Vol. XI No. I JANUARY, 1956 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF JEV/ISH REFUGEES IN GREAT BRITAIN 8 FAIRFAX MANSIONS, Office and Consulting Hours: FINCHLEY ROAD (Corner Fiirfex Road). Monday to Thursday 10 a.m.— I p.m. 3—6 p.r LONDON. N.W.3 Friday 10 a.m.— 1 p.m. Telephone: Mjid» Vale 9096/7 (General Office) MAIda Vale '4'4'49 (Employment Afency and Social Servicei Dept.)

1656 * Anglo-Jewry's Tercentenary * 1956 TEN YEARS 300 Years of Freedom under the Law "AJR INFORMATION" " Tlie Home-Secretary has stated that naturaliza­ 'X'HE Resettlement of Jews in England, the be said for the proud boast of the late Dean tion will be resumed." This announcement appeared -^ 300th anniversary of which is now being Inge (in 1923) that " we English accept a man in the first issue of " AJR Information " which was celebrated, is a memorable event in the story for what he is worth and do not penalise him published exactly 10 years ago. In those days, it of exiled Israel. For with it began that because he is an immigrant; we judge people may have seemed a paradox that the AJR started to providential association which brought about, by their personal qualities, not by their issue a monthly magazine at the very moment when in the fullness of time, the resettlement of nationality." one of the main tasks for whose accomplishment it Jews in their own land. The two events are Yet it is well to remember that this was had been founded was about to be fulfilled. Now perhaps, like the dreams of Pharaoh, really not always so in the past 300 years. The very we know that we were guided by the right instinct one—variations of the same theme: respect Resettlement was not the clear-cut unanimous and that naturalization, important as it was, has for the people of the Bible and sure belief decision which at this distance it may be been only one milestone on the long road. that Scripture shall be fulfilled. assumed to have been. The fateful Conference The 10 volumes of " AJR Information " mirror There were, of course, other motives too. at Whitehall in December, 1655, was gravely the history of the former German and Austrian Jews There was the enlightened understanding divided in mind, and though the Puritans in Great Britain during the past decade. In the first that it was profitable, as well as charitable, were eager to make amends for the cruelties editions, our thoughts centred around our legal to befriend the Jews. Even before the which had made England Judenrein through .status and our economic and social position in post­ Resettlement, their services had been found 360 years, they could not go so far as to war Britain. Other news referred to the re-established useful in the war which set England firmly on openly proclaim the Return, and Edward I's Jewish Communities in Germany and to the German- the road to world power. Spain might not Edict of Banishment was never repealed. Jewish remnants in liberated Western Europe. have been laid low but for the exertions of Similarly, not until 1858 was a Jew entitled Restitution and compensation were still in a pre­ Jews all over Europe who, determined to to sit in Parliament. paratory stage. However, as soon as legislation avenge their humiliation, became the main­ However, there were many and ample began, this paper became an indispensable and stay of the Elizabethan intelligence. So they compensations. There was above all the reliable source of information on this vital problem. Were to be used by Cromwell who also grand boon of living under the British flag. Vet, " AJR Information " has never tieen satisfied appreciated their value in the rising struggle England was secure, unrivalled in her might, with being merely a gazette for announcements of against the competition of Amsterdam and unruffled in her liberty, and so, secure and one kind or another. From the outset, the spiritual Hamburg, free, were English Jews, England was, as side has been stressed, and nothing of special rele­ Refuge to the Persecuted Gladstone proclaimed, not an accomplice of vance to readers of our background is alien to these " guilty power " but a champion of" suffering But whatever the motives—and very likely columns. The fact that we experience a steadily weakness," and so English Jews were the increasing demand for our monthly re-affirms the they were the legitimate mixture of philan­ comforters of their afflicted brethren all over thropy and economic considerations—in the position we have been able to establish within the the world. The Board of Deputies was, in a community. 300 years since Cromwell England has been manner of speaking, the Parliament of Jewry, a cherished refuge to all who suffered perse­ and Sir Moses Montefiore King of the In times when Jewish periodicals often suffer an cution—to none more so than to Jews. Galuth, spreading by his journeys the fame early death, 10 years is a long period. Looking for Among the very first arrivals, next to the of England as the home of freedom. It was an explanation of this continuity, one reason stands affluent merchants from Holland, were due to the action of British Jews, reinforced out: the strong sense of solidarity by which the ••efugees from Russia, survivors of the by the strong arm of their Government, that former German Jews have made it possible to build Cossack pogroms in 1648, who, stranded in the innocent prisoners of Damascus were up this paf>er. It is therefore to the memtiers of the Germany, anxiously awaited the outcome of set free, just as a hundred years earlier, in AJR that the first expression of thanks is due. Yet, Menasseh ben Israel's mission, and through­ 1744, British Jews had saved their brethren to no lesser degree all those who have co-operated out the 18th and 19th century, Jews came to from the oppression of Maria Theresa. as authors deserve the gratitude of the readers and England to escape from the petty oppression of the editor. That " AJR Information " may be ^hich made their lives bitter on the Con­ Hope.s and Setbacks able to continue and increase its vital services for a tinent. It is pathetic to read the account, So intensely did England's association long time to come is our ardent desire on this characteristic of more than one man and with Jewry develop that by 1840 the restora­ birthday. perhaps more than one generation, of how tion of Judaea was considered a matter of tne mother of Ludwig Mond, the research practical politics. Nothing came of it then, chemist, wanted her son to " escape the long and such are the antics of history that when through immigration. At first it was only a Pain of feeling that he was a pariah in an the appointed time arrived, all hope seemed trickle, mainly from Germany: during the ^nfriendly land"- " Stories came from to have gone. Britain restricted Jewish 18th century for the most part humble folk, England of the great Disraeli. . . , There was immigration by passing the Aliens Act (1905) during the 19th well to do middle class. l^o reason why her son should live in the which qualified the Right of Asylum. After They all soon became assimilated, some darkness of German resentment if another Palmerston had gone out of his way to assist perhaps sooner to the general English environ­ ^ountry welcomed clever Jews, giving them relief for the harrassed Jews, after two ment than to their Sefardi coreligionists who '"•'endship and honour." Mansion House meetings had branded the long enforced a strict segregation, even to pogroms, the Foreign Secretary now bluntly the point of banning intermarriage with the So England did, and great is the number plebeian Ashkenazim. °t Jews who rose to high office. Even before refused even to discuss the Russian atrocities. ne Parliamentary emancipation, London had The changes in Britain's relations with But upon the Victorian serenity suddenly ?^ Jewish Lord Mayor, and unmatched in its Jewry had their counterpart in hardly less broke in the tide of the fugitives from Czarist -•"'lliance was the career of Rufus Isaacs, the substantial changes inside British Jewry. For barbarism. It was an event that heralded ''St Marquess of Reading. There is much to one thing the community steadily grew (Continued on page 2

* Page 2 AJR INFORMATION January, 1956

RESTITUTION NEWS ALIENS QUESTIONS IN PARLIAMENT Residence AUSLANDSBEAMTENGESETZ NOVELLE ZUM BEG In answer to a question by Mr. F. Noel-Baker on Der schon vor laengerer Zeit dem Bundestag what grounds the officials of the Home Oflice grant zugelcitete Entwurf eines Dritten Gesetzes zur ERSTE LESUNG IM BUNDESTAG or refuse residence permits to aliens wishing to reside Aenderung des Gesetzes zur Regelung der Wieder­ in the United Kingdom, Major Lloyd-George replied gutmachung nationalsozialistischen Unrechts fuer Am 14. Dezember fand die erste Beratung des on Decemt)er Ist:—" Aliens are not normally Angehoerige der oeffentlichen Dienstes ist vom Regierungsentwurfs der Novelle zum Bundesent­ admitted to this country to reside but some who have Bundestag am 14. Dezemt)er verabschiedetet worden. schaedigungsgesetz im Bundestag statt. Staats- been admitted temporarily in the first instance are Das Gesetz bedarf noch der Zustimmung des Bundes­ sekretaer Hartmann vom Bundesiinanzministerium subsequently allowed to remain. Such cases are rats. dealt with on their individual merits." brachte die Regierungsvorlage ein. Die Abgeordneten Mr. Noel-Baker: " Does the Home Secretary not Das Gesetz bringt in vieler Hinsicht Verbesse­ Prof Dr. Boehm, Prof. Dr. Reif, Dr. Greve, Dr. Grille think that in modern conditions he is taking an rungen. Hervorgehoben sei die Einbeziehung der und Runge setzten sich fuer eine grosszuegige Wieder­ gutmachung cin und wandten sich insbesondere gegen unnecessarily old-fashioned view of this problem? nichtbeamteten ausserordcntlichcn Professoren und Major Lloyd-George: " I remind the Hon. Member Privatdozenten und die guenstigeren Bestimmungen die Stellung des Bundesrates, der durch Mehrheits- beschluss die Gleichstellung der verfolgten Aus­ that this is not a country of immigration and settle­ fuer Angestellte, die keincn Anspruch auf Ruhegehalt ment. I think we can say that we have certainly done hatten. Ferner ist eine allgemeine Verlaengerung der wanderer aus Ostdeutschland mit den Auswanderern aus dcr Bundesrepublik abgelehnt hat. our share in the question ol" refugees from Europe." Anmeldefrist bis 31.12.56 vorgesehen. Labour Permits Wir werden ueber den Inhalt des Geselzes, sobald Der Regierungsentwurf wurde dem Ausschuss fuer On the same day Mr. F. Noel-Baker asked the es veroeffentlicht ist, eingehend berichten. Fragen der Wiedergutmachung und dem Haushalts- Minister of Labour on what grounds ofliicials of his ausschuss ueberwiesen. Es ist zu hoffen, dass der Department grant or refuse to aliens permission to Bundesrat keine weiteren Einwendungen erhehien work in the United Kingdom. {Continued from page I) wird, wenn der Bundestag, wie erwartet wird, sich Sir W. Monckton: " Permits for the engagement of foreigners coming to this country from abroad are the travails and torments of the new century, fuer die Einbeziehung der verfolgten Au.swanderer aus Ostdeutschland in das BEG. erklaert. Die issued by me as required by Article 4 (1) {h) of the and perhaps to none was Kipling's " Reces­ Novelle soil nach dem Entwurf am I. April 1956 in Aliens Order, 1953.* The general conditions for sional " (" Lest We Forget ") addressed with Kraft treten. issue are that the proposed employment is reasonable greater meaning than to British Jews. For and necessary and that adequate efforts have been made by the employer to find suitable workers among they were now face to face with the elementals British subjects or long-resident foreigners. The of the Jewish story. CRITICISM BY THE "TIMES" wages and other conditions proposed must be not The West German Amendment Bill designed to less favourable than those commonly accorded to The encounter produced a remarkable British workers. Subject to these, consideration is effect. The faith that had passed through "improve" the Restitution Act of 1953 was criti­ cised in a dispatch of the Times Bonn Correspondent given to individual cases according to their particular suffering put new vigour into conventional who finds that while the new Bill does improve the circumstances." beliefs. This was true of the specific religious position of some classes of claimants, " at the sjinie Mr. Noel-Baker: " While thanking the Minister sphere, but even more so of the communal time it contains some provisions which can only be for that answer, may I ask him whether, in these days of full employment he will instruct his officials life at large. The homeless aliens held strong called retrograde. Thus, Geiman courts since 1953 have held—apparently against the intention of the to treat really sympathetically the cases of foreigners Zionist convictions which gripped the com­ law givers—that prolonged incarceration in a con­ who want to come to work in this country, not taking munity from end to end, and when in 1917, centration camp on federal territory constitutes anybody else's job but to do work that is useful to a few months before the Balfour Declaration, residence within the meaning of tlie Act and therefore the community as a whole? " the President of the Board of Deputies openly entitles the victim to make a claim. The law in its Sir W. Monckton: " Yes, Sir." new form expressly rejects this common-sense ruling. * The text reads as follows:—"(I) Except with the authority rejected the " Zionist theory," he was of Ihe Secretary of State, an immigration ofllcer shall nol grant A careful perusal of the new Bill makes it easy leave to an alien to land in the United Kingdom unless the alien—: promptly forced to resign. The immigrants to understand why the Jewish organisations are (a) is in a position to