11Β-Hydroxylase Deficiency, 1077 17Α-Hydroxylase Deficiency, 1077

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04039-7 - Clinical Gynecology: Second Edition Edited by Eric J. Bieber, Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Ira R. Horowitz and Mahmood I. Shafi Index More information

Index

11β-hydroxylase deficiency, 1077 uterine sarcoma association, endometrial, 755 adnexal torsion 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, 1077 770, 773 ovarian, 790 evaluation, 579 abscess uterine, 191 management, 580 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1073 Bartholin gland, 311 vaginal, 737, 741 pediatric patients, 578–80 forms of, 1075 management, 311–12 adenomyosis adolescents, see also pediatric late-onset, 1073 surgical site infection, 387–8 imaging, 192 patients prenatal diagnosis, 1075 tubo-ovarian, 350, 352, 356 menorrhagia relationship, 114 abdominal pain causes, 556 laparoscopic removal, 614 adenosarcoma, 773, abnormal cervical cancer 3β-hydroxysteroid abstinence syndrome, 69 see also uterine sarcoma screening results, 160 dehydrogenase Abuse Assessment Screen, 96 adhesiolysis, 68, 574, 580–4, adnexal masses, 574–8 deficiency, 1077 acanthosis nigricans, 948, 1031 611–12 imaging, 575–6 acetowhite epithelium, 169 risks and benefits, 572 laboratory tests, 576, 584 5α-reductase deficiencies, 901 cervix, 171, 173 adhesions, 303, 611–12, 675 management, 576–8 vagina, 174 Asherman syndrome, 954 physical examination, 575 abdominal pain, see also pelvic acne, 552 chronic pelvic pain colposcopy, 180 pain management, 1041 association, 65, 572 congenital anomalies, surgical adolescents, 556 oral contraceptive benefits, fertility impairment, 612, 867 correction, 580–4 ectopic pregnancy, 256 962 formation, 612 contraception, 550–6 abdominal pregnancy, 263 acne inverse, 309 intrauterine, 659 abstinence, 551–2 abdominal wall acromegaly, 870, 874, 933 hysteroscopic lysis, 658–9 barrier methods, 554 endometriosis symptoms, 208 acrosome reaction test, 907 recurrent pregnancy loss choice of, 554–5 tenderness test, 57 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic association, 923 compliance enhancement, abnormal uterine bleeding hormone), 1056–8 reproductive outcome, 659 554–6 (AUB), 112, 9 am plasma ACTH labial, children, 544 emergency contraception, 553 see also menorrhagia measurement, 1065 laparoscopic management, hormonal methods, 552–3 classification, 112–13 ACTH stimulation test, 513, 580–4, 611–12 incorrect use, 554 definitions, 112 548, 953, 1071 periovarian, 206 injectable contraceptive, 553 diagnosis, 112–14 deficiency, 1069–70 prevention, 303, 657 intrauterine methods, 554 anovulatory bleeding, 114 ectopic ACTH syndrome, 1063 treatment, 68 motivating and non- differential diagnosis, 1008 associated tumors, 1063 adjuvant therapy motivating factors, 556 heavy menstrual bleeding, treatment, 1067 breast cancer, 681–2, 684–6 oral contraceptives, 552–6 113–14 activin, 497, 979 cervical cancer, 751 progestin-only methods, 553 endometrial cancer, 757–8 acute perihepatitis, 326 endometrial cancer, 761–5 transdermal patch, 552 epidemiology, 112 acute urethral syndrome, 326 ovarian cancer, 797, 801 vaginal ring, 553 evaluation, 114–16, 1008–11 addiction, 69, 832 surgery, 298 dysmenorrhea, 556–7 leiomyoma manifestations, pseudo-addiction, 832 IVF adjuncts, 885–6 endometriosis, 557–8, 572 229–30 Addison disease, 1068–9 uterine sarcoma, 776 treatment, 557–8 perimenopausal, 1008–13 causes, 1068–9 adnexal masses, 194–6, 616–18, gynecological examination, causes, 1008 autoimmune adrenalitis, see also specific masses 537–40 treatment, 116–18 1068–9 children/adolescents, 574–8 indications, 549 acute onset bleeding, 118 adenocarcinoma, see also cervical differential diagnosis, 584 hirsutism, 546–50 anovulatory bleeding, 118 cancer; endometrial physical examination, 575 causes, 555 heavy menstrual bleeding, cancer; ovarian cancer; clinical presentation, 617 diagnosis, 546–8 116–18 uterine cancer; vaginal etiology, 616–17 treatment, 548–50 intrauterine therapy, 1012 cancer evaluation, 617 pelvic pain, 570–4 non-hormonal therapies, 1013 cervical, 748–9 tumor markers, 617 causes, 556 oral contraceptives, 1011–2 endocervical imaging, 575–6, 584 PCOS, 1032 progestins, 1012, 1014 adenocarcinoma in situ, laboratory tests, 576, 584 adrenal crisis, 1074 surgery, 1013 160–1 management, 576–8, 617–18 treatment, 1070

1079

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04039-7 - Clinical Gynecology: Second Edition Edited by Eric J. Bieber, Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Ira R. Horowitz and Mahmood I. Shafi Index More information

Index

adrenal glands, amitriptyline anticholinergic drugs aspirin, 69, 1000 see also hypoadrenalism fecal incontinence urinary incontinence assisted hatching, 894 function, 1056–8 management, 441 management, 412–13, assisted reproductive technology androgen secretion, interstitial cystitis treatment, 67 420 (ART), 875, 1059–60 anal canal, 433–5 anticoagulants, pregnancy and, see also specific methods mineralocorticoid secretion, bulking by injection, 448 143 perimenopausal women, 1058–9 anal incontinence, 405–6, anticonvulsants 1018–9 history of study, 1057 see also fecal cancer pain management, 839 asthenospermia, 903 adrenal hyperplasia, incontinence pregnancy and, 142 atelectasis, 293 see also congenital diagnosis antidepressants, see also specific atherosclerosis, 1019 adrenal hyperplasia electromyography, 438–9 drugs atypical femur fracture, 20–2 infertility association, 869–70 history, 436 adverse effects, 35 atypical glandular cells, 160–1, adrenal hypoplasia congenital, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, chronic pelvic pain 169 1069 see perianal management, 70–1 atypical squamous cells (ASC), adrenal insufficiency, intraepithelial neoplasia sexual dysfunction 155, 159, 169 see also hypoadrenalism anal manometry, 438 relationships, 76 autoimmune adrenalitis, 1068–9, clinical features, 874 anal sphincter, 401–2, 433 antihypertensive drugs, 1074 infertility association, 869–70 injuries, 405–6 pregnancy and, 142 autoimmune oophoritis, 528 adrenal tumors, 509, 514 pediatric patients, 566 antimicrobial prophylaxis, autoimmune polyendocrine cortisol-secreting, 1063 anal sphincteroplasty, fecal 283–5, 301 syndromes, 1069 detection, 954 incontinence adverse effects, 284 axillary evaluation, 702 adrenalectomy management, 443–5 bowel preparation, 284–5 axillary lymph node dissection, bilateral, 1067 anal warts, 345, 377 endocarditis, 284, 291 682 unilateral, 1067 analgesics, see also specific drugs surgical site infection, 385–6 azoospermia factor adrenarche, 493, 520 chronic pelvic pain, 68–70 antimicrobial therapy, see specific microdeletions, 902 premature, 498 perioperative pain, 283 conditions adrenocorticotropic anaphylaxis, antimicrobial anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), back pain, endometriosis, 206 hormone, see ACTH prophylaxis and, 284 887, 979–80 bacterial vaginosis, see vaginal adult respiratory distress anastrozole assessment, 874, 980 infections syndrome, 391 breast cancer treatment, 684 perimenopausal changes, 1007 bariatric surgery, 1036–7 aging PCOS management, 953 PCOS and, 1029 barium enema, 282 bone mass changes, 4–6 androgens antinuclear antibodies, 924 Bartholin gland sexual dysfunction adrenal secretion, 1059–60 antioxidant therapy, subfertile abscess, 311 relationships, 75 conversion disorders, 901 males, 914 management, 311–12 skin excess, 114, 116, see also hyper- antiphospholipid syndrome, 923 cancers, 734 perimenopausal, 988 androgenism antiprogesterones, leiomyoma cyst, 311 urogenital, 44–5 PCOS, 1026–31 management, 240–1 management, 311–12 aging population, 44 leiomyoma management, 241 antiretroviral therapy, 363–4 basal body temperature charts, AIDS, 362, see also HIV premenstrual syndrome HIV transmission prevention, 873 adrenal involvement, 1069 pathogenesis, 28 365 behavior modification, air embolism, 674, 676 receptor disorders, 901 anti-sperm antibodies, 907 see also lifestyle alcohol intake supplementation, 46 antithyroid antibodies, 922 modification leiomyoma risk relationship, sexual dysfunction antral follicle count, 887 urinary incontinence 226 management, 76, 80–1 appendicitis, 571 management, 410–11 recurrent pregnancy loss synthesis disorders, 903 arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, 401 beta-chorionic gonadotropin, relationship, 924 androstenedione, 978, 1026 arcus tendineus levator ani, 401 see human β-chorionic alcohol misuse, 128–9 anejaculation, 904 Arias–Stella reaction, 255 gonadotropin counseling, 128–9 treatment, 914 aromatase inhibitors beta-thalassemia, 140 preconception counseling, anemia, 131 breast cancer treatment, 684 Bethesda cervical cytological 143 angiogenic factors, metastatic disease, 686 classification, 154, 169 pseudo-Cushing syndrome endometriosis, 206 leiomyoma management, 241 bevacizumab, ovarian cancer and, 1064 anorexia nervosa, 5, 503, 525, 944 male infertility management, treatment, 802–3 screening, 128–9 anorgasmia, see orgasmic 911 bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy aldosterone secretion, 1058–9 disorder PCOS management, 953, 1038 endometrial cancer, 761, alendronate, 24, 993, anovulation, 868, 982 arousal disorder, see sexual 763–4 see also bisphosphonates hypergonadotropic, 876–7 arousal disorder endometriosis, 66 allopregnanolone, 28 hyperprolactinemic, 877 arteriovenous malformation, 114 premenstrual syndrome, 39 alpha-thalassemia, 140 hypogonadotropic, 877 artificial neosphincter, 446–7 prophylactic, 847–8 alprazolam, 40 normogonadotropic, 876 artificial urinary sphincter, 427 uterine leiomyosarcoma, ambulatory urodynamics, PCOS, 1029, 1031 Asherman syndrome, 659, 954 775–6 459–60 anovulatory bleeding, 114, hysteroscopic treatment, bimanual pelvic examination, amenorrhea, see primary see also abnormal uterine 658–9 209 amenorrhea; secondary bleeding Ashkenazi Jewish background, biofeedback, fecal incontinence amenorrhea evaluation, 116 140, 680, 698 management, 441–3 aminoglutethimide, 1067 treatment, 118 aspiration pneumonia, 293 bioidentical hormones, 990

1080

Index

bipolar electrocoagulation botulinum toxin epidemiology, 679, 693 future advances, 716 endometriosis treatment, 217 A (onabotulinumtoxinA), mortality, 693 genetic screening, 847 bisphosphonates urinary incontinence racial variation, 694 geriatric population, 45 cancer pain management, 839 management, 413 genetics, 845–8 guidelines, 707 complications, 20–1 bowel injuries BRCA genes, 846 history, 694–5 drug holiday, 21 laparoscopy complications, family history, 845–6 mammography, 704–9 osteoporosis management, 670–1, 675 hormonal treatment, 683–4 accuracy, 707 18–21, 993 prevention, 671 hormone (replacement) age 40–49, 705–6 combination therapy, 24 pediatric patients, 565 therapy relationships, 46, age 70 and above, 706 black cohosh, 90–2 bowel obstruction, 208 996–8 computer-aided detection, adverse effects, 91 bowel preparation for surgery, breast cancer survivors, 998 712–13 premenstrual syndrome 284–5, 301 women with benign breast digital mammography, 708–9 management, 32 brachytherapy disease, 997–8 frequency, 706–7 bladder anesthetic test, 62 breast cancer, 683 women with positive family MRI, 710–12 bladder diary, 454–5 cervical cancer, 750–1 history, 998 high-risk population, information provided, 455 endometrial cancer, 761–4 infertility relationships, 878 711–12 types of, 454 vaginal cancer, 741 metastatic disease treatment, positron emission bladder injuries, 670, brain 686–7 tomography, 713–14 see also cystotomy changes at puberty, 502 chemotherapy, 686–7 rates, 699 during surgery, 302 metastases, 826–7 HER2/neu-positive disease, risk assessment role, 695–7 laparoscopy complications, BRCA genes, 680, 685, 846 686–7 Sestamibi 668–70 breast cancer association, 846 hormone-receptor positive scintimammography, 714 pediatric patients, 565, 567 prevention and, 681 disease, 686 ultrasound, 709–10 treatment, 570, 669 screening implications, 699, neoadjuvant therapy, 683 breast development, 498, 520 bladder pain, see interstitial 707 oral contraceptive risks, 963 aplasia, 526 cystitis/painful bladder cancer risk relationship, 697 PCOS association, 1033 delayed puberty diagnosis, 522 syndrome fallopian tube carcinoma prevention, 680–1, 695 premature, 510 bladder training, 419 association, 780 radiation therapy, 682 evaluation, 512 bleeding disorders, 114 functions of BRCA proteins, brachytherapy, 683 Breast Imaging Reporting and perioperative management, 846–7 during pregnancy, 855 Data System (BI-RADS), 288 mutations, 843 following lumpectomy, 707 screening, 115 implications for carriers, 682 breastfeeding, see also lactation blood component therapy, 288 847–8 postmastectomy irradiation, cancer treatment risks, 862 BMD, see bone mineral density ovarian cancer association, 682–3 SSRI safety, 36 body mass index (BMI), 134, 289 791, 846 side effects, 683 Brief Sexual Function Index for changes at puberty, 502 prognostic significance, 798 risk assessment, 695–7, 714–16 Women (BSFI-W), 82 endometriosis association, 204 recurrent disease ductal lavage, 715 bromocriptine leiomyoma risk relationship, management, 805 mammary ductoscopy, hyperprolactinemia 226 pregnancy and, 855 715–16 management, 877, 933–4, bone age testing for, 697–8, 847 nipple aspirate fluid, 715 951 assessment, 512–13, 525 criteria for testing, 698 random periareolar fine- PCOS management, 1038 puberty relationship, 522 BRCAPRO computer model, needle aspiration, 716 side-effects, 934 workup, 526 696 risk factors, 679–80, 685, 694, bubo bone mass, 988, breakthrough pain, 831 997 chancroid, 334 see also osteoporosis breast family history, 694 lymphogranuloma venereum, age-related changes, 4–6, 988 anatomy, 692 screening, see breast cancer 335 assessment, 6, 8 blood supply, 692 screening Burch colposuspension, 424–5 GnRH agonist effects, 240 development, 692–3 sentinel lymph node biopsy, laparoscopic, 629–30 pregnancy and lactation embryology, 691–2 682 busiprone, premenstrual effects, 24 health issues, 691 staging, 681, 686 syndrome treatment, 38 bone metastases, 833 lactation, 693 surgical treatment, 681–2 bone mineral density (BMD), 6, lymphatic drainage, 692 breast conservation, 681–3 CA125, 617 988, see also osteoporosis physiology, 692–3 during pregnancy, 855 endometrial cancer evaluation, assessment, 991 breast cancer, 679, 693–4 invasive cancer, 682 758 at puberty, 502–3 adjuvant therapy, 681–2, mastectomy, 681 fallopian tube carcinoma GnRH agonist effects, 516 684–6 non-invasive cancer, 682 diagnosis, 783 hyperprolactinemia effect, 930 axillary lymph node dissection, vaccines, 716 prognostic significance, 786 indications for testing, 8 682 breast cancer screening ovarian cancer diagnosis, 794 least significant change, 11 chemotherapy, 682, 684–6, BRCA testing, 697–8 post-treatment surveillance, monitoring, 11 855 criteria for, 698 803 oral contraceptive benefits, 962 adverse effects, 686 clinical screening, 698–704 screening, 792 protection with secondary preoperative, 683 breast self-examination cabergoline amenorrhea, 949, 955 regimens, 685–6 (BSE), 699–701 hyperprolactinemia bone remodeling, 5–6 during pregnancy, 855–6 clinical breast examination management, 877, 934–5, bone turnover markers, 11 early-stage treatment, 681–6 (CBE), 701–4 951

