Environmental Assessment Report IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

Environmental Assessment Report

Initial Environmental Examination for SH-91 (Birpur-Udakishanganj Subproject) Project Number: 41629 July 2010

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Project Background/Rationale...... 1 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment...... 1 1.3. Purpose of the Study...... 2 1.4. Extent of IEE ...... 2 1.5. IEE Content ...... 2 1.6. Methodology...... 2 1.6.1. Information/ data Sources ...... 3 1.6.2. Public Consultation...... 4 1.7. Organizational Setting of implementing agency ...... 4 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK...... 6 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project...... 6 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process ...... 7 2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive framework...... 9 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 10 3.1. Project Location...... 10 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road...... 10 3.3. Category of the Project...... 11 3.4. Need for the Subproject ...... 12 3.5. Existing and projected traffic ...... 12 3.6. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities ...... 13 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost ...... 18 4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS...... 19 4.1. Physical Environment...... 19 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate...... 19 4.1.2. Natural Hazard: ...... 20 4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality...... 21 4.1.4. Landform/Physiography and Topography ...... 22 4.1.5. Geology ...... 22 4.1.6. Soil ...... 24 4.1.7. Land Use ...... 24 4.1.8. Groundwater...... 26 4.1.9. Surface Water Resources and Drainage Pattern ...... 28 4.2. Ecological Resources...... 34 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology...... 34 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology...... 35 4.2.3. Economic Development...... 36 4.2.4. Industries...... 36 4.2.5. Infrastructure Facilities ...... 36 4.3. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 38 4.3.1. Population and Communities...... 38 4.3.2. Health Facilities ...... 38 4.3.3. Literacy...... 39 4.3.4. Occupational Status and Migration...... 39

4.3.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples...... 40 4.3.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance ...... 40 5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES41 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment ...... 41 5.1.1. Climate ...... 41 5.1.2. Natural Hazard ...... 41 5.1.3. Air Quality...... 42 5.1.4. Noise ...... 44 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil...... 46 5.1.6. Groundwater...... 50 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies...... 51 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies...... 51 5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage...... 53 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment ...... 54 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology...... 54 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology...... 55 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste...... 56 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact ...... 57 5.4.1. Positive Impacts ...... 57 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts...... 57 5.5. Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers...... 57 5.5.2. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic...... 60 5.5.3. Transport and Storage of Materials...... 61 5.5.4. Impact on Land and Private Properties ...... 61 5.5.5. Impact on Common Property Resources ...... 61 6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE...... 64 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed...... 64 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements ...... 64 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ...... 64 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments...... 65 6.2.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments...... 66 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs and Key Informants ...... 68 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE ...... 69 6.4. Public Disclosure...... 69 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM ...... 72 7.1. Environmental Management Plan ...... 72 7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans ...... 72 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP)...... 72 7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ...... 73 7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program...... 73 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement ...... 73 7.3.1. Institutional Capacity Building...... 74 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 79

List of Tables Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project ...... 1 Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ...... 3

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject ...... 6 Table 3.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations ...... 12 Table 3.2 : Projected Peak Season Traffic for the Project Road...... 12 Table 3.3 : Details Standard Cross Sections...... 14 Table 3.4 : Existing and proposed cross drainage structures ...... 15 Table 3.5 : Road Intersections/Junctions along the Project Road ...... 16 Table 3.6 : Some of the Identified Borrow Areas ...... 18 Table 4.1 : 24 hourly Ambient Air Quality Along the Project Corridor (ug/NCM)...... 22 Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ...... 22 Table 4.3 : Regional Morph- lithostratigraphy...... 23 Table 4.4 : Physico-chemical characteristics of Soil ...... 24 Table 4.5 : Land Use Pattern in the Study Area ( 7 Km either side of the road alignment) ...... 25 Table 4.6 : Land Use Pattern in the Project Corridor ( 15 m either side of the road alignment) ...... 25 Table 4.7 : Ground Water Quality along the Project Road...... 27 Table 4.8 : List of water Bodies along the Subproject Road ...... 32 Table 4.9 : Surface Water Quality in the Project Area ...... 33 Table 4.10 : No. of Affected Trees ...... 35 Table 4.11 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ...... 38 Table 4.12 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project District...... 39 Table 4.13 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Subproject Districts...... 39 Table 4.14 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category ...... 40 Table 4.15 : Type of Workers among Various Categories ...... 40 Table 5.1 : List of Some Noise- Sensitive Locations along the Alignment ...... 44 Table 5.2 : List of Common Property Resources Very close/within Corridor ...... 62 Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments...... 65 Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community ...... 66 Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ...... 75 Table 7.2 : Training and Awareness Programmes...... 76