support himself and his dependants (if any) had become a power in the community, and asking the Federal Government and the Bund­ in the United Kingdom: and (6) where he proposes to enter the twenty years later the " revolution" was estag to consider carefully whether new improve­ employment of a particular employer in the United Kingdom, ments cannot even now be made." produces a permit in writing for his engagement issued to that consummated when one of their own, Selig employer by the appropriate authority as defined by this Article. Brodelsky, presided over the Board. HAFT IN AUSLAENDISCHEN LAGERN Arrivals after 1933 ENTSCHAEDIGUNGSVERFAHREN IN BERLIN In the meantime other immigrants arrived, In einer grundsaetzlichen Sitzung mit dem Senat Der Senator hat zugesagt, diese Frage evtl. gerichtlich refugees from that German fury which Heine fuer Inneres und der Leitung des Berliner Entschaedi­ nachpruefen zu lassen. had foretold exactly a hundred years earlier. gungsamtes wurde bezueglich der Entschaedigung 6. Rumacnien They came into an England very dilTerent from fuer Haft in auslaendischen Lagem die folgende Haft in alien Gebieten Rumaeniens soil vom that which had received the small band of Entschliessung gefasst: 1.10.1941 bis zum 25.8.1944 entschaedigt werden, da 1. Frankreich sie auf deutsche Massnahmen zurueckzufuehren ist. their forerunners, different too from the Fuer die reinen Internierungslaeger in Vichy- Alle die-sen Anordnungen widersprechende Be- country which gave refuge to the Russian Frankreich soil grundsactzlich ab 1.7.1940 Ent­ scheide, auch wenn sie auf gerichtlichen Entschcidun- Jews. England was no longer the power of schaedigung geleistet werden. gen beruhen, sollen im Sinne dicser Gesichtspunkte Victorian splendour, the Empire had resolved Fuer die Arbeitslaeger (" Prestatairelaeger ") soil neu aufgenommen werden. Hierbei sollen in erster ab 1.7.1940 im Vergleichswege eine Entschaedigung Linie zunaechst diejenigen beruecksichtigt werden, itself into the Commonwealth, and the von 70% DM 3.50 pro Tag gezahlt werden. Bei deren Entschaedigung bisher voellig abgelehnt Welfare State was plainly in the making. risidence forcee soil eine Entschaedigung nur gewaehrt worden ist. werden, wenn im Einzelfall eine haftaehnliche Ab- Yet the great-hearted traditions were still schliessung unter erschwerended Umstaenden nach­ NEUREGELUNG DER ANMELDEFRISTEN alive; in spite of troubles and temptations gewiesen werden kann. DES ALTSPARERGESETZES England was still, as Wordsworth found her 2. Italicn in the struggle against Napoleon, " a bulwark Das Lager Ferramonti soil voll entschaedigt Der Bundcsanzeiger vom 8. Dezemtier 1955 bring' werden. Bei Internierung auf Rhodos soil im folgcnde Notiz ueber einen Entwurf zur Abaenderung for the cause of men," and certainly she has Vergleichswege eine Entschaedigung von 70% des Altsparcrgesetzes: not now so changed as no longer to appre­ DM 3.50 pro Tag gezahlt werden. " Der von alien Fraktionen des Deutschen Bundes­ ciate the considerations upon which Crom­ Bei alien sonstigen Laegern ist zu pruefen, ob eine tages eingebrachte Entwurf eines Gesetzes zuf well sanctioned the Resettlement 300 years haftaehnliche Einschliessung erfolgt ist. Laeger, die Aenderung des Altsparergesetzes, der noch in dieser i n Nord-ltalien unter deutscher Besatzung standen, Woche zur Verabschiedung kommen soil, will di^ ago. If the Bible is not read to-day as it was sind selbstverstaendlich voll zu entschaedigen. §§ 14 bezw. 27 dieses Gesetzes dahingehcnd abaen- among the Puritans, the stark sense of 3. Jugoslawicn dern, dass der Antrag auf Entschaedigung nacn practical wisdom is surely unimpaired, and Haft in Jugoslawien soil in den von Deutschland diesem Gesetz nur bis zu dem Zeitpunkt gestel" those who survey the memorable three besetzten Gebieten vom Tage des deutschen Ein- werden kann, welcher fuer die einzelnen Grupp*^"! marsches, dem 6.4.1941, voll gewaehrt werden. In von Sparanlagen durch Rechtsverordnung bestimm' centuries will find abundant justification for den italienisch besetzten Gebieten von Slowenien, wird. Nach diesem Zeitpunkt soil die AntragstellunK that " Humble Address " in which Menasseh Dalmatien, Montenegro und Albanien soil Haftent­ nur zulaessig sein, wenn die rcchtzeitige Stellung d** ben Israel assured the Lord Protector that schaedigung ab 3.9.1943 gewaehrt werden, in Antrages nachweisbar ohne Verschulden untefl " the Jewish nation, though scattered through Kroatien vom 6.4.1941 ab. blicben ist und unverzueglich nachgeholt wild. B* Entschaedigungsanspruechen, deren Bearbeitung "^ the whole world, arc not a despisable people, 4. Bulgarien Der Beginn der Verfolgung, auch fuer das besetzte in Berlin (West) belegenen Niederlassung ein^ but a plant worthy to be planted in the whole Jugoslawien, wird hier mit dem 1.2.1943 angenommen, Geldinstituts obliegt, kann der Antrag vom 1. AP^' world and received into populous cities, being und Haft von diesem Zeitpunkt an entschaedigt. 1956 ab gestellt werden." trees of most savoury fruit and profit to be 5. Ungarn einschl. der annektierten Gebiete Es ist hiernach mit Sicherheit daniit zu rechnen' always most favoured with Laws and Privi­ Haft soil hier erst vom 19.3.1944 bis 4.4.1945 dass alle Anmeldefristen des Altsparergesetzes vej^ entschacdigt werden, da die vorhcrgchende Haft laengert tiezw. neu eroeffnet werden. Ueber o* leges or Prerogatives." angeblich eine rein ungarische Massnahme war. neue Gesetz berichten wir zur gegebenen Zeit. AJR INFORMATION January, 1956 Page 3 REPORTS FROM AND ON GERMANY ANGLO-JUDAICA THE WAR CRIMINALS Impact of Middle East Policy In the course of the return now again proceeding Government statements last September, had been Considerable misgivings are being felt in the Jewish of German prisoners from Russia, a remarkable community about Britain's present policy in the surrendered to East Germany over an unspecified Middle Eaiit. " Keen disappointment " at the refusal scene was enacted at the West German reception period. camp of Friedland where nearly 600 of the " home- to redress the balance of arms by helping Israel, was comers " were lined up to swear a solemn oath. Propaganda Campaign in Holland not confined to the Zionist Federation. The Chief They intoned: " By our dead and by the dead of the Rabbi spoke of " a sense of loneliness in view of the As a counter to German propaganda demanding hostile attitude from unexpected quarters and a Soviet Union and by the children who will one day the release of German " prisoners of war " in Holland, pass judgment on us, we swear that we have not tendency to sidestep and even ignore Israel's vital murdered, we have not raped, we have not burned, the Dutch Minister of Justice issued a statement interests." Since tiie Exodus affair of 1947, it was and we have not pillaged. If we brought misery and listing 39 German war criminals who were sentenced said by the President of the Anglo-Jewish Association, suffering to that land (Russia), we did so under the either to life imprisonment or to substantial terms. there had ijeen " no other issue on which the entire laws of war and mindful of our soldiers' oath," Most of them. Dr. Donker said, had been found Anglo-Jewish community has been so united in opposition to the policy propounded by H.M. guilty of ill-treatment, murder and deportation of The majority of these Germans probably are not Government," a policy which, Mr. Carvalho thought, criminals, but a considerable number undoubtedly, 100,000 Dutch Jews. was " harmful to British prestige." Of the Jewish and admittedly, are. In a batch of 57, for example, The list includes a 32-year-old German Jew, M.P.'s, only Mr. Emanuel Shinwell spoke in the only eight were found to have been soldiers; the Bernard Joseph, who was sentenced to 20 years' Middle East debate. Criticifing the Prime Minister's others had been interned for various reasons in the proposals, he said he gloried in the fact that the areas occupied by Soviet forces. Another batch imprisonment for collaborating with the German Israelis were capable of putting up a strong defence included 269 war criminals who had not been granted Security Service and who helped in tracing Jews who in the event of attack. an amnesty by the Russians. had gone into hiding. Public opinion appears to be largely undecided. Part of the German campaign against Holland Sir Winston Churchill did not speak in Parliament One " homccomer" is taking legal action against but told a Conservative rally that he " certainly saw Dr. Rudolf Pechel, the distinguished editor of the has tieen an attempt to exert economic pressure. German firms call upon their Dutch suppliers to no ground whatever for rearming Egypt at the Deulsche Rundschau, who is said to have wrongly expense and to the detriment of Israel." The Labour accused him of murder committed in occupied Posen. help bring about the release of the " war sentenced "; Party, whose new leader, Mr. Hugh Gaitskell, has An interesting variety was introduced by another failing an adequate response, they say, they would frequently affirmed his friendship for the Jewish " homecomer" who was really a war criminal be unable to buy in Holland any longer. State, remains opposed to the supply of British arms prematurely released from the British war crimes to an Egypt claiming to be at war with Israel. prison of Werl and now fraudulently posed as a A similar view of pressure is being practised by " returned P.O.W." He was Karl Buck, commandant the Arabs. The Arab League's Oflice for the Boycott On the other hand indignation was aroused by of the Heuberg, Kuhberg, Welzheim and Schirmeck of Israel had circulated among Dutch firms with several cartoons in which Mr. David Low, hitherto concentration camps, who had been sentenced to interests in Arab countries a questionnaire requesting considered a friend, suddenly denigrated the Israeli death three times for his crimes. cause. The late Archbishop of York, Dr. Garbett, details of the firms' interests in Israel and of Jewish held forth against Israel's " terrorism and un­ A former SS sergeant, Karl Gustav Lerchc, was employees. The Dutch Employers' Association has scrupulous propaganda," but he admitted that, sur­ sentenced to ten years' imprisonment at Munich for protested against this action and advised its members rounded by enemies, it was natural for the Israelis to killing a British army doctor captured at Arnhem not to answer any questions relating to Jewish staff, have " grave anxieties," in 1944. as far as the anti-Israel boycott was concerned, they Zionism Redefined In East Germany declared that nothing could be done, but they are contacting other industrial organisations in Europe In East Germany, a former guard in the women's An outstanding feature of the national conference concentration camp at Ravensbriick, Erika Berg­ with a view to consolidating policy on this matter. held by the British section of the World Jewish mann, was sentenced to hard labour for life. She was Jew • Baiting Congress was an address by Mr. Israel M. Sicff, Hon. President of the British Zionist Federation, on stated to have returned home as a nurse after the A former member of the Nazi Party, Dr. Herweg, war and had " managed to slip unnoticed into a " Israel and the Diaspora." Mr. Sicff said: " Our democratic party." was sentenced at Frankfurt to three months' im­ Israeli friends have not properly defined Zionism as prisonment for having abused a Jewish woman as we understand it today, which is a world Jewish The East German Government released 2,616 war " a dirty Jew swine " whom he " would have gassed movement, with the return to Zion as only one of its criminals whom the Russians had handed over to them had lie got hold of her in 1941." objectives—albeit a most important one—the other a considerable time ago. Others would have to serve objective t)eing the renaissance of Jewish culture and their full terms in East German prisons because their Leaflets printed by the notorious Swedish Jew- tradition in the Diaspora. I cannot understand crimes were loo serious. This apparently refers to the baiter Einar Aberg were distributed in the streets of Zionism except as teaching Jews to live as Jews, 17,(K)0 prisoners who, according to the East German Munich. The distributors managed to escape arrest. whether in Israel or in the Galuth. Its basic concept is the unity of world Jewry, and any principle which seeks to divide the Diaspora from Israel is inimical JEWISH AFFAIRS to this concept." At its annual meeting the Board of Directors of pedagogue, accepted an invitation from the Free The conference also dfscussed the relations between the Central Council of Jews in Germany pledged University in West Berlin to occupy the newly- Congress and the Anglo-Jewish aiuhorities. It was support for the State of Israel and its fight for established Chair for the History of German Jewry. stated that there would be no trespass on local survival, and appealed to all German Jews to make Professor Leschnitzer, born in Posen in 1899, was representative organisations, and the authority of the personal sacrifices to aid Israel and to assist in the head of the Department for Education in the Reichs­ Board of Deputies would at all times be sustained. rescue of many thousands of Jews still living in vereinigung from 1933 to 1939. He went to the U.S. Representations to the British Government on danger. in 1940. He has been a visiting professor at the Free national issues should be left to the Board, but on University for the past few years. world political problems affecting Jewry, it was Service in the New Army Distinctions insisted, the W.J.C. should make its own representa­ tions, though delegations should include repre­ Jews in Germany will, like other citizens, be liable A citation on behalf of the Bundestag and Bundes­ sentatives of the Board. for service in the armed forces once the Recruitment rat was handed by the German Consul-General in (Conscription) Bill is approved liy the Bundestag. New York to Professor Raphael Lemkin, author of The present draft Bill may be changed before being the UN Genocide Convention. Education so approved but (writes the Jewish Chronicle Diissel­ dorf Correspondent) in any case the Jewish com­ Norbert Prager, Polish-born President of the The London Board of Jewish Religious Education munity as a whole does not appear anxious to make Hanover Jewish community, a survivor of Buchenwald, now has under its wings 15,000 children, 6,000 more an issue of the matter, the general feeling being that was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit to mark the than in 1950. every German, Jew or non-Jew, should serve in the tenth anniversary of the community's restoration. Hillel House, the London centre for Jewish students, Army, and that it should be left to individual Jews Ludwig Meidner Exhibition has demonstrated in its first year the need for its to decide for themselves whether they should seek An exhibition of paintings by Ludwig Meidner existence and expansion. Each week it has been used exemption on moral grounds. between 1919 and 1955 was held under the auspices by between 1,000 and 1,500 students from 15 different of the Dusseldorf Municipal Art Gallery. The artist countries. Similar centres are to be opened in Oxford, Only a few dozen Jews are likely to be called up in who spent his years of exile in London returned to Manchester, Leeds and Glasgow, the first few years (the Correspondent states). Of the Germany in 1953. 