1081

Index

cabergoline (cont.) carbon dioxide distention recurrent disease, 752 cervical stenosis, 954–5 safety in pregnancy, 935 medium, 601 rehabilitation and supportive cervical warts, 377 valvular heart disease complications, 673 care, 753 cervicitis, 352 association, 935–6, 938–9 carbuncles, 309 screening, see cervical cancer chlamydial, 325–6 café-au-lait marks, 511 carcinosarcoma, uterine, 770, screening clinical presentation, 352 calcineurin inhibitors, 270 see also uterine sarcoma stage-dependent therapy, 751–2 gonococcal, 320 calcitonin chemotherapy, 776 stage IA1, 751 hypertrophic, 326 osteoporosis management, surgical treatment, 775 stage IA2, 751 pelvic inflammatory disease 993 cardiac complications, 290–2 stage IB1, 751 relationship, 352 calcium intake, 1020 cardinal ligaments, 401–2 stage IB2, 751 cervix imaging, 190, calcium content of foods and cardiovascular disease, 988–9, stage IIA1, 752 see also squamocolumnar supplements, 17 lifestyle intervention, 1019–20 stage IIA2, 752 junction; transformation osteoporosis management, PCOS association, 1032–3, stage IIBb, 752 zone 14–16 1039 stage IIIA,B, 752 cesarean section, urogenital premenstrual syndrome prevention, 993–5, 1039 stage IVA, 752 fistulae and, 465 management, 32 risk factors, 1014 stage IVB, 752 chancre recommended intakes by life see also myocardial staging, 748 chancroid, 334 stage, 15 infarction; lymphadenectomy, 748 syphilis, 328, 330 calcium levels, osteoporosis thromboembolism; stroke surgical treatment, 749–50 chancroid, 334–5 diagnosis, 14 caretaker genes, 843 exenteration, 750 clinical features, 334 cancer genetics, 842–3 Carnett’s test, 57, 208 radical hysterectomy, 749–50 diagnosis, 334 breast cancer, 845–8 Cartesian theory of pain, 570 robotic-assisted procedures, epidemiology, 334 BRCA genes, 846 caruncle, 46 636 HIV association, 334 family history, 845–6 cataracts, 988 cervical cancer screening, risk factors, 334 cancer genes, 843–4, 848 CDKN2A, 852 149–54, 162, 745 treatment, 334–5 caretaker genes, 843 cellulitis, surgical site, 387 abnormal results, 374 chasteberry, 86 commonly found mutations, cephalosporins, antimicrobial adolescents, 160 adverse effects, 86 843 prophylaxis, 284 immunosuppressed women, premenstrual syndrome gatekeeper genes, 843 cerebrovascular accidents, 160 management, 32, 86 oncogenes, 843–4, 849–50 see also stroke; management of, 154–61 chemotherapy stability genes, 844 thromboembolism postmenopausal women, breast cancer, 682, 684–6 tumor suppressor genes, cerebrovascular accidents, HT 160 adverse effects, 686 844, 850–2 risk, 46 pregnant women, 160 metastatic disease, 686–7 hereditary cancer, 844–5 cervical biopsy, 159, 170, controversies, 163–4 preoperative, 683 ovarian cancer, 845–8 see also conization discontinuation, 154 regimens, 685–6 BRCA genes, 846 during pregnancy, 179 frequency, 152–4 cervical cancer, 751 family history, 845–6 cervical cancer geriatric population, 45 during pregnancy, 861 cancer pain carcinoma in situ, 169 initiation, 151–2, 539 endometrial cancer, 763–5 anatomy of, 831 classification, 747, 752 new technologies, 163 recurrence management, assessment, 833–4 diagnosis population coverage, 150 764–5 treatment considerations, frank invasive cancer, recommendations, 151 fallopian tube carcinoma, 834 746–8 cervical cap, 968 785 breakthrough pain, 831 microinvasive cervical cervical endometriosis, 209 malignant gestational epidemiology, 831 cancer, 746 cervical factor infertility, 866 trophoblastic disease incident pain, 831 during pregnancy, 753, 856 diagnosis, 871 high-risk disease, 824–6 management, 830–1, 834–40 epidemiology, 744 treatment, 875 low-risk disease, 824–6 anticonvulsants, 839 age-specific mortality, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia pregnancy after, 827 bisphosphonates, 839 48 (CIN), 147–8, 169, 744, salvage chemotherapy, 826 intraspinal analgesia, 835–6 geriatric population, 45, 48 see also squamous ovarian cancer, 798–802 NSAIDs, 839 etiology, 744–5 intraepithelial lesions advancedstage disease, opioids, 830, 835–9 HIV association, 160, 366 diagnosis, 154–61, 752 799–800 psychiatric therapy, 835 HPV association, 372, 744–5 colposcopy, 168–70 early-stage disease, 798–9, psychostimulants, 839 genes involved in malignant during pregnancy, 856 801 rescue medication, 832 transformation, 372 HIV association, 365–6 neoadjuvant chemotherapy, steroids, 839 persistent HPV infection, treatment, 161–2, 377–8 797 sympathetic ganglionic 372, 745 cryotherapy, 161–2 recurrent disease, 802–5 blockade, 835 viral genome integration excisional methods, 161–3 uterine sarcoma, 776–7 risk factors, 833 into host DNA, 372 high-grade (HGCIN), 377–8 vaginal cancer, 741 bone metastases, 833 imaging, 193–4 laser therapy, 161, 163 vulvar carcinoma, 733 neuropathic pain, 833 metastatic disease, 856 low-grade (LGCIN), 377 chest pain, endometriosis, 207 candidiasis, 270, 312–14 pathogenesis, 372 positive endocervical childbirth, urinary incontinence diagnosis, 313–14 prognostic factors, 748–9 curettage results and, 378 association, 418, HIV relationship, 367 radiation therapy, 750–1 positive margin results and, see also obstetric trauma; management, 314–15 adjuvant radiotherapy, 751 378 perineal trauma during risk factors, 314 chemoradiation, 751 cervical pregnancy, 262–3 childbirth

1082

Index

chlamydia, 323–8, challenges and controversies, Cohen incision, modified, 299 compression stockings, 286 see also lympho- 71–2 cognitive behavioral therapy, computed tomography (CT), granuloma venereum clinical features, 53 premenstrual syndrome, 188 Chlamydia spp., 323–4 complementary therapies, 71 31 bone mass assessment, 6 clinical features, 325–6 definition, 51, 570 cognitive changes, menopause, computer-aided detection, breast acute urethral syndrome, criteria, 70, 570 987 cancer, 712–13 326 diagnosis HT and, 995–6 condoms, 967 endocervicitis, 325–6 diagnostic tests, 61 cognitive theories of pain, 570 adolescent contraception, 554 endometritis, 326 laparoscopy, 59 cold-knife conization, 161, 169 female condoms, 967 pelvic inflammatory disease, physical examination, colorectal cancer, HIV transmission prevention, 325–6 57–60, 570 see also hereditary non- 365, 367, 554 diagnosis, 327 disease-specific treatment, polyposis colorectal condyloma acuminata, see genital epidemiology, 323, 325 65–8, 573–4 cancer warts gonorrhea coinfection, 322, epidemiology, 51 during pregnancy, 860 congenital adrenal hyperplasia 324 pain theories, 570–1 HT relationship, 999 (CAH), 509, 903, 1073–7 health consequences, 323, 325 pathogenesis, 52–3, 570–84 colposcopy, 168–9 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, infertility, 254, 867 gastrointestinal causes, 571, accuracy, 168–70 1077 perinatal complications, 327 584 adolescents, 180 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, infection during pregnancy, gynecological causes, 572, assessment systems, 174 1077 327 584 Reid colposcopic index, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, treatment, 328 musculoskeletal causes, 174–5 1073 risk factors, 325 571–2, 584 Rubin and Barbo system, forms of, 1075 screening, 327 urological causes, 571–2 174, 176 late-onset, 1073 transmission, 324 pharmacological treatment challenges, 181 prenatal diagnosis, 1075 to infant, 325 antidepressants, 70–1 findings 3β-hydroxysteroid treatment, 327–8 combination therapy, 71 abnormal transformation dehydrogenase Chlamydia trachomatis, opioids, 69–70 zone, 173–4 deficiency, 1077 see also chlamydia; pelvic peripherally acting cancer features, 177–8 diagnosis, 513, 874, 948 inflammatory disease analgesics, 69 high-grade squamous features of gene-specific clinical spectrum, 324 psychological treatment, 71 intraepithelial lesions, 177 defects, 1074 serotypes, 323 risk factors, 51–2 low-grade squamous heterozygote deficiency, cholesterol screening, 131 age, 51 intraepithelial lesions, 176 1073–6 chorioadenoma destruens, obstetrical history, 52 normal transformation hirsutism and, 548 see invasive mole past surgery, 52 zone, 173 infertility assocation, 869 choriocarcinoma, 821 physical and sexual abuse, immunosuppressed patients, lipoid congenital adrenal clinical features, 821 51, 570 180–1 hyperplasia, 528 pathology, 821 cigarette smoking, see smoking indications, 170–1 management, 1076–7 chromosomal abnormalities Cimicifuga racemosa, see black postmenopausal women, 180 amenorrhea, 953–4 hydatidiform mole, 814–15 cohosh pregnant women, 178–80 salt-wasting form, 1073 leiomyomas, 227 citalopram, premenstrual procedure, 171–4 simple virilizing form, 1073 male infertility, 902 syndrome treatment, 34 adequate colposcopy, 169, steroidogenic acute regulatory recurrent pregnancy loss and, Claus model of breast cancer 172 protein (StAR) deficiency, 921 risk, 696 subsequent management, 181–3 1077 risk of, 139 clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vaginal, 174 congenital anomalies, translocations, 843 vagina, 737 vulvar, 174 see also specific anomalies chronic obstructive pulmonary management, 741 colposuspension infertility association, 867 disease clinical breast examination Burch procedure, 424–5 surgical correction in postoperative complications (CBE), 701–4 laparoscopic, 425–6 adolescents, 580–4 and, 292–3 clitoral repair, 108–9 needle suspension, 426 uterine, 190–1 chronic pelvic pain, 53–65 clobetasol propionate, lichen combined oral contraceptives, recurrent pregnancy loss adolescents, 570–4 sclerosus treatment, 277 see oral contraceptives and, 922–3 associated conditions, 54 clomiphene citrate communication issues, geriatric congenital bilateral absence of adhesions, 65, 572 male infertility treatment, 914 patients, 45 the vas deferens, 870, chronic pelvic pain ovarian stimulation for IVF, complementary and alternative 904 syndrome, 70 888 medicine, 85, conization, 161, 169, 173 depression, 65, 571 PCOS management, 876, 953, see also specific therapies during pregnancy, 179 endometriosis, 52, 62–3, 572 1038 chronic pelvic pain, 71 indications, 173 interstitial cystitis/painful side-effects, 1038 drug interactions, 92 consanguinity, 140 bladder syndrome, 61–2 treatment resistance, 1039 hot flashes, 989 constipation, 47 irritable bowel syndrome, clomiphene citrate challenge test leiomyomas, 241 adolescents, 571 59–61 (CCCT), 886–7 premenstrual syndrome, 32, 86 management, 68 pelvic congestion syndrome, clomipramine, premenstrual preoperative patients, 92 constitutional delay in pubertal 64 syndrome treatment, 38 complete blood count, pelvic development, 522, 526, pelvic inflammatory disease, CMYC, 850 inflammatory disease, see also delayed puberty 52, 63–4 coelomic metaplasia, 205 353 contact dermatitis, 272–3

1083

Index

contraception, 958, excess, 1061, cystadenoma delayed puberty, 521 see also specific methods see also glucocorticoids mucinous, 198 clinical features, 525 adolescents, 550–6 cortisol-secreting adrenal serous, 197 differential diagnosis, 522–5 abstinence, 551–2 tumors, 1063 cystectomy, adolescents, 578 etiology, 521–2 barrier methods, 554 inactivation, 1029 cystic fibrosis, 140, 904 laboratory tests, 525–8 choice of, 554–5 measurement, 1064 CFTR (cystic fibrosis management, 529–31 compliance enhancement, Cortrosyn, 1060 transmembrane hormone therapy, 529–31 554–6 coumestans, 87, 990 conductance regulator) psychological support, 529 emergency contraception, 553 COX-2 inhibitors, 283 mutations, 870, 904 dementia, HT relationship, 995–6 hormonal methods, 552–3 cancer pain, 839 cystitis, see interstitial cystitis/ denosumab, 993 incorrect use, 554 dysmenorrhea, 556–7 painful bladder syndrome osteoporosis management, 23 intrauterine contraception, cretinism, 1048 cystometry, 421, 456–7 dependence, 69 554 Crohn disease, rectovaginal cystoscopy, 62 psychological, 69 motivating and non- fistula and, 480, 482, 488 cystotomy, 465–6, 628, depot medroxyprogesterone motivating factors, 556 cryotherapy, cervical see also bladder injuries acetate (DMPA), 966–7 progestin-only methods, 553 intraepithelial neoplasia, prevention, 468 adolescent contraception, 553 barrier methods, 967 161–2 repair, 468 bone density impact, 14 cervical cap, 968 cryptorchidism, 902 cystourethroscopy, 467 leiomyoma risk relationship, characteristics of contraceptive CT (computed tomography), cytochrome P450 (CYP) 226 methods, 969 188 enzymes, 1027 non-contraceptive health condoms, 967 culdocentesis cytoreductive surgery, 794–8 benefits, 966 contraceptive implant, 960 ectopic pregnancy diagnosis, interval debulking, 797 risks, 966 depot medroxyprogesterone 258 side-effects, 967 acetate, 966–7 pelvic inflammatory disease D&C, see dilatation and curettage depression, 130–1, diaphragm, 967–8 diagnosis, 352, 355–6 danazol see also antidepressants efficacy, 958 Cushing disease, 1061–3 endometriosis management, chronic pelvic pain emergency contraception, Cushing syndrome, 869, 874, 66, 215 association, 65, 571 968–70 948, 1061–2 leiomyoma management, 241 diagnosis, 1018 HIV-infected patients, 367–8 cause determination, 1065–6 premenstrual syndrome perimenopausal, 987, 1016–7 hormonal methods, 961 corticotropin-releasing management, 39 pseudo-Cushing syndrome progestin-only hormone test, 1066 side-effects, 215, 1012 and, 1064 contraception, 966 fasting plasma ACTH danger assessment, 97 risk factors, 131, 1015 hydatidiform mole and, 819 measurement, 1065 daVinci Robotic Surgical System, screening, 130–1 injectable contraceptive, 553 high-dose dexamethasone 598 St. John’s wort therapy, 85–6 intrauterine devices (IUD), suppression test, 1065 Davydov neovagina creation dermoid cyst, 197 959–60, imaging studies, 1066 procedure, 582 Derogatis Sexual Function see also levonorgestrel- inferior petrosal sinus DAX1 mutations, 901 Interview, 82 releasing intrauterine sampling, 1066 deep vein thrombosis, 303–4, desvenlafaxine, hot flash system metyrapone test, 1065 see also thrombo- management, 1015 copper IUD, 959–60 plasma potassium, 1065 embolism dexamethasone long-acting reversible scintigraphy studies, 1066 diagnosis, 286–7 cancer pain management, 839 contraception, 958–9 causes of, 1063 Doppler ultrasound, 287 PCOS management, 876, 1038 oral contraceptives, 552–6 diagnosis, 1064–5 MR venography, 287 dexamethasone suppression perimenopausal women, 1010 dexamethasone suppression venography, 287 tests, 954, 1064–5 postpartum, 970 tests, 1064–5 management, 286–7 dextran 70 distention medium, spermicides, 968 evaluation, 954 low-molecular-weight 601–2 transdermal patch, 552, 964–5 iatrogenic, 1064 heparins, 287 complications, 673 vaginal ring, 553, 965–6 prognosis, 1068 unfractionated heparin, diabetes, 133 Cooper’s ligaments, 692 pseudo-Cushing syndromes, 287 diagnosis, 874 copper IUD, 959–60 1064 prophylaxis, 285–6 HT relationship, 996 risks, 959 symptoms, 1063 low-dose heparin, 286 infertility association, 869 corpus luteum, 978, 981 treatment, 1067 low-molecular-weight management, 133, 1039 cysts, 196 adrenal causes, 1067 heparins, 286 perioperative, 289 corticosteroids, 1060–1, ectopic ACTH syndrome, mechanical methods, 286 postoperative, 289 see also steroid treatment 1067 risk factors, 285 PCOS association, 1032, 1039 hypothalamic–pituitary medical treatment, 1067 defecation mechanism, 433 postoperative infection risk –adrenal axis pituitary-dependent defibulation, 107–8 and, 385 suppression, 1060–1 syndrome, 1067 antenatal, 108 preconception counseling, withdrawal, 1060–1 cyclooxygenase inhibitors, benefits, 104 141–2 corticotropin-releasing hormone, see COX-2 inhibitors intrapartum, 108 preoperative assessment, 289 1056–7 cyproterone acetate, 516, 550, dehydroepiandrosterone screening, 133 test for, 1066 1040 (DHEA), 1026, 1059 diabetic ketoacidosis, 289 cortisol cyst, see also ovarian cysts adrenal androgen replacement diaphragm dexamethasone suppression Bartholin gland, 311 therapy, 1073 contraceptive, 967–8 tests, 1064–5 management, 311–12 sexual dysfunction and, 81 pelvic, 399–402