List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL...... 5 Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance procedure ...... 8 Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various regulatory bodies...... 9 Figure 3.1 : Typical cross section of standard 2 – lane...... 14 Figure 4.1 : Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Project Districts ...... 19 Figure 4.2 : Flood Zones of Bihar...... 20 Figure 4.3 : Multi- Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ...... 21 Figure 4.4 : Geological Map of Bihar...... 23 Figure 4.5 : Land Use Map of The study Area ( 7 Km either Side of the alignment)...... 26 Figure 4.6 : Drainage Map of the Project Area...... 28 Figure 4.7 : (a), Position of the Kosi River in eastern Ganga plains (b), Catchment of Kosi River and (c) The historical records suggesting a dominant westward migration of the Kosi River during the last ~200 years before the river was embanked on both sides by 1956...... 29 Figure 4.8 : Affected Part of the Subproject Road during August, 2008 ...... 30 Figure 4.9 : River & Flood Inundation Pre & Post Kosi River Bank Breach 2008 ...... 31 Figure 4.10 : Forest Cover Map of Erstwhile Unbifurcated Bihar State ...... 34 Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation...... 75

List of Appendix Appendix 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist...... i Appendix 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards...... v Appendix 4.2 : Noise Level Limits Of Goi (In Leq Db(A))...... vi Appendix 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991) ...... vii Appendix 4.4 : Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB, 1979)...... x Appendix 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management ...... xi Appendix 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan (SH-91: Birpur-Udakishanganj)...... xv Appendix 7.2 : Monitoring Plan For The Performance Indicators ...... xxxiii

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank BSRDCL - Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB - Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM - Chief General Manager CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board CRRI - Central Road Research Institute DoE - Department of Environment DFO - District Forest Officer DGM - Deputy General Manager DPR - Detailed Project Report EA - Executing Agency EFRC - Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMP - Environmental Management Plan EMoP - Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO - Environmental Officer GDP - Gross Domestic Product GoI - Government of India GoB - Government of Bihar GRC - Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE - Initial Environmental Examination IMD - Indian Meteorological Department INR - Indian Rupees IPDP - Indigenous People Development Plan IRC - Indian Road Congress MDRs - Major District Roads MoEF - Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH - Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL - Mean Sea Level NGO - Non Government Organization NH - National Highway NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP - Net State Domestic Product

PIU - Project Implementation Unit PPEs - Personal Protective Equipments PWD - Public Works Department R and R - Resettlement and Rehabilitation ROB - Road Over Bridge Rs. - Indian Rupees ROW - Right of Way RCD - Road Construction Department RSPM - Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RP - Resettlement Plan SC - Supervision Consultant SH - State Highway

SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPS - ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement SOI - Survey of India SPCB - State Pollution Control Board TA - Technical Assistance TOR - Terms of Reference UNDP - United Nation Development Program

