Soundings FEBRUARY 2016 American Cetacean Society – Monterey Bay Chapter PO Box H E, Pacific Grove, CA 93950

MONTHLY MEETING AT HOPKINS MARINE STATION, LECTURE HALL BOAT WORKS BUILDING (ACROSS FROM THE AMERICAN TIN CANNERY OUTLET STORES) INSIDE THIS ISSUE MEETING IS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

ALENDAR MEETING DATE: C ………………...... 2

Thursday, February 25, 2016

Time: 7:30 PM SCIENTISTS DISCOVER 'WHITE PLEASE JOIN US AT 7:00 FOR REFRESHMENTS WHALE' FOSSIL……...…….....2

Speaker: Ted Cheeseman KILLER WHALES FEAST ON Topic: Happywhale — Getting to Know our Whales Through Citizen Science SALMON IN SUMMER…….…...3 and Modern Ocean Exploration"

Ted grew up in California, whale watching and TINY NEW NORTH PACIFIC getting seasick in Monterey Bay from the age of a FOSSIL WHALE FROM 30 toddler. He was fortunate to join his parents leading MILLION YEARS AGO....……..3 wildlife safaris beginning in 1983, and on polar expeditions beginning in 1994. After earning a

graduate degree in tropical conservation biology WERE PANAMANIAN from Duke University, Ted was seduced by the glory ISLANDERS DOLPHIN of polar extremes and returned to California to work HUNTERS?...... ….....4 with Cheesemans’ Ecology Safaris (www.cheesemans.com), the company his parents founded in 1980. VESSEL SPEED BIGGEST Ted now leads Antarctic expeditions for Cheesemans’ Ecology and is developing FACTOR IN NOISE AFFECTING Happywhale.com, a platform to promote marine mammal photo identification studies KILLER WHALES…………...... 5 through citizen science. Ted’s presentation will focus mostly on Happywhale, but will likely touch on his Antarctic trips as well. SIGHTINGS……………..…...... 6

Please join us for refreshments before the program begins. More information is available on our website, www.acsmb.org. MEMBERSHIP…………..…...... 8 Next month: Please join us for our March meeting and presentation at Hopkins Marine Station at 7 PM on the last Thursday of the month, March 31. At the March presentation, Thom Akeman and Kim Worrell will be speaking about the harbor seals of Hopkins Beach Soundings Page 2 September 2015

CALENDAR teeth. Thus, the authors assigned this species to the new genus Albicetus, creating the new combination of Albicetus oxymycterus, gen. nov. The authors used Feb. 19: Hopkins Marine Station Seminars: Casey the term "Albicetus," or "white whale," because they Dunn, Brown University: What Genomes Tell Us were inspired by the fossil's bone-white color, in About Phenotype Evolution in Animals. 12:00- homage to Melville's famous fictitious leviathan 1:00pm. Moby Dick. The authors also analyzed whale's body size in Feb. 19-20: 2016 Southern California Marine comparison to the sperm whale evolutionary tree. Mammal Workshop in Newport Beach, CA. Saturdays Kellogg originally placed this species in the session will include John Calambokidis and Trevor genus Ontocetus, an enigmatic tooth taxon reported Branch discussing the Status of Blue Whales in the from the 19th century. However, whales of large body Eastern North Pacific. For more information go size likely arose multiple times in the evolution of to socalmarinemammals.org. sperm whales, and the majority of these large whales also had unusually large upper and lower teeth. The Feb. 23: Friends of Hopkins Seminar: Gretchen authors suspect that the presence of big teeth in fossil Daily, Stanford University: Valuing Nature in Big- sperm whales may suggest that they were feeding on Deal, Real World Decisions. 7:30 pm large prey, perhaps marine mammals such as seals and other smaller whales as opposed to modern sperm Apr. 17: 2016 Oceans Colloquium at Moss Landing whales, which feed primarily on squid, hardly using Marine Lab. On Sunday, April 17th from 9:00am- their teeth for chewing. th 4:00pm, MARINE's 7 Annual Ocean Colloquium "This find means that, around 15 million years will focus on innovative science and policy ago when there were a lot of large sperm whales with communication. big teeth like Albicetus, it may have been a moment of peak richness in the number and diversity of marine th Oct. 3-7: 9 Annual California Islands Symposium at mammals serving as prey to these whales," Boersma the Ventura Beach Marriot in Ventura, CA. suggests. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/15 1209183454.htm BOOK

RECOMMENDATION

The Serengeti Rules: The Quest to Discover How Life Works and why it Matters, by Sean B. Carroll. 2016 Princeton University Press.

