Université De Montréal Les Combats Ultimes Analyse Du Système Normatif Et Du Cheminement Des Combattants Par Sévrme Petit É

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Université De Montréal Les Combats Ultimes Analyse Du Système Normatif Et Du Cheminement Des Combattants Par Sévrme Petit É //.3/7 4 Université de Montréal Les combats ultimes analyse du système normatif et du cheminement des combattants par Sévrme Petit École de criminologie faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès sciences (M.Sc.) en criminologie Janvier, 2004 ©, Sévrine Petit, 2004 c[5 5 C ‘DO Lj C J Université d1 de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé Les combats ultimes : analyse du système normatif et du cheminement des combattants Présenté par Sévrine Petit A été évalué par unjuiy composé des personnes suivantes Jean Poupart, président-rapporteur Pierre Landreville, directeur de recherche Suzanne Laberge, membre du jury Mémoire accepté le: 26 mars 2004 11) RÉSUMÉ La présente étude porte sur l’exploration de l’univers des combats ultimes au Québec, sport relativement récent dans cette province. Qffiçiçllçment appelé « boçe mnçte », il s’agit d’up sport de spectacle constitué d’un mélange de boxe, de «kick-boxmg », de soumissions et d’arts martiaux. Il est légal depuis 1998; cependant des adeptes s’y adonnaient auparavant. es objectifs de ce travail sont de comprendre le système normatif au sein du groupe des combattants et d’analyser la réaction de ces deniers lorsqu’une norme n’est pas respectée, Nous souhaitons aussi saisir le sens et la place que prend cette activité dans la vie des concurrents, de même que le cheminement qui les a menés au combat ultime. Des entrevues semi-structurées auprès de 11 combattants ont été menées afin de bien saisir leur perspeÇtive. À cette méthode se sont ajoutées des observations lors de galas de boxe mixte et de séances d’entraînement. L’analyse démontre, dans un premier temps, une institutionnalisation et une professionnalisation de l’activité. On note effeçtivement l’instauration de règlements et l’implication de la Régie des alcools, des courses et des jeux. Parallèlement, on peut constater une commercialisation provoquée et manifestée principalement par l’implication des médias. Les propos des interviewés exposent une forte adhésion à certaines normes, dont la principale est le respect mutuel, L’esprit sportif est de mise. Les combattants vivent également un sentiment d’appartenance entre eux et développent des amitiés au sein même du milieu. Si l’on se fie aux propos des interviewés, la tricherie est peu fréquente. La pratique des arts martiaux est pour l’instant le passage obligé pour faire de la boxe mixte. Le dépassement de soi et l’attrait pour la compétition jouent des rôles importants relativement à l’implication dans ce sport. Finalement, le combat ultime est central dans la vie des concurrents, ces derniers le considérant comme leur priorité. Mots clés: combat ultime, institutionnalisation, professionnalisation, commercialisation, système normatif, cheminement. iv ABSTRACT This study explore the field ofultimate fighting in Quebec, which has started only very recently in this province. Offiçaally çaliçd «rnpççd boxmg », this is a speÇtator sport involvjng a combination of boxing, kickboxing, submissions and martial arts. It has been legal since 1998, however it did oççur previously. The working objeçtives were to ‘nderstapd the systçm f nonns within the combatants and to analyze the reaction of these latter when a nonn is flot respected. We also souglit to inderstand the place that this activity occupiçs n the lives of flic competitors. Semi-structured interviews wiffi Il combatants took place so as to clearly identify their perspçctive ‘Fo this method was added observations during mixed boxipg galas and training sessions. This permitted gaining an understanding of the development path followed by ukimate fightmg competitors and the place that the açtivi’ occ’pies in their hvçs. The nçnns system in effect wiffiin the group also was the subject of our study. The analysis demonstrates, firstly, an institutionalization and