W ESTPHALIA

Previous Publications Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe: and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643–1648 (1999) A Historical Dictionary of the 1648 , with Anuschka Tischer (2001) W ESTPHALIA

T HE LAST CHRISTIAN PEACE

Derek Croxton

ISBN 978-1-349-46220-9 ISBN 978-1-137-33333-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137333339 WESTPHALIA Copyright © Derek Croxton, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-33332-2 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New , NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above compa- nies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–1–137–33332–2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Croxton, Derek, 1969– Westphalia : the last Christian peace / Derek Croxton. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978–1–137–33332–2 (alkaline paper) 1. Peace of Westphalia (1648) 2. Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648— Peace. 3. Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648—Diplomatic history. 4. Europe—History—1648–1789. 5. Europe—Foreign relations— 1648–1715. I. Title. D269.C77 2013 940.2’41—dc23 2013002341 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Tanya This page intentionally left blank C ONTENTS

Acknowledgments ix Chronology Chart xi

Part I Background 1 Introduction 3 2 The Thirty Years’ War 35 3 Origins of the Congress of Westphalia 55 4 Governments and Goals 105 5 Structures 127

Part II Negotiations 6 The Long Beginning 191 7 Foreign Satisfaction 217 8 German Issues 269

Part III Conclusion 9 Consequences 331 10 Foundations 339 11 Innovations 363

Notes 389 Bibliography 417 Index 435 This page intentionally left blank A CKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book began at a doctor’s appointment in Garden City, Michigan. I mentioned to the physician that I wanted to write this book someday, and she told me I needed to write it immediately rather than waiting. That was ten years ago, but I started because of her encouragement and I regret that I can’t remember her name. Thank you. The completion of this book I owe to God for giving me the perseverance to see it through. Between beginning and ending, I am grateful to many people. Coworkers have been very encouraging. My thanks to those at American Background, AFRC, and Pragmatics for their support. Thanks to everyone at the “Making Peace” conference, sponsored by Williamson Murray, for giving me the confidence to work on this book full time, especially Fred Anderson. My Doktorvater , Geoffrey Parker, has given me ongoing encouragement and advice. He and Paul Schroeder read the manuscript and gave me useful comments. Two specialists on Westphalia have been helpful. Frau Dr. Maria- Elisabeth Brunert has answered questions and forwarded me offprints of her articles, which always offer an interesting new perspective. I am especially indebted to Professor Dr. Anuschka Tischer, who has always been ready to answer my inane questions or help me with unusual translations. She also read a version of the manuscript before it was ready, and I apologize for inflicting that on her. This book could not have been completed without the library at the University of Virginia, which lends freely to state residents as many other state universities (I found to my discouragement) do not. I also appreciate my time at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at The Ohio State University, and am grateful to Prof. Ned Lebow for granting me a fellowship to do research there. As always, my family has played a large role in the creation of this book: my parents, Brenda and Croxton, for their encouragement; my in-laws, Don and Monika Kienzle, for granting me some time at their home to write away from distractions; to my father-in-law in particular, who has been very supportive to the point of reading the manuscript and giving me his feed- back; my children, Alex and Jonathan, for continuing to support me even after they found out I was not writing a Magic Treehouse book; and above all my wife, Tanya, who has demonstrated the patience of Penelope in wait- ing so long for me to complete this endeavor. This page intentionally left blank C HRONOLOGY CHART

1635 February 8 Treaty of ( and the Dutch Republic) March 26 Spanish seize Elector of April 28 Treaty of Compi ègne (France and ) May 30 Peace of 1636 March 30 Treaty of Wismar (France and Sweden) 1638 March 6 Treaty of (France and Sweden) 1640 February 3 Electors’ Diet opens in Nuremberg May Revolt of September 13 Diet of (to October 1641) December Revolt of Portugal 1641 December 25 Treaty of Hamburg 1642 March 25 Congress of Westphalia due to start (according to Treaty of Hamburg) December 4 Death of Richelieu 1643 April Salvius sends circular letter inviting estates to the negotiations 2 Final passports/ratifications exchanged in Hamburg May 14 Death of Louis XIII 27 Krane releases Mü nster from Imperial sovereignty for the duration of the negotiations June 17 Ferdinand III orders a post office to be established in M ü nster November 6 Saavedra arrives in M ü nster 14 Salvius issues second invitation to Imperial estates 16 Contarini arrives in Mü nster 18 Servien and d’Avaux enter Amsterdam 27 Salvius arrives in Osnabr ück December 22 Torstensson invades Jutland xii C HRONOLOGY CHART