SCIENTISTS DISCOVER 'WHITE WHALE' FOSSIL

Dec. 9, 2015 — A 15 million year-old fossil sperm whale specimen from California belongs to a new genus, according to a study published December 9, 2015 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Alexandra Boersma and Nicholas Pyenson from the

Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. The authors of the study reanalyzed the large but incompleteOntocetus oxymycterus fossil sperm whale specimen from the middle Miocene Monterey In this reconstruction, a pod of Albicetus travel together through Formation of California, originally described in 1925 the Miocene Pacific Ocean, surfacing occasionally to breathe. by Remington Kellogg. Kellogg put this species in the Modern sperm whales are also known for forming these tight- genus Ontocetus, that was originally thought to be a knit groups, composed mainly of females and their calves. A. tooth taxon; however, it is now known that in this for the Smithsonian. (Credit: A. Boersma, CCAL). genus, species have walrus tusks instead of a cetacean American Cetacean Society – Monterey Bay www.acsmb.org Soundings Page 3 February 2016 TINY NEW NORTH PACIFIC FOSSIL

KILLER WHALES FEAST ON SALMON IN WHALE FROM 30 MILLION YEARS AGO SUMMER Dec. 2, 2015 — A new species of fossil baleen Jan. 6, 2016 — Salmon are the primary summer whale that lived in the North Pacific Ocean 30 to 33 food source for an endangered population of killer million years ago has been described by researchers whales in the Pacific Northwest, according to an from New Zealand's University of Otago. analysis of fish DNA in killer whale feces published The whale, named Fucaia buelli by the Jan. 6, 2016 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by researchers, is transitional between ancient toothed Michael Ford from the National Marine Fisheries whales and the baleen whales of modern seas. It is one Service and colleagues. of the oldest baleen whales ever found and, at a length This is the first study to thoroughly analyze killer of about 2-2.5m, also one of the smallest. whale diet based on fecal samples. Prior to this study, The fossil, which was recovered from Olympic diet inference was primarily based on analysis of prey Peninsula, Washington State, USA, is described in a remains consumed by the whales at the surface, and it newly published paper in the UK journal Royal was uncertain if these were always representative of Society Open Science. the total diet. Paper co-author Dr. Felix Marx says that unlike Estimating killer whale diet composition helps its living baleen whale relatives, which use comb-like scientists understand interactions between predators baleen plates to filter krill from the surrounding water, and prey, but observing their diet directly is difficult. Fucaia had well-developed teeth which it used to In this study, the authors used genetic analysis of fecal actively hunt and chew its prey. material collected in their summer range in the Salish "Once captured, prey was likely sucked deeper Sea in the Pacific Northwest, to estimate the diet into the mouth for swallowing -- a technique which, composition of an endangered population of wild ultimately, may have given rise to baleen and filter killer whales. They genetically sequenced 175 fecal feeding in the modern Mysticeti suborder of whales," samples collected from May to September from 2006- Dr. Marx says. 2011, which results in nearly 5 million individual Dr. Marx and his co-authors Dr. C.H. Tsai and sequences that they compared to potential fish from Professor Ewan Fordyce say that the fossil sheds new their diet. light on one of the big questions in mammalian They found that salmon made up >98% of the total sequences, which they inferred is the result of their diet. Of the six salmon species, Chinook salmon made up 80% of the sequences, followed by 15% coho salmon. They found that early in the summer their diet was dominated by Chinook salmon and coho salmon was greater than 40% in the late summer. Non-salmon fish were rarely observed. The researchers state their results highlight the importance of Chinook salmon in this population's summer diet and support earlier results based on surface prey remains. Michael Ford adds: "Using an independent method, we have confirmed that salmon, and especially Chinook salmon, are by far the dominant component of this whale population's summer diet. The study helps to solidify our understanding of the ecology of this endangered population, and will be useful for continuing to prioritize recovery efforts." http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/16 0106213748.htm

Professor Ewan Fordyce. (Credit: Image courtesy of University of Otago).