1084

Index

diarrhea management, 68 duloxetine, premenstrual interstitial pregnancy, 263 metastatic disease, 758–61, 763 diet, 126–7 syndrome management, multiple ectopic management, 761–2 counseling, 126–7 38 pregnancies, 264 PCOS association, 1033, preconception counseling, dynamic graciloplasty, 445–6 ovarian pregnancy, 261, 263 1039–40 140–1 dyschezia, endometriosis ERBB2 (HER2/neu), 686–7 perimenopausal, 1009 ovarian cancer relationship, 791 association, 206 efavirenz, 364 presurgical evaluation, 758 dietary management dysmenorrhea, 556 ejaculatory duct obstruction, 904 progestin therapy, 761 fecal incontinence, 440 adolescents, 556–7 transurethral resection, 913 protection, 1039–40 interstitial cystitis, 67 endometriosis and, 206 ejaculatory dysfunction, 904 oral contraceptives, 961, irritable bowel syndrome, 67 following female genital treatment, 914 1014 premenstrual syndrome, 30 mutilation, 106 elderly patients, see geriatric radiation therapy, 761–5 dietary supplements, see specific leiomyoma association, 230 population recurrence management, 764–5 supplements NSAID treatment, 556–7 electrical stimulation, urinary risk factors, 756–7, 1009 differentiated thyroid cancers oral contraceptive benefits, 962 incontinence staging, 758–61 during pregnancy, 858–9 presacral neurectomy, 630–1 management, 419–20 surgical treatment, 761–4 diffusion-weighted imaging, 189 dyspareunia, 56, 79 electroejaculation, 914 lymphadenectomy, 761–2 digital mammography, 708–9 chronic pelvic pain electromyography, fecal survival, 765 dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 1027 association, 53 incontinence assessment, types of, 756, 759 dilatation and curettage (D&C) endometriosis association, 206 438–9 endometrial hyperplasia, 755–6 ectopic pregnancy diagnosis, following female genital embryo cryopreservation, 894–5 perimenopausal, 1009 258 mutilation, 105 embryo donation, 895 treatment, 758 endometrial cancer diagnosis, treatment, 81 embryo reduction, 893 endometrial neoplasia risk 757 dysplasia, 169 embryo transfer, 891, 894 factors, 1009 laparoscopic instrumentation, mock transfer, 891 endometrial polyps, 48 597 early menopause, 951 embryonic rests, 205 diagnosis, 114–15 dimethylsulfoxide, interstitial early puberty, see puberty emergency contraception, 553, hysteroscopic polypectomy, cystitis treatment, 66–73 ectopic ACTH syndrome, 1063 968–70 116–17, 649–50 Dioscorea villosa, see wild yam associated tumors, 1063 endocarditis prophylaxis, 284, menorrhagia relationship, 113 diphenoxylate, fecal incontinence treatment, 1067 291 endometrial sampling, 169 management, 441 ectopic pregnancy, 205–6 endocervical assessment, 169 endometrial stromal sarcoma, disorders of sexual development, diagnosis, 255–60 endocervical curettage, 169 771–3, see also uterine 528, 580 algorithm, 260 endocervical sampling, 169 sarcoma disseminated gonococcal culdocentesis, 258 endometrial ablation, 662 endometrial thickness, infection, 321, 323 D&C, 258 abnormal uterine bleeding see endometrium disseminated intravascular hCG levels, 256–7 management, 117–18, endometrioma coagulation, 390 history, 256 662 imaging, 197 DMPA, see depot laparoscopy, 258 perimenopausal, 1013 ovarian, 206 medroxyprogesterone physical examination, 256 hysteroscopic, 662 treatment, 219 acetate serum progesterone leiomyoma treatment, 245–6 endometriosis, 203, 618 DNA repair, 847 measurement, 258 pregnancy following, 675–6 adolescents, 557–8, 572 dobutamine, 391 ultrasonography, 257–8 endometrial biopsy treatment, 557–8 documentation, intimate partner epidemiology, 253–4 endometrial cancer detection, challenges, 220–1 violence, 97 laparoscopic treatment, 261, 116, 757 chronic pelvic pain domestic violence, see intimate 613–14 ovulation detection, 873 association, 572 partner violence medical treatment, 260–1 pelvic inflammatory disease, definition, 203 dong quai, 87 pathogenesis, 255 354 diagnosis, 63, 208–14, 872–3 donor insemination, 894 risk factors, 254–5 perimenopausal abnormal abdominal examination, donor oocytes, 894–5 contraception, 255 uterine bleeding, 1009 208–9 donovanosis, see granuloma infertility treatment, 255 uterine sarcoma diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 215 inguinale pelvic inflammatory disease, 773 imaging, 196, 210, 873 Doppler ultrasound, deep vein 254 endometrial cancer laboratory tests, 210 thrombosis, 287 tubal surgery, 254, 613 anovulation relationship, 114 laparoscopy, 210, 873 Down syndrome risk, 139 rupture, 255–6 chemotherapy, 763–5 pelvic examination, 209–10 drospirenone, premenstrual spontaneous resolution, 262 diagnosis, 757–8 surgical diagnosis, 210–15 syndrome management, surgical treatment, 261–2 endometrial biopsy, 116 epidemiology, 203 38 surgical approach, 261 hysteroscopy, 663 infertility association, 208, 216, drug abuse, 129 surgical technique, 261–2 elderly patients, 48 867–8 counseling, 129 types, 253, 262–5 epidemiology, 755 diagnosis, 872–3 dual energy X-ray abdominal pregnancy, 263 follow-up care, 765 treatment effects, 875–6 absorptiometry cervical pregnancy, 262–3 menopausal symptom intestinal involvement, 219 bone mass assessment, 6, 9 following hysterectomy, 264 management, 765 medical treatments, 215–16, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), heterotopic pregnancy, 264 hereditary, 848 237–41, 557–8 682 in a hysterotomy scar, 264 histology, 755–6, 759 danazol, 215 detection, 710–11 interligamentous pregnancy, HT relationships, 998–9 GnRH agonists, 66, 215–16 ductal lavage, 715 264 imaging, 193 infertility management, 216

1085

Index

endometriosis (cont.) thickness, 47, 190, 193 pubertal changes, 496 falls pain reduction, 216 endometrial cancer sexual dysfunction prevention, 991 progestins, 215 detection, 116 management, 80, 990 risk of, 991 pathogenesis, 204–6 endopelvic fascia, 401 thromboembolism association, fecal continence mechanism, coelomic metaplasia, 205 endothelial progenitor cells, 205 995 433 ectopic attachment and enhanced recovery partnership urinary incontinence fecal diversion, 448 invasion of endometrial program, 304–5 management, 411, 990, fecal incontinence, 405–6, 432 cells, 205–6 environmental exposures, 143–4 1015 controversies, 448–9 embryonic rests, 205 ePAQ tool, 454 vaginal atrophy management, diagnosis, 436–9 hematogenous and epidermal growth factor, 990 manometry, 438 lymphatic spread, 205 leiomyoma etiology, 229 ethnic background, 140 physical examination, 436–7 retrograde menstruation, epidermoid cysts, 105 ovarian cancer relationship, pudendal nerve terminal 204–5 epididymal obstruction, 904 791 motor latencies, 439 source of ectopic epididymal sperm aspiration, 913 etidronate, 993 ultrasonography, 437–8 endometrial cells, 204 epididymovasostomy, 913 evening primrose oil, 86–7 epidemiology, 432–3 quantification, 214 epidural analgesia, 283 adverse effects, 87 non-surgical treatment, 440–1 risk factors, 203–4 epigastric vessels, 668 drug interactions, 87 biofeedback, 441–3 age, 204 injury, 668 premenstrual syndrome medical agents, 441 body mass index, 204 management, 669 management, 32 obstetric injury association, genetic factors, 204 erectile dysfunction, 904–5 exemestane 433, 435–6 increased menstruation, 204 EROS clitoral therapy device, 81 breast cancer prophylaxis, 680 pathogenesis, 433–5 lifestyle factors, 204 erysipelas, 308 breast cancer treatment, 684 risk factors, 433 race, 204 Escherichia coli, vaginal, 383 exenteration, 750 scoring, 432 sites of pelvic involvement, 207 escitalopram, premenstrual exercise surgical treatment, 443–8 staging, 867 syndrome treatment, 35 counseling, 126 anal canal bulking by surgical treatments, 65–6, essential menorrhagia, 114 excess, 949 injection, 448 216–20 Essure device, 659–61 health benefits, 126 anal sphincteroplasty, 443–5 ablative surgery, 216–17 estradiol, see also estrogen; osteoporosis management, artificial neosphincter, endometriosis outside the hormone (replacement) 17–18 446–7 pelvis, 219–20 therapy premenstrual syndrome dynamic graciloplasty, hysterectomy, 66, 219 delayed puberty diagnosis, management, 30 445–6 infertility management, 220 525–6 external pneumatic compression, fecal diversion, 448 laparoscopy, 65–6, 217 delayed puberty management, 286 radiofrequency procedure pain reduction, 220 530–1 eye disease, perimenopausal, 988 (Secca), 448 surgical excision, 217–19 transdermal, premenstrual sacral nerve stimulation, symptoms, 206–8 syndrome treatment, 39 fallopian tube 447–8 abdominal wall pain, 208 estrogen, 943, see also hormone carcinoma, 779 fecundability rate, 866 asymptomatic (replacement) therapy chemotherapy, 785 female condoms, 967 endometriosis, 208 cardiovascular protective clinical features, 780 female genital mutilation/cutting back pain, 206 effect, 993–5 diagnosis, 782–4 (FGM/C), 102 bladder symptoms, 207 cognitive decline relationship, epidemiology, 780 average age, 104 bowel symptoms, 207–8 995–6 genetic factors, 780 complications, 104–7 chest and shoulder pain, 207 deficiency, see also menopause; hormone therapy, 785 acute complications, 104–5 dyschezia, 206 specific symptoms pathology, 781–2 anorgasmia, 106 dysmenorrhea, 206 amenorrhea management, prognostic factors, 785–6 blood-borne infections, 106 dyspareunia, 206 950–1 radiation therapy, 784 dyspareunia, 105 irregular bleeding, 207 geriatric patients, 45–6 risk factors, 780 epidermoid cysts, 105 pelvic pain, 52, 62–3, 206 symptoms, 986 spread, 780 genital fistulae, 106, 465 symptoms distant from the delayed puberty management, staging, 781 hematocolpos/ abdominal cavity, 208 530–1 surgical treatment, 784 hematometria/ visible lesion progression, endometrial cancer survival, 785 dysmenorrhea, 106 210–14 association, 998 obstruction, 614 infertility, 106 endometritis, 954 endometrial hyperplasia hysteroscopic treatment, influencing factors, 105 chlamydia association, 326 induction, 755–6 661 keloid formation, 105 postabortion endometritis, growth role, 502 patency evaluation, 189, 234, mental health impact, 104, 327 hot flash management, 1015 870–2 106–7 postpartum endometritis, 327 leiomyoma etiology, 228–9 tubal factor infertility, 867 obstetric outcomes, 106 pelvic inflammatory disease menopausal symptom diagnosis, 189, 234, 871–2 pelvic inflammatory disease, and, 355 management treatment, 875 106 endometrium, 190 following endometrial fallopian tube surgery, 614–16 recurrent urinary tract atrophy management, 954 cancer treatment, 765 ectopic pregnancy risk, 254, infections, 106 changes during menstrual osteoporosis management, 613 countries where prevalent, cycle, 981 21–2, 46, 992 sterilization, 254, 612–13 104 increased estrogen exposure perimenopausal changes, 1007 abnormal uterine bleeding future prospects, 110 mechanisms, 1008 precocious puberty and, 510 association, 114 history, 102–3

1086

Index

legal issues, 109–10 fibrillin-3 (FBN3), 1030 risk factors, 6–10, 988 vaginitis, 46 guidance for doctors, fibroids, see leiomyomas vertebral, 3–4, 9–10 vulvar conditions, 46 109–10 fimbrioplasty, 615 fragile X syndrome, 528 gestational surrogacy, 895 management, 107–9 finasteride, 1040 FRAX (Fracture Risk gestational trophoblastic disease, clitoral repair, 108–9 fistulae, see urogenital fistulae Assessment) tool, 1, 9, 813, 855 defibulation, 104, 107–8 Fitz–Hugh–Curtis syndrome, 991 choriocarcinoma, 821 re-infibulation, 109 326 FSH, see follicle-stimulating hydatidiform mole, 813–19 persistence of, 103 flatus incontinence, 405–6 hormone invasive mole (chorioadenoma reasons for propagation, 103 fluid replacement during surgery, fulvestrant, 686 destruens), 820–1 pregnancy issues, 104 304 furuncles, 309 malignant, see malignant prevalence, 104–5 fluorescent in situ hybridization gestational trophoblastic Female Sexual Distress Scale, 82 analysis, sperm, 908 gabapentin, 839 disease female sexual dysfunction (FSD) fluoxetine, premenstrual Gail model of breast cancer risk, placental site trophoblastic challenges, 83 syndrome treatment, 33 680, 685, 696 tumor, 821–2 classification, 77–9 flutamide, 1040 galactorrhea, 930, 933 risk factors, 814 hypoactive sexual desire fluvoxamine, premenstrual Gardnerella vaginalis, 383 gestrinone, leiomyoma disorder, 77–8 syndrome treatment, 35 gate theory of pain, 571 management, 241 orgasmic disorder, 79 folic acid supplementation, 141 gatekeeper genes, 843 Gibson incision, modified, 299 persistent genital arousal follicle-stimulating hormone genetic history taking, 138 ginkgo, 87 disorder, 79 (FSH), 495–6, 888, 943 genistein, 88, 990 sexual dysfunction sexual arousal disorder, changes at puberty, 496 genital herpes, 337–9 management, 87 78–9 decreased ovarian reserve diagnosis, 338 global ablative surgery, 608 sexual pain disorders, 79 assessment, 922 epidemiology, 337 glucocorticoids, 1056 diagnosis, 79–80 deficiency, 527 in pregnancy, 337 bone loss induction, 11 elderly patients, 47 follicular stimulation, 887 transmission to neonate, deficiency, 1060, 1068–77 epidemiology, 75 inhibin effects, 979 337–8 excess, 1061–8 pathogenesis, 75–7 menstrual cycle regulation, pathogenesis, 337 glucose tolerance test, 1034 aging, 75 976 treatment, 338–9 glycine distention medium, 601 medications, 76–7 dominant follicle selection, genital injuries, pediatric complications, 676 menopausal changes, 76 978–9 patients, 563–70 GnRH, 495 psychiatric conditions, 76 ovarian effects, 976–8 clinical features, 563–5 changes at puberty, 496 surgical procedures, 76 ovarian maturation and, 496 evaluation, 565–7 deficiency, 974 trauma, 76 ovarian stimulation for IVF, prevention, 570 gonadotropin stimulation test, perimenopausal, 990–1, 1015 888 treatment, 568 514, 516 research, 82 perimenopausal changes, 1007 genital warts, 342–5, 373–4, male, 898 risk factors, 75 pharmacological preparation, see also human male infertility treatment, 914 treatment, 80–2 888 papillomavirus mutations, 527 androgen replacement, 76 PCOS and, 1026 clinical features, 343–4 pulsatile release, 942, 974–6 arousal disorders, 81 therapeutic role, 876 diagnosis, 344 pulsatile therapy, 877 desire disorders, 80–1 precocious puberty and, 513 epidemiology, 343 secondary amenorrhea guidelines, 80 subunit mutation, 878 morphological types, 344 management, 950 HT, 76 secondary amenorrhea and treatment, 344–5, 376–7 GnRH agonists, 889, 975 orgasm disorders, 81 evaluation, 947 anal warts, 345, 377 add-back therapy, 66, 216, 240 sexual pain disorders, 81 management, 949–50 cervical warts, 377 adverse effects, 244, 516 treatment monitoring, 81–2 follicle, ovarian, 973, 976–8 external warts, 344–5, 376–7 bone density impact, 14 Female Sexual Function Index dominant follicle, 978–9 surgical excision, 376–7 delayed puberty diagnosis, 526 (FSFI), 82 perimenopausal changes, 1006 vaginal warts, 345, 377 endometriosis treatment, 66, femur fracture, atypical, 21–2, follicular cysts, 196 genitofemoral nerve injury, 215–16 see also hip fracture folliculitis, 308–9 628 pain management, 216 fentanyl, 837 hot-tub folliculitis, 309 geriatric population, 44 hirsutism management, 548, fertility, see also infertility follistatin, 497, 979, 1030 breast cancer screening, 45 1040–1 age relationship, 1018 forceps delivery cervical screening, 45 hypoestrogenic effects, 239–40 hyperthyroidism effect, 1050 perineal trauma association, communication issues, 45 leiomyoma management, hypothyroidism effect, 1048 436 concomitant conditions, 48 238–40, 244 perimenopausal women, urinary incontinence demographics, 44 complications, 239 1017–9 association, 418 estrogen deficiency, 45–6 intraoperative, 239 terminology, 865 fracture, 988, gynecological surgery, 48–9 postoperative, 239 fertility treatment, see assisted see also osteoporosis complications, 48 preoperative, 238–9 reproductive technology; Cushing syndrome, 1062 history taking, 45 menorrhagia management, infertility distal forearm, 4 injury prevention, 130 117 fesoterodine, urinary femur, atypical, 20–2 osteoporosis, 46 ovarian stimulation for IVF, incontinence hip, 2–3 physical examination, 45 888–90 management, 413 prevention, oral sexuality, 47 ovarian hyperstimulation fetal reduction, 893 contraceptives, 1014 urinary tract conditions, 46–7 syndrome prevention, FHIT mutations, 850, 852 risk assessment, 991 urogenital aging, 44–5 893