20,000 Jews in Western Germany, 12^ per cent are Both the Oxford and the Cambridge University between the ages of one and 18; 12 per cent between A Jewish hospital, the most modern in Western Union Society are having a Jewish President for the 19 and 25; 40 per cent between 36 and 50, and 35? Germany, is to be built in Hamburg at a cost of current term. At Oxford he is Alec Grant, at Cam­ per cent over 50. £300,000. bridge Martin David, son of Professor Louis Rosen- Ohrenstein Sentence Stands head. Another Jewish student, Ronald, son of As for the number of Jewish children there are The West German Supreme Court rejected an Professor Rudolf Peierls, the atom scientist, is said to be about 700 between the ages of I and 6, and appeal by Aron Ohrenstein, former Chief Rabbi of Secretary of the Cambridge Union. 1,600 between 6 and 16. Bavaria, against a one-year sentence for persistent The chief menace at present threatening the falsification of documents. The sentence, resulting community is intermarriage, it was said by Miss Lily Chair for German Jewish History from the charges brought against the late Philip Montagu, the distinguished social worker; she Dr. Adolf Leschnitzer, Professor of German at Auerbach, referred to the certification of 111 Resti­ thought that this one cause was tending tg wipe oyt New York City College, the well-known Jewish tution claims which proved to be forgeries. many families in Anglo-Jewry. Page 4 AJR INFORMATION January, 1056 Or, to put it more clearly, if Israel is to think of realising The Rise and Destiny of British Jews its ideal task of bringing light to the nations, it must first and above all have light within itself It must By Heinrich Graetz recognise clearly its Past and its Future, what it This Is an extract from the address delivered by the Cerinan^Jewish historian on means and what it implies. It must consider the road June 16, 1887, at the Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition in the Royal Albert Hall, London. by which Providence has hitherto guided it, and the SMALL remnant of the refugees which had been You had not to give solemn assurance that you goal which it must reach at the end of days. A lucky enough to escape the Moloch of the are good patriots, that you love your native country Inquisition, established themselves in lands where as much as your fellow-citizens. Nor had you on But for this it needs guidance, and this post you, civil freedom and religious toleration were political this account to give up a jot of your religious con­ more than any other community of Israel, seem principles —in Holland and England. They were a victions. The honours you have received have been called upon to fill. God has blessed you with special remarkable class of Jews who wandered thither, granted you sans phrase as the descendants of Jacob, blessings. You dwell in a land blessed by God, where brands plucked from the burning, men of the cultured as the guardians of your ancient birthright. the Holy Scriptures, the study of our lives, our Alpha professions, doctors, lawyers, soldiers, poets, monks and Omega, are highly honoured, and the study of Recently another event of historical importance to our glorious antiquity greatly encouraged. You live and nuns, unfrocked Dominicans and Jesuits, among Jews has occurred in your midst, the foundation of them the confessor of a Spanish Infanta. They formed with your Christian fellow-citizens in full accord, so the Anglo-Jewish Association, which has already in that they fully recognise that your love for your a series of brilliant names, with the proud bearing of its short term of existence done much, and given Spanish hidalgos, the men that created first the Dutch fatherland need not exclude love for the land of rise to great expectations. It may appear to be merely your fathers. . . Jewish Colony and then its offspring, the London a branch of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, with Community. The Jewish Colony in London and in which it goes hand in hand. But important as is this While you, as English patriots, are attached to this Other English towns (which gradually received latter institution, yet it has one fault, even though happy isle with every beat of your hearts, you wish accessions from Germany and Poland) produced, it this be regarded in its programme as a special claim. to preserve your connection and continuity with the is true, no movement of consequence for nearly 200 It excludes all consideration of religion, and especially long series of generations of Israel. And without years after its slight beginnings, but it preserved in fails to give sufficient attention to desolate Zion. exactly wishing it, you have thereby raised a practical its midst the germs of a maturer development. But the Anglo-Jewish Association takes thought for protest on the one side against thoughtless indifierence, In the first place its moral conduct earned for it our mother Zion, afflicted, tossed with tempest and and on the other against unprincipled apostasy, two respect and consideration, even in the highest circles disconsolate. In this you follow the example which hateful types within the ranks of Judaism which—to of the English people. Permit me to select a few Providence gave you in Sir Moses Monlefiore. your honour be it said—are rarer here than on the facts of eminently historic importance. One of these Just as he, notwithstanding his glowing patriotism Continent. interesting facts is the way in which your community, for England, notwithstanding his wide philanthropy, I have no wish to pay you mere compliments. in a single hour, sprung from a state of passiveness yet kept heart and eye steadily fixed on Jerusalem, I desire only on the scene of this Exhibition, to into energetic action, like the miraculous tree in the so do you in your thoughts. You have attempted establish the fact that a New Birth, full of brilliant legend which brought forth leaves, blossoms and fruit to remove the disgrace that for thousands of years hope, has again come to dispised and powerless in one night. A tragic event roused it to determined has lingered over the Holy Land, and bring back the Israel, and to give visible demonstration that our action—the blood accusation brought against the glories of old. But before Jerusalem can rise from people, with all its seeming want of strength, has Jews of Damascus in 1840. The whole body of Jews the dust, it must shake off the fetters of the spirit. renewed its youth for a third time. as adherents of the Talmud were then for the first time involved in the charge of ritual murder of Christians by malevolence and credulity on the Remarkable Social Work in London Continent. The Bernhard Baron Settlement All felt the bitter grief, but only the English The Bernhard Baron St. George's Jewish Settlement " Old Girls' Club " has about 100 members ; the community roused itself eagerly to action to save in London had just presented its 40th Annual Report, " Old Boys' Club " about 550, of whom many take the accused and bring the truth to light. Ever which includes a very special item : The founder an active part in the organisation of club life. For memorable in the hi.story of Israel will be the meetings of the Settlement, Mr. Basil Henriques, was knighted the whole organisation is, after all, based on social of the Board of Deputies and equally memorable for his services as Magistrate of the Juvenile Courts service. Apart from the paid social workers and the meeting of distinguished Christians at the Mansion and his widespread social activities. This has brought students, about 30 voluntary workers help to carry House to protest against the horrors of Damascus into the foreground of public interest both Sir Basil out the educational, social and economic tasks—and and to give a brilliant testimonial to their Jewish and his loyal helpmate. Lady Henriques, as repre­ without these volunteers, the idea of the Settlement fellow-citizens. And never to be forgotten that sentatives of a Jewish idea. As a young student could never have been carried out. The collection journey to Alexandria of Sir Moses Montefiore, in at Oxford (1911), Sir Basil had first come into of funds and equipment needed for the diverse company with Adolphe Cr^mieux, filled with the contact with social work and, especially, the Settle­ leisure-time activities is all done through private same fiery zeal, and their triumphant success. That ment Movement. The desire to let the Jewish channels and, naturally, former members are of was an historic deed, a glorious act. The horrors of population of London's East End benefit from what great assistance here. Damascus and the raising of the cry of " Hep-hep " he had learnt, soon began to grow in him, and, in On the premises of the Settlement, other Social had important consequences. They aroused and 1914, he started to put his ideas into practice in a Organisations, under the National Health and the accentuated the feeling of solidarity in Jews all over small way. The expansion of his work in an adapted L.C.C., are housed in the rooms, otherwise unoccu­ the world. One result of this revival of Jewish feeling L.C.C. School and later through the creation of a pied during the mornings. There is a First Aid Post; took place in your mid.st, the cordial reunion of your great new building, for which Mr. Bcrnhard Baron a room where prescribed injections are given ; an two divisions, the Sefardim and Ashkenazim. donated the funds, gave the Settlement its present Eye Clinic and a School Dental Clinic ; in short, form. a whole row of social services at the disposal of the Emancipation A Settlement has the dual task of serving the poor inhabitants of the district. The Jewish Blind Society, Another event of the highest interest to you, and of and culturally undeveloped, as well as providing a the Jewish Society for the Study of Yiddish Culture considerable importance to Jewish history deserves training ground for student social workers, who live and Literature, the Hospital Savings Association and to be mentioned —not the mere fact that you gained and work in the Settlement and thereby have the the Family Welfare Association all have regular complete emancipation, but how you gained it. At opportunity of coming into contact with different office hours here. Most important is the Legal first sight it seems very perplexing that the Jews of sections of the community and of learning to under­ Advice Centre, which gives advice to people of small England gained their emancipation considerably later stand their needs. The Settlement created by Sir means, one evening a week. Twelve lawyers work than those in the remaining lands of civilised Europe, Basil placed yet another task in the forefront of its here in rotation and arrange for the assistance of the although the English people are ahead of all others in work : to be a centre for Jewry and lo help the right authority for each particular case. liberality and humanity. Neither the French Revolu­ immigrant to adapt himself to English life whilst Religion had always played an important part in tion of 1789, which freed the Jews of France and retaining his Jewish faith and customs. Thus, from Sir Basil's plan and, in accordance with this, a Holland, nor the stormy period of 1848, which gave the first, the language spoken in the Settlement was Synagogue was built into the Settlement, whose equal rights even to the Jewish Pariahs of Galicia, English which was, and still is, a most desirable thing Minister is the Rev. E. K. Sawady, B.A. Member­ induced the English Legislature to grant the same to for the youngsters, used to speaking Yiddish at home. ship of the Synagogue Community which, for the the Jews of their country. Were they less worthy of Sir Basil had realised from the start the value of year of the report, embraced some 700 families, is the rights of men and citizens ? No; just because Youth Clubs now generally recognised in England— not a compulsory part of Club Membership, but for they were, generally speaking, even more worthy, the Settlement began with a Boys' Club. Let us many, the Synagogue forms the focal point