Map 1: Location Map of Road Sections in BSHRP II

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Description of the Project. The proposed upgrading of the State Highway-91: Birpur-Udakishanganj is located in Supaul and Madhepura districts of Bihar. It takes off at 5-legged intersections near Birpur bus stand and terminates at NH-106 (Bihopur–Madhepura Road) near Madhepura, which is a 3-legged junction at Udakishanganj covering a total length of 104.00 km1. Total length in Supaul and Madhepura district is respectively 75.75 km and 28.25 km respectively. The subproject road provides strategic linkage for traffic originating locally as well as long distance traffic from Nepal border to south Bihar and beyond. It connects 2-National Highways, several state highways and major district roads. 2. Description of the Subproject. The subproject is one of the 13 state highways under the Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHRP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The Project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management the subproject will upgrade the existing bad to very bad road condition into a paved 2-lane carriageway configuration with improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitated and new bridges, adequate cross drainage structures and side drains, improved junctions/intersections and proper service roads, underpasses, and way side amenities. The subproject will be implemented in 36 months with an estimated cost of INR 6680.24 Million. 3. The subproject was classified as Category-B as provided in the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) based on screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. Under the EIA Notification, 2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, the subproject is categorised as Category ‘B” and requires prior environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)2. Since SEIAA is not constituted yet, the clearance shall be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). 4. Description of the Environment. The subproject area has tropical monsoon climate. Hot season starts on April until June while cold season extends from December to February, and monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. The study area receives annual rainfall between 1250 mm-1350 mm. Though Bihar is considered as the most flood-prone

1 Though the total distance from Birpur to Udakishanj is 108.7 Km, the total executable length under the project is 104 km since the alignment overlaps with SH-76 and NH-107 for a length of 4.7 Km. From Jadiya Chowk (Km 50.991) to Jadiya village (Km 52.390) it overlaps with SH-76 for a length of 1.400 Km & from Mirganj Market (Km 75.053) to Murliganj Market (Km 78.342) overlaps with NH-107 for a length of 3.300 Km.

2 The EA has yet to submit Form I and proposed TOR to MoEF for approval.

state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding, project area is mostly protected from flooding after construction of flood protection embankment on both sides of Kosi River. However, an unusual event of large scale inundation was caused during August 2008 when the eastern embankment of Kosi breached near Kushaha 12 km upstream of Kosi barrage causing largely scale devastation. During normal flooding overtopping is limited to some low-lying areas. Project area falling in the Madhepura district lies in the Zone IV whereas in Supaul district it is partially in Zone IV and Zone V (northern most part of the project area). 5. The project area lies in North Bihar Plains occupying the part of Kosi- Mahananda Interfluve and Kosi megafan shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. Overall the terrain is plain and the elevation ranges between 60-70 meters above MSL with gentle slope towards south. 6. Predominant land use of the of the project corridor is agricultural (46%) followed by settlement/built-up areas (25%). Rest is shared by open fallow/barren land, vegetation and water bodies. The land use of the project area is temporarily changed due to recent flood. Silt has been deposited in some areas especially in first fifty kilometres of the subproject road occupying nearly 7% of the total classified area within 15m. 7. The area is occupied by the thick pile of unconsolidated sediments laid down by the Ganga and other Sub-Himalayan and its northern bank tributaries. Fairly thick regionally extensive confined / un-confined aquifers down to depth 300 m as well as moderately thick but discontinuous confined and unconfined aquifers present in this region. The thickness of sediment increases from south to north. In parts of Supaul and Madhepura districts the tube well within 120 m depth yields in the range of 208 to 215 m3/hr. The transmissivity value is around 1127 to 3820 m2/day with storativity 1.1 x 10-3 to 4.8 x 10 -9. The depth to water level in this region varies from 5 to 10 m below ground level during Pre- monsoon and the same level is in the range of 2 to 5 m below ground level during post-monsoon. The average water level fluctuation is 1 to 2 m. All the measured parameters for ground water quality meet the prescribed for drinking water standard. 8. The subproject area is devoid of any type of forests. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. However the roadside plantation is under protected status and permission for tree felling has to be obtained from forest department. Fishing activity in the rivers is limited to monsoon season. Fishes primarily, the weed species are found in large ponds. There is no breeding or spawning ground in any of the river/canal. Migratory fishes are sometimes spotted in the rivers during the monsoon season 9. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More

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recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area. 10. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 km. of National Highways, 4,192 km. of State highways, 12,579 km. of district roads and over 69,000 km. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. There are also airports in Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani. The Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. About 41% of its villages are electrified. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). 11. The subproject district has a population of 3.25 million of which approximately 95% resides in rural areas. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located in the state capital Patna. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% which is significantly low compared to country’s literacy rate (65.38%). Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance along the project corridor.

12. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, District Fishery Office, State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Birpur, Chainpur, Balua Bazaar Bhimpur, Hariharpur, Chhatapur,Jadia, Murliganj, and Udakishanganj), and NGOs (Gramyasheel, Vikalp, Gram Punarnirman Kendra, Kaushiki, Nirmali Prakhand Swaraj Sabha and Shyam Samaj Kalayan Adarsh Sansthan) during January 2010. 13. The significant impact during construction is mainly associated with increase in dust borne air pollution, increased noise level, nuisance due to movement and operation of vehicles, establishment of temporary facilities, and hindrance in accessibility to common property resources. The subproject will affect 46 CPRs that were identified to be within the proposed road right-of-way and some of which need relocation. Several families, most of them are landowners will lose a portion of their residential/agricultural plots or residential structures will be relocated in compliance to national road standards. The details of the resettlement and compensation agreements will be finalized in the on-going social assessment and will be contained in the Resettlement Plan. Good construction practices to control fugitive dust emissions, structural and management practices to attenuate noise, provision of by-passes and alternative access to allow access will be implemented. Minimization and proper disposal of solid wastes (construction debris and municipal wastes from construction camps) on permitted sites will be implemented, while no untreated sewage or oil/silt contaminated run-off will be discharged to any receiving waters without prior treatment. A safety risk officer will be appointed to ensure all workers comply with workplace safety practices. Roadside plantation to compensate for the trees removed along the ROW, conversion of selected borrow areas into ponds will have a positive impact on the subproject. 14. Temporary sedimentation and water quality deterioration is expected from the project during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate receiving water quality. Several measures provided in EMP shall be taken into account to avoid/minimise siltation in water bodies. 15. During operation stage, the main impacts are related to increase in mobile emissions, increased noise level, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and cattles. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian. Effective traffic management and good riding

conditions will also help to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations. The effectiveness of noise control measures will be monitored, and if need be solid noise barrier will be placed. The Kosi river flood of 2008 has resulted in change in canal and tributary network of the sub project area. This warrants detailed assessment of adequacy of existing or proposed cross drainage structures to avoid any water logging or road-overtopping situation. 16. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large population and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts. They also provided some suggestion to check flood situation and avoidance of overtopping situation viz (i) bamboo plantations and local shrubs like khas, karhi, jilebi etc. along the road embankment (ii) use of silt deposited during last flood in road construction as much as possible. This will help restoring the agricultural land to its original use (ii) provision of cross- drainage structures in consistent to topography and hydrology of the area. Embankment height shall be decided considering the HFL of normal flood period not unusual event of flooding one like August 2008. 17. Conclusion. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Project Background/Rationale 18. The road network in Bihar is very poor in terms of both coverage and conditions. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million populations compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads have poor riding quality, poor geometry, weak pavement, and inadequate capacity; and lack bridges causing high transport cost and excessive travel time. 19. With the above background, Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 km of key State Highways is under implementation. In this series, GOB has approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 13 state highways aggregating 885 Km under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHRP II) programmed to be processed for implementation in 2010. The project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA’s capacity for road asset development and management. The road sections details under BSHP II are given in Table 1.1

Table 1.1 : Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project SH Length S. No. Project Road Districts No. (Km.) 1 78 Bihta - Sarmera 103.00 Patna, Nalanda 2 80 Bhabhua - Aghaura 53.00 Kaimur 3 81 Sakkadi - Nasriganj 86.80 Rohtas, Bhojpur 4 82 Kadriganj - Sono 94.00 Nawada, Jamui 5 83 Bagi - Barbigha 37.30 Nawada, Sheikhpura 6 84 Ghogha - Barahat 54.60 Bhagalpur, Banka 7 85 Akbarnagar - Amarpur 34.00 Bhagalpur, Banka 8 86 Saraiya - Motipur 28.45 Muzaffarpur 9 87 Roonisaidpur - Bhiswa 64.75 Sitamarhi Vaishali, Samastipur, 10 88 Barunapul - Rashiyaari 124.20 Darbhanga 11 89 Siwan - Siswan 33.00 Siwan 12 90 Mohammadpur - Chhapra 68.50 Gopalganj, Saran 13 91 Birpur - Udakishanganj 104.04 Madhepura, Supoul 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment 20. ADB has fielded TA: 7198 IND to assist Road Construction Department (RCD) in project preparation for possible financing of BSHP II. As a part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB, environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with country’s applicable laws, regulations and in consistent to ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. Each