1087

Index

GnRH agonists (cont.) growth hormone, 502 evaluation, 114–15 hair follicle-directed precocious puberty treatment, Turner syndrome treatment, 116–18 treatment, 550 515–16 management, 529 hemangioma, vulvar, pediatric histrelin implant, 515 outcomes, 516 gynecological surgery, 297–301, patients, 545 HIV, 360 premenstrual syndrome see also perioperative hematocolpos, following female cervical screening treatment, 39 complications; genital mutilation, 106 recommendations, 181 GnRH receptor mutations, 527, postoperative hematoma, vulvar, 563–4 chancroid association, 334 870 complications; treatment, 567–8 clinical manifestations in goiter, 1048, 1052–3 preoperative hematometra, 674 women, 361–2 clinical presentation, 1052 management; specific hematometra, following female co-infection with other STDs, diagnosis, 1052–3 procedures genital mutilation, 106 319 treatment, 1053 adjuvant surgery, 298 hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test, HPV, 343, 365 gonadarche, 493, 496 approach/incision, 298–300 1034 contraception issues, 367–8 gonadectomy, 584 choice of, 298–9 Hemophilus ducreyi, diagnosis, 363 gonadotoxins, 899 Cohen incision, modified, see chancroid epidemiology, 362–3 gonadotropin-releasing 299 hemorrhage female genital mutilation hormone, see GnRH Gibson incision, modified, during hysteroscopy, 674 association, 106 gonadotropins, 943, 299–300 gynecological surgery risks, gynecological manifestations, see also follicle- midline incision, 299 303 365 stimulating hormone; suprapubic transverse hemorrhagic infarction, 234 cervical cancer, 160, 366 luteinizing hormone incision, 299 heparin, thromboembolism cervical cytology changes at puberty, 496 vaginal approach, 299–300 management, 287 abnormalities, 180, 365–6 deficiency, 526–7 benefit–risk assessment, 298 low-dose heparin, 286 cervicovaginal infections, acquired, 527 collaborative participatory low-molecular-weight 367 congenital, 526–7 approach, 304–5 heparins, 286–7 menstrual disorders, 366 GnRH stimulation test, 514, 516 common risks, 303–4, hepatitis, following female pelvic inflammatory disease, gonadarche and, 496 see also surgical site genital mutilation, 106 367 ovarian stimulation for IVF, infection HER2/NEU (ERBB2), 686–7 perianal intraepithelial 888 adhesions, 303 herbal remedies, neoplasia, 366 perimenopausal changes, 1007 hemorrhage, 303 see complementary and vaginal intraepithelial PCOS and 1026 malnutrition and fluid alternative medicine; neoplasia, 366 secondary amenorrhea balance, 304 specific herbs vulvar intraepithelial management, 949–50 pain, 303 hereditary non-polyposis neoplasia, 366 PCOS and surgical drains, 304 colorectal cancer gynecological surgery and, therapeutic role, 953, 1038 thromboembolism, 303–4 (HNPCC), 844 366–7 gonorrhea, 319–23 unexpected disease or endometrial cancer life cycle, 360–1 chlamydia coinfection, 322, 324 pregnancy, 301–2 association, 757 pathogenesis, 361–2 clinical features, 320–1 urinary catheters, 304 genetic screening, 848–9 postexposure prophylaxis, 365 in pregnancy, 320 urinary tract, 302–3 genetics of, 848 reproduction options, 368 diagnosis, 321–2 corrective surgery, 298 ovarian cancer association, screening, 363 disseminated gonococcal curative surgery, 298 791 transmission infection, 321, 323 HIV-infected women, 366–7 hereditary tumor syndromes, influences, 363 epidemiology, 319 obese patients, 304 849, see also cancer prevention, 364–5 pathogenesis, 319–20 palliative surgery, 298 genetics treatment, 363–4 perinatal complications, 321 preparation for, 298–300, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HMGIC protein, 227 pharyngeal, 320, 322 see also preoperative see also genital herpes HMGIY protein, 227 risk factors, 320 management neonatal infection, 337–8 Hodgkin disease, during screening, 321–2 instrument/equipment screening, 338 pregnancy, 859–60 transmission, 320 familiarity, 300 vulvar infection, 271 hook effect, 931 treatment, 322–3 preoperative assessments, heterotopic pregnancy, 264 hormone (replacement) therapy antimicrobial resistance, 322 298 hidradenitis suppurativa, 309–10 (HT), 1020–1, granuloma inguinale, 336–7 restorative surgery, 298 causative organisms, 310 see also hormone clinical features, 336 treatment, 310–11 treatment diagnosis, 336 Halstead’s principles of surgery, hip fracture, 2–3 adverse effects, 46, 999–1000 epidemiology, 336 301 hirsutism benefits, 999 transmission, 336 hamartoma, hypothalamic, 507 adolescents, 546–50 breast cancer relationships, treatment, 336–7 harmonic scalpel, 594 causes, 555 996–8 granulosa cells, 976, 980 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 1048 Cushing syndrome, 1061 breast cancer survivors, 998 grasping instruments, 594–5 hCG, see human β-chorionic definition, 546 women with benign breast Graves disease, 1049, gonadotropin diagnosis, 546–8 disease, 997–8 see also hyperthyroidism hearing loss, 124–5 treatment, 548–50, 1040–1 women with positive family gravidity, leiomyoma risk heavy menstrual bleeding, excess adrenal androgen history, 998 relationship, 224–5 113–14, production, 550 cardiovascular disease group support, premenstrual see also abnormal uterine excess ovarian androgen relationships syndrome, 30 bleeding; menorrhagia production, 548–9 protective effect, 993–5

1088

Index

stroke, 995 human papillomavirus (HPV), non-neoplastic medical observation, 933 thromboembolism, 995 169, 343, 371–2, complications, 817 pergolide, 935 clinical management, see also cervical cancer; prophylactic chemotherapy, prolactinoma present, 999–1000 genital warts 817–18 pregnancy desired, 937–8 cognitive decline relationship, adolescent infections, 180 repeated uterine curettage, prolactinoma present, 995–6 cervical cytological 819 pregnancy not desired, colorectal cancer relationship, abnormalities, 374 suction curettage, 817 937 999 high-grade squamous twin gestations, 816–17 quinagolide, 935 diabetes relationship, 996 intraepithelial lesions, hydergine, 935 surgery, 936–7 hot flashes, 45, 1015 177 hydrocortisone, 1072, 1076 physiology, 929–30 leiomyoma risk relationship, low-grade squamous chronic replacement therapy, recurrent pregnancy loss 226 intraepithelial lesions, 1072–3 relationship, 922 options, 1000 175–6 hydrodistention of the bladder, secondary amenorrhea osteoporosis, 46, 992 clinical course of infection, 67 relationship, 947 perimenopausal women, 147–8, 378 hydrometrocolpos, 529 symptoms, 930 recommendations, 1019 clinical features, 373 hydromorphone, 837 hypertension, 133–4 secondary amenorrhea, 950–1 diagnosis, 374–5, 745 hydrosalpinx, 614 Cushing syndrome, 1062 sexual dysfunction, 76, 990 DNA testing, 163 IVF outcome relationship, 886 preconception counseling, 142 thromboembolism association, education need, 379 hyperandrogenism, 510, 529 screening, 133–4 995 epidemiology, 343, 371 diagnosis, 948 hyperthermia, pregnancy and, uterine cancer relationships, genes involved in malignant hyperinsulinism relationship, 143 998–9 transformation, 372 1025 hyperthyroidism, 114, 1048–52 hormone treatment, HIV coinfection, 343, 365 PCOS, 1027 clinical presentation, 1049–50 see also hormone infection site, 372 hypercalciuria diagnosis, 874, 1050–1 (replacement) therapy life cycle, 371–2 idiopathic, 14 during pregnancy, 1050–2 breast cancer, 683–4 genome integration in host hyperemesis gravidum, 1050–1 fetal/neonatal, 1050 delayed puberty, 529–31 DNA, 372 hyperforin, 85 hydatidiform mole association, during pregnancy, 861 natural history of infection, hypericin, 85 817 fallopian tube carcinoma, 785 148–9, 343, 379 Hypericum perforatum, see St. infertility association, 869 hyperprolactinemia, 951–2 persistent cervical infection, John’s wort management, 1051–2 secondary amenorrhea, 949 372, 745 hyperinsulinism, 1024, amenorrhea, 952 fertility management, psychosocial issues, 379 see also insulin resistance subclinical, 132 949–50 risk factors for infection, 343, hyperandrogenism thyroid crisis, 1050–1 hot flashes, 45, 986–7, 1014–5 745 relationship, 1025 hypoactive sexual desire differential diagnosis, 1015 subclinical papilloma hyperparathyroidism, 23 disorder, 77–8 GnRH agonist side-effects, 240 infection, 170 primary, 14 treatment, 80–1 management, 989–90, 1015 treatment, 375–6 hyperphenylalanemia, 142 hypoadrenalism, see also specific bioidentical hormones, 990 types, 371–2 hyperprolactinemia, 525, 527, conditions HT, 45, 1015 vaccines, 379–80, 745–6 868 causes, 1074 oral contraceptives, 1015 vaginal cancer association, 737 causes, 930–1 clinical features, 1070–1 phytoestrogens, 88–90, viral genetics, 343 pathologic, 931 primary, 1068–9, 1074 989–90 vulvar carcinoma association, pharmacologic, 931 diagnosis, 1071 household injury prevention, 724 physiologic, 931 secondary, 1068–70 129–30 vulvar infection, 270 clinical features, 930 treatment, 1071–3 elderly, 130 hydatidiform mole, 813–19, 1050 bone mineral loss, 930 acute adrenal insufficiency, HPV, see human papillomavirus classification, 814–15 galactorrhea, 930 1070–2 HT, see hormone (replacement) complete hydatidiform epidemiology, 929 chronic replacement therapy mole, 814–15 evaluation, 931–3 therapy, 1070, 1072–3 human β-chorionic partial hydatidiform mole, male, 899 hypogastric neurolysis, 835 gonadotropin (hCG), 818 814–15 infertility and, 901 hypogonadotropic ectopic pregnancy diagnosis, clinical features, 815–16 management, 877, 933–9 hypogonadism, 526, 870, 256–7 contraception and, 819 amenorrhea, 951–2 901 fallopian tube carcinoma diagnosis, 816 bromocriptine, 877, 933–4, hypoosmotic swelling test, 907 diagnosis, 784 epidemiology, 813–14 951 hypothalamic anovulation, 868, hCG-producing tumor, 513 hCG assay, 818 cabergoline, 877, 934–5, 951 877 hydatidiform mole diagnosis, phantom hCG, 819 controversies, 938–9 hypothalamic hamartoma, 507 816 natural history, 816–17 duration of medical therapy, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal ovarian hyperstimulation postmolar gestational 938 (HPA) axis, 495 syndrome prevention, trophoblastic disease, hormone treatment, 951–2 hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal 893 diagnostic criteria, 819, irradiation, 937 (HPG) axis, 494–5, phantom hCG, 818–19 823 medications used, 933 898–900 human immunodeficiency virus, reproductive sequelae, 819 no prolactinoma, pregnancy hypothalamus, 898, 974 see HIV treatment, 817–18 desired, 937 hypothyroidism, 901, 1047–9 human leukocyte antigen (HLA), follow-up, 818 no prolactinoma, pregnancy clinical presentation, 1048 924 hysterectomy, 817 not desired, 937 congenital, 1049

1089

Index

hypothyroidism (cont.) hysterosalpingography (HSG), idiopathic hypercalciuria, 14 soft tissues, 308 diagnosis, 874, 1048 189, 615 iliococcygeus muscle, 400 inferior epigastric injury, 668 during pregnancy, 1049 leiomyoma detection, 234, 871 iliopsoas syndrome, 209 management, 669 infertility association, 869 tubal patency evaluation, 872 imiquimod, 270 inferior petrosal sinus sampling, management, 1049 hysteroscopy, 600, 648–9, genital wart treatment, 376 1066 amenorrhea, 952 see also minimally immune response infertility, 865, see also fertility menorrhagia relationship, 114 invasive surgery endometriosis pathogenesis, adhesions and, 612, 867 precocious puberty complications, 672–6 205 age-related, 868–9, 1018 association, 510 distention media-associated, septic shock etiology, 389–91 evaluation, 873–4 recurrent pregnancy loss 673, 676 immunizations, see vaccinations management, 877 relationship, 922 entry-associated, 672–3 immunosuppressed patients, cancer relationships, 878 risk factors, 1048 pregnancy-associated, 675–6 see also HIV causes, 866 screening, 1049 procedural and abnormal cervical cancer cervical factor, 866 newborn, 1049 postoperative, 673–6 screening results, 160 diagnosis, 871 secondary amenorrhea distention media, 600–2 colposcopy, 180–1 treatment, 875 relationship, 947 carbon dioxide, 601, 673 impotence, 904–5 definition, 870, 898 subclinical, 131 complications, 673, 676 informed decision making, 305 diagnostic evaluation, 871 treatment, 117 dextran 70, 601–2 in vitro fertilization (IVF), 875, endocrine disorders and, Hyskon distention medium, 601–2 glycine, 601 884 869–70 complications, 673 lactated Ringer solution, 601 assisted hatching, 894 assessment, 874 hysterectomy mannitol, 601 case history, 895 treatment, 877 cervical cancer treatment, saline, 601 complications, 891–3 endometriosis-associated, 208, 749–50 sorbitol, 601 infant and childhood 867–8 cervical intraepithelial endometrial ablation, 662 morbidity, 893 diagnosis, 872–3 neoplasia treatment, 162 endometrial cancer diagnosis, multifetal pregnancy, 893 medical treatments, 216 comparison of methods, 244 663, 757–8 ovarian hyperstimulation treatment effects, 875–6 complications, 244 endometrial polypectomy, syndrome, 891–3 epidemiology, 865–6 ureter injury, 669–70 116–17, 649–50 embryo selection, 894 following female genital urogenital fistulae, 465–6 fluid monitoring, 602 embryo transfer, 891, 894 mutilation, 106 cystotomy prevention, 468 instrumentation, 599–600 laboratory techniques, 893–5 genetics of, 870 endometrial cancer treatment, flexible hysteroscopes, complex reproductive leiomyoma risk relationship, 761, 763–4 599–600 solutions, 894–5 225–6 endometrial hyperplasia instrument availability, 602 luteal support, 891 leiomyoma-associated, 231–3, treatment, 758 morcellating hysteroscopes, oocyte retrieval, 890–1 866–7, 871 endometriosis treatment, 66, 600, 654 outcomes pathological mechanisms, 219 resectoscopes, 600 age impact, 885 233 pain reduction, 220 rigid hysteroscopes, 600 hydrosalpinx impact, 886 male factor, see male factor hydatidiform mole treatment, intrauterine adhesion lysis, leiomyoma impact, 232, infertility 817 658–9 885–6 ovarian factor, 868 indications, 621 reproductive outcome, 659 patient selection, 884 diagnosis, 873 laparoscopic, 621–6 leiomyoma detection, 236–7 PCOS patients, 953 treatment, 876–7 laparoscope-assisted radical myomectomy, 117, 650–6 preparation PCOS and, 1031 vaginal hysterectomy, 625 bipolar technique, 653–4 laboratory evaluation, 886–7 medical treatment, 1037–9 laparoscopic supracervical intrauterine morcellation, male evaluation, 887 obesity control, 1035–7 hysterectomy, 623–5 654 uterine evaluation, 885 surgical treatment, 1039 laparoscopically assisted limitations, 655 quality control, 894 prognosis, 877–8 vaginal hysterectomy, patient positioning, 607 stimulation protocols, 887–90 treatment challenges and 244, 621 perimenopausal abnormal follicular stimulation, 887 controversies, 878 robotic-assisted radical uterine bleeding GnRH agonists, 888–90 tubal factor, 867 hysterectomy, 632–9 evaluation, 1009–10 gonadotropins, 888 diagnosis, 871–2 total laparoscopic postmenopausal bleeding natural cycle, 887–8 treatment, 875 hysterectomy, 621–3 evaluation, 663 surgical adjuvants, 885–6 unexplained, 870 total laparoscopic radical proximal tubal obstruction incident pain, 831 diagnosis, 874 hysterectomy, 625–6 treatment, 661 incidentalomas, 948 treatment, 877 leiomyoma treatment, 244–5 sterilization, 659–61 incomplete cross-tolerance, 833 uterine factor, 866–7 malignant gestational surgical setup, 607–8 incontinence, see fecal diagnosis, 871 trophoblastic disease diagnostic hysteroscopy, incontinence; urinary treatment, 875 treatment, 824 607–8 incontinence infibulation, see female genital perimenopausal abnormal operative hysteroscopy, 608 infections, 393, see also specific mutilation/cutting uterine bleeding uterine septum treatment, infections inflammation management, 1013 655–8 adrenal insufficiency and, 1069 endometriosis pathogenesis, urinary incontinence reproductive outcome, Cushing syndrome, 1062 205–6 association, 419 657–8 development of, 307 septic shock etiology, 389–91 uterine sarcoma management, hysterosonography, leiomyoma hysteroscopy complications, infliximab, hidradenitis 775–6 detection, 235–6 674 treatment, 310