of the arose this hesitation against full emancipation. watch the development of this organisation in the Settlement and cements the communal spirit through course of forty years. The youngest group is the the communal service. On the Continent, especially in Germany and five to elevens, which meets four times a week at the Austria, emancipation was forced upon the rulers in Plify Centre ; there are about 130 on the register, When one realises that many of the former East a moment of despair, and was granted by them with who are divided among several large rooms, in which Enders now live in other parts of London, in very a mental reservation to restrict or even to revoke it. there are gymnastic apparatus, games and so forth, different and advantageous financial circumstances, In England, on the contrary, your freedom was to be and—as in many of the other rooms—a piano. one asks, naturally, whether the continuance of the granted fully, and with all its consequences. These Here, the children spend their time happily and, as Settlement stiH has the meaning it had at its inception consequences would deeply influence existing laws one of their number is said to have declared, " they and throughout the hard intervening years. Can and religious relations. The Legislature had to make learn to grow up right." The Boys' and Girls' Clubs the social education and the maintaining of the heavy sacrifices for your sakes, and accordingly are divided by age groups and include young men Jewish tradition still be regarded as a necessity ? scruples were long entertained, and freedom, thougfi and women up to 21. The most varied activities This question can be answered with an unconditional often brought near, was often withdrawn. But when and sports take place in the Clubs. The older aflirmative, particularly when one looks at the public opinion stood firm, after due consideration, girls are allowed to help with the little ones in the situation of youth today. Certainly the living and regarded it as a shame that full rights should be Play Centre. Altogether the older club members conditions and the cultural standards of the East withheld from a highly respected class of citizens are given considerable responsibility within the End have, on the whole, improved greatly ; never­ merely on account of their religious Ijelief, they were Settlement. theless, many of the services of the Settlement can at last''granted to you without the slightest reser­ The Adult Clubs consist in the main, though not still give real help to the East Enders. vation. entirely, of former members of Youth Clubs. The NELLY WOLFFHEIM. AJR INFORMATION January. 1956 Page 5 Letter from Berlin : Comedy in the last of the five acts, and thus robs it of sincerity. Because it cannot be taken as a serious attempt to FESTIVE-AFTER THE FESTIVAL solve a pressing problem, it is a pity that the doctor who opposes the priest had to be a Jew and that By Otto Zarek thus the Jewish question is interwoven, or even gets mixed up, with the wider issues raised. As a Jew, one After a few weeks' passivity in West Berlin's quite frank, in spite of his noble and inspired acting, feels almost ashamed of Professor Bernhardi's theatres, suddenly a series of important premieres the play itself disappointed me. 1 am not so much uncompromising attitude. That is the effect it has crowded a single week so that the unfortunate critic, against it because it is dated and undoubtedly, the on me today, while I must be fair and admit that the like Bclam's ass, was torn between the competing problems of Vienna half-a-century ago, and of its audience, almost entirely non-Jewish, was deeply events of almost equal promise. But what was mild form of anti-Semitism that gave but a foretaste impressed by it and obviously sided with the doctor undoubtedly a deplorable sign of lack of co-operation of things to come, make it a period piece. I am against against the mystic, and applauded Ernst Deutsch and fair play between the various theatre managers it for quite a different reason, and those who remember tumultuously. He deserved it, of course, not only turned out to be fruitful from the visitors' point of the play will perhaps understand my feelings. To-day, because he built up his professor with all his charm view. Apparently, you cannot put brakes on the we are no longer so sure of the reliability of Reason- and wit and noblesse, but also, because this great impetuous Talendrang of the Berlin producers — and with-a-capital-R, as was Schnitzler in his day, when actor of the German stage does not miss one oppor­ that, in itself, is a good thing. Positivism was at its height. In a letter of January, tunity of impressing upon the Berlin public that he is 1913, Schnitzler states expressly: "There is no real Jewish and proud of it. Indeed, recently, when he O'Neill in " KurfUrstcndamm " Theatre problem which my play would set out to solve; for read Jewish poetry in the Great Hall of the Jewish could it be doubted by anyone in his senses that a Community of Berlin, when he was honoured on The climax of that week of prolific productiveness doctor was right when he rejected the priest's plea the occasion of his 65th birthday, Deutsch insisted was reached when Professor Schuh presented the who, by appearing at a dying person's bedside, on having the reading publicised as widely as possible Berliners with the first showing of O'Neill's would wake her from her state of happiness and make so that all should know that he " belonged " to that " Mourning becomes Electra." This great play— her realize the terrible truth ? " Well, the priest may community. And he is respected for it by Jews and intelligently condensed so as to show the whole be right if he confronts Schnitzler's idea of happiness non-Jews alike. tragedy in no more than three hours—-is well known with the spiritual happiness which the priest may in England, and I personally remember with delight convey when granting absolution to a sinner. We do The play was directed by Arthur Schnitzler's son, its excellent TV production, in two parts. In Schuh's not know, and we want to know, but here, where the Heinrich Schnitzler, now a professor at the University production, supported by grand settings designed conflict of ideas begins, the play breaks up and leaves of Los Angeles. His production was too slow, too by Caspar Neher, one of the great stage designers of us with a void. G. B. Shaw would not have shirked conservative in his attempt to re-produce the Viennese our time, the inner connection of the modern play­ the issue, but Schnitzler does and, worst of all, he atmosphere of 1910, and he stressed, or even over­ wright's version with the Greek original was stressed. tries, more artfully than artistically, to push the whole emphasized, the outre characters that surround the Electra opens the play standing in a kind of Atrium —play and problem—into the low sphere of a farcical great Bernhardi, professors with Teutonic beards, adapted to modern use, a lifeless figure of great living cartoon figures rather than real people. dignity; her appearance and her face inspire not only awe but also terror. In these quasi-antique settings, one of the most striking performances I have ever seen takes place—reminding mc of the best per­ Old Acquaintances formances that Max Reinhardt had to offer (though Her Last Book .-—When Ruth Feiner died last year decors for the " Met" production of " Rosen­ I hardly need mention that Schuh's style, in his hard in Switzerland she left her last novel unfinished; kavalier," will design the Markova ballet " Merry hitting directness and pitiless modernity, goes far now Hutchinsons have published " My Brother was Widow," musically arranged by Hans May.— beyond anything that Reinhardt had done, even in Wrong," completed by someone else. The gifted "Aufbau " editor Manfred George returned from his unforgettable Strindberg-Kammcrspicle produc­ daughter of the later German tenor Hermann Feiner his trip to Eurof)e and gave a lecture about his tions). Schuh could not have made this terrifying came to Britain as a young girl and wrote her first journey in New York.—Franz Waxman will write the O'Neill play such a resounding success if he had not best-.seller shortly after her arrival. " Cat across the music for Billy Wilder's new film " The Spirit of St. found two tragediennes of greatness to play the Path" was even bought by Hollywood, and the Louis." mother (" Clytemnestra ") and daughter (" Electra "). authoress never looked back since. She published One hesitates to use the term " genius " in connection twelve books and made a name for herself quickly. Remarque's first play.—Eric Maria Remarque who with any contemporary actor or artist, but if ever " My Brother was Wrong" tells the last 21 days in sold his last novel " A Time to Love, and a Time to its use was justified in connection with new, or the life of a man condemned to death for shooting Die" to Hollywood, finished his first stage play relatively new, actresses, it was in this case: Maria his brother. It's a moving and thrilling novel, which will be produced in Berlin at the beginning of Wimmer as the mother and Annemarie Diiringer as especially if you realise that she knew she was dying. this year. It's provisionally called " Berlin 1945," the daughter recalled the days of Tilla Durieux and Young Ruth Feiner didn't live to see her book and deals witli life after the end of the war in the Gertrud Eysoldt, the tragediennes of my youth, and published, and the conversion of her leading character former capital. in saying this I perfectly realize that I am paying is not very convincing. Though she wrote in English, high tribute to their art. One has to " memorize " she was always a Berlin child and an eternal refugee. Germany:—Wolfgang Reinhardt will produce these two names if one ever wants to talk seriously Thomas Mann's " Magic Mountain" scripted by of modern theatre. A New Name:—Last month I went lo Richmond to Erika Mann and directed by Robert Siodmak in see Richard Duschinsky's production of Ross- a German-Italian co-production next spring.— Vying with this performance in the Theater am Williamson's " Green Girl " starring Karl Stepanek Viennese composer Robert Stolz returned to Berlin Kurfiirslendamm, the Schlossparklheater presented who, by the way, is a Czech refugee. In the audience for the first time to conduct a concert in the " Sport­ Nobel Prize-winner William Faulkner's dramatized I noticed all the refugee actors; they came out of a palast."—Maria Schell, Germany's film star Number version of the story of the negro woman who, by feeling of solidarity to make the evening a success. One, is engaged to be married to Horst Haechler.— murdering the child of her employer, sacrifices her Among those present I saw Anton Diffring who Leo Mittler is directing " Fledermaus" for the life in order to " save " her employer's soul; for the arrived in London only five years ago and already Hamburg opera.—Max Brod's adaptation of " Die latter, an ex-College girl who was once kidnapped has his own fan club with over a thousand members. grosse Protektion " by the Israeli playwright Efraim and taken into a brothel, became a slut and, after a Born in Koblenz the thirty-five year old actor came Kishon was succes.sfully produced in Braunschweig.— rnarriage of doubtful happiness, was ready to return from Canada where he was interned; he got his first H. I. Rehfisch became honorary president of the fo the place of vice. This play, " Requiem for a part in Korda's " State Secret." In Toronto he association of German playwrights.—Kurt Weill's Nun," which already had a triumphant premiere played Shakespeare, and also appeared with the late " Street Scene" was shown for the first time in in Ziirich, did not excite the Berliners, and I for one Albert Basserman's German language " Egmont" Dusseldorf in the presence of his widow Lotte do not blame them. It is a sordid story which lacks on Broadway. Since DiflTring has lived in this country Lenja.—Aribert Waescher celebrated his 60th birth­ the one quality that would make it plausible: true you may have seen him in " The Colditz Story," day, Paul Loebe his SOth, and Siegfried Nestripke religiosity. As it is, one cannot help feeling that the " Betrayed," " The Sea shall not have them," and his 70th.—Willy Haas who works for Hamburg's intellectual, Graham Greene's greater brother, " I am a Camera," or on the stage and T.V. He " Welt" became a member of the " Academy of reaches out for religion as a kind of spiritual help looks like a younger George Sanders and is well- Arts " there.—Peter and Annie Capell returned from Without being able to grasp more than the outward known in British studios. Though he studied with the States to Germany; their adaptation of "The signs of it. The simplicity of the " Nun's " utterance: the late Rudolf Klein-Rogge of "Dr. Mabuse" Troublemaker" was shown in Dortmund. '' One must believe. Just believe. Nothing else " fame, Anton Diffring grew up in the English speaking is too direct and too much of a cliche to be convincing. world, and looks like making an excellent career for News from Everywhere:—Film producer Erich The rest is bad drama, built on TV models and himself Morawsky returned for good from America to iionstrously repetitive. But it was an honest attempt Berlin.—Ruth Marton, daughter of the late Kurt On the part of the Schlosspark-Theater, to do justice U.S.A.:—Dolly Haas opened in " Anastasia " in Muehsam, became literary .scout for S. Fischer in 'o an, after all, quite interesting work which will be Chicago for an indefinite run.—Lily Veidt, Coru^ad New York.—Charles Frank sub-titled the French JJ'idely discussed. Maria Gorvin in the leading role Veidt's widow, became agent for Pirandello's estate picture " Les Diaboliques" currently showing in the nad some splendid moments. in America.