American Cetacean Society – Monterey Bay www.acsmb.org Soundings Page 4 February 2016 evolution; how, when and why did modern baleen The single known specimen of Fucaia buelli is whales lose their teeth? from a shoreline outcrop on the north coast of the The complex teeth in Fucaia, and distinctive wear Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. patterns, show that Fucaia likely chewed its food. When did the whale live? Long-based and closely-spaced teeth in the jaw leave Fucaia buelli lived early in Oligocene times, little room for baleen, but there are some indications some 33-31 million years ago. At that time, the region that Fucaia perhaps had enlarged gums. that is now Olympic Peninsula was under-sea. At a "We think that Fucaia was similar to modern global scale, this was a time of climate change. The dolphins in capturing its prey using its teeth and earth changed from warm and even tropical perhaps strong suction. Suction feeding likely enabled "greenhouse" conditions to cooler "icehouse" early whales to move from a tooth-based feeding style conditions which saw ice-caps develop on Antarctica. to filter-feeding, by allowing them to capture smaller How was the fossil extracted? prey items than teeth alone could handle," Dr. Marx In the lab, the fossil was extracted from its says. surrounding matrix using pneumatic chisels and dilute The researchers note that suction feeding can still acid. The preparation was carried out at the Burke be seen in living grey whales. Museum, University of Washington, and at the "This behaviour may have prompted the evolution University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. of baleen from the enlarged gums, possibly as a more http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/15 efficient way to expel the water sucked in with the 1202095122.htm food. As the prey became smaller, teeth became increasingly obsolete and, ultimately, were lost completely in modern baleen whales," says Professor WERE PANAMANIAN ISLANDERS Fordyce. DOLPHIN HUNTERS? Background Information Jan. 7, 2016 — Precolombian seafarers left what What is it? is now mainland Panama to settle on Pedro González A fossil partial skull, teeth, and associated Island in the Perlas archipelago about 6,000 years ago, skeleton of a small toothed whale, estimated 2-2.5 m crossing 50-70 kilometers (31-44 miles) of choppy long. This tiny whale was an adult individual, judging seas -- probably in dugout canoes. Dolphins were an from fused bones in the skeleton. important part of the diet of island residents according The species is new to science, and is to Smithsonian archeologist Richard Cooke and named Fucaia buelli. Fucaia is named after the Strait colleagues from the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology of Juan da Fuca, in honour of its origin along the at UCLA and Colombia's Universidad del Norte. shores of those waters. Its second name, buelli, "This raises intriguing questions," said Cooke, honours the exceptional illustrations of extinct whales staff scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research produced by palaeo-artist Carl Buell. Institute. "Were the island's first known inhabitants Fucaia belongs in a well-known extinct group, the dolphin hunters or did they merely scavenge beached family Aetiocetidae. (There is no common name for animals?" that group, but the meaning is roughly "beginning According to the results of recent excavations, whale.") Such animals are transitional between published in Journal of Archaeological Science toothed archaic whales and modern baleen whales. Reports, 8 percent of the mammal specimens -- bones The specimen is from the Burke Museum of and teeth -- recovered from a prehistoric scrap heap, Natural History and Culture, at the University of or midden, belonged to dolphins. No other known Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. settlement in Central America shows evidence of How did it live? systematic dolphin consumption. The absence of Fucaia was probably an active hunter. It may dolphins in the diet of precolombian peoples is usually have used suction to "vacuum" small prey into its attributed to the difficultly of navigating canoes and mouth. Wear patterns on the teeth indicate that Fucaia spearing dolphins at sea. used its teeth to secure and chew its food. The small Researchers have yet to find artifacts that indicate body size suggests that the species had a limited systematized hunting -- evidence of nets or spears, for range, and did not migrate like the large whales of example -- though one dolphin skull had a puncture modern oceans. wound inflicted by a blunt-pointed tool. Where was the fossil found? Seasonal upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to the Gulf of Panama. This attracts huge schools of fish,

