 3984 Dissected, nearly level to undulating, elevated Mostly 4300- Quaternary basaltic and andesitic flows and Aridisols (Argidurids, Dewar, Arbidge, Colthorp, Mesic, Frigid/ 9-14 50-130 18/38; Mostly sagebrush steppe/ Wyoming big sagebrush, low sagebrush, Douglas Mostly shrub- and grass-covered rangeland Andisols (Cryaquands) Lava Plateau volcanic plateau characterized by external 6500; gorges alluvium. Tertiary basaltic, rhyolitic, andesitic, Haplargids), Mollisols Anawalt, Buncelvior, Vanwyper Mostly Aridic 51/88 rabbitbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, bottlebrush squirreltail, and wildlife habitat; some pastureland and 1672 Steeply to moderately sloping mountains and 5000-8000/ Quaternary colluvium, thin volcanic ash, and thin Mollisols (Argixerolls, Winterim, Royst, Mound, Cryic, Frigid/ 15-40 30-70 15/38; Ponderosa shrub forest/ Lower altitudes: mostly ponderosa pine and western Forest and woodland. Logging, grazing, and drainage and sheer-walled canyons. Streams are to 3000/ and dacitic rocks. (Argixerolls, Durixerolls) bordering on Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and cheatgrass. In cropland. Primary crops: hay and small grains. 9h. Fremont Pine/ fed by snow-melt and springs. A few, scattered 100-200; Xeric rocky areas: scattered western juniper. Cheatgrass has replaced depleted bunchgrasses Fir Forest high plateaus with high gradient intermittent and 800-2000 pumice. Miocene basalt, rhyolite, tuffaceous lava Haploxerolls), Andisols Woodchopper, Rogger, Polander Xeric 42/85 juniper. Higher altitudes: mostly white fir, whitebark pine, and lodgepole pine. recreation. ephemeral streams. Reservoirs, a few glacial flows, sandstone, and siltstone. (Vitrixerands) Understory plants include snowberry, heartleaf arnica, Wheeler bluegrass, Antelope intermittent lakes occur. gorges to in overgrazed areas. rock-basin lakes, and many springs occur. bitterbrush, and longstolon sedge. 1200 515 Gently to moderately sloping mountains 3600-6300/ Quaternary colluvium and glacial outwash Mollisols (Argicryolls, Woodcock, Pokegema, Pinehurst, Cryic, Frigid/ 25-40 30-70 20/34; Ponderosa shrub forest/ Ponderosa pine. Higher elevations: white fir, Shasta red Woodland and forest. Logging, grazing, and 80d. Pluvial Lake 2092 Nearly level to gently sloping, internally-drained 4200-5500/ Quaternary lacustrine, playa, alluvial, and marsh Aridisols (Paleargids, Millican Valley: Stookmoor, Frigid/ 8-12 50-100 17/38; Sagebrush steppe/ Mountain big sagebrush, basin big sagebrush, basin wildrye, Shrub- and grass-covered rangeland and 9i. Southern basins containing lake terraces, playas, beach less than 20- deposits. Volcanic ash layer present near the Haplocambids), Mollisols Gardone. Fort Rock and Christmas Mostly Aridic 42/82 Indian ricegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, sprinkler irrigated cropland growing alfalfa. Cascades containing streams with medium to high 400-2700 deposits. Miocene basaltic andesite. Argixerolls, Haplocryolls) Greystoke Xeric 47/82 fir, and Douglas-fir. Understory plants include Idaho fescue, antelope bitterbrush, recreation. Basins gradients. A few permanent lakes occur. Ross sedge, western fescue, snowberry, and chinkapin. plains, and lower alluvial fans. 200 Cascade Range. (Haploxerolls, Argixerolls) valleys: Fort Rock, Abert, Bonnick. bordering on and, in Millican and Fort Rock valleys, Idaho fescue. Slope Catlow Valley and : Xeric Spangenburg, Lawen, Reallis, 9j. Klamath 784 Undulating hills, benches, and escarpments 4400-6200/ Quaternary colluvium and volcanic ash. Miocene Mollisols (Argixerolls, Lorella, Nuss, Merlin, Royst, Mesic, Frigid/ 12-20 60-120 21/40; Ponderosa pine, juniper woodland, and sagebrush steppe/ Wetter areas: ponderosa Mosaic of woodland and sagebrush–grassland. Catlow. Most soils coarse-textured Juniper containing medium gradient streams. A few small 250-1800 olivine basalt, tuffaceous sandstone, and siltstone. Haploxerolls) Winterim Xeric 49/83 pine with understory of antelope bitterbrush and bunchgreasses. Drier sites: low Livestock grazing, logging, and recreation. and well-drained. In Millican, Woodland plateau lakes occur but reservoirs common. sagebrush, Wyoming big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Reservoirs provide irrigation water to lower Christmas, and Fort Rock valleys: Sandberg bluegrass. Western juniper and mountain-mahogany occur on shallow, elevation ecoregions. ash-rich soils. rocky soils. 