subproject was scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. 21. The present report pertains to Birpur-Udakishanganj (SH-91) subproject. It has been categorized as Category ‘B’ and hence an initial environmental examination (IEE) has been conducted. 1.3. Purpose of the Study 22. The purpose of the study is to undertake environmental assessment of the subproject and identify the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stage. This includes establishing the environmental baseline conditions, identify the significant environmental impacts, and provide requisite measures to mitigate them. It also identifies the applicable law/rules/guidelines and safeguard requirement of funding agency. 1.4. Extent of IEE 23. IEE was conducted based on feasibility report and project details provided by the design team. Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project including various bridges and cross-drainage structures constructions. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area is considered up to 7 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise, and socio economic aspects. 1.5. IEE Content 24. The IEE has been structured as per SPS, 2009 and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight chapters including this introduction Chapter.  Chapter 1- Introduction  Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework  Chapter 3- Description of Project  Chapter 4- Description of Environment  Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures  Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation  Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redressal Mechanism  Chapter 8 Conclusion and Recommendation 1.6. Methodology 25. Suitable methodology was adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, project-scoping exercise was undertaken identifying the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological, and socioeconomic environment

both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes:  Review of legal requirements  Review of feasibility study  Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation.  Primary and secondary data collection  Consultation with stakeholders  Identification of impacts and mitigation measures  Institutional review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA. 1.6.1. Information/ data Sources Key relevant information sources has been summarised in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Project objectives, Technical Bihar State Road Development Corporation information on existing road Limited (BSRDCL), Design Consultant and ADB features and proposed PPTA Technical Review Reports rehabilitation work Inventory of road features like Ground Physical surveys water Bodies, Community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc. Climatic Condition Status of Environment report on Bihar by SPCB, Envis Website3, Feasibility report, primary data collection Geology, Seismicity, Soil and State of Environment report published by SPCB, Topography government websites and feasibility report, primary data collection Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey and Satellite Imagery Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet, water resources, field observation and local people, GIS Based land use analysis Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation Divisional Forest Office, Madhepura norms etc. Status of Fishing Activity District Fisheries offices and Local Fishermen

3 3 3 http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/, http://bsrdcl.bih.nic.in, http://supoul.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.madhepura.bih.nic.in/, http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.fmis.bih.nic.in/, http://www.nrsc.gov.in/ , http://http:// www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi_River, http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102009/429.pdf,http:// www.wrd.bih.nic.in/, http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/floods/,

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Air quality Noise, Soil and Water Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples Borrow Areas, Quarries and other Design consultant and public consultation during construction material source field visit River geo-morphology, hydrology, Water resources department, Feasibility report drainage, flood patterns, and information from local people, field observations Socioeconomic Environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, Official websites maintained by state Govt., census of India 2001 and Public Consultation during the Field survey, Bihar through figures collected from Directorate of Statistics. 1.6.2. Public Consultation 26. Extensive consultations were held with all stakeholders’ viz. local and beneficiary population, government departments/agencies, fishermen, road users, and NGOs with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information gathered was used to integrate it in project design and formulating mitigation measures and environmental management plan. 1.7. Organizational Setting of implementing agency 27. RCD is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies have redefined. 28. BSRDCL is the executing agency for this project. The organisational setup of BSRDCL has been illustrated at Figure 1.1. The EA capability for effective implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been assessed and the same is presented at Chapter 7 with need of additional capacity strengthening.