—Joseph Schildkraut and Viennese West end of London.—Peter llling and Michael actress Gusti Huber are in " The Diary of Anne Rittermann went to Africa on location for " Sarak Ernst Deutsch as Professor Bcrnhardi Frank " with tremendous success.—Stefan Lorant, Kahn."—Lindtberg produced Kafka's " Castle " in former editor and founder of London's " Picture Tel Aviv's Chamber theatre.—Rosy Barsony is touring A few days later, at Berlin's Schillerthealer, came Post," will write the history of the city of Pittsburgh.— Israel in " Holiday in Venice."—The " P.E.N. Centre Jhe first night of Arthur Schnitzler's " Professor Felix Jackson-Joachim.son will adapt his first novel, for German Writers in Exile" celebrated its 21st oernhardi," and since this play has not been seen in " So help me God," for the Broadway stage.—Lilli anniversary in London last month.—The Anglo- %rlin for almost three decades, for most of the Palmer, who finished her second film in Germany, German Association will commemorate the 100th visitors that thronged the huge new building it was will come to the States to play " The Taming of the anniversary of Heinrich Heine's death on February ^ exciting an event as a premiere of an entirely new Shrew " on T.V.—Marlene Dietrich and Peter Lorre 5th in London's " Royal Festival Hall," P'ay. I myself went there with high expectations, for will appear in " Around the World in 80 Days" in Ernst Deutsch was playing the lead. Alas, to be smallish parts.—Rolf Gerard, now working on the PEM Page 6 AJR INFORMATION January, 1956 Religion and History Letter from Jerusalem Max Brod and Lion Feuchtwanger The Winds of War Max Brod and Lion Feuchtwanger were made famous by their first historical novels: " Tycho The war of nerves against Israel keeps changing 21 accredited diplomats, followed by Britain (14), Brahes Weg zu Gott" was published in 1915, " Jud its form: Yesterday it brought armed incursions into France (12) and U.S.S.R. (II). Siiss " ten years later. Neither work has lost any­ the State's territory; today it submits the Govern­ There are seven military attaches in Israel—three thing of its freshness, nor have the authors failed to ment to diplomatic pressure; tomorrow the wind Americans, two Britishers, one Frenchman and one keep up the standards they had set themselves. may turn again—and an ill wind it is. Turk—which compares favourably with some Euro­ Although both Max Brod and Lion Feuchtwanger Jews everywhere are deeply concerned about a pean countries—alas, not with Bonn: the new have written more historical novels since, their situation such as has not arisen since the precarious German army attracted 200 military attaches. artistic impulse and approach as epic writers have days of Israel's establishment. Of course, arms been different. have first priority. But arms without manpower are • Max Brod, for all his skill as a novelist, is a philo­ a dead investment. And manpower without high Speaking of figures: a clever reporter discovered sopher first and foremost, the balance being rather morale can turn even modern weapons into a that the Knesseth is not a " young" parliament, precarious sometimes, but, at his best, he is a poet- shambles. after all. He committed the indiscretion of looking philosopher of the highest rank. Religious philosophy One object of Israel's adversaries, no doubt, is to up the birth dates of the members and found the permeates the two novels which followed " Tycho disrupt the country's economy and put a stop to its average age of the men—ladies were excluded from Brahe ": " Reubeni, Fiirst der Juden " and " Galilei development. They calculate that the young state the poll—50.85 years, while that of the first Knesseth in Gefangenschaft" and, with the first volume, form will have to content itself with solely military invest­ was only 48.7. According to the survey, the "oldest" the trilogy " Ein Kampf um Wahrheit." His book ments and that any temporary advantage thus gained faction is Mapai with an average of 54.9 years per "The Master," is a philosophical novel—the quest would peter out in the long run, unless synchronized member, followed by the General Zionists (53 years) for truth being the central theme, whilst his latest with a concerted production ett'ort. The enemy might and the Progressives (51.6 years). The Communists work, " Armer Cicero "' seems to have grown out choose for his attack precisely the moment when emerged as the " babies" '40.4 years). of his studies for the historical background of the such a weakness would make itself felt and undermine HERBERT FREEDEN. Jesus novel and ideas that had not found a place in the striking power of the forces. the finished product. EspeciaUy in a country such as Israel, development In this case we can compare Max Brod's achieve­ and defence are closely interwoven. Every new A Man of Peace ment with similar attempts of other contemporary immigrant is a potential guard; every new settlement The Story of J.J^L. Magnes writers, and " Armer Cicero " holds its own if we another bastion. Industrial and agricultural expansion set it against " The Ides of March " by Thornton are integral facets of the struggle for self-preservation. Norman Bentwich to whom we all owe much, Wilder and " Freedom, Farewell " by Phyllis Bentley. Any let-up in productivity breeds inflation. And rendered a great service to the present Jewish Max Brod sides, as Anglo-Saxon writers do in inflation is no less a danger than Egypt's newly generation by writing a biography of Juda Leib contrast to the German Mommsen and the Danish acquired jets and tanks. Magnes, first Chancellor and first President of the Jew Georg Brandes, with Cicero against Caesar. Hebrew University, Jerusalem (Juduh L. Magnes. Dictatorship is exposed as an absolute evil, and "Battle of the Books" A Biography by Norman Bentwich. East and although both Max Brod and Cicero endeavour to The " battle of the books," dormant, for some West Library. London, 1955. 30s.) . Magnes do Caesar justice, they attribute little value even to years, has flared up again in Israel. In 1952, when was one of the outstanding Jews of our time, a clemency if it serves mere political ends. m;in of highest moral stature and one of the few the Soviet Union flooded the country with Russian who made a desperate eflorl to introduce principles Philosopher in Troubled Times literature, the American State Department was easily of justice into political life. An active Zionist in But the writer and his hero are not as much con­ persuaded to counter this influence by bringing Israel America from early youth, he became a contro­ cerned with Caesar as with the life of a philosopher into the framework of the American Information versial figure in Palestine where he lived since 1922, in turbulent times. Brod outlines a very attractive media. The publishers were being paid in dollars because of his ardent chiimpionship of the idea of portrait of Cicero and his much maligned vanity —of by the U.S. government while the proceeds from the Jcwi.sh-Arab co-operation which he regarded as which the Roman orator and politician is himself sales were placed at the disposal of the American the only ethically possible and politically sound aware. Nothing human is alien to him—it is at this Embassy in Israel. In the two following years, basis for Ihe fulfilment of the Zionist hope. This time of political inactivity that the sexagenarian's $5 million worth of American books were bought by aim could not be achieved in an atmosphere of second marriage with his very much younger ward the Yishuv, at the rate of IL 1.3 per dollar. extreme political nationalism and not in the form took place. Cicero, a life-long student of philosophy The Hebrew publishers, however, raised the cry of a Jewish Slate ; it required the unique political and a keen examiner of its various systems, discovers that this struggle between East and West was being structure of a bi-nalional commonwealth—an idea that true philosophy must be lived, not only thought, fought on their very backs. The enormous influx of pa.ssionalcly rejected by the great majority of and he attains true greatness when he lives up to foreign reading material, so they said, had a detri­ Zionists. Socialist or otherwise. The story of this his knowledge. "Do not fear-love." This is mental influence on the market of Hebrew children's struggle is described by Bentwich with understand­ Cicero's bequest to his younger friend, the philosopher books, paper backs and other publications. Their ing and objectivity. Antiochus of Ascalon. I am sure that the poet would protests grew both in frequency and intensity until the Israel Ministry of Finance, always on the look out have liked to make this Syrian a Jew, but he could Great Nonconformist not do so on account of the historical fact that anti­ for additional revenues, announced a raise of the semitism was one of Cicero's weaknesses and pre­ " literary " rate of exchange by 70 per cent. His book should be compulsory reading for judices, though he belonged to that large group of The matter may still be modified by the Foreign Jewish youths who are inclined to over-simplify Romans whose spiritual urge was to contribute so Office as, even at the old rate, the Russian State contemporary Jewish problems. It shows a man much to the downfall of the pagan gods. Publishing House which has no worries over profits who fearlessly followed his own conscience during and losses, under-cuts all competitors. A Russian all the crises of his life. He was a great non­ Lion Feuchtwanger, however, was primarily not a conformist, the v«ry opposite of the dogmatic philosopher, but a historian and a dramatist. daily newspaper sells in Israel at only 30 prutah (three times as cheap as a local and seven times as partisan who became the prevalent type in Inspired by Wilhelm Hauff's tale, " Jud Siiss," politicized Jewish life. which was still frequently read in Feuchtwanger's cheap as an American newspaper); the same goes young days and ours when we were presented with for magazines of " Life" and " Fortune " type. Magnes was a typical American ; his philosophy, copies of the classics at our Barmizvah, Feuchtwanger Altogether there arc 90 Russian periodicals of all though deeply Jewish, was influenced by the best sorts being imported. traditions of American democracy and moral tried to dramatise it. The final outcome of the radicalism. He obtained part of his education in historical studies he pursued for this purpose was his Germany when he studied at the Lehiansiali fiir great novel " Jud Siiss." Hauff was an early German Israel's " Diplomatic Colony " has grown rapidly die Wisscnschafl des Jtideiiiiiins in Berlin and successor of Sir Walter Scott's and Feuchtwangcr in recent years. It is larger than that in Beirut and later took his Ph.D. at Heidelberg in 1902. established himself as the modern master of this Damascus, not to speak of Aman, and now numbers Together with some friends, he struggled with the species. over 1,000 persons, including the families of the Anti-Ziunisls who dominated the Lehriinstalt ; later His latest book, " Spanische Ballade"^ is his diplomats and the technical staff. U.S.A. lead with he became the first Zionist rabbi at that bastion version of Lope de Vega's and Grillparzer's famous of assimilalionism, the Temple Emanuel in Ne* plays " Die Judin von Toledo," and again, as in Continued from preceding column York. But he relinquished bolh his pulpit at the " Jud Siiss," his scholarly research and mature craft Temple and his office at the Zionist Organisation as a writer creates a masterpiece which overshadows the feudal world of the mediaeval West and the more when he felt that he could not bear the respon­ his model. It is most admirable, too, how Feucht­ modern spirit of the more tolerant East. sibility for their policy. As a pacifist, he opposed wanger avoids repeating himself, the relationship Feuchtwangcr displays a rich tapestry of the America's participation in World War 1 and warned between King Alfons VIII and Rahel's father being thirteenth century with figures such as Sultan Saladin Jewry to take sides. In World War II, however, so similar in both its sociological and its human and Richard Coeur de Lion, Bertrand de Born and he had to admit that full Jewish support in a war aspects to that existing between the Duke of Wurtlem- Maimonides, Chrestien de Troyes and Queen Eleanor against Hitler was inevitable. To discard pacifisiT berg and Jew Oppcnheimer. of England, King Alfons' molher-in-law who took was one of the most diflicult decisions of his life • It is the love afl'air between the Castilian king and against her husband's romance with Rosamund the Jewess, whom the people called Formosa, the Clifford the same cruel action as did her daughter, Love for the fellow man was the guiding prin' " beautiful one," where the poet's insight as an on her advice, against Rahel Ibn Ezra. ciplc of his life and work. The centre of hi* historian and as a psychologist is most convincing: Yet " Spanische Ballade " is much more than a activities was the Hebrew University to which h^ the young Jewess, grown up in Moorish Spain with historical display of the Middle Ages. Whereas Max devoted his last 25 years. It was nol always a'' its specific cultural climate, does not attract the king Brod is a philosopher of religion, Feuchtwanger is a easy job, Although his spiritual guidance wa* through coquetry, but, although their relationship philosopher of history, and he portrays himself, as not accepted by the majority of the teachers and later became very passionate, in the first instance masters of medicavel pictures do, as one of the students, Magnes personally was respected by a"' through her superior bearing, her intelligence and her characters in the