1090

Index

informed consent, 282, 284, abdominal pain, gas and ureter injury, 669–70 scissors, 595 297–300 bloating, 67 laparoscopy, 611, suction–irrigation, 593 essential components of, 301 constipation-predominant see also minimally suturing instruments, 595–6 presenting risk information, disease, 67–8 invasive surgery trocars, 592–3 301 diarrhea-predominant adhesiolysis, 611–12 ultrasonic scalpel, 594 inguinal endometriosis, 208 disease, 68 adnexal mass management, Veress needle, 592 inhibin, 497, 979 isoflavones, 87, 89, 990 617–18 lymphadenectomy, perimenopausal changes, 1007 isolated menstruation, 506 children/adolescents, 576–8 see laparoscopic injury prevention, 129–30 isotretinoin, 310, 1041 colposuspension, 425–6 lymphadenectomy counseling, 129 IVF, see in vitro fertilization complications, 666–72 Müllerian anomaly correction, elderly, 130 bladder injury, 668–70 580–1 insulin receptor, 1025 KAL mutations, 870 bowel injury, 670–1, 675 myolysis, 245 INSR, 1030 Kallmann syndrome, 527 entry techniques, 667–8 myomectomy, 618–21 insulin resistance, 922, 948 male infertility and, 901 inferior epigastric injury, 668 controversies and evaluation, 322 Kartagener syndrome, 903 rates, 666–7 challenges, 620 management, 1024 karyotype abnormalities, ureter injury, 669–70 laparoscopically assisted insulin sensitizer therapy, 952 see chromosomal vaginal cuff complications, myomectomy, 619 PCOS, 1024–5 abnormalities 671–2 near-contact laparoscopy, 210 insulin-sensitizing agents, 1037–8 Kelly–Kennedy plication, 423 vascular injury, 671, 676 neovagina creation, 582–3 hirsutism management, 1041 keloid formation, 105 cystectomy, 578 ovarian drilling, 1039 insulin-like growth factor (IGF), ketoconazole, 1067 ectopic pregnancy, 261, patient positioning, 605–7 980 ketorolac, 283 613–14 pelvic pain evaluation, 59, 72 interligamentous pregnancy, 264 King’s Health Questionnaire diagnosis, 258 pelvic reconstruction International Consultation on (KHQ), 453 endometrial cancer treatment, procedures, 629–30 Incontinence Modular kisspeptin, 497, 507 761 robotics, 598–9 Questionnaire (ICI), 453 Klebsiella granulomatis, endometriosis simulation and virtual reality, interstitial cystitis/painful see granuloma inguinale diagnosis, 210, 873 599 bladder syndrome, 61–2 Kleinfelter syndrome, 902 treatment, 65–6, 217 single-port laparoscopy, 631 endometriosis association, 207 knot pusher, 596 fallopian tube surgery, 614–16 sterilization, 612–13 treatment, 66–7, 574 koilocytosis, 148, 169 hysterectomy, 621–6 surgical setup, 604–7 interstitial pregnancy, 263 KRAS oncogenes, 849 laparoscope-assisted radical uterosacral nerve ablation, 66, intimate partner violence (IPV) vaginal hysterectomy, 625 630 associated health conditions, labial adhesions, pediatric laparoscopic supracervical laparotomy, ectopic pregnancy 95 patients, 544 hysterectomy, 623–5 treatment, 261 clinical features, 95–6 lactated Ringer solution, 601 laparoscopically assisted lapatinib, 686 diagnosis, 96 lactation, 693 vaginal hysterectomy, laser therapy screening questions, 96 bone mass changes, 24 244, 621 cervical intraepithelial during pregnancy, 94, 143 ovarian cancer protection, robotic-assisted radical neoplasia, 161–3 outcomes, 95–6 791 hysterectomy, 632–9 endometriosis, 217 epidemiology, 94–5 Lactobacillus, vaginal, 350, 382–3 total laparoscopic instrumentation, 594 homicide risk factors, 99 lactotroph heterogeneity, 930 hysterectomy, 621–3 Laurence–Moon–Biedl management, 96–9 laparoendoscopic single site total laparoscopic radical syndrome, 526 organizations/resources, 97 surgery, 596–7 hysterectomy, 625–6 leiomyomas, 223, 618 intracytoplasmic sperm injection laparoscopic lymphadenectomy, indications, 611 alternative therapies, 241 (ICSI), 893–4 626–9 instrumentation, 589–99 classification, 651 intraspinal analgesia, 835–6 benefits, 627 aspiration needle, 593 clinical manifestations, intra-urethral devices, 414 complications, 627–9 bipolar and unipolar 229–34, 618 intrauterine devices (IUD), 959, abdominal wall metastases, systems, 593–4 abnormal uterine bleeding, see also levonorgestrel- 628 camera, 589 113, 229–30 releasing intrauterine genitourinary injury, 628 D&C set, 597 infertility, 231–3, 866–7, 871 system (LNG-IUS) lymphocele formation, 629 disposable instruments, pelvic pain and pressure, adolescent contraception, 554 neurological injury, 628 597–8 230–1 copper IUD, 959–60 requiring laparotomy, 628 grasping instruments, 594–5 pregnancy outcomes, 232–4, intravenous immunoglobulin, 924 vascular injury, 627–8 hand assistance, 597 238 intravenous pyelography, 282 node retrieval adequacy, 628 high-flow insufflators, 591 recurrent pregnancy loss, 923 invasive mole (chorioadenoma surgical technique, 626–7 instrument layout, 606–7 controversies, 246 destruens) vulvar cancer, 629 laparoscope, 591–2 diagnosis, 114–15, 234–7, 619, clinical features, 821 laparoscopic supracervical laparoscopic single site 871 pathology, 821 hysterectomy, 623–5 surgery, 596–7 hysterosalpingography, 234 treatment, 821 laparoscopically assisted vaginal lasers, 594 hysteroscopy, 236–7 iodine deficiency, 1048 hysterectomy, 244, 621 light source, 591 MRI, 191, 236 irritable bowel syndrome, 59–61 aborted procedures, 621 monitor, 589–91 ultrasound, 191, 234–6 endometriosis association, definition, 621 morcellator, 596 embolization therapy, 241–3 207–8 indications, 621 plasma energy, 594 epidemiology, 223–4, 618 treatment, 67–8, 574 risks and benefits, 621 pouches, 596 genetic etiology, 227

1091

Index

leiomyomas (cont.) perimenopausal abnormal delayed puberty diagnosis, 526 testis biopsy, 908–10 heritability, 227–8 uterine bleeding LH surge, 943, 980 ultrasound, 908 hormonal etiology, 228–9 management, 1012 diabetes effect, 869 vasography, 908 estrogen, 228–9 LH, see luteinizing hormone ovulation prediction, 873, etiology, 898 growth factors, 229 lichen planus, 268, 277–8 952 acquired disorders, 903 progesterone, 229 treatment, 278 premature surges, 889 androgen disorders, 901, IVF outcome and, 232, 885–6 lichen sclerosus, 275–7 male, 899 903 medical treatments, 237–41 elderly patients, 46 menstrual cycle regulation, 976 congenital disorders, 900–1 androgens, 241 management, 46 dominant follicle selection, ejaculatory dysfunction, 904 antiprogesterones, 240–1 pediatric patients, 542–3 978–9 endocrinopathies, 898–901 aromatase inhibitors, 241 treatment, 276–7 ovarian effects, 976–8 erectile dysfunction, 904–5 GnRH agonists, 238–40, 244 vulvar carcinoma association, ovarian maturation and, 496 exogenous steroids and LNG-IUS, 117, 237–8 277, 723 perimenopausal changes, 1007 drugs, 901 NSAIDs, 238 lichen simplex chronicus, 273–5 PCOS and, 1026, 1029 genetics, 900, 902–3 oral and injectable lifestyle modification, precocious puberty and, 513 gonadotoxins, 899, 903 contraceptives, 237 see also specific lifestyle secondary amenorrhea multiorgan syndromes, 903 risk factors, 224–7 factors management, 949–50 neoplasms, 901 age, 223 interstitial cystitis subunit gene mutations, 878 obstruction, 903–4 gravidity and parity, 224–5 management, 67 lymphadenectomy, post-testicular causes, 900 hormone exposure, 226 osteoporosis management, 14, see also laparoscopic sperm motility, 903 infertility, 225–6 991 lymphadenectomy systemic disease, 901 menstrual factors, 224–5 perimenopausal women, axillary, 682 testicular causes, 900–2 race, 223–4 1019–20 cervical cancer, 748 evaluation before IVF, 887 surgical treatment, 243–6 premenstrual syndrome endometrial cancer, 761–4 health concerns, 903 abdominal myomectomy, management, 30 fallopian tube carcinoma, 784 treatment, 877, 910–14 245 skin cancer prevention, 125–6 vulvar carcinoma, 729–31 algorithms, 914 hysterectomy, 244–5 urinary incontinence lymphocele formation, ejaculatory disorders, 914 hysteroscopic myomectomy, management, 410–11 laparoscopic endocrinopathies, 911 117 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 844 lymphadenectomy, 629 genetic disorders, 912 laparoscopic myolysis, 245 Ligasure, 593 lymphogranuloma venereum idiopathic infertility, 914 laparoscopic myomectomy, ligature, 596 (LGV), 335–6 varicoceles, 911–12 618–21 lignans, 87, 990 clinical features, 335 vasal obstruction, 912–14 laparoscopically assisted lipid disorders, 131–2 anogenitorectal syndrome, malignant gestational myomectomy (LAM), 619 management, 132 335 trophoblastic disease, 822 leiomyosarcoma, 237, 770–1, screening, 131–2 inguinal syndrome, 335 chemotherapy, 824–6 see also uterine sarcoma lipid profile diagnosis, 335–6 pregnancy after, 827 chemotherapy, 776–7 oral contraceptive benefits, 1014 epidemiology, 335 salvage chemotherapy, 826 clinical presentation, 771 PCOS and, 1032 treatment, 336 clinical features, 822–3 histopathology, 771 lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), lymphoma, vaginal, 737 diagnosis, 822 treatment, 775–6 390 management, 742 high-risk disease, 825–7 vaginal, 737, 742 liver failure, 901 Lynch syndrome, 791, 848 low-risk disease, 824–6 leptin, 497, 949 liver metastases, 827 endometrial cancer metastatic site management, deficiency, 1025 LNG-IUS, see levonorgestrel- association, 757 826–7 letrozole, PCOS management, 953 releasing intrauterine staging and classification, letrozole, 876, 1038 system macroadenoma, 932, 947, 823–6 leukoplakia, 169, 173 long-acting reversible see also hyper- surgical treatment, 824 leuprolide contraception, 958–9 prolactinemia; malonyldialdehyde, 1030 hirsutism management, 1040 loop electrosurgical excision prolactinoma mammary ductoscopy, 715–16 precocious puberty treatment, procedure, 169, 182 macroprolactinemia, 931 mammary glands, see also breast 515 cervical intraepithelial macular degeneration, 988 embryology, 691 levator ani muscle, 399–401 neoplasia, 161–3 magnesium supplementation, mammography, 699, 704–9, injury, 403–4 loperamide, 68 premenstrual syndrome see also breast cancer spasms, 572 fecal incontinence management, 32 screening levonorgestrel emergency management, 441 magnetic resonance imaging, accuracy, 707 contraception, 968 loss of heterozygosity, 850 see (MRI) age 40–49, 705–6 levonorgestrel-releasing low-molecular-weight heparins magnetic resonance venography, age 70 and above, 706 intrauterine system (LMWHs), 286–7 287 computer-aided detection, (LNG-IUS), 960 lubiprostone, 68 male factor infertility, 870, 898 712–13 endometriosis treatment, 215 Lugol solution, 169, 171–2 diagnosis, 874–5, 905–10 digital mammography, 708–9 leiomyoma management, lung metastases, 827 genetic analysis, 908 efficacy evaluation, 704–5 237–8 luteal phase deficiency, recurrent history, 905–6 false-negatives, 707 menorrhagia management, pregnancy loss, 921–2 hormone assays, 908 frequency, 706–7 117, 960 luteinizing hormone (LH), physical examination, 906 geriatric population, 45 versus endometrial ablation, 495–6, 943 semen analysis, 874, 887, mannitol distention medium, 662 changes at puberty, 496 906–8 601

1092

Index

Marshall–Marchetti–Krantz urogenital atrophy, 988 microadenoma, 932, 947, mucinous cystadenoma, 198 (MMK) surgical menopause, 973, see also hyper- mucopurulent cervicitis, procedure, 424 see also menopausal prolactinemia; see cervicitis mastectomy, 681 symptoms prolactinoma Müllerian duct anomalies, 190–1, postmastectomy irradiation, age of, 1006 microsatellite instability, 848 580 682–3 clinical features, 986–9 microsurgical epididymal sperm genetics, 870 prophylactic, 681 cultural differences, 986 aspiration, 913 laparoscopic correction, 580–1 maternal age, 139 definition, 1005 midline incision, 299 multiple organ dysfunction maternal obesity, 1026 diagnosis, 986 mindfulness meditation, chronic syndrome, 390 mature cystic teratoma, 197 early, 951 pelvic pain management, multiple pregnancies Mayer–Rokitansky– HIV-infected women, 366 71 complications, 893 Kuster–Hauser (MRKH) physiological changes, 986 mineralocorticoids, 1056 infant and childhood syndrome, 190, 529, 582, sexual function relationships, secretion, 1058–9 morbidity, 893 870 76 minimally invasive surgery, 604, ectopic, 264 Maylard incision, 299 menorrhagia, 113–14 see also hysteroscopy; IVF complications, 893 McCune–Albright syndrome, evaluation, 114–15 laparoscopy reduction, 893 509, 1063 leiomyoma association, set-up MYC genes, 844 treatment, 517 229–30 equipment, 605 myocardial infarction McGill Pain Questionnaire Short oral contraceptive benefits, 962 global ablative surgery, oral contraceptive risks, 963 Form, 56–7 perioperative management, 608 perioperative, 290–2 medroxyprogesterone 288 instrument layout, 606–7, myofascial pain, 572 abnormal uterine bleeding treatment, 116–18, 960 609 myomas, see leiomyomas management, 118 acute onset bleeding, 118 operating table, 605, 607 myomectomy, 245 adolescent contraception, 553 endometrial ablation, 662 patient positioning, 605–7 before IVF, 885–6 endometrial cancer menstrual cycle, 942–4 personnel, 604–5, 607, 609 hysteroscopic, 600, 650–6 management, 764 endometrium changes, 981 robotic surgery, 608–9 bipolar technique, 653–4 endometriosis treatment, 215, follicular phase, 943 miscarriage, 918, intrauterine morcellation, 557 GnRH pulsatile release, 974–6 see also recurrent 654 leiomyoma risk relationship, hyperthyroidism effects, 1050 pregnancy loss limitations, 655 226, 237 hypothalamic function, 974 age relationship, 869 impact on fertility, 232, 245 PCOS management, 952 hypothyroidism effects, 1048 leiomyoma association, 233 indications, 619 see also contraception; luteal phase, 943, 981 mismatch repair gene mutations, laparoscopic, 618–21 depot deficiency, 982–3 757, 791, 845, 848 controversies and medroxyprogesterone ovarian hormonal changes, mitotane, 1067 challenges, 620 acetate; progestins 976–8 MMK (Marshall– laparoscopically assisted, megestrol, see also progestins dominant follicle selection, Marchetti–Krantz) 619 endometrial cancer 978–9 surgical procedure, 424 recurrence rates, 245 management, 761, 764–5 ovulation, 980 molar pregnancy, melanoma perimenopausal irregularity, see hydatidiform mole nafarelin, hirsutism during pregnancy, 859 1008 molimina, 28 management, 1040 prevention, 126 pituitary function, 976 molluscum contagiosum, 342 National Breast and Cervical vaginal, 737, 742 variations, 981–3 clinical features, 342 Cancer Early Detection vulvar, 46, 733–4 Mesterlone, 914 diagnosis, 342 Program (NBCCEDP), melatonin, 976 metabolic syndrome, 1033 treatment, 342 USA, 150 menarche, 494, 498 metformin, 289, 516 monopolar electrocoagulation, natural killer cells, 924 delayed, 521 hirsutism management, 1041 endometriosis treatment, necrotizing fasciitis, 315–16 premature, 506, 510–11 PCOS management, 548–9, 217 management, 316 menopausal symptoms, 876, 953, 1037–8 Monsel’s solution, 169 negative predictive value, 123 see also specific symptoms pregnancy and, 922 mood changes, menopause, 987 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, cardiovascular disease, 988–9 side-effects, 1037 morcellators, 596 see gonorrhea; pelvic cognitive changes, 987 methicillin-resistant morcellating hysteroscopes, inflammatory disease eye diseases, 988 Staphylococcus aureus 600 neoadjuvant therapy, breast hot flashes (flushes), 986–7 (MRSA), 308 morphine, 836–7 cancer, 683 management, 999–1000 folliculitis, 308 mosaic pattern, 169, 174 neosalpingostomy, 615 black cohosh, 90–1 methimazole, 1051 motor vehicle accidents, 130 neovagina creation, 582–3 following endometrial methodone, 837 seat-belt counseling, 130 neurogenic pain, 52 cancer treatment, 765 methotrexate MRI, 188–9 neuropathic pain, 831, 833 phytoestrogens, 88–90, ectopic pregnancy treatment, breast cancer screening, neurosyphilis 989–90 260–1 710–12 diagnosis, 332 wild yam, 90 follow-up, 261 high-risk population, treatment, 332 mood changes, 987 treatment initiation, 261 711–12 nipple osteoporosis, 988 side-effects, 260 cervical cancer staging, 748 anatomy, 692 sexual dysfunction, 990–1 methylphenidate, 839 diffusion-weighted imaging, aspirate fluid, 715 skin aging, 988 metyrapone, 1067 189 discharge sleep disturbance, 987 test, 1065 leiomyoma detection, 236 embryology, 692