American Cetacean Society – Monterey Bay www.acsmb.org Soundings Page 5 February 2016 which hungry dolphins follow into shallow water, early circum-Pacific maritime adaptation by humans," bringing them close to shore. There were also teeth Cooke said. "Even though with the data we have we from 2.5 to 3.5-meter-long tiger sharks in the midden. cannot really prove they were hunting. But the age of If sharks were pursuing pods of dolphins, they might the site puts it at a time when people all around the have been driven even closer to the shoreline. Pacific Rim -- in Mexico, Chile and Japan -- were But natural stranding of dolphins is also probably hunting dolphins." not enough to explain the abundance of bones in the http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/16 midden. Cooke believes there is another explanation: 0107104818.htm Islanders could simply have positioned their canoes at the entrance to the u-shaped Don Bernardo Beach to VESSEL SPEED BIGGEST FACTOR IN wait for the dolphins to swim into the inlet. By creating noise to disorient the dolphins and drive them NOISE AFFECTING KILLER WHALES on shore, they could easily have harvested them. Dec. 2, 2015 — The speed of vessels operating Similar corralling methods are used in the Solomon near endangered killer whales in Washington is the Islands today. most influential factor -- more so than vessel size -- in The earliest settlers of Pedro González Island how much noise from the boats reaches the whales, certainly hunted the island's fauna, including pygmy according to a new study published in the online deer. They were also agriculturalists. The midden journalPLOS ONE. shows the first evidence for the cultivation of maize Previous studies have shown that Southern on Central American platform islands consistent in Resident killer whales alter their behavior in the time with the mainland data. The archaeological presence of vessels and associated noise, which record includes turtle and fish bones and shellfish affects their ability to communicate and find food. remains, suggesting the people were able fishers -- Research has also found that the whales likely expend though evidence of nets or fishhook technology has extra energy to call more loudly when boats are yet to be found. operating nearby. In 2016, Pearl Island Inc., a development The new study by scientists from the University company, financed a four-month salvage of parts of of Washington and National Oceanic and the site in accordance with Panama's cultural heritage Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries is the laws. Further excavation on Pedro Gonzalez Island first to examine how much noise from individual and its larger neighbor, Isla del Rey, may paint a more boats reaches the whales in the inland waters of detailed picture, including why these islanders Washington and British Columbia, where they are a disappeared after about 800 years. Newcomers settled popular attraction for recreational and commercial the island a few thousand years later, but the record of whale watching vessels. their time shows no dolphin use. "It definitely seems that speed is the most "I would argue, though it's speculative, that the important predictor of the noise levels whales retention of dolphin hunting is probably due to an experience," said Juliana Houghton, a recent graduate of the UW's School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences and lead author of the study. The whale watching fleet has increased from fewer than 20 commercial boats in the 1980s to

roughly 80 boats serving about 500,000 people a year, with an estimated $70 million value to the economy of Washington and British Columbia. In addition, the whales are frequently in the vicinity of ferries as well

as private whale watching, fishing, and shipping vessels. NOAA Fisheries has identified vessel traffic and noise as one of three main threats to recovery of the endangered population of resident killer whales,

which now numbers about 80 animals, and has Did early settlers of Panama's Las Perlas Islands hunt bottlenose focused research on measuring and understanding the and common dolphins? Archaeologists think they may have driven dolphins onshore to harvest them more easily. (Credit: effect on the whales. These results and other studies Sean Mattson, STRI). will inform a NOAA Fisheries review of the

American Cetacean Society – Monterey Bay www.acsmb.org Soundings Page 6 February 2016 effectiveness of vessel regulations over the coming year. "The goal was to understand this missing but assumed link between what we see at the surface and what the whales experience at depth," Houghton said. Researchers temporarily attached digital acoustic recording tags, or DTAGs, to the whales with suction cups to track the amount of boat noise reaching the animals. The tags include hydrophones that record sound until they automatically detach from the whales after a few hours. Meanwhile a laser positioning system on a nearby research boat tracked vessels within 1,000 meters, or more than a half-mile, recording their size, speed, Digital acoustic recording tags temporarily attached to killer location and vessel type. Researcher and co-author whales measured vessel noise reaching the whales. Photos taken Deborah Giles of the University of California, Davis under NOAA Fisheries and Department of Fisheries and Oceans developed the system. research permit (No.781-1824 and 16163). (Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Northwest Fisheries Science Center). The DTAGs and laser positioning system helped scientists overcome the limitations of previous studies that looked only at noise in the whales' environment http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/15 and counted the number of boats instead of looking at 1202155721.htm the more detailed characteristics of each boat. "That combination allowed us to get accurate data on the distance to the whale from each vessel that was SIGHTINGS in the area, so we could understand how they Sightings are compiled by Monterey Bay Whale contributed to noise exposure," said Marla Holt, a Watch. For complete listing and updates see NOAA Fisheries research scientist at the Northwest http://www.montereybaywhalewatch.com/slstcurr.htm Fisheries Science Center in Seattle and co-author of Date # Type of Animal(s) the new paper. 11 Gray Whales Researchers then compared the characteristics of 2 Humpback Whales 1/29 pm boats in the area with the sounds recorded by the 3000 Long-beaked Common Dolphins hydrophones to determine which factors most 350 Short-beaked Common Dolphins influenced the noise reaching the whales. The number 13 Gray Whales of propellers and speed of the vessel affected the 1/29 am 350 Short-beaked Common Dolphins amount of noise reaching the whales and vessel speed 20 Risso’s Dolphins 20 Gray Whales was the most important factor, the study found. 1/27 am 15 Risso’s Dolphins Federal regulations require vessels to stay at least 20 Gray Whales (one newborn calf) 200 yards away from whales and at least 400 yards 1/26 am 1 Humpback Whale out of the path of whales. Regulations do not prescribe 150 Long-beaked Common Dolphins a speed limit but recommend that boats slow to less 16 Gray Whales than seven knots within 400 yards of the nearest 1/25 pm 1 Humpback Whale whale and avoid abrupt course changes. The main 800 Common Dolphins reason speed is not regulated is the difficulty in 28 Gray Whales 1/25 am 1 Humpback Whale enforcing a speed limit and the previous lack of data 500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins indicating it was an important factor. 1/24 pm 26 Gray Whales The researchers concluded that limiting vessel 17 Gray Whales 1/24 am speed in the vicinity of killer whales would reduce 1 Humpback Whale noise exposure of the population. However, Holt 1 Humpback Whales 1 Blue Whale noted that noise is not the only factor determining 1/21 pm how nearby vessels affect whales. And noise effects 1000 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 15 Risso’s Dolphins depend on what the whales are doing underwater, 12 Gray Whales such as how they are using sound and whether they 1/21 am 1 Humpback Whale are feeding or interacting in ways affected by noise. 1000 Long-beaked Common Dolphins