80e. 1651 Nearly-level basins containing remnant wetlands, 4000-5000/ Quaternary alluvial and lacustrine sediments. Mollisols (Endoaquolls), Ausmus, Poujade, Lolak, Reese, Frigid/ 8-12 50-80 20/42; Sagebrush steppe/ In wetter areas: sedges, rushes, tufted hairgrass, black Mostly shrub- and grass-covered rangeland Wetlands floodplains, alluvial terraces, sloughs, lakes, less than 25- Tertiary basalt and tuffaceous sediment. Vertisols (Epiaquerts), Housefield, Ozamis, Jimgreen, Aridic almost 47/86 greasewood, mat muhley, creeping wildrye, and bluegrass. Elsewhere: basin big and wildlife habitat; some irrigated pastureland lake plains, and reservoirs. Lake levels fluctuate 250 Aridisols (Natrargids), Boulder Lake. Somewhat poorly- Xeric; in sagebrush, Wyoming big sagebrush, silver sagebrush, basin wildrye, Nevada and irrigated cropland growing alfalfa and seasonally and from annually. Inceptisols (Halaquepts), to very poorly-drained soils with growing season: bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Thurber needlegrass, and cheatgrass. barley. Marshes and lakes are critical habitat Histosols (Haplosaprists) high water tables and seasonal usually Aquic for nesting and migratory birds plus associated ponding. conditions. upland birds and mammals. Federal wildlife 1 0 . refuges occur. 80f. Owyhee 2991 Highly dissected, undulating to very steeply 2500-5500/ Mostly Tertiary tuffaceous rock, lacustrine Mollisols (Argixerolls, Ruckles, Brogan, Simas, Poall, Mesic/ 8-14 80-160 17/35; Sagebrush steppe/ Wyoming big sagebrush, basin big sagebrush, Douglas Mostly brush- and grass-covered rangeland Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Potential Natural Vegetation*/ Land Cover and Land Use Uplands and sloping hills and mountains characterized by 200-1200 sediments, fluvial deposits, and basalt. Rock Palexerolls), Aridisols Ruclick, Lookout Aridic 54/88 rabbitbrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, bottlebrush squirreltail, Sandberg and wildlife habitat; some hay and small grain Canyons deep, precipitous river canyons, badlands, and outcrops are common. (Argidurids, Paleargids) bluegrass, and cheatgrass. Rocky areas: scattered western juniper. farming. Cheatgrass has replaced depleted Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean Temperature Present Vegetation caves. bunchgrasses in overgrazed areas. (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual January min/max; *Source: Kuchler, 1964 miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) July min/max (oF) 80g. High Lava 10262 Nearly level to undulating, elevated volcanic Mostly Mostly Tertiary basaltic, rhyolitic, and andesitic Mollisols (Argixerolls, Anawalt, Actem, Brace, Coztur, Frigid/ 9-14 50-80 18/35; Sagebrush steppe/ Wyoming big sagebrush, low sagebrush, mountain big Shrub- and grass-covered rangeland and Plains plateau that is internally drained by ephemeral 4200-6500/ rocks as well as ash-flow tuffs. Durixerolls, Palexerolls), Carryback, Raz, Ninemile, and, in Aridic 47/83 sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass, wildlife habitat. Cheatgrass has replaced 10c. Umatilla 3712 Nearly level to rolling, loess-mantled plateau. 