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Porphyromonas Gingivalis in Saliva Associates with Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis

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Porphyromonas Gingivalis in Saliva Associates with Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis Porphyromonas gingivalis in saliva associates with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Damgaard, Christian; Danielsen, Anne Katrine; Enevold, Christian; Massarenti, Laura; Nielsen, Claus Henrik; Holmstrup, Palle; Belstrøm, Daniel Published in: Journal of Oral Microbiology DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1653123 Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC Citation for published version (APA): Damgaard, C., Danielsen, A. K., Enevold, C., Massarenti, L., Nielsen, C. H., Holmstrup, P., & Belstrøm, D. (2019). Porphyromonas gingivalis in saliva associates with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 11(1), 1-9. [1653123]. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2019.1653123 Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 Journal of Oral Microbiology ISSN: (Print) 2000-2297 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/zjom20 Porphyromonas gingivalis in saliva associates with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Christian Damgaard, Anne Katrine Danielsen, Christian Enevold, Laura Massarenti, Claus Henrik Nielsen, Palle Holmstrup & Daniel Belstrøm To cite this article: Christian Damgaard, Anne Katrine Danielsen, Christian Enevold, Laura Massarenti, Claus Henrik Nielsen, Palle Holmstrup & Daniel Belstrøm (2019) Porphyromonas gingivalis in saliva associates with chronic and aggressive periodontitis, Journal of Oral Microbiology, 11:1, 1653123, DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1653123 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2019.1653123 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 09 Aug 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 35 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=zjom20 JOURNAL OF ORAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019, VOL. 11, 1653123 https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2019.1653123 Porphyromonas gingivalis in saliva associates with chronic and aggressive periodontitis Christian Damgaard a,b, Anne Katrine Danielsena,b, Christian Enevoldb, Laura Massarentib, Claus Henrik Nielsena,b, Palle Holmstrupa and Daniel Belstrøma aSection for Periodontology and Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; bInstitute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Objective: To characterize the salivary microbiota of patients with aggressive periodontitis, Received 2 June 2019 patients with chronica periodontitis and orally healthy individuals. Revised 25 July 2019 Methods: A total of 81 unstimulated saliva samples from aggressive periodontitis patients (n = 31), Accepted 2 August 2019 chronic periodontitis patients (n = 25), and orally healthy controls (n = 25) were examined. The V1-V3 KEYWORDS region of the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced with Illumina® MiSeqTM, and sequences were anno- Periodontal disease; tated to the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). periodontitis; Results: A mean percentage of 97.6 (range: 89.8–99.7) of sequences could be identified at Porphyromonas gingivalis; species level. Seven bacterial species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, were identified with microbiota; HOMINGS; saliva significantly higher relative abundance in saliva from aggressive periodontitis patients than in saliva from orally healthy controls. Salivary abundance of P. gingivalis could discriminate aggressive (AUC: 0.80, p = 0.0001) and chronic periodontitis (AUC: 0.72, p = 0.006) from healthy controls. Likewise, salivary presence of P. gingivalis was significantly associated with aggressive (p < 0.0001, RR: 8.1 (95% CI 2.1–31.2)) and chronic periodontitis (p = 0.002, RR: 6.5 (95% CI: 1.6–25.9)). Conclusion: Salivary presence and relative abundance of P. gingivalis associate with aggres- sive and chronic periodontitis, but do not discriminate between aggressive and chronic periodontitis. Introduction approximately 40% of the adult population [9,10]. A 40- year follow-up study in male plantation workers from When entering the oral cavity saliva is sterile [1]. Sri Lanka, without access to dental care, reported dif- However, when sampled from the oral cavity, one ferent trajectories of periodontal breakdown [11]. milliliter of saliva contains hundred millions of bac- Consequently, the immune responses towards the per- teria [2]. Thus, the salivary microbiota is believed to iodontal microbiota are believed to distinguish aggres- be a compilation of bacteria shed from oral surfaces sive from chronic forms of periodontitis [8]. [3,4], which is why salivary microbiota may poten- By means of various molecular techniques, cross- tially be used as a biomarker of oral health status. In sectional analyses have reported that the salivary micro- oral health, the salivary microbiota is closely related biota of patients with periodontitis differs from that of to microbiotas found on the tongue and the oral orally healthy controls [12–14]. Furthermore, several mucosa [5]. However, salivary carriage of specific studies have demonstrated correlation of subgingival putative periodontal bacterial species, including and salivary levels of specific bacteria proposed to be Porphyromonas gingivalis, has previously been present in the periodontium of patients with period- reported to associate with periodontitis [6,7]. ontitis [15–18]. Finally, two longitudinal studies have Periodontitis is a prevalent, multifactorial inflamma- shown that non-surgical periodontal treatment impacts tory disease, induced by a biofilm on tooth surfaces, and salivary levels of proposed periodontal bacteria [19,20]. the associated breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues is Thus, salivary carriage of bacteria associated with per- driven by a chronic inflammation within the period- iodontitis seems to reflect the periodontal status. ontal tissues [8]. Periodontitis is diagnosed clinically However, to the best of our knowledge, the character- and may present in either an aggressive form with ization of the salivary microbiota in aggressive period- early onset and rapid progression, affecting only 5%, ontitis patients remains to be performed. or a chronic form characterized by slower breakdown of The purpose of the present study was to character- tooth-supporting tissues and onset later in life, affecting ize the salivary microbiota of patients with aggressive CONTACT Christian Damgaard [email protected] Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 202200, Copenhagen, Denmark © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 C. DAMGAARD ET AL. periodontitis and compare it with that of chronic Orally healthy controls: periodontitis and of orally healthy controls. The ● 19–61 years of age. hypothesis to be tested was that composition of the ● No interproximal attachment loss. salivary microbiota in patients with aggressive peri- ● No clinical attachment loss at sites with bleeding odontitis is distinct from those of patients with on probing. chronic periodontitis and orally healthy controls. ● No radiographic bone loss. Such salivary characteristics might hold potential for ● No sign of other inflammatory lesions in the use as biomarkers for detection of periodontitis oral mucosa. patients with rapidly progressing periodontitis. General exclusion criteria included pregnant and breastfeeding women, systemic antibiotic treatment Methods within 6 months, systemic diseases, and hematologic Sample size anomalies or syndromes. All participants signed an informed consent, and the study was approved by the Sample sizes were calculated using one-way ANOVA regional ethical committee (The Capital Region of with estimated levels of relevant biomarkers (controls Denmark, protocol: H-1602473) and registered by µ1 = 10,000, and periodontitis patients µ2 = 15,000) the Danish Data Authorization (approval number: with a predicted standard deviation of 6,250, α = 0.05 P-2019–18), and registered at clinicaltrials.gov: and a power of 0.80. Based on the sample size calcu- NCT03225950. lation each group should consist of a minimum of 25 participants. The sample size was adjusted to allow as much as 20% of the participants to withdraw their Clinical registrations consent, leaving 30 participants in each group. Background information of the study population Because of the novelty of the methods applied for including gender, age, ethnicity, and smoking status sequencing, we accounted for unforeseen technical were recorded (Table 1). Clinical registrations were difficulties during analyses of the samples, by inclu- recorded at six sites per tooth (3rd molars excluded), sion of an additional aggressive periodontitis patient, including pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss as these were the primary population of interest. (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), number of teeth excluding 3rd molars, and num- Study population ber of decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT). For details see Table 2. In
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