story: in the Mohamedan chronicler True humanity and true greatness issued from hin^' independance. It is an encounter between two worlds, Musa who anticipates, in a way, some ideas of the an ineffable dignity of a kind very rare in contem' •' Verlag I-. A. Hcrwig. Bcrlin-Grunewald, 1955, 298 pages. Haskalah philosopher Nachum Krochmal. porary Jewry. • Rowohll Verlag, Hamburg, 1955, 489 pages. LUTZ WELTMANN. ROBERT WELTSCH. AJR INFORMATION January, 1956 Page 7 MEMORIES OF FRANKFORT Ex-German Jews in the News A Book by Hermann Schwab Experts on English Art From Berlin to Fleetwood We have to pay tribute to the newly established Jakob Rosenheim Foundation under whose auspices The contribution made to English art by refugee After 10 years' services Dr. F. Reich, formerly headmaster of the Jewish School for deaf and dumb a booklet by Hermann Schwab (Memories of Frank­ scholars was the subject of an appreciative editorial fort, Jewish Post Publications, Is. 6d.) was issued. in The Times after Dr. Nikolaus Pevsner, head of the children in Berlin-Weissensee, retired as natural Department of History of Art, Birkbeck College, science master of Fleetwood Grammar School. In It is indeed gratifying to know that apart from London University, had concluded his Reith Lectures appreciation of Dr. Reich's work the " Fleetwood publishing new books orthodox Judaism in England on " The Englishness of English Art." The Times Chronicle" wrote: " When he first arrived at thinks it valuable to translate into English classical wrote: " One of Hitler's less noticeable achievements Fleetwood, biology was not taught to any great and educational literature which was written originally was to transform the study of English art. The removal extent. . . . Through his enthusiasm Dr. Reich has in German language. The spiritual revival of a of the Warburg Institute from Germany to London, created a lively interest in this subject in the school specifically Western European orthodoxy is of the flight from Central Europe of many scholars who and has an excellently equipped laboratory to pass greatest importance and urgency for the survival of settled here and have taken British nationality, on to his successor." He also founded a Chess Club Thora-truc Judaism in our generation. introduced disciplines of art-historical research in the school and was a violinist in the school It was a happy idea to call this new Jewish pub­ strange to this country. The names of Antal, Saxl, orchestra. "Dr. Reich," the paper goes on, "still lishing company after Jakob Rosenheim. He is not Pevsner, Wind, Wittkower, for example, will be continued his interest in the teaching of deaf children only well-known as the founder and president of the remembered not only for their seminal contributions and recently addressed a national conference of " Agudath-lsrael " movement, he has great renown to the knowledge of our painting, sculpture and workers in this sphere." as a deeply religious thinker and writer who has architecture, but for their important influence upon Reunion Televised continued brilliantly and faithfully the teachings of English students. Under their authority, art history Samson Raphael Hirsch. Little wonder that Hermann has become fashionable, in some cases even a A happy episode of particular interest to our readers Schwab's " Memories of Frankfort," a translation snobbery, and without their presence the most is reported from the United States. Invited by an from the German of the booklet issued by him ambitious history of art to be projected for years American Television Company, our friend CJber- thirty years ago, " Aus der Schiitzenstrasse," in­ would hardly have borne the imprint of an English kantor M. Davidsohn paid a visit to his daughter augurates the " Jakob Rosenheim Foundation." publisher." who is living in the States, and their reunion was televised in the feature programme " This is your Life." Unique Kehillah There were some who resented this " foreign" Lecturer in Exeter It is a moving personal reflection, written with intrusion, the Times remarked, but " they might well stirring love, protraying the early life of the unique remember that our image of^ Italian art is drawn One of the youths rescued from the concentration Kehillah, the " Religionsgcsellschaft " in Frankfort. from non-Italian sources—Kugler, Burckhardt, Pater, camps in 1945 was recently appointed Lecturer in The author's whole life was inspired by the direct Wolfflin, Berenson, DvorAk." All in all " only Mathematics at the University College of Exeter. personal guidance which he was privileged to receive gratitude and excitement" could have been felt at Dr. Herzberg had a distinguished career at London in his youth from Rabbi S. R. Hirsch. Hirsch did what Dr. Pevsner had attempted. University where he held a research fellowship. not only rekindle the almost extinguished orthodox In Court Jewish life in Germany; he was also one of the A Talented Sculptor greatest Jewish philosophers and teachers of the last At the Institut Franijais a small exhibition was Fortunately it is rare for refugees to be involved generation. Hermann Schwab describes the depth held last month of sculpture by Bruno Simon who in miserable affairs such as brought Walter Schick, and clarity of his vision, he recollects how this left Germany in 1933 at the age of 20. A disciple of 42, company director, and Hyman Jack Glenton, 35, community was guided and lifted up by this great Ernst Barlach, he first went to Paris where he studied accountant, before the Central Criminal Court. They preacher to the heights of eternal Judaism. Rabbi under Maillol and de Malfray at the Academic had confessed to tax frauds amounting to £29,537. Hirsch imbued its members with the ideal of " Thora Ranson. During the war he served with the Australian The Lord Chief Justice stressed the fact that and Derech Erez," teaching them how to combine Forces. Since then he has worked partly in Britain they were| refugees; he said: " One of the worst the complex manifestations of the day with the features ot this case is that you came to this country eternal law of the Thora. and shown at various galleries including the Ben Uri. as refugees and you abused the hospitality extended Hermann Schwab describes how his father took Lord of the Manor to you by endeavouring to deprive the Revenue of very large sums of money." down in shorthand the lectures of the Rabbi on Who says refugees do not get into English Society ? which were based the unique translation and com­ Not all of course can hope to follow the august Instead of a prison sentence a total fine of £8,000 mentary of the Pentateuch. was imposed because of what Lord Goddard called example of the former Miss Marion Stein who is All those who knew the Jewish Frankfort and the now the Countess of Harcwood. But what of the " cruelty " practised by the tax authorities who, though aware of the frauds, had kept the defendants " Religionsgesellschaft" in particular feel deeply becoming a Lord of the Manor? Well, a refugee touched by the recollection of a glorious past, centred has just achieved that ancient distinction. At a in suspense for two years, treating them in a way of which his Lordship said he " gravely disapproved." round the personality of the immortal teacher and London auction where 29 manors (some dating back leader. to the 14th century) changed hands for a total of South African Pioneer £10,560, Mr. H. P. Juda, a publisher and one-time There are also several chapters dealing with the London City correspondent of the Berliner Tageblall, Among the German Jews who settled in .South habits and rules of the Synagogue of the Schutzen- paid £520 for the lordship of the Norfolk village of Africa long before 1933, none has probably had a strasse, its interior, its officials, its decorum and Great Snoring. He explained that he had long kept more varied career than Max Sonnenberg who died dignity. We see in front of us a community which his eye on the place because he is a persistent great a few weeks ago at the age of 76. Having emigrated was genuinely built up on " Thora, service to G'd snorer, much to the mortification of his wife. " From with his parents in the 1880's, he early engaged in and loving kindness." Wc feel in agreement with the all the documents I have studied (Mr. Juda said). both business and farming. In 1931 he established author's introductory remark: " The memories of the Great Snoring sounds a delightful place where I can Woolworths in South Africa, all of whose branches paradise of our childhood are the only treasures which" snore unhindered." closed on the day of his funeral. But he won at least the barbarians could not destroy." equal distinction in polhical life. As early as 1919 Rabbi I. BROCH. In last year's Birthday Honours, Mr. Juda was he entered the Union Parliament as Member for made an O.B.E. for his services in promoting British Vryburg, and in 1938 he was returned, unopposed, commercial interests, mainly by way of his well- as Member for South Peninsula, a seat he held until produced trade journal 77ie Ambassador. 1949 when he resigned because of ill-health. SERVICES AND PRAYERS FOR JEWISH HOMES Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues, 1955 First published in 1918 and frequently reprinted, this book has now appeared in a second and enlarged edition of 215 pages. This shows that the late and deeply mourned Dr. I. . Mattuck was RICHARD MATTES & CO. justified in thinking as he wrote in the preface of I22a FINCHLEY ROAD, LONDON, N.W.3 the first edition that there was a growing need for the publication of a book of this kind. The apt (Opposice Finchley Road Tube Station) ^^..^^^ compilation of traditional and new prayers obviously filled a gap felt by those who spiritually Invite you to purchase yo«r ' belong to Liberal Judaism. Besides prayers for domestic services on weekdays. Sabbath, and FRESH MEATS, GROCERIES. PROVISIONS and DELICATESSEN festivals, the book contains supplications and meditations for joyful and sad occasions such as from thelr.jntf'dern food store. wedding and memorial services, and also a revised Haggadah for Seder night as it is used by members of Liberal and Progressive synagogues. Striking, All orders va*t'6e attended to promptly and efficiently. indeed, is the obviously intentional cool and sober flow of the narrative compared with the warm and sometimes enthusiastic style of the traditional Telephone : SWIss Cottage 3366/7. Haggadah. A praiseworthy feature of the new edition is ihe inclusion of a number of hymns with We OB Jally from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Saturdays 8 a.m. to I p.m. Sundays - closed all day. music. There is no belter means of creating the desired atmosphere at domestic as well as public services than by communal singing. B.I. Page 8 AJR INFORMATION January, 1956 /. Lesser: when one has travelled through the desert and seen Divine Judgment a place of God's most terrible punishment. After all, the ultimate answer is given only by one book, How Some Germans View Their Country's Downfall the Bible." Dr. Maas saw in Israel " scrolls of Holy While the guilty men of National Socialist In his " Doctor Faustus " Thomas Mann quotes Scripture half-burnt, blood-stained, desecrated, torn Germany, all those generals, professors, poets and the words from Jeremiah's Lamentations : " We to pieces, witnesses of the sport the Nazis had made writers who helped Hitler to get into power and who have transgressed and have rebelled : thou hast not of them ; they had stuck together from pieces of served and praised him to the very last, do not pardoned. Thou hast covered with anger and scrolls a fancy-dress ; as a matter of fact, on those betray the slightest feeling of guilt but blame the persecuted us : thou hast slain, thou hast not pitied. pieces were inscribed God's curses for those who Western powers for their well-deserved fate and the Thou hast made us as the ofTscouring and refuse in mock at him." division of Germany into two halves, while they the midst of the people." The idea of divine punishment is not a new one. only complain of what has been done to Germany Sister Teresa Benedicta a Cruce who was born a All religions of the world are full of it, and so are and her war criminals and have completely forgotten Jewess and in later years became the assistant of the the literatures of all nations. Ariosto, for instance, what innumerable Germans have done to other philosopher Husserl, but embraced Roman Catholi­ .says something about it at the beginning of the nations, there is a tiny minority of honest and cism and entered the Order of the Carmelites at seventeenth canto of his Orlando Furioso, which religious Germans who, during the war and after, Cologne, said in 1933 when the persecution of the sounds as if he had foreseen National Socialism and told and keep on telling their fellow countrymen Jews started in the Third Rcich : " All this will the fate that has come over the Germans at the that what has befallen them must be regarded as have to be paid for," and in 1938 she said : " Woe hands of the Russians. This is what he says in God's punishment for their unspeakable crimes. to this town and this country, when God's punish­ majestic lines : Theodor Haecker, a remarkable Roman Catholic ment comes for what is now being done to the " When ripe for punishment, our sinful race philosopher, who was forbidden by the Nazis to Jews." Have passed the limits of supernal grace, publish anything kept a secret diary during all those Professor Helmut Gollwitzer, a Lutheran theo­ T' assert his justice on offending earth, terrible years in which are to be found sentences logian who overheard a German soldier telling of God gives to tyrants and to monsters birth. like these : " Does anybody doubt that all this will the murder