1000-3200/ Quaternary loess over Tertiary basalt. Mollisols (Haploxerolls). Walla Walla, Ritzville (surface Mesic/ 9-15 100-170 26/41; Mostly wheatgrass–bluegrass; also some sagebrush steppe/ Bluebunch Mostly cropland; some grassland. Non- and intermittent streams. Isolated buttes and Mostly 100- Aridisols (Haplargids, depressions, Swalesilver. Soils are bordering on bottlebrush squirreltail, and Idaho fescue. Depressions: silver sagebrush, creeping depleted bunchgrasses in overgrazed areas. Plateau Glacial features such as patterned-ground are Mostly 200- Surface layers are thinner and texture: silt loam), Condon, Aridic, Xeric 52/86 wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and Idaho fescue. On very shallow soils: stiff irrigated winter wheat is grown using the crop– volcanic cones occur. Scattered lakes and 2500 Argidurids, Haplodurids), typically shallow to moderately Xeric wildrye, and mat muhley. Shallow and rocky soils: scattered western juniper. common. Most streams are ephemeral. 600; valleys have less organic matter than Morrow, Bakeoven, Mikkalo sagebrush. Alien cheatgrass covers broad areas. fallow rotation method. Irrigated land grows ephemeral pools are common. Alfisols (Palexeralfs) deep to underlying claypan, to 1000 in the adjacent Ecoregion 10i. winter wheat, alfalfa, and barley. duripan, or bedrock. 10e. Pleistocene 1407 Nearly level to undulating lake plain. Little 300-1200/ Quaternary lacustrine and alluvial deposits. Aridisols (Haplocambids, Sagehill, Warden, Quincy, Mesic/ 7-10 140-200 30/41; Sagebrush steppe/ Needleandthread, Indian ricegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Mostly irrigated cropland; some rangeland; 80j. Semiarid 1041 Hills, low- and mid-elevation mountain slopes, 4800-7500/ Quaternary colluvium. Tertiary andesite, basalt, Mollisols (Argixerolls, Westbutte, Ninemile, Baconcamp, Frigid, Cryic/ 12-26 40-80 21/37; Juniper steppe woodland and sagebrush steppe/ Mountain big sagebrush, low Shrub- and grass-covered rangeland or Lake Basins surface water runoff. 10-200 During the Pleistocene Epoch, contained ancient Haplodurids), Entisols Winchester, Koehler, Adkins Aridic 60/89 Sandberg bluegrass, and basin big sagebrush. Alien cheatgrass covers broad areas. and irrigated poplar tree farms for pulp. Crops: Uplands volcanic cones, and buttes. Includes the low- 400-3000 rhyolite, and tuff. Rock outcrops are common. Haplocryolls, Argicryolls, Harcany, Fitzwater, Hackwood Aridic 50/80 sagebrush, mountain-mahogany, Idaho fescue, Sandberg and Nevada bluegrass, woodland. Livestock grazing, recreation, and Lake Condon. (Torripsamments) winter wheat, potatoes, alfalfa, and silage corn. and mid-elevation scarps of Hart Mountain Haploxerolls) bordering on bluebunch wheatgrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, and Thurber needlegrass. Mid- wildlife habitat. Streams support cold water and . Mostly moderate to high Xeric, Xeric elevations: western juniper woodland. Snow pockets: aspen and chokecherry. fisheries. 10g. Yakima Folds 109 Anticlinal ridges. Mostly ephemeral and 1000-2200/ Quaternary loess over Tertiary basalt. Mollisols (Haploxerolls) Ritzville (surface texture: very fine Mesic/ 10-12 150-170 26/40; Wheatgrass–bluegrass and sagebrush steppe/ Needleandthread, bluebunch Mostly cropland; also shrub- and grass- gradient, perennial and intermittent streams. Riparian areas: willows and chokecherry. intermittent streams. 500-1000 sandy loam) Aridic 55/87 wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyoming big sagebrush, and basin big covered rangeland. Non-irrigated winter wheat. sagebrush. Alien cheatgrass covers broad areas. Irrigated winter wheat, barley, and alfalfa. 80k. Partly 103 High elevation zone of Steens Mountain. 7500-9700/ Quaternary colluvial and morainal deposits. (Mollisols (Argicryolls, Baconcamp, Leemorris, Cryic/ 26-45 30-50 19/35; Mountain brush, sagebrush steppe, and grasslands/ Mountain big sagebrush, Grassland, shrubland, brushland, and Forested Glacial features such as U-shaped valleys, 200-3500 Tertiary rhyolitic and basaltic rocks. Rock Haplocryolls) Buckwilder, Hackwood Xeric 47/73 aspen, snowberry, mountain-mahogany, low sagebrush, sheep fescue, rough fescue, woodland. Summer livestock grazing, wildlife 146 Lower elevation, northwest-facing slopes of the 1500-3500/ Quaternary loess over Tertiary basalt. Mollisols (Haploxerolls, Athena, Waha, , Gwin Mesic/ 15-25 120-190 26/39; Wheatgrass–bluegrass/ Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, and bluebunch Non-irrigated cropland and, on steeper slopes, 10i. Deep Loess Mountains moraines, cirques, and tarns occur. Perennial and outcrops are common. bottlebrush squirreltail, prairie lupine, and Idaho fescue. Aspen stands in riparian habitat, and recreation. Foothills eastern Blue Mountains. Perennial streams fed by Mostly 100- Argixerolls). Surface layers Xeric 52/86 wheatgrass. rangeland. Primary crops: winter wheat, barley, intermittent, high gradient, cold streams occur meadows, moist draws, and wet depressions. snow melt from adjacent high mountains. 