1093

Index

nipple (cont.) obstetric trauma, 406, hirsutism management, 548, during pregnancy and evaluation, 703 see also perineal trauma 1040 lactation, 24 galactorrhea, 930 during childbirth leiomyoma management, 237 estrogen, 21–2, 46, 992 inversion, 702 fecal incontinence association, leiomyoma risk relationship, patient selection, 18 nociceptive pain, 52 433, 435–6 226 selective estrogen receptor nocturia, 452 obturator nerve injury, 628 non-contraceptive health modulators, 22, 993 nocturnal enuresis, 452 Oenothera, see evening primrose benefits, 556, 961–2 strontium ranelate, 23–4 non-coital sexual pain disorder, oil ovarian cancer risk teriparatide (recombinant 79 OHSS, see ovarian relationship, 792, 1014 PTH), 23, 993 nonoxynol-9, 968 hyperstimulation pelvic inflammatory disease timing of onset, 18 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory syndrome relationship, 1016 risk factors, 1015–6 drugs (NSAIDs), 69, oligomenorrhea, PCOS, 1031–2 perimenopausal women, secondary causes, 7, 11–14 285 onabotulinumtoxinA (botulinum 1013–4, 1020 hyperprolactinemia, 930 abnormal uterine bleeding toxin A) incontinence abnormal bleeding ovarian cancer management management, 413 management, 1011–2 biological therapy, 802–3 menorrhagia, 117 oncogenes, 843–4, 849–50 endometrial cancer chemotherapy, 798–802 perimenopausal, 1013 CMYC, 850 reduction, 1014 advanced stage disease, adverse effects, 69, 283 HER2/Neu, 686–7 fracture prevention, 1014 799–800 cancer pain, 839 KRAS, 849 lipid profile responses, early-stage disease, 798–9, chronic pelvic pain, 69 PIK3CA, 849 1014 801 dysmenorrhea, 556–7 ondansetron, 68 ovarian cancer reduction, intraperitoneal leiomyoma, 238 oocyte, 973 1014 chemotherapy, 800–1 perioperative pain, 283 cryopreservation, 894 vasomotor symptom neoadjuvant chemotherapy, premenstrual syndrome, 40 donor oocytes, 894–5 management, 1015 797 norelgestromin, 964 quality decline, 1018 premenstrual syndrome recurrent disease, 802–5 NSAIDs, see non-steroidal anti- oocyte retrieval, 890–1 management, 38 clinical presentation, 793–4 inflammatory drugs oophorectomy, see also bilateral progestin-only pill, 967 consolidation therapy, 802 nucleic acid amplification tests salpingo-oophorectomy side-effects, 963–4 cytoreductive surgery, 794–8 chlamydia, 327 adolescents, 578 orgasmic disorder, 79 interval debulking, 797 gonorrhea, 321 prophylactic, 680, 793, 847–8 following female genital diagnosis, 794 nucleoside reverse transcriptase operant conditioning theory of mutilation, 106 during pregnancy, 856–7 inhibitors, 364 pain, 570 treatment, 81 elderly patients, 48 nutrition, see diet opioids, 70 osteomalacia, 14 epidemiology, 790 nutritional status, preconception addiction, 832 osteonecrosis of the jaw, 20 age-specific incidence, 48, counseling, 140–1 cancer pain, 835–9 osteoporosis, 1–2, 988, 991–3, 617 dosing strategies, 838 see also fracture age-specific mortality, 48 obesity, 126, 134–5 chronic pelvic pain, 69–70 associated diseases, 7 future directions, 807 counseling, 134–5 treatment evaluation, 70 associated medications, 7 genetics, 845–8 preconception counseling, fentanyl, 837 challenges, 24–5 BRCA genes, 846 141 hydromorphone, 837 definition, 2 family history, 845–6 definition, 289 incomplete cross-tolerance, diagnosis, 6–14, 989 germ cell tumors, 806 endometrial cancer 833 biochemical markers of high-risk criteria, 800 association, 756, 1009 intraspinal therapy, 835–6 bone turnover, 11, 14 histological types, 790 evaluation, 134 methodone, 837 bone mass, 6, 8–9 imaging, 197–200 health impact, 134 morphine, 836–7 bone mineral density, 11 infertility relationships, 878 incidence, 290 oxycodone, 837 laboratory evaluation, 11–14 metastatic cancer to the ovary, management, 1035–7 perioperative pain, 283 risk factor role, 6–10 806 postoperative, 290 physical dependence, 832 economic costs, 24 oral contraceptive protective preoperative, 289–90 rotation, 833, 838–9 epidemiology, 2 effect, 1014 surgical treatment, 135, side-effects, 70, 837 HIV infection and, 364 PCOS association, 1033 1036–7 oral contraceptives, 961–4 lifestyle recommendations, 14, prognostic factors, 797–8 maternal obesity, 1026 abnormal uterine bleeding 991 age, 797 miscarriage relationship, 922 management, 1014 exercise benefits, 17–18 BRCA status, 798 pharmacotherapy, 135 anovulatory bleeding, 118 nutritional requirements, DNA ploidy, 798 PCOS association, 1025–6, menorrhagia, 117–18 14–17 histology, 797 1031, 1035–7 perimenopausal, 1011–2 pathogenesis, 4–6 performance status, 797 pseudo-Cushing syndrome adolescent contraception, perimenopausal management, residual disease, 797 and, 1064 552–6 1016 tumor grade, 797 recurrent pregnancy loss breast cancer association, 963 pharmacological therapies, prophylactic oophorectomy, relationship, 924 cardiovascular risks, 962 18–24 793, 847–8 screening, 134 contraindications, 961 bisphosphonates, 18–21, radiation therapy, 803 surgical implications, 304, endometrial cancer protection, 993 recurrent disease, 803–5 384 757, 1014, 1039–40 calcitonin, 23 BRCA and BRCAoid urinary incontinence endometriosis treatment, combination therapy, 24 disease, 805 association, 419 215 denosumab, 23 chemotherapy, 802–5

1094

Index

risk factors, 790–2 ovarian tumors, see also ovarian pain mapping, 53, 57 treatment, 568 age, 790 cancer; ovarian cysts laparoscopic, 59 genital neoplasms, 545 dietary factors, 791 detection, 954 painful bladder syndrome, gynecological examination, ethnicity, 791 precocious puberty see interstitial cystitis/ 534–7 exposures, 791–2 association, 509 painful bladder syndrome appropriate techniques, family history, 791 ovaries, see also premature painful sexual intercourse, 536–41 sarcoma, 806 ovarian insufficiency see dyspareunia documentation, 537 screening, 792–3 benign conditions, 194–7 palliative care indications, 548 general population, 792 follicle, 973, 976–8 surgery, 298 patient positioning, 535 genetic screening, 847 dominant follicle, 978–9 vulvar carcinoma, 733 specimen collection, 537 high-risk population, 792–3 perimenopausal changes, PALM–COEIN classification, inflammatory vulvar second-look surgery, 801–2 1006 112–13 conditions, 545 spread, 794 hormonal changes during Papanicolaou (Pap) test, 149–50, labial adhesions, 544 staging, 794–5 menstrual cycle, 976–8 see also cervical cancer lichen sclerosus, 542–3 survival by stage, 795 imaging, 190 screening sexual abuse, 564–5 stromal cell tumors, 806 maturation, 496, 498, 501 abnormal results, 374 urethral injuries, 565–6 ovarian cysts, 196, normal anatomy, 190 management of, 154–61 urethral prolapse, 545 see also polycystic ovary overactive bladder, 411, paracentesis, ovarian vaginal injuries, 564–5 syndrome see also urinary hyperstimulation vulvar ulcers, 543–4 adolescents, 575 incontinence syndrome management, vulvovaginitis, 540–52 cystectomy, 578 ovulation, 866, 978, 980 892 causes, 552 elderly patients, 48 detection, 38–40, 952 parathyroid hormone (PTH) management, 542 management, 617–18 failure, see anovulation elevated, 14, 23 risk factors, 550 physiological cysts, 196 premenstrual syndrome teriparatide (recombinant pediculosis pubis, 341–2 precocious puberty treatment, 38–40 PTH), osteoporosis clinical features, 341 association, 509 oxandrolone, 529 management, 23, 993 diagnosis, 341 ovarian drilling, 876 Oxford score for pelvic floor parental age, 139 treatment, 342 PCOS management, 953, 1039 muscle strength, 406 parity pelvic congestion syndrome, 64 ovarian endometrioma, 206, 210 oxybutynin, 420 leiomyoma risk relationship, pelvic diaphragm, 399–402 treatment, 219 urinary incontinence 224–5 pelvic floor, see also pelvic ovarian factor infertility, 868 management, 412 ovarian cancer protection, support diagnosis, 873 oxycodone, 837 791 examination, 406 treatment, 876–7 urinary incontinence and, 418 muscle training, 411, 414, 419 ovarian hyperandrogenism, 510 p16INK4a, 852 paroxetine, premenstrual Oxford score for muscle ovarian hyperstimulation p53 protein, 844 syndrome treatment, 34 strength, 406 syndrome (OHSS), pad test, 455–6 PARP (poly-ADP ribose tension myalgia, 572 891–3, 953 indications, 456 polymerase) inhibitors, pelvic inflammatory disease clinical features, 892 types of, 455–6 805 (PID), 349 complications, 892 Paget disease, extramammary, paternal age, 139 chlamydia association, 325–6 hospitalization, 892 734 patient positioning chronic pelvic pain fluid management, 892 pain, 52, see also cancer pain; hysteroscopy, 607 association, 52, 63–4 paracentesis, 892 pelvic pain; specific laparoscopy, 605–7 diagnosis, 351–6 outpatient management, 892 conditions robotic surgery, 608–9 cervical examination, 352 pathophysiology, 892 Cartesian theory, 570 patient-controlled analgesia, clinical diagnosis, 352, 354 PCOS association, 1038 chronic, 52 283–5 clinical signs and symptoms, prevention, 892–3 cognitive theories, 570 PC1 mutations, 901 351–3 risk factors, 892 gate theory, 571 PCOS, see polycystic ovary differential diagnosis, 351 ovarian pregnancy, 263 localization, 53–5 syndrome imaging studies, 354–6 diagnosis, 261 neurogenic, 52 peak bone mass, 4 laboratory tests, 353–4 ovarian reserve, neuropathic, 831, 833 Pearl index, 958 specific criteria, 354 see also premature neurotransmitters, 571 pediatric patients, supportive findings, 354 ovarian insufficiency nociceptive, 52 see also adolescents vaginal examination, 351–2 assessment, 874, 886–7 onset, 56 adnexal masses, 574–8 ectopic pregnancy association, decline, 1018 operant conditioning theory, differential diagnosis, 584 254 recurrent pregnancy loss 570 management, 576–8 epidemiology, 349 relationship, 922 perioperative pain physical examination, 575 following female genital ovarian stimulation, 887–8, management, 283 adnexal torsion, 578–80 mutilation, 106 see also ovarian postoperative, 303 evaluation, 579 gonorrhea pathology, 320 hyperstimulation psychological perspectives, management, 580 HIV relationship, 367 syndrome 570–1 bladder injuries, 565, 567 hospitalization criteria, 356 clomiphene citrate, 888 radiation, 55 bowel injuries, 565 microbiology, 349–51 natural cycle IVF, 887–8 severity assessment, 55–6 genital injuries, 563–70 oral contraceptive relationship, ovarian suspension, 218 somatic, 831 clinical features, 563–5 1016 ovarian torsion, see adnexal stimuli, 52 evaluation, 565–7 risk factors, 351 torsion visceral, 55, 831 prevention, 570 sequelae, 358

1095

Index

pelvic inflammatory disease abnormal uterine bleeding, menopausal symptom obesity control, 1035–7 (PID) (cont.) 1008–13 management, 88–90 surgery, 1039 STD associations, 354 causes, 1008 PIK3CA, 849 insulin resistance, 1024–5 STD screening, 357 evaluation, 1008–11 pimecrolimus, 270 management, 1035 treatment, 356–8 medical management, pioglitazone, 1038 amenorrhea, 952–3 antibiotic regimens, 356–7 1010–4 piriform muscle metformin, 548–9, 1037–8 counseling, 357 surgical management, 1013 evaluation, 58 metabolic changes during sex partner, 357 age of, 1006 spasms, 572 pregnancy, 1030 pelvic mass referral guidelines, contraceptive formulations, pituitary adenomas, 870, 901, metabolic syndrome and, 548 793 1010 932–3, obesity association, 1025–6, pelvic organ prolapse, 403–4, definition, 1005 see also prolactinomas 1031 460–1 depression, 1016–7 secondary amenorrhea polyglandular syndrome, 951, clinical examination, 462 endocrine changes, 1006–7 relationship, 947–8 1056 imaging, 462 fertility, 1017–9 pituitary function, 976 positive predictive value, 123 quantification (POP-Q), health maintenance and placental site trophoblastic positron emission tomography 406–7, 461 screening, 1019 tumor, 821–2 (PET), 189 recording measurements, lifestyle intervention, clinical features, 821–2 breast cancer screening, 407 1019–20 diagnosis, 822 713–14 staging, 407 HT, 1020–1 pathology, 821 postablation tubal sterilization symptoms, 460 recommendations, 1019 treatment, 822 syndrome, 674 types of, 462 hot flashes, 1014–5 PlasmaJet, 594 postcoital test, 871, 907 pelvic pain, 207, see also chronic management, 1015 PLISSIT model, 80 posterior tibial nerve stimulation, pelvic pain menstrual irregularity, 1008 pneumonia, 293 413 adolescents, 556 oral contraceptive benefits, podofilox, genital wart treatment, postmenopausal women, endometriosis association, 206 1013–6, 1020 376 see also geriatric gastrointestinal causes, 584 abnormal bleeding POI, see premature ovarian population; menopausal gynecological causes, 584 management, 1011–2 insufficiency symptoms leiomyoma manifestations, contraception, 1013–4 Poland syndrome, 526 abnormal cervical cancer 230–1 endometrial cancer polycystic ovary syndrome screening results, 160 musculoskeletal causes, 584 reduction, 1014 (PCOS), 868, 1024 clinical management, urological causes, 572 fracture prevention, 1014 adolescence, 1032 999–1000 pelvic support, 399, lipid profiles, 1014 androgen excess, 1026–31 colposcopy, 180 see also pelvic floor ovarian cancer reduction, as an inherited disorder, increasing numbers, 1005 abnormalities, 403–6, 1014 1029–30 uterine bleeding, 47, 757 see also pelvic organ vasomotor symptoms, 1015 cardiovascular disease endometrial cancer prolapse osteoporosis, 1016 association, 1032–3 association, 758 anal incontinence, 405–6 ovarian follicle changes, 1006 prevention, 1039 hysteroscopic evaluation, connective tissue injury, 405 presentation, 1004 clinical features, 1030–2 663 levator ani muscle injury, sexual dysfunction, 1015 acanthosis nigricans, 1031 uterine sarcoma association, 403–4 symptoms, 1005 anovulation, 1029, 1031 770 urinary incontinence, 405 perineal body, 401 infertility, 1031 postmenopause, 1005 anal sphincters, 401–2 perineal lacerations, 564 menstrual irregularity, postoperative complications, endopelvic fascia, 401 treatment, 568 1031 see also surgical site levator ani, 399–401 perineal membrane, 401 polycystic ovary ultrasound infection; specific normal anatomy, 399 perineal trauma during morphology, 1032 conditions pelvic diaphragm, 399–402 childbirth, 405–6 diabetes association, 1032 obese patients, 290 perineal body, 401 classification, 405 management, 1039 pulmonary complications, 293 perineal membrane, 401 fecal incontinence association, diagnosis, 116, 948, 1034–5 preoperative predictors, striated urogenital sphincter, 436 dysfunctional gonadotropin 292–3 401 perioperative complications metabolism, 1026 thromboembolism, 286–8 penicillin allergy, 284 cardiac complications, 290–2 epidemiology, 1024 management, 286–8 pentosan polysulfate, 66 pain management, 283 gynecological cancer prophylaxis, 285–6 percutaneous epididymal sperm persistent genital arousal association, 1033–4, risk stratification, 291 aspiration, 913 disorder, 79 1039–40 postoperative pain, 303 pergolide pessaries, urinary incontinence hirsutism management, postpartum contraception, 970 hyperprolactinemia management, 414 1040–1 postpartum thyroiditis, 1050–1 management, 935 Pfannenstiel incision, 299 imaging, 196 treatment, 1052 valvular heart disease Philadelphia chromosome, 843 infertility treatment, 876, post-traumatic stress disorder, association, 935, 938–9 photoplethysmography, 81 1035–9 following female genital perianal intraepithelial neoplasia, Phthirius pubis, see pediculosis aromatase inhibitors, 1038 mutilation, 107 378 pubis clomiphene citrate, 1038 potassium sensitivity test, 62–3 HIV association, 366 physical activity, see exercise corticosteroids, 1038–9 Prader–Willi syndrome, 526, 901 perimenopause, 1004, phytoestrogens, 87–90, 989–90 gonadotropins, 1038 pramipexole, 935 see also menopausal breast cancer risk relationship, insulin-sensitizing agents, precocious puberty, 494, 503, symptoms; menopause 90 1037–8 506–7