Note: TA: Technical Advisor, GM: General Manager, DGM: Deputy General Manager PPP: Public Private Partnership, LA: Land Acquisition, QC: Quality Control, CM: Contract Management Figure 1.1 : Organizational Setup of BSRDCL

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project. 29. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules, and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been critically carried out to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all required clearances/ permissions related to environment has been summarised in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Environmental New EIA Notification, 2006 amended State Clearance4 for 2009 promulgated under Environment Environmental bypass5 (Protection) Act 1986 Impact (bypass being Assessment BSRDCL new Authority construction will (SEIAA), If be categorised not constituted as “B’ then MoEF 2 Permission for Forest Conservation Act (1980) District Level felling of trees Procedural Guidelines developed by Committee the Department of Environment, GOB constituted by BSRDCL under the orders of the Hon’ble High the State Court; Tree removal will be guided as Govt. per state government rules. B. Implementation Stage 3 Permission for Mines and Minerals (Regulation and River Board Sand Mining Development) Act, 1957 as amended Authorities/ from river bed in 1972 Department of Contractor Mining Govt. of Bihar

4 The Notification entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road projects. Category A -i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State. Category B-i) All State High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 100 m msl and or ecologically sensitive areas) Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category ‘B’ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”. In this case, construction of bypass may be treated as new road (Category B-i above) and thus will require prior environmental clearance. No clearance is required of expansion of existing road. Due to its proximity to international boundary the sub-project will be treated as Category A.

The State Level Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) of Bihar has yet not been constituted. Till the Bihar SEIAA is constituted, all environmental clearance will be appraised by MoEF , Govt. of India. 5 The EA has yet to formally approach MoEF for formal categorisation and grant of environmental clearance.

Concerned S.No. Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Responsibility Agency 4 Consent to Air (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor operate Hot mix Pollution) Act 1981 Control Board plant, Crushers, Batching Plant 5 Authorization Hazardous Waste (Management and Bihar Pollution Contractor for Disposal of Handling) Rules 1989 Control Board Hazardous Waste 6 Consent for Water (Prevention and Control of Bihar Pollution Contractor disposal of Pollution) Control Board sewage from Act 1974 labour camps. 7 Use of Fly ash Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as amended MoEF Contractor within 100 km upto 17th August 2003: Mandatory ,if around Thermal the NTPC Barh Power plants. unit becomes operational during the time of construction 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Vehicle Act 1988 Department of Control Transport, Certificate Govt. of Bihar Contractor authorised testing centres 10 Employing The Building and Other Construction District Labour Contractor Labour/workers Workers (Regulation of Employment Commissioner and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, 2.2. Environmental Clearance Process 30. The procedure for obtaining environmental clearance has been depicted at Figure 2.1. This project will follow the route applicable to category A projects and shown on right hand side of this figure.

Figure 2.1 : Environmental Clearance procedure

2.3. Administrative Structure and the Interactive framework 31. The Government through specific legislations regulates the environmental management system in India. The MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB i.e. Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs i.e. State Pollution Control Boards) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the part. Other Ministries/Statutory Bodies/Departments responsible for ensuring environmental compliance and granting various clearances includes state ministry /dept. of environment, regional offices of MoEF and state forests/wildlife departments. Their key roles and responsibilities and interface among them have been concisely depicted through the flow diagram Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 : Legislative Interface among various regulatory bodies