of the Jews in the East and adding : Strengthens their power and rage t' afflict end in blood and dirt ? Otherwise there is no God, " If there is a God, this will be punished," said to mankind . . . God is not God, everything is but sheer madness . . . him : " There is a God, and it has been punished." For sins long past, perchance has Heav'n decreed The religion of the German Herrgott is the religion Gollwitzer quotes the words of St. Paul in his letter Our woes from them whose crimes our own of a stony heart. They will be crushed to pieces, to the Galatians : " For whatsoever a man soweth, exceed. they will be pulverised to dust, and then they will that shall he also reap," and the words of Christ: But justice once fulfill'd, our happier bands desire a heart of flesh again." Another Roman " For with the same measure that ye mete withal it May turn hereafter on their hostile lands. Catholic writer and poet whose " subversive " poems shall be measured to you again," and says by way When healing pardon to our prayer is given. went secretly from hand to hand in the Third Reich, And they in turn confess the wrath of Heaven " said publicly, in a story seemingly only dealing with of comment : " Now the Germans have been the Spanish conquerors' crimes against the Red measured with the same measure with which they Indians in South America, that " God's judgment have measured the Jews. Will they realise the will come over this country. Terrible crimes will be connection ? When was so clear an example made followed by terrible punishment." of the Germans by divine providence cited so often ? " Let The Children Know On July 13th, 1941, after the Allies had bombed Another Lutheran theologian. Dr. Hermann Maas The question of what German schoolchildren Munster, the Bishop, Count von Galen, who after who had rescued many Jews from certain death should be told of the Nazi regime and its persecution the war was made a Cardinal by the Pope, preached during the Hitler regime and was himself persecuted of the Jews, was discussed at a meeting of teachers on " the meaning of God's visitation " and warned by the Nazis, was invited by the Jews of Israel to convened by the Dijsseldorf Association for Christian- the Germans " not to proceed in a way which would visit their country after the war. He did so twice, Jewish Co-operation. The chief speaker, Herr Walter call forth divine judgment and lead to the ruin of the last time in 1953. He was shown everything of Dirks, a prominent publicist, said that there was a our nation." In his sermon on August 3rd, 1941, interest. He also saw the Dead Sea where Sodom tendency to minimise the crimes. The success of the he said quoting the words of Christ: " The days once stood, " a town destroyed by God's present democratic regime, he declared, depended shall come upon thee when thine enemies shall lay punishment." When some Jews asked him : " How largely on the German people's view of the anti-Nazi thee even with the ground, and thy children with was it possible that a nation like the Germans could resistance movement. The legality of that movement thee, and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon so succumb to the power of the Devil ? ", he knew had to be acknowledged, while the Nazi atrocities another, because thou knewest not the time of the no answer and thought by himself: " All cheap ought to be exposed in the fullest available detail, visitation. It is high time that we understand what answers are impossible at such an hour, especially Herr Dirks said. can bring us peace, what alone can save us from God's punishment, namely that we obey God's command­ ments and take seriously the word : Rather to die London, July-August, 1914 than to sin." The Gauleiter of Westphalia reported this and the other " subversive" sermons of the Reminiscences of a Gennan Jew Bishop to Bormann who would have hanged the by Dr. Adolph Asch. courageous Bishop if he had not feared a revolt of the Westphalia Catholics. In the Summer of 1914 I was invited by my sister night, I managed to have a word with the German and her husband, the former British Consul in Berlin, Vice-Consul, who said that he could give no definite "Voice of God" to spend a part of the summer holidays at their information at the time. After a sleepless night, I When Liibeck was bombed by the Allies in the house, " Ellerhow," in Ambleside. Wc were to returned to the Consulate early in the morning, where spring of 1942, the Lutheran pastor, Karl Friedrich travel to England in mid-July. A few weeks before several people were already waiting. It was not long Stellbrink, told his community in his sermon on the our departure, occurred the murder of the heir to before a large crowd of Germans had collected. following day which was Palm Sunday that they the Austrian throne at Serajevo. But, like the Then the Vice-Consul appeared, looking as if he had " should listen to the voice of God and obey him." greater part of the German population, 1 did not been up working all night, and told me: " Wc have The word " God's judgment " spread rapidly through seriously consider war a possibility. sent the female members of the Consulate back to the half-devastated town. Stcllbrink was arrested Germany. But now there are no more boats to and half-a-year later died the death of a martyr. Just before our arrival in London, the Suffragettes Germany. We shall try to get our Reserves back to With him died three young Roman Catholic chaplains, had destroyed a valuable painting — by Watts, as Germany on little boats— but that's not for you! " Hermann Lange, Johannes Prassek and Eduard far as I remember — ina national art gallery. I hurried back to our boarding-house, told my wife Miiller, because they had distributed Bishop Galen's Therefore no Englishwoman was allowed in any to pack and rushed over to the Port of London. sermons among the civilian population and the national gallery. But my wife, as a harmless foreigner, An employee of one of the German Shipping Lines soldiers. After the bombing of Hamburg Miiller obtained the necessary permission, of which wc took told me he had just done the most stupid thing in wrote from his prison on July 25th, 1943 : "This full advantage. When we visited the Law Courts, it his life; he had not gone back to Germany on the was once again a preamble of the Last Judgment." was of special interest for us to see Rufus Isaacs last boat that left yesterday, and a German boat had The Roman Catholic poet and writer, Werner (Lord Reading) officiating as Judge of the High just gone back without docking here at all. I had Bergengriin, in 1944, wrote a poem T)ie lelzle Court of Appeal. the same negative replies from all the Shipping Lines. Epiphanie (The Last Epiphany) which circulated Soon, however, the tension and fear of war became At last, however, I managed to find a Dutch Shipping secretly among the army and was found with some noticeable in London. In Hyde Park we heard a Line who told me that my wife and I could get a German prisoners of war who were brought to this Sufl'ragette give a propaganda speech in which she boat to Holland that same night. country. In this poem Bergengrun makes Jesus said: " Home Rule (in Ireland) is no reality; the When we were about to leave our boarding- Christ say : war is no reality, but Vote for Women is a reality! " house with all our luggage, the guests were at " Ich klopfte bei Nacht, ein blcicher Hebraer, On the steps of a statue a negro was passionately dinner. As is customary in England, they sat at Ein Fluchtling, gejagt, mit zerrissenen Schuhn, addressing the crowd and insulting the English police separate tables and, previously, had taken not the Ihr riefet dem Schergen, ihr winktct dem Spiihcr force for all he was worth. A policeman was slightest notice of us. As I stood at the door, in my Und meintet noch Gott einen Dienst zu tun. standing close by, listening. When I asked him excitement, I muttered, " The war is terrible! " All Verwaister Knabe auf ostlichen Fliichen, whether he was going to stand for this he replied, the English guests rose as a man, without a word Ich fiel euch zu Fiissen und flehle um Brot. " England is a free country." I went to a session being spoken. I have never forgotten this gentlemanly Ihr aber scheutet ein Kunftiges Rachen, of the House of Commons where, after listening to behaviour towards their future enemy. At the Ihr zucktet die Achscln und gabt mir den Tod. some minor debate, I heard the announcement on railway station we found the train to Folkestone Ich kam als Gefangner, als Tagelohncr, behalf of the Government that Germany had ordered filled with Germans. As we drew out of the statiori, Verschleppt und vcrkauft, von der Peitsche mobilisation. The newspaper headlines told us that they began to sing " Deutschland ueber Alles." zerfetzt. the Bank Rate had risen to 10%. That evening I No one attempted to stop them. It was dark by Ihr wandtet den Blick von dem struppigen visited relatives and was told there, that, in business the time the boat left harbour and the many pass­ Froner. circles, no one doubted any longer that there would be engers settled down in deck-chairs for the night. Nun komm ich als Richter. Erkennt ihr mich a war between England and Germany. When we But soon, there were searchlights in the sky above jetzt ? " dropped in at the German Consulate around mid­ our heads, and we had the sad anticipation of war. AJR INFORMATION January, 1956 Page 9 GERMANY AND ISRAEL News from Austria Economic Relations West Germany's economic relations with Israel Jewish Communal Elections Action Against Antisemitism continue to develop satisfactorily. According to the In Vierma's Jewish communal elections, fhe Groups of Jews and non-Jews organised " action Statistical Abstract of Israel for 1954-55, the Federal Communists lost almost one third of their votes, against antisemitism in Austria " on the occasion Republic provided most of Israel's imports, chiefly obtaining 786 votes as against 1,243 in 1952 and losing of the I7th anniversary of the November Pogrom. under the Reparations Agreement. Last month she two of their five seats. The Zionist Party, with 1,177 handed over the third Reparations vessel, the 3,145 votes against 1,140 in 1952, lost one of their six seats. The Jewish community voiced its support of the ton multi-purpose freighter " Kedmah " which can The list of Jewish Socialists, headed by Dr. Emil group. Professor Kurt Schubert appealed to all carry some 50,000 cases of citrus. The ship was built Maurer, President of the Jewish Community, Austrians to replace hatred and discrimination with by " Lubecker Maschinenbau," once known as obtained 2,791 votes (as against 2,501 in 1952) and was mutual understanding. " Orenstein & Koppel " shipyards named after two returned as the leading communal party with 13 Jewish industrialists. Two other freighters recently seats (as against 12 in 1952). Agudas Israel increased CONFERENCE OF delivered were the 1,000 ton "Ashkelon" and the 500 ton " Athlit." its vote from 369 to 594. WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS Catholic Pilgrims War Criminals Released Resolutions on Restitution In the presence of representatives of the Israel Mission in Germany, the Catholic Holy Land Austria is following the example set by other A resolution passed by the ninth national conference of the World Jewish Congress (British Section) Association celebrated the 100th anniversary of its Powers in releasing war criminals. Forty Nazis who foundation. In an address, the Vice-President of were responsible for the murder of thousands of Jews expressed deep regret at the long delay in imple­ menting the West German programme of individual the Association, Count .Salm-Reifferscheidt, said were set free despite evidence of their crimes and that thanks to the broad-minded outlook of the despite a pledge to try them. The 40, former police­ compensation for Nazi victims. While welcoming overdue amendments to the Federal Indemnification Israeli Government, a new " platform of con­ men, had been among the last prisoners released by fidence " had been gained in the Jewish State, the Russians. Together with the men, the Soviet Law, the conference viewed with dismay certain curtailments in the amending legislation. whereas great difliculties were being encountered authorities handed over documents showing their in Jordan on account of the less tolerant policy criminal record in the towns of Kolomea, Stryj, A resolution on Claims Conference matters pursued by the Islamic authorities there. It was Drohobycz and Boryslav. regretted that many applications for Claims Con­ announced that as from next spring German Particularly revolting is the story of the former ference grants from Britain related to projects which pilgrims would again be permitted to visit the Holy Vienna Gestapo chief, Johann Sanitzer. He had been were the normal financial responsibility of Anglo- Places in Israel. convicted by an Austrian court in 1946 of 11 murders Jewry " and which would not be directly of future and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Subsequently benefit to victims of Nazism." It also regretted that victims of Nazism if British Jewish organisations the Soviets demanded his extradition for another the victims' own representative organisations had not were to claim funds which rightly belong to, and are trial. He is now free, notwithstanding the Austrian been consulted on the applications. " The Conference earmarked for, needy victims. It therefore urges all court's sentence. Protests from Jews and non-Jews feels that the Anglo-Jewish Community would organisations concerned to review their requests in against his release have so far proved of no avail. blemish its past fine record of assistance to Jewish the light of these considerations."