1096

Index

central(CPP), 506–9 melanoma, 859 premenstrual syndrome (PMS), definitions, 122–3 differential diagnosis, ovarian cancer, 856–7 27, see also premenstrual diabetes, 133 507–9 psychosocial impact, 862 dysphoric disorder diet and nutrition, 126–7 CNS lesions associated with, radiation therapy, 861 clinical features, 28–9 drug abuse, 129 508 surgical management, 861 diagnosis, 29 hearing loss, 124–5 contrasexual, 506 thyroid cancer, 858–9 differential diagnosis, 29–31 household and recreational definition, 494–5, 506, 517 chlamydial infection, 327 epidemiology, 27 injuries, 129–30 diagnosis, 511–14, 517 coercion, 95 future research, 41 hypertension, 133–4 history, 511 colposcopy, 178–80 herbal therapies, 32, 86 immunizations, 123–4 laboratory studies, 512–14 endometrial cancer protection, natural history, 30 lipid disorders, 131–2 physical examination, 757 non-pharmacological motor vehicle accidents, 130 511–12 female genital mutilation treatments, 30–3 obesity, 134–5 isolated/incomplete, 506, issues, 104 dietary modification, 30 physical activity, 126 510–11 following chemotherapy for dietary supplements, 32 skin cancer, 125–6 premature menarche, gestational trophoblastic exercise, 30 smoking cessation, 127–8 510–11 disease, 827 lifestyle modifications, 30 suicide and depression, 130–1 premature pubarche/ following endometrial psychotherapy, 30–1 thyroid disorders, 132 adrenarche, 498 ablation, 675–6 sleep hygiene, 30 visual screening, 125 premature thelarche, 510 gonorrhea pathological effects, stress reduction, 30 primary amenorrhea, 521–2, isosexual, 506 320 pathogenesis, 27–8 528–9 non-progressive, 506 herpes simplex virus infection, genetic factors, 28 etiology, 522 peripheral (PPP), 506, 509–10, 337 serotonin, 27–8 primary hyperparathyroidism, 14 516 transmission to neonate, sex steroids, 28 primary prevention, 122 differential diagnosis, 337–8 pharmacological treatments, progesterone, 943, 509–10 hyperthyroidism, 1050 34, 888 see also progestins prevalence, 507 diagnosis, 1050–1 alprazolam, 40 delayed puberty management, prognosis, 517 treatment, 1051–2 busiprone, 38 530–1 adult issues, 517 hypothyroidism, 1049 clomipramine, 38 ectopic pregnancy diagnosis, psychosocial impact, 517 hysteroscopy complications, dosage regimens, 37 258 slowly progressive, 506 675–6 duloxetine, 38 leiomyoma etiology, 229 treatment, 514–17 intimate partner violence NSAIDs, 40 luteal support in IVF, 891 GnRH agonists, 515–16 during, 94 ovulation suppression, menstrual cycle regulation, idiopathic CPP, 515 outcomes, 95–6 38–40 978, 981 outcomes, 516 leiomyoma effects, 232–4, SSRIs, 33–7, 41 ovulation prediction, 873 who to treat, 515 238 spironolactone, 40 perimenopausal changes, 1007 preconception counseling, 138 medications contraindicated venlafaxine, 38 PCOS management, 952 chromosomal abnormality during, 139 risk factors, 27 premenstrual syndrome risk, 139 PCOS and, 1030 symptoms, 28 treatment, 39 chronic medical conditions, secondary amenorrhea and, treatment guidelines, 40–1 recurrent pregnancy loss and, 141–3 944 Prentif cervical cap, 968 921–2 environmental exposures, SSRI safety, 36 preoperative management, progesterone-only contraception, 143–4 testing, 944 605–7, see also specific bone density impact, 14 genetic disorders, 139–40 unexpected discovery of conditions progestins, see also contraception consanguinity, 140 during surgery, 302 antimicrobial prophylaxis, abnormal uterine bleeding ethnic/racial background pre-implantation genetic 283–5, 301 management, 117–18, significance, 140 screening, 894 endocarditis prophylaxis, 1014 genetic history taking, 138 premature ovarian insufficiency 284, 291 perimenopausal, 1012 infections, 143 (POI), 527–8, 868, 950–1, bowel preparation, 284–5, 301 adverse effects, 215 medications contraindicated in see also ovarian reserve diabetes, 289 delayed puberty management, pregnancy, 139 infertility management, 876–7 discussion and informed 530–1 nutritional status, 140–1 treatment, 950–1 consent, 282–4, 297–300 endometrial cancer protection, parental age issues, 139 premenstrual dysphoric disorder presenting risk information, 998–9 pregnancy, see also ectopic (PMDD), 27 301 endometrial cancer treatment, pregnancy clinical features, 28–9 fasting, 300 761 bone mass changes, 24 diagnosis, 29 laboratory evaluation, 282 endometrial hyperplasia cancer during, 854–5, 860–2 differential diagnosis, 29–31 medical history, 281–2 management, 758 breast cancer, 855–6 epidemiology, 27 obesity, 289–90 endometriosis treatment, 215 cervical cancer, 753, 856 natural history, 30 skin preparation, 301 injectable progestins, 215 chemotherapy, 861 pathogenesis, 27–8 thromboembolism intrauterine progestin, 215 colorectal cancer, 860 serotonin, 27–8 prophylaxis, 285–6, 301 oral progestins, 215 diagnostic workup, 860 sex steroids, 28 presacral neurectomy, 630–1 leiomyoma risk relationship, effects on fetal outcome, risk factors, 27 endometriosis treatment, 66 226 861 symptoms, 28 preventive medicine, 122 pharmacological profile, 39 Hodgkin disease, 859–60 treatments, see premenstrual alcohol misuse, 128–9 PCOS management hormonal therapy, 861 syndrome anemia, 131 amenorrhea, 952

1097

Index

prolactin, 929, see also hyper- punctations, 170, 174 abnormal glucose ropinirole, 935 prolactinemia pyoderma, 308 metabolism, 922 rosiglitazone, 1038 biological functions, 929 pyoderma fistulans, 309 decreased ovarian reserve, Rubin and Barbo colposcopic regulation, 929–30 pyospermia, 907 922 assessment system, 174, prolactinomas, 527, 868, 901, pyrexia, following surgery, 303 hyperprolactinemia, 922 176 931–2, 948, hypothyroidism, 922 see also hyper- quality-of-life evaluation, 452–4 luteal phase deficiency, sacral nerve stimulation, 447–8 prolactinemia quinagolide, 935 921–2 sacral neuromodulation, 413 surgical removal, 936–7 evaluation algorithm, 919–20 safety planning, 97–8 propylthiouracil, 1051 radiation therapy genetic factors, 919–21 saline distention medium, 601 proto-oncogenes, 843–4 breast cancer, 682 aneuploidy, 921 saline infusion sonography, pseudo-addiction, 832 following lumpectomy, 682 structural, 921 114–15 pseudo-Cushing syndromes, 1064 postmastectomy irradiation, immunological factors, 923–4 perimenopausal abnormal pseudohermaphroditism, 903 682–3 alloimmune factors, 924 uterine bleeding Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 309 cervical cancer, 750–1 antinuclear antibodies, 924 evaluation, 1009–10 psychological dependence, 69 adjuvant radiotherapy, 751 antiphospholipid antibodies, salpingectomy, 614 psychotherapy chemoradiation, 751 923 ectopic pregnancy treatment, chronic pelvic pain, 71 contraindications, 682 lifestyle factors, 924 261–2, 614 irritable bowel syndrome, 68 during pregnancy, 861 alcohol consumption, 924 salpingitis, 352, see also pelvic premenstrual syndrome, 30–1 endometrial cancer, 761–5 obesity, 924 inflammatory disease PTEN, 850–1 recurrence management, tobacco smoking, 924 chlamydia association, 326 pubarche, 494, 498, 520 764–5 recurrence risk, 919 ectopic pregnancy association, premature, 498 fallopian tube carcinoma, 784 red clover, 89–90 255 puberty, 493–4, 521, hyperprolactinemia, 937 red degeneration, 234 salpingitis isthmica nodosa, 867 see also delayed puberty; ovarian cancer, 803 Reid colposcopic index, 174–5 salpingocentesis, ectopic precocious puberty side-effects, 683 reinfibulation, 109 pregnancy treatment, 262 body composition changes, 502 uterine sarcoma relaxation therapy, chronic pelvic salpingoscopy, 615 bone changes, 502–3 palliative therapy, 776 pain, 71 salpingostomy, ectopic brain changes, 502 radiotherapy as risk factor, renal failure, 901 pregnancy treatment, clinical signs of, 498–501 770 renin–angiotensin–aldosterone 261, 614 males, 501 vaginal cancer, 741 axis, 1058–9 sarcoma, see ovarian cancer; early, 506, see also precocious vulvar carcinoma, 729–30, 733 rescue medication, 832 uterine sarcoma; vaginal puberty radioiodine treatment, 1051 resectoscopes, 600 sarcoma constitutional, 506 raloxifene retrograde ejaculation, 904 sarcoma botryoides, 545 fetal, childhood and adolescent breast cancer prophylaxis, 680 treatment, 914 Sarcoptes scabie, see scabies endocrinology, 495–6 osteoporosis management, 22, retrograde menstruation, 204–5 Savage syndrome, 528 hormonal changes, 496–7, 513 993 retroperitoneal scabies, 340–1 GnRH, 496 random periareolar fine-needle lymphadenectomy, clinical features, 341 gonadarche, 496 aspiration, 716 see lymphadenectomy; diagnosis, 341 gonadotropins, 496 RANK ligand inhibitor, 993 laparoscopic treatment, 341 inhibin, activin and RANKL, 23 lymphadenectomy scar endometriosis, 208 follistatin, 497 RAS genes, 844, 849 retropubic transvesical scissors, 595 ovarian maturation, 496 reactive oxygen species, semen, vesicovaginal fistula screening, 122, 146–7, racial differences, 494, 521 907 repair, 472 see also preventive sex hormone-binding recreational injury prevention, risedronate, 993 medicine; specific globulin, 497 129–30 robotics, 598–9, 632–42 conditions somatic growth, 501–2 rectovaginal fistulae, 477–88 drawbacks, 641 equity of access, 147 timing determinants, 497–8 clinical features, 481 fertility-sparing procedures, potential harms, 122 trends, 494, 517, 521 diagnosis, 481–2 636 screening test evaluation, 122 year of onset ranges, 521 etiology, 477–80 patient positioning, 608–9 Secca radiofrequency procedure, pubic hair development, 498, following female genital robotic-assisted radical 448 520, see also pubarche mutilation, 106 hysterectomy, 632–9 secondary amenorrhea, 942–4 males, 500 management, 482–8 clinical findings, 632–5 causes, 942–4 puborectalis muscle, 400, 433 complicated fistulae, 485–8 complications, 635 hyperprolactinemia, 930 pubovisceral muscle, 400 surgical treatment, 482–5 history, 632 classification, 947 pudendal nerve, 401 recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), surgical technique, 636–9 clinical history and evaluation, pudendal nerve terminal motor 918 robotic-assisted trachelectomy, 944–5 latencies, 439 anatomical factors, 922–3 640–1 definition, 944 pulmonary complications, 292–3 acquired uterine anomalies, surgical set-up, 608–9 diagnosis, 943, 945–8 preoperative predictors, 292–3 923 instrument layout, 609 epidemiology, 944 pulmonary edema, 293 congenital uterine personnel, 609 management, 948–55 pulmonary embolism, 285, 293, anomalies, 922–3 Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser bone protection, 949, 955 303–4, see also thrombo- definition, 918 syndrome, see Mayer– congenital adrenal embolism endocrinological factors, Rokitansky–Kuster– hyperplasia, 953–4 management, 287–8 921–2 Hauser syndrome Cushing syndrome, 954

1098

Index

fertility, 949–50 sertraline, premenstrual leiomyoma risk relationship, premenstrual syndrome hypergonadotropic syndrome treatment, 34 226 management, 32, 86 hypoestrogenism, 950–1 Sestamibi scintimammography, postoperative complications stability genes, 844 hyperprolactinemia, 951–2 714 and, 293 Staphylococcus aureus, 307 hypothalamic amenorrhea, sex hormone-binding globulin, recurrent pregnancy loss folliculitis, 308–9 949–50 497 relationship, 924 methicillin-resistant (MRSA), outflow causes, 954–5 sexual abuse screening benefits, 128 308 ovarian/adrenal neoplasms, chronic pelvic pain somatic pain, 831 pyoderma, 308 954 association, 51, 570 sonohysterography (SHG), 188 staplers, 596 PCOS, 952–3 pediatric patients, vaginal prior to IVF, 885 statins, 1039 thyroid disease, 952 injuries, 564–5 tubal patency evaluation, 872 sterilization, 612–13 secondary prevention, 122 sexual arousal disorder, 78–9 sorbitol distention medium, abnormal uterine bleeding seizure disorders, preconception treatment, 81 601 relationship, 114 counseling, 142 sexual aversion disorder, 78 soy products, 89 ectopic pregnancy association, selective estrogen receptor sexual dysfunction, see female isoflavone content, 89 254, 613 modulators (SERMs) sexual dysfunction specificity, 123 hysteroscopic, 659–61 osteoporosis management, 22, Sexual Function Questionnaire sperm steroid treatment, 993 (SFQ), 82 acrosome reaction test, 907 see also corticosteroids selective glucocorticoid receptor sexual response, 77–9, antisperm antibodies, 907 cancer pain, 839 agonists, 1061 see also female sexual fluorescent in situ lichen planus, 278 selective norepinephrine dysfunction hybridization, 908 side-effects, 270, 839 reuptake inhibitors, 1015 sexually transmitted diseases/ morphology, 906–7 vulvar conditions, 269–70 selective progesterone receptor infections (STDs/STIs), penetration assay, 907 steroidogenesis, 1056, 1058 modulators (SPRMs), see also specific diseases postcoital test, 907 steroidogenic enzymes, 1057 leiomyoma management, adolescent patients, 539 viability tests, 907 steroidogenic acute regulatory 241 prevention, 551 sperm count, 906 protein (StAR), 903, 1056 selective serotonin reuptake epidemiology, 318–19 sperm motility, 903 deficiency, 1077 inhibitors (SSRIs) trends, 318–19 sperm retrieval, 894 Streptococcus agalactiae, vaginal, adverse effects, 35–6 pathogens, 319 epididymal sperm aspiration, 383 sexual side-effects, 35–6 spectrum, 318 913 Streptococcus pyogenes drug interactions, 37 Sheehan syndrome, 868 testicular sperm extraction/ erysipelas, 308 hot flash management, 1015 shoulder pain, endometriosis, aspiration, 913–14 pyoderma, 308 premenstrual syndrome 207 spermicides, 968 stress incontinence, see urinary treatment, 33–7, 41 sickle cell disease, 140 sphincteroplasty, fecal incontinence discontinuation effects, sildenafil (Viagra), 81 incontinence striated urogenital sphincter, 401, 36 simulation training, 599 management, 443–5 403 during pregnancy and breast sinecatechin, 345 spironolactone, 550 stroke, 963, 995 feeding, 36 single incision laparoscopic hirsutism management, 1040 strontium ranelate, osteoporosis relapse rate, 36 surgery, 596–7 premenstrual syndrome management, 23–4 sexual dysfunction single-port laparoscopy, 631 treatment, 40 subclinical papilloma infection, relationships, 76 skin cancer prevention, 125–6 squamocolumnar junction, 147, 170, see also human semen analysis, 874, 887, 906–8, screening, 124 170, 173, 745 papillomavirus see also sperm skin changes, see also vulvar colposcopy, 173 suction curettage, hydatidiform fructose content, 907 conditions squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), mole, 817 leukocyte testing, 907 aging, perimenopausal, 988 see also vulvar carcinoma suicide, 130–1 reactive oxygen species, 907 Cushing syndrome, 1062 in situ, 723–4 prevention, 131 sperm count, 906 pigmentation in adrenal lichen sclerosus association, risk factors, 131 sensitivity, 123 insufficiency, 1070 277 superior hypogastric plexus program sensitivity, 163 precocious puberty and, 512 vaginal, 741 neurolysis, 835 test sensitivity, 163 skin preparation for surgery, 301 squamous intraepithelial lesions suprapubic transverse incision, sentinel lymph node biopsy sleep disturbance (SIL), 170, 299 breast cancer, 682 menopause, 987 see also cervical surgical drains, 304 cervical cancer, 748 management, 990 intraepithelial neoplasia surgical incision vulvar carcinoma, 731–2 premenstrual syndrome, high-grade (HSIL), 159, 177 midline incision, 299 sepsis, 303, 393 management, 30 colposcopic features, 177 suprapubic transverse incision, diagnostic criteria, 393 smoking low-grade (LSIL), 156, 175–6 299 septic shock, 393, 395 cervical intraepithelial colposcopic features, 176 surgical site infection, 303, 382, etiology, 388–91 neoplasia relationship, squamous metaplasia, 170 see also septic shock management, 391–3 177 SRY, 902 abscess, 387–8 treatment, 392–6 cessation, 127–8 SSRI, see selective serotonin cellulitis, 387 serotonin, premenstrual benefits, 128 reuptake inhibitors diagnosis, 386–8 syndrome pathogenesis, counseling, 127 St. John’s wort, 85–6 management, 387–9 27–8 pharmacotherapies, 128 adverse effects, 86 antibiotic choices, 389 serous cystadenoma, 197 preconception counseling, depression treatment, 85–6 necrotizing infection, 387 Sertoli cells, 899 143 drug interactions, 86 prevention, 384–5