American Cetacean Society – Monterey Bay www.acsmb.org Soundings Page 7 February 2016 400 Short-beaked Common Dolphins 12 Gray Whales 1/8 pm 7 Bottlenose Dolphins 100 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 13 Gray Whales 22 Gray Whales 1/20 pm 500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/8 am 2 Humpback Whales 8 Gray Whales 500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/20 am 500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 15 Gray Whales 14 Gray Whales 1/7 am 300 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/18 pm 850 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 5 Pacific White-sided Dolphins 1 Black-footed Albatross 8 Gray Whales 9 Gray Whales 7 Humpback Whales 1/18 am 1/4 am 800 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1800 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 7 Gray Whales 15 Risso’s Dolphins 1/17 pm 1200 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 3 Gray Whales 1/3 noon 12 Gray Whales 1200 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/17 am 1200 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 10 Gray Whales 5 Gray Whales 5 Humpback Whales 1/16 pm 4 Humpback Whales 1/3 10 am 600 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1000 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 400 Short-beaked Common Dolphins 7 Gray Whales 8 Bottlenose Dolphins 3 Humpback Whales 22 Gray Whales 1/16 am 1/3 8:30 am 7 Killer Whales 800 Common Dolphins 1300 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 11 Gray Whales 17 Gray Whales 1/2 1:30 pm 600 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/15 pm 1000 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 80 Risso’s Dolphins 10 Gray Whales 22 Gray Whales 1 Humpback Whale 1/2 noon 1500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/15 am 1 Fin Whale 60 Risso’s Dolphins 300 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 16 Gray Whales 12 Gray Whales 500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/14 pm 1/2 10 am 5 Risso’s Dolphins 80 Risso’s Dolphins 17 Gray Whales 1 Northern Fur Seal 1/14 am 28 Gray Whales 1000 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/2 8:30 am 15 Gray Whales 800 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/12 pm 4 Humpback Whales 14 Gray Whales 5 Killer Whales 150 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/1 1:30 pm 9 Gray Whales 1 Humpback Whale 1/12 am 2 Humpback Whales 100 Common Dolphins 400 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 9 Gray Whales 5 Killer Whales 11 Gray Whales 1/1 noon 2 Humpback Whale 2 Humpback Whales 1/11 pm 100 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 50 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 50 Short-beaked Common Dolphins 15 Risso’s Dolphins 14 Gray Whales 600 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 1/11 am 6 Harbor Porpoise 1 Black-footed Albatross 3 Gray Whales 1/10 1:30 pm 1200 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 5 Harbor Porpoise 15 Gray Whales 1/10 noon 2 Humpback Whales 19 Gray Whales + 1 calf 1/10 10 am 500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 22 Gray Whale 1/10 8:30 am 1500 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 32 Gray Whales High jumping Long-beaked Common Dolphin on Jan.23, 2016 1/9 pm 1 Humpback Whale (Credit: Daniel Bianchetta). 400 Long-beaked Common Dolphins 22 Gray Whale 1/9 am 1200 Long-beaked Common Dolphins American Cetacean Society – Monterey Bay www.acsmb.org Soundings Page 8 February 2016

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American Cetacean Society Membership Application Chapter#24 Monterey Bay Chapter Membership/Subscription Type: New ___ Gift ___ Renewal ___ Officers & Chairs, 2016

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Address______Email______Melissa Galieti, Acting Vice President Randy Puckett, Jerry Loomis, City, State, Zip______Past Chapter Presidents Katy Castagna, Treasurer Membership Level ______Sally Eastham, Membership

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