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Single - Double Rooms. Hot & Cold Watet THE BOARDING-HOUSE WITH CULTURE Full or Partial Board A Home for you Nice Garden, Television Elderly people vrelcomed GLA Si22 " FURZEDOWN " LEO HOROVITZ The ideal place for holidays ind convatetefKcc SCULPTOR — STONEMASON Large garden with sunihed "^ynntng h. & c. water in all fifMr-floor bedrooms CORSETS . CORSELETS Memorials for all Home atmosphere. ContTnental cooking (all diets). ptfTdren welcome Cemeteries J^k early for.Eister. Whitsun and summer /BELTS . BRASSIERES '''onths. RedAfCed terms for off-season periods and-for long or permanent residents CORSETS SILHOUETTE LTD., 130, PARK LANE, LONDON, W.I. 16 FAWLEY ROAD ^*^D ROAD, HINDHEAD. SURREY WEST HAMPSTEAD, N.W.6 Telephone: Hindhead 395 Telephone : HAMpstead 2564 AJR INFORMATION January, 1956 i Page 12

LEO SALOMON PHOTOCOPIES OF DOCUMENTS If ALL STYLE 3, Victoria Mews, Victoria Road, Kilburn, N.W.6. 11" X 8" 1/6 Phone: MAI 5604 Additional charge for first co|>ies 5d. MAI 1271 DECORATING Complete Car Repairs and Overhauls MAC 1454 COLDERSTAT A. BREUER, ' with over 30 years experience Head Office: 25 DOWNHAM RD.. N.l Specialist in any kind of Phones: CLIssold «7I3 (3 linaa) 57 Fairfax Rd. E. MIEDZWINSKI Shock Absorbers and Front Suspensions. Residence: 54 COLDERS CARDENS ,N.W.6. 27 lEFFREYS ROAD, S.W.4 N.W.n. Phone: SPEedvrell Si43 J. A. C. While you wait BROADHURST HALL H. WOORTMAN PHOTOCOPIES OF YOUR DOCUMENTS BROADHURST CARDENS, N.W.t RABENSTErN LTD.8 Baynes Mews, Hampafead, N.W.S (behind John Barnei) Tel. HAK'*"4 frpflrf'1/6 onwards Open Dally from 3 p.m.—1 a.m, Kosher Butchers, Poulterers ConHnentaLBtfilder and Decorator Tuesday to Saturdajr' 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. for or phopr'for appointment and Spgeirffist in Dry Rot Repairs ^-iAn. H. M. Barry Teas, Dinners and Sausage Manufacturers ESTIMATES FREE Flat ITS, 10 Abbey Rd., St. John's Wood, ani*tW Ext. 115 N.W.l late Suppers Under the Supervision of the Beth Din Coffee Lounge — Own Vicnnetc Patisserie SHOE REPAIRS Excellent Cuisine — Tea Garden NORBERT COHN Fully Licensed RICH'S SHOE REPAIR SERVICE (formerly REICH) now at Dances by Candlelight: Wednesday Wholesale and Retail F.B.O.A. (Hons.). D.Orth. Saturday and Sunday Eveningi 133, HAMILTON ROAD, N.W.ll LARGE HALL for of first-class (2 min,^lrent Station) OPHTHALMIC OPTICIAN WEDDINGS, RECEPTIONS, CONCERTS We Collect and Deliver MEETINGS. Etc. Continental Sausages 20 Northways Parade, Finchlev Road Tel: SPEedwell 746.) HAMpstcad 1M7 Hambart and Friends Reterv. MAI t4S7 Swiss Cottage, N.W.S Tel. PRImrose f<60 L. A. PREUCE / Deliveries Daily Reissner & Goldberg Experienced Decorator ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS H. KAUFMANN First Class Work - Special Prices during 141 Canterbury Road, N.W.6 I6B Hampstead Hill Gardens, N.W.3 the Winter Season Fairhazel Gardens, N.W.6 MAI 6721 Tel. HAMpstead 8936 1I5S^^>5 ST^NNE^ S RD., BARNES, S.W.13 / Tel: MAI 3224 & MAI 9236 Befoc»8.15 a.m. and after 7 p.m. Phone: PRO 5111 Decorating -'' MAI 2646. 0359 and M. GLASER * Dispersion & GENERAL BUILDING WORK PRACTICAL UPHOLSTERER All Re-Upholstery, CarpeU, Furniture Repain, French Polishing Resettlement * VESOP STANDARD SEWING WILL BE DONE TO YOUR ^r flaifouiring Sbufu. SATISFACTION MACHINE SERVICE LTD Ijjffftg^ Phonet HAHpstead SiOl or call at The Story of the Jews StavA QnufusRetn. Tel.: WEL 2S2I ya-^JNCHLEY RD. (Childs Hill). N.W.l from Central-Europe Ml makes of Sewipg Machines Sold, iought and E;M:hanged. Easy Terms. A, OTTEN F.B.O.A. (Honi.) Repaifs promptly executed Published by the AJR OPHTHALMIC OPTICIAN IS^ytAWFORD ST, BAKER ST. W.l

Tel. 118 FINCHLEY ROAD You may order copies for your HAMpstead OPPOSITE JOHN BARNES & friends In this country and abroad 8336 FINCHLEY ROAD MET. STN. from SUPREME CLEANERS LTD. Th« Aaioclation of Jewish Rofugcei High Quality Laundry Service 8 Fairfax Maneloni, London, N.W,3 tyashing Coniraetors (5/- plus postage) Head Office : ESSENTIAL tor FIRST-CLASS I STATION ROAD. LONDON. N.3. / SPACE DONATED BY CONTINENTAL COOKING Tcl.: Finchley S336 COLLECT and UELIVER TRADE CUTTERS LIMITED 1 /8 per 8 oz. bottle ,19/32 Paradise Walk. Chelsea, London, S.W.3 Obtainable from Grocers and Stores Ring Manufactured by VESOP PRODUCTS LTD. 4fS Hornsey Road, London, N.IV 4 ISO M. FISCHLER 4154 CONTINENTAL UPHOLSTERr J \J N I D A manufacture FIRST-CLASS WORKMANSHIP AND BEST 468C; MATERIALS USED. CARPETS SUPPLIED AND EIDERDOWNS, PRAM RUGS, FITTED BELOW SHOP PRICES for Chauffeur-driven CURTAINS. DRAPES AND MATTRESSES MADE DOLLS PRAM SETS. ALSO FRENCH POLISHING Limousines & Saloon Cars Ur^ELROSE AVENUE, N.W.l EXCLUSIVE DESIGNS. ^^^^ Tel.i EDG S4n ANY DISTANCE Wholesale, Retail and to order. JONIDA moke up curtains, loose covers. DAY & NICHT THE FOOT SURGERY JONIDA for quilting and machine IVORWEST Mr. I. W. Green, M.L.l.Ch , D.P A. embroidery. Valentine & WoHf ltd. 10 Midland Parade, Insurance Brokers CAR HIRE West End Lane, N.W.6 JONIDA, In assoclitlon with LTU. (1 minute from West Hanipstead Tube Station) 129, Cambridge Road, N.W.6. ARBON, LANCRISH & CO. LTD. 517a Finchley Road /^ Tel.: WILIesden 1846 Hampstead, N.W.3 Tel. MAIda Vale 0412 HASILWOOD HOUSE 52 BISHOPSGATE JUWI.«^II IIOOK.S T'^^ WIGIMORE LAUINDrR\\ YII Ltd. LONDON, E.C.2 of any kind, new and second-hand. Whole Libraries and Single Volumes CONTINENTAL LAUNDRY SPECIALISTS T«l.: LONdon Wall 2366 bought. Talcisim. Bookbinding. / (10 lines) M. SULZBACHER We ferve you now with newly-installed Radio-Telephones All Types of Insurances with JEWISH & HEBREW BOOKS (also purchase) Most London Districts Served - Write or phone the Manager Lloyds and all Companies 4 Sneath Avenue, Colders Creen Road Mr. E. Hearn. 1 Stronsa Rd., London, W.12 Tel. SHE 4575 London, N.W.ll Tel.: SPE 1694 Printed by The .Sharon Press: G. Barclav (London) Ltd., ,TT, fttrnivtil Street, London, E.C.4.