1099

Index

surgical site infection (cont.) lichen sclerosus treatment, 276 indications and PTEN, 851 antibiotic prophylaxis, premenstrual syndrome contraindications, 621–2 TGFBR2, 852 385–6 pathogenesis, 28 preoperative evaluation, 622 TP53, 851 risk factors, 383–4 supplementation, 46 risks and benefits, 622 Turner mosaic, 950 inherent patient factors, 385 sexual dysfunction surgical technique, 623 Turner syndrome, 527, 529, 583 vaginal microflora management, 76, 80–1 total laparoscopic radical pregnancy using donor relationship, 383, 385 synthesis disorders, 903 hysterectomy, 625–6 oocytes, 951 surgical team, 304 tetracosactide (Synacthen) total parenteral nutrition, 304 Tyrer–Cuzick model of breast surrogacy, 895 stimulation test, 1060 TP53, 843–4, 851 cancer risk, 696 suturing instruments, 595–6 theca cells, 976 trachelectomy, robotic-assisted, clips, 596 thelarche, 494, 498, 520 640–1 Ulrich–Noonan syndrome, 903 knot pusher, 596 premature, 510 tranexamic acid, menorrhagia ultrasonic scalpel, 594 ligature, 596 evaluation, 512 management, 117 ultrasound, 187–8 needle holder, 595 thiazolidinediones, 1038 transcutaneous electrical nerve adnexal masses, 575–6, 584, needles, 595 thromboembolism, 286–8, 303–4 stimulation, chronic 617 staplers, 596 management, 286–8 pelvic pain management, breast cancer screening, sutures, 595 blood component therapy, 71 709–10 Swyer syndrome, 583 288 transdermal contraceptive patch, ectopic pregnancy diagnosis, sympathetic ganglionic blockade, deep vein thrombosis, 286–7 964–5 257–8 835 pulmonary embolism, 287–8 adverse effects, 964–5 fallopian tube carcinoma hypogastric neurolysis, 835 prophylaxis, 285–6, 301, 303–4 detachment, 965 diagnosis, 783 Synacthen (tetracosactide) low-dose heparin, 286 transformation zone, 173, 745 fecal incontinence assessment, stimulation test, 1061 low-molecular-weight abnormal, 170, 173–4 437–8 syphilis, 328–34 heparins, 286 normal, 170, 173 leiomyoma detection, 234–6 – β clinical features, 330 1 mechanical methods, 286 transforming growth factor- 3, male infertility diagnosis, 908 congenital syphilis, 331 risk factors, 285, 995 leiomyoma etiology, 229 ovarian cancer screening, 792 diagnosis, 331–2 age, 995, 997 transforming growth factor-β ovulation prediction, 873 neurosyphilis, 332 oral contraceptives, 962–3 receptor 2, 852 pelvic inflammatory disease epidemiology, 328–30 transdermal contraceptive transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), diagnosis, 354–6 pathogenesis, 328, 330–1 patches, 964–5 904, 908 perimenopausal abnormal screening, 331–2 risk stratification, 291 transsphenoidal pituitary uterine bleeding treatment, 332–4 septic shock etiology, 390 surgery, 936–7, 1067 evaluation, 1009–10 systemic inflammatory response thyroid crisis, 1050 transurethral resection of the precocious puberty syndrome, 389–90, 393 treatment, 1051 ejaculatory duct assessment, 514 clinical manifestations, 393 thyroid disorders, 132, 512, 1047, (TURED), 913 secondary amenorrhea components of, 393 see also hyperthyroidism; transvesical–transperitoneal evaluation, 945–7 hypothyroidism vesicovaginal fistula ureter injury T-ACE Questionnaire, 139 cancer, 1053 repair, 472–4 during surgery, 302 tacrolimus, 270 clinical presentation, 1053 trastuzumab, 683 laparoscopy complications, tamoxifen diagnosis, 1053 metastatic breast cancer 669–70 adverse effects, 651 during pregnancy, 858–9 treatment, 686–7 urethra, 403 breast cancer prophylaxis, epidemiology, 1053 Treponema palladium, bulking agents, 427 680 treatment, 1053 see syphilis functional tests, 457–8 breast cancer treatment, 682–4 infertility association, 869 Trichomonas vaginalis, 350, 358, supports, 403, 405 metastatic disease, 686 physiology, 1047 see also trichomoniasis abnormalities, 405 endometrial cancer screening, 132, 1049 trichomoniasis, 339–40 urethral injuries association, 757 thyroid nodules, 1053 clinical features, 340 children, 565–6 endometrial cancer thyroid-stimulating hormone diagnosis, 340 treatment, 569 management, 764 (TSH) epidemiology, 339 urethral prolapse, pediatric osteoporosis management, 22 levels, 952 pregnancy outcome patients, 545 side-effects, 684 screening, 1049 relationship, 339–40 urethrovaginal fistulae, 466, use in pregnancy, 861 thyroiditis, postpartum, 1050–1 treatment, 340 see also urogenital fistulae uterine sarcoma association, treatment, 1052 trocars, 592–3 surgical repair, 472 770 thyroxine therapy, 1049 troglitazone, 876, 1038 urge incontinence, see urinary tension-free vaginal tape, 426–7 in pregnancy, 1049 T-score, 6, 10 incontinence teriparatide (recombinant PTH), tibolone, osteoporosis tubal factor infertility, urinary catheters, 304 osteoporosis management, 22 see fallopian tube urinary continence mechanism, management, 23, 993 Tice model of breast cancer risk, tubal surgery, see fallopian tube 417–18 tertiary prevention, 123 697 surgery; specific urinary incontinence, 47, 405, testicular sperm aspiration, 914 tobacco smoking, see smoking procedures 417–19, 451–2 testicular sperm extraction, 914 tolerance, 69 tuberculosis, pelvic, 64 burden of, 417 testicular torsion, 906 tolterodine, 420 tubo-ovarian abscess, 350, 352, coital incontinence, 452 testis biopsy, 908–10 urinary incontinence 356 diagnosis testosterone, 899, 1026–7 management, 412 tumor suppressor genes, 844, bladder diary, 454–5 levels, 529, 948, 1027 total laparoscopic hysterectomy, 850–2 history, 451–2 age-related changes, 990 621–3 FHIT, 852 pad test, 455–6 hirsutism and, 548 cost effectiveness, 622 p16INK4a (CDKN2A), 852 physical examination, 452

1100

Index

postoperative differential urodynamic stress endometrial stromal epidemiology, 736 diagnosis, 467 incontinence, 417 sarcoma, 771–3 histological types, 736 urethral function tests, urinary tract infection, 454 leiomyosarcoma, 237, 770–2 lymphoma, 737, 742 457–8 elderly patients, 46 diagnosis, 773–5 management, 740–2 urine culture, 454 following female genital epidemiology, 769 clear cell adenocarcinoma, urodynamic testing, 420–2, mutilation, 106 preoperative evaluation, 773–5 741 456–7, 459–60 urodynamic testing, 420–2, prognosis, 777 invasive squamous cell videourodynamics, 458–9 456–7 risk factors, 769–70 carcinoma, 741 frequency, 452 ambulatory urodynamics, staging, 759, 763 lymphoma, 742 causes, 451 459–60 treatment, 775–7 melanoma, 742 insensible incontinence, 452 urogenital fistula assessment, adjuvant treatment, 776 stage 0 disease, 740–1 mixed incontinence, 452 468 chemotherapy, 776–7 melanoma, 737, 742 nocturia, 452 videourodynamics, 458–9 radiotherapy, 776 presentation, 738 non-surgical treatments, 410, uroflowmetry, 456 surgery, 775–6 prognostic factors, 739 419–21 urogenital atrophy, 44, uterine septa recurrent disease, 742 behavioral modification, see also vaginal atrophy hysteroscopic treatment, risk factors, 736–7 410–11 perimenopausal, 988 655–8 sarcoma, see vaginal sarcoma bladder training, 419 urogenital fistulae, 464 reproductive outcome, 657–8 staging, 739 electrical stimulation, clinical presentation, 466–7 uterine synechiae, 529 vaginal cones, 419 419–20 diagnosis, 467–8 uterosacral ligaments, 401–2 vaginal contraceptive ring, 553, estrogen, 411, 990 epidemiology, 464–6 uterovaginal prolapse, see pelvic 965–6 intravesical injection, 413 non-obstetrical fistulae, organ prolapse vaginal cuff dehiscence, 671–2 lifestyle interventions, 465–6 uterus vaginal discharge 410–11 obstetric fistulae, 464–5 agenesis, 190 examination, 350, 353 neuromodulation, 413 etiology, 465 aplasia, 529 pH assessment, 350–1, 353 pelvic floor muscle training, following female genital arcuate, 190 vaginal endometriosis, 207, 209 411, 414, 419 mutilation, 106 benign conditions, 190–1 vaginal infections, 307 pessaries, 414, 419 non-surgical management, bicornuate, 190 bacterial vaginosis, 383 pharmacological treatments, 468–9 changes at puberty, 499, 501 diagnosis, 353 412–13, 420 pathogenesis, 466 congenital anomalies, 190–1 HIV relationship, 367 stress incontinence, 413–14 prevention, 468 recurrent pregnancy loss pelvic inflammatory disease urge incontinence, 411–13 surgical correction, 469–77 and, 922–3 relationship, 350 vaginal cones, 419 abdominal procedures, 470, didelphus, 190 candidiasis, 312–14 perimenopausal, 1015 472–4 imaging, 189–90 diagnosis, 313–14 postural incontinence, 452 grafting techniques, 471 prior to IVF, 885 management, 314–15 quality-of-life evaluation, postoperative care, 477 intrauterine adhesions, 659 risk factors, 314 452–4 route of repair, 470 hysteroscopic lysis, 658–9 children, 540–52 risk factors, 418–19 success rates, 470–1 reproductive outcome, causes, 552 childbirth, 418 urethrovaginal fistulae, 659 management, 542 forceps delivery, 418 472 normal anatomy, 189–90 risk factors, 550 genetic factors, 419 vaginal procedures, 471–2 pain evaluation, 58 elderly patients, 46 hysterectomy, 419 vesicouterine fistulae, 475 perforation, 672, 676 soft tissue infections, 308 obesity, 419 vesicovaginal fistulae, 471–4 septate, 190, 922 vaginal injuries stress incontinence, 417, 452 types of, 464 unicornuate, 190 children, 564–5 surgical management, 422 urogynecology, 451 examination, 567 artificial urinary sphincter, uterine artery embolization, 241 vaccinations, 123–4 treatment, 568–9 427 complications, 243 breast cancer, 716 vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia Burch colposuspension, leiomyoma management, HPV, 379–80, 745–6 (VAIN), 378, 737 424–5 241–3 vagina HIV association, 366 choice of procedure, 423–8 risks to future pregnancy, agenesis, 582 management, 740–1 Kelly–Kennedy plication, 243 anatomy, 736 vaginal lubricants, 81 423 treatment failure, 243 aplasia, 528 vaginal microflora, 307, 350, laparoscopic uterine cancer, biopsy, 174 382–3 colposuspension, 425–6 see also endometrial blood flow assessment, 81–2 altered vaginal microflora, 350, midurethral sling cancer; uterine sarcoma changes at puberty, 500–1 352, 382–3, 385 procedures, 426–7 age-specific incidence, 48 colposcopy, 174 assessment, 385 MMK procedure, 424 age-specific mortality, 48 neovagina creation, 582–3 bacterial combinations, 383 needle suspension, 426 HT relationships, 998–9 supports, 402–3 pelvic inflammatory disease pubovaginal sling imaging, 191–4 vaginal aplasia, 529 relationship, 350–1 procedures, 427 uterine factor infertility, 866–7 vaginal approach, 299–300 pH regulatory role, 382–3 surgical evidence, 422–3 diagnosis, 871 vaginal atrophy, 44, 46 postoperative infection risk tension-free vaginal tape, treatment, 875 management, 990 relationship, 383, 385 426–7 uterine sarcoma, 193, 769 perimenopausal, 988 preoperative assessment, urethral bulking agents, classification, 769 vaginal cancer 385 427 clinical features, 770–3 adenocarcinoma, 737 vaginal sarcoma, 737 urge incontinence, 417, 452 adenosarcoma, 773 classification, 739 management, 742 urinary symptoms, 452 carcinosarcoma, 770 diagnosis, 737–9 vaginal septum, 190

1101

Index

vaginal warts, 345, 377 transvesical-transperitoneal microinvasion, 731 risk factors, 314 vaginismus, 79 repair, 472–4 preinvasive disease, 723–6 carbuncles, 309 treatment, 81 vestibulitis, 57, 279 clinical features, 724 erysipelas, 308 vaginitis, see vaginal infections Viagra (sildenafil), 81 diagnosis, 725 folliculitis, 308–9 varicoceles, 902, 906 videourodynamics, 458–9 treatment, 725–6 furuncles, 309 classification, 906 virtual reality training, 599 prognostic factors, 729 hidradenitis suppurativa, treatment, 911–12 visceral pain, 55, 831 recurrent disease, 733 309–10 vasal obstruction, 904 visual screening, 125 staging, 727–9 HPV, 270 microsurgical reconstruction, vitamin A supplementation, 141 vulvar conditions, see also vulvar necrotizing fasciitis, 315–16 – 912 13 vitamin B6, premenstrual infections; specific management, 316 vascular injury syndrome management, conditions pediatric patients, 540–52 laparoscopy complications, 32 cancers, 723, see also vulvar causes, 552 627–8, 671, 676 vitamin D carcinoma; vulvar management, 542 management, 671, 676 deficiency, 14, 503 melanoma pyoderma, 308 vasectomy, 904 dietary reference intakes by life characterization by soft tissue infections, 308 reversal, 912–13 stage, 16 appearance, 275 vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia vasography, 908 osteoporosis management, classification, 268 (VIN), 269, 378 vasovasostomy, 912 14–16 dermatoses, 269 HIV association, 366 Vecchietti neovagina creation supplementation, 955, 1020 diagnosis, 269 vulvar lacerations, 564 procedure, 582 vitamin E, premenstrual history, 268–71 treatment, 568 venlafaxine syndrome management, elderly patients, 46 vulvar melanoma, 46, 733–4 hot flash management, 1015 32 lichen sclerosus, 542–3 vulvar vestibulitis, 57, 279 premenstrual syndrome Vitex agnus-castus, non-invasive epithelial vulvodynia, 278–9 treatment, 38 see chasteberry disorders, 269, 272–8 localized, 57 venography, 287 von Willebrand disease, 114, 288 pediatric patients, 540–5 treatment, 279 venous thromboembolism, vulva, 267–8 physical examination, 268–9 see thromboembolism anatomical variants, 268 associated signs, 269 warts, see genital warts Veress needle, 592 biopsy, 46, 174, 269 lesion characteristics, weight loss, PCOS management, complications, 667 colposcopy, 174 268–9 1035–7, see also obesity Verneuil disease, 309 lymphatic drainage, 726–7 prevalence, 268 Wharton–Sheares–George vertebral fracture, 3–4, 9–10 vulvar carcinoma, 46, 277, 723 treatments, 269–70 neovagina creation Vertebral Fracture Assessment endoscopic inguinal immune modulators, 270 technique, 583 (VFA), 9 lymphadenectomy, 629 oral antihistamines, 270 white blood cell count, pelvic vesicouterine fistula repair, 475 HPV association, 724 topical steroids, 269–70 inflammatory disease, vesicovaginal fistulae, 464, invasive disease, 726–33 ulcers, 543–4 353 see also urogenital fistulae inguinal-femoral lymph vulvar hematomas, 563–4 wild yam, 90 hysterectomy association, node treatment, 730–1 treatment, 567–8 wrist fracture, 4 465–6 primary lesion treatment, vulvar infections, 270–1, 307 surgical repair, 471–2 732–3 candidiasis, 270, 312–13 Young syndrome, 903 retropubic transvesical lichen sclerosus association, diagnosis, 313–14 repair, 472 277, 723 management, 314–15 Z-score, 6

1102