600; valleys are darker with organic matter alfalfa, and green peas. Annual cropping that are fed by snow-melt or springs. to 1000 than Ecoregion 10c. (without wheat–fallow rotation) is practiced. 80l. Salt Shrub 725 Nearly flat to gently sloping, internally-drained 3500-4800/ Quaternary alluvium, loess, and playa, lacustrine, On basin floors: Aridisols On basin floors: Alvodest, Droval. Mesic/ 6-10 80-110 24/40; Saltbush–greasewood and sagebrush steppe/ Black greasewood, inland saltgrass, Mostly shrub- and grass-covered rangeland 10k. Deschutes/ 674 Very steep to precipitous canyonlands containing 200-3600/ Quaternary colluvium. Tertiary basalt. Rock Mollisols (Haploxerolls) Lickskillet, Wrentham, Nansene. Mesic/ 9-14 100-190 24/39; Sagebrush steppe/ Bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass, Sparsely covered by grasses and shrubs. Valleys basins flanked by alluvial fans and bajadas. less than and marsh deposits. Once inundated by (Aquicambids). On terraces: On terraces: Deppy, Tumtum. Aridic, Aridic 59/86 shadscale, bud sagebrush, rushes, basin wildrye, bottlebrush squirreltail, and and wildlife habitat; some irrigated cropland John Day the Deschutes and John Day rivers. 1000-2000 outcrops are very common. Soils contain a high amount of rock Aridic; steep 52/84 Wyoming big sagebrush, and cheatgrass. Riparian vegetation in narrow canyons: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Contains terraces, dunes, wetlands, hot springs, 200 Pleistocene pluvial lakes. Aridisols (Argidurids). On alluvial fans: Outerkirk, bordering on cheatgrass. Alluvial fans and hills: Wyoming big sagebrush, spiny hopsage, growing alfalfa and small grains. Water Canyons fragments throughout their profiles. north-facing white alder, mockorange, western clematis, and chokecherry. barren playas, and intermittent lakes. Mostly On alluvial fans: Aridisols Defenbaugh. Saline and alkaline Xeric Thurber needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and bottlebrush diversions for livestock and cropland are slopes: Xeric ephemeral and intermittent streams. (Haplocalcids, Haplocambids) soils are common on basin floors. squirreltail. common. 10n. Umatilla 743 Dissected, hilly uplands with a terrace-like 1600-4400/ Quaternary colluvium intermixed with loess. Mollisols (Argixerolls, Mostly Gwin, Gurdane, Waha, Mesic; north- 15-25 100-160 25/38; Wheatgrass–bluegrass/ Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Sandberg Mostly grass-covered rangeland and wildlife 80m. Barren Playas 179 Nearly level, saline and alkaline playas that were 4000-4500/ Quaternary lacustrine deposits. Entisols (Torriorthents) Saline and alkaline playas. Mesic/ 6-8 80-110 24/40; Desert/ Mostly unvegetated; scattered very salt-tolerant plants occur such as alkali Mostly barren and nonarable. Recreation and Dissected appearance. Slopes are rolling to very steep. 500-1500 Tertiary basalt. Haploxerolls) Rockly, Gwinly, Waterbury. On facing forested 52/82 bluegrass. Forested, higher elevation, north-facing slopes: Douglas-fir, ponderosa habitat; on higher elevation, north-facing once inundated by Pleistocene lakes. Sand dunes less than 25- Sediments are fine-grained and Aquic 59/86 sacaton and black greasewood. habitat for migratory birds. Uplands forested slopes: Umatilla, Kahler. slopes: Frigid/ pine, snowberry, pinegrass, and ninebark. slopes: forest. and mud flats occur. Playas are ponded during 100 very slowly permeable. Xeric wet intervals and eroded by wind when dry.

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