1644 March 1 French renew alliance with Dutch Republic 17 D’Avaux to Mü nster 19 Chigi to Munster 31 Peace of ends war of papacy against Parma and Venice April 5 Servien arrives in M ü nster 6 Johan Oxenstierna to Osnabr ück French issue their invitation to the Imperial estates July 29 Death of Urban VIII September 15 Election of Innocent X November 20 Agreement on final version of letters of credence, to be delivered by January 20 December 4 First propositions 1645 March 6 Battle of Jankov June 11 Second propositions 24 Ottoman army invades Crete 30 Longueville arrives in Mü nster July 5 Pe ñaranda arrives in M ü nster August 3 Battle of Alerheim 19 Torstensson lifts siege of Br ü nn 23 Treaty of Br ömsebro (Sweden and ) 29 Ferdinand III officially invites all estates to participate September 6 Truce of K ö tzschenbroda (Saxony and Sweden) 25 Imperial response to second propositions October 10 Lifting of the effectus suspensivus of the Regensburg amnesty November 29 Trauttmansdorff arrives in M ü nster December 25 Protestant religious gravamina 1646 January 7 French and Swedish territorial demands 11 Dutch arrive in Munster February 8 Catholic religious gravamina March 8 Protestant “means of compromise” 17 Catholics answer the “means of compromise” April 14 Trauttmansdorff offers all Alsace to France 24 French proposition to Protestants offer to recognize ecclesiastical reservation May 17 Dutch present 71-article proposition to Spain 29 Imperials concede Breisach to France June 12 Trauttmansdorff’s “Main Declaration” on religious issues 19 Protestant “55 Points” July 3–7 3 Dutch plenipotentiaries sign draft treaty with Spain 4 Johan Oxenstierna to Mü nster 16 Sö tern signs treaty conceding France garrison right in Philippsburg September 13 French satisfaction articles settled with Empire 17 Spanish agree to accept Dutch mediation of their negotiations with France 22 French give Dutch their “Most import points” concerning Spanish negotiations October 8 French capture Piombino in C HRONOLOGY CHART xiii

9 Death of Baltasar Carlos of Spain November 21 Siege of L é rida lifted by Harcourt (begun in May) December Wettstein to congress 6 Frederick William of Brandenburg marries Louise of Orange 1647 January 8 Dutch-Spanish treaty signed in Münster Servien in The Hague 10 Trauttmansdorff to Osnabrü ck to settle February 7 Sweden and Brandenburg agree to divide Pomerania 18 Preliminary treaty between Imperials and 19 Settlement of Brandenburg’s satisfaction March 14 Truce of Ulm (Bavaria, France, and Sweden) Death of Frederick Henry June 13 Trauttmansdorff’s Instrument 17 Cond é lifts siege of L é rida (begun mid-May) July 7 Revolt of Naples 16 Trauttmansdorff returns to 29 French-Dutch “Guarantee Treaty” September Maximilian renounces Truce of Ulm with Sweden 25 Estates request protection for immediate estates in Alsace October 7 Catholics reject most of the concessions in Trauttmansdorff’s Instrument 9 Death of Anselm Kasimir, Elector of Mainz November 11 French satisfaction articles reconfirmed in their original form 18 Election of Johann Philipp von Schö nborn as Elector of Mainz 1648 January 30 Treaty of M ü nster (Spain and the Dutch Republic) February 3 Longueville returns to Paris 28 Recommencement of religious negotiations March 9 Death of Christian IV 18 Swedish satisfaction signed Autonomy agreement signed 24 Religious agreement reached April 14 Treaty of Kassel settling Marburg inheritance 17 Battle of Zusmarshausen 18 D’Avaux returns to Paris 23 Servien promoted to minister of state May 15 Swearing of Treaty of Münster (Spain and the Dutch Republic) 20 Death of Wladislaw IV June 12 Swedish army payment settled at 5 million talers 14 Servien demands exclusion of Burgundian circle July 10 Terms for paying Swedish army settled 26 K önigsmarck takes Prague suburbs August 6 Swedish-Imperial treaty reconfirmed 20 Battle of Lens September 20 Estates give Volmar until October 5 to sign treaty October 24 Peace of Westphalia signed (Sweden, France, ) 31 News reaches Prague, end of siege xiv C HRONOLOGY CHART

1649 January 7 Conclusion of Prague conference (Charles Gustav and Ottavio ) February 18 Turenne rebels against French government Powers exchange ratifications of Peace of Westphalia April Nurember “Execution Diet” opens June Draft treaties for executing the Peace of Westphalia September 11 Bavaria and Palatinate sign agreement for restoration of the Lower Palatinate 21 Agreement on preliminary withdrawal of Swedish troops October 7 Philip IV marries Maria-Anna of Austria 1650 May Negotiations begin between Sweden and Brandenburg to settle the boundary in Pomerania June 26 Sweden and Empire sign Treaty of Nuremberg July 20 France and Empire sign Treaty of Nuremberg October 2 Charles Gustav departs from Wismar with the last Swedish troops November Commission to resolve restitution dissolves 1652 May 2 Spanish garrison evacuates Frankenthal 1654 April 15 Swedish garrison evacuates Vechta