a professionalization of the açtivity, thro’igh the setting i,ip 0f riles and tue invoiyemerfl of the Régie 4es alcools, 4es courses et des jeux. Concurrently, one cari also see the development of commercialization, partiçularly manifçsted through ffiç involvement of the media. The comments of the interviewees displayed a strong support of certain norms, the principal one being mijttial respect. The spirit of sports is ever present, The çombatants also shared a feeling of belonging between themselves and ifie development of friendships wiffiin the milieu. If one ça rçly on the statements ofthe interviewççs, cheating is ifteqiçnt. The practice of martial arts is for the moment the road that must be taken to carry out mixed boxing. Exceeding one’s own aççomplishments ami an attraction to Çompetitlon are major factors relative to involvement in this sport. Finally, extreme sports are central in the lives of the competitors, whiçh these latter consider as a priority. Key words: ultimate fighting, institutionalization, professionalization, commercialization, norms system, developmetit, V RÉSUMÉ. ABSTRACT iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES y REMERCIEMENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPITRE 1: LES COMBATS ULTIMES A U QUÉBEC 4 1- CONTEXTE MONDIAL DES COMBATS EXTRÊMES 5 2- ffiSTORIQUE DE CES COMBATS AU QUÉBEC 7 2.1 Deux types de combats extrêmes amateurs et professionnels 14 2.1.1 Le combat amateur 14 2.1.2 Le combat professionnel 15 CHAPITRE 2: RECENSION DES ÉCRITS 19 1-INSTITUTIONNALISATION DU SPORT 20 2-COMMERCIALISATION DU SPORT 22 3- LES NORMES DANS LE SPORT ET LE MONDE DES PUGILISTES 23 3.1 Les normes dans le sport 23 3.1.1 Ladévianceàlanorme 26 3.2 Le monde de la boxe : valeurs, normes, cheminements et sens que prend cette activité 29 4- PROBLÉMATIQUE 36 CHAPITRE 3: DÉMARCHE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE 37 1- OBSERVATIONS DIRECTES 38 1.1 Déroulement des observations sur le terrain 39 1 .1.1 Brève description des quatre gymnases visités 39 1 .1 .2 Brève description des galas 41 2- PROJET PAR ENTRETIENS SEMI-DIRECTIFS 42 2.1 Justification du choix de l’entretien semi-directif 42 2.2 Présentation de la consigne de prise de contact 42 23 Présentation de la consigne de départ 43 2.4 Description de l’échantillon d’entrevues 43 2.4.1 Critères d’échantillonnage 44 2.4.2 Portrait sommaire des répondants 44 2.5 Informateurs clés 47 3- ANALYSE DES DONNÉES 47 CHAPITRE 4: INSTITUTIONNALISATION, PROfESSIONNALISA TION ET COMMERCIALISATION 48 y 1- INSTITUTIONNALISATION ET PROFESSIONNALISATION .49 1.1 Évolution des règlements et des événements de combats ultimes au Québec 50 1.1 Les combats « close door.» 50 • 1 .2 Les combats « full contacts)) 51 1. 1 .3 Les combats « amateurs » 52 1.1.4 Combats « professionnels)) 53 1.1.5 Perception que les combattants ont de cette professionnalisation 54 1.2 Arrêt des combats amateurs 55 1.3 Davantage de personnes impliquées 56 1.3.1 Perception d’un de ces nouveaux acteurs : les commissaires de la RAd 57 1.3.2 Perception d’un autre de ces nouveaux acteurs: les arbitres 58 2- COMMERCIALISATION DU SPORT 60 2.1 forte augmentation de la popularité du combat 60 2.2 Commanditaires impliqués et médias 62 23 Instauration des bourses 63 2.4 Une organisation d’abord gérée comme une famille, maintenant gérée comme une business 65 2.4.1 Signature de contrats d’exclusivité : refus de Didier 65 2.5 Perception des promoteurs: des businessmen 66 2.6 Perception du « manager» 67 2.7 L’importance de la dimension spectacle pour plaire à la foule 68 2.7.1 Le plaisir d’être reconnu par des fans 69 3- EN BREF 69 CHAPITRE 5: LES NORMES DANS LE GROUPE 72 1- UN SPORT MASCULIN 74 2-LE RESPECT: UNE PRIORITÉ POUR TOUS 74 2.1 Respect des différentes disciplines et inutilité d’impressionner autrui 74 2.1.1 Malgré tout, parfois une distance entre disciplines 75 2.2 Adopter un comportement sportif adéquat et discipliné: la norme de l’esprit sportif 75 2.2.1 Respect des règlements 76 2.2.2 Absence de haine et d’animosité entre les combattants 76 2.2.2.1 Parfois un peu d ‘animosité
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