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT 3.1. Project Location 32. The subproject road section (SH-91) is located in Supaul and Madhepura districts of Bihar. It takes off at 5-legged intersections near Birpur bus stand and terminates at NH-106 (Bihopur–Madhepura Road) near Madhepura, which is a 3-legged junction at Udakishanganj covering a total length of 104.00 km. Total length in Supaul and Madhepura district is respectively 75.75 km and 28.25 km respectively. Though the total distance from Birpur to Udakishanj is 108.7 Km, the total executable length under the project is 104 km since the alignment overlaps with SH- 76 and NH-107 for a length of 4.7 km. From Jadiya Chowk (Km 50.991) to Jadiya village (Km 52.390) it overlaps with SH-76 for a length of 1.400 km an from Mirganj Market (km 75.053) to Murliganj Market (km 78.342) overlaps with NH-107 for a length of 3.300 Km. The location map of Bihar State Highway Projects II and subproject location are given as Map 1. 3.2. Characteristics of the Existing road 33. Right of Way and Carriageway width: RoW along the whole stretch varies between 12 to 15 m with exception near the existing bridge approaches where it exceeds to approximately 25 m. The average width of the carriageway throughout this stretch varies between 2.80 and 2.90 m with about 1 m wide unpaved shoulders on either side. 34. The average width of the carriageway throughout the stretch is variable. From km 0.000 to km 12.800 stretch it varies between 4.60m to 5.80m, from km 12.800 to km 51.500 it is 2.80m to 3.40m, and the remaining part varies between 5.00 m to 6.00 m with about 1m wide unpaved shoulders on either side. The overlapping portion with NH is having carriageway width of 5.5 m. 35. Pavement Conditions: Based on the pavement, nature and condition of embankment, terrain and such other relevant factors, the section of the road may be divided into two distinct homogenous segments: (i) Birpur to Balua (Km 0.0 -13.0), Jadia to Bishanpur (Km 52.9 - 56.8), Gariah to Sikrahati (Km 64.0- 67.6), Kamadgama Chowk to Bihariganj (Km 68.60- 99.8) and Bishanpur Chowk to Udakishanganj (Km 102.0 to Km 108.5) and (ii) Birpur to Jadia (Km 21.4-51.5), Bishanpur to Gariah (Km 56.800 to Km 61.400), Sikrahati to Kamadgama Chowk (Km 67.6 - 68.6). 36. For the first section, the existing pavement is in a fair condition. However, the pavement width is only intermediate lane. For the second section, the existing pavement is in very poor condition and the pavement width is only single lane. From Bishanpur Chowk to Jadia (chainage 12.00 km to 52.90 km) the road is mostly damaged due to the last flood caused due to the breach in the eastern embankment of KosiKosi River. 37. Alignment and Geometrics: The horizontal alignment of the existing road has several sub-standard and sharp curves including reverse S- curves. Horizontal curves along the alignment are generally of large radius except where the route is influenced by river or railway crossing or road layouts within towns and villages. There is no proper transition

length for most of the horizontal curves including the reverse curves to provide for required super elevation reversal for safety riding and comfort. The vertical alignment of the road is at a flat grade with the height of embankment generally varying from 0.50 to 3.00 m, except for the approaches to major bridges. 38. Cross Drainage Structures: In the entire stretch of the subproject road, there are 2 major bridge, 19 minor bridges, 30 slab culverts of variable spans, 1 box culvert, and 64 (sixty-four) hume pipe culverts. Some of the structures need be rehabilitated or replaced. 39. Roadside drainage: There is no drainage problem of the roadway surface in the rural area except in the built up urban and semi urban areas, where the roadway drainage condition is poor causing distress to the pavement at those locations. In the rural stretches, the drainage of road surface follows the surrounding topography. 40. Terrain and Land use: The overall terrain is predominantly flat throughout with gradual fall in ground elevations from start to end as the contour of the area is generally slopping towards the river Ganga in southern side. Land use on the project corridor is mostly agricultural in rural areas with few commercial establishments in built-up areas. Community settlements are noticed in 13 locations at Birpur, Hridayanagar, Balua, Bhimpur Halt, Chhatapur, Kariyapatti, Jadia, Tikulia, Mirganj, Muraliganj Market, Bihariganj Market, and Udakishanganj. 41. Railway Level Crossing: At the present, there are 2 railway crossings at Bhimpur and Murliganj. 42. Road Intersections: There are several road intersections of 4 and 3- legged and ‘T’ type on the subproject road. All existing junctions will be improved except those falling within the proposed bypass sections. Two new T -junctions will be provided near start and end of the proposed bypass. 3.3. Category of the Project 43. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist Appendix-2.1 devised for the categorization of Roads and Highways by ADB. The subproject section neither passes through nor located nearby any wildlife Sanctuary, National Park, Reserved Forest or any other similar environmentally sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and some congested semi-urban areas. Hence, the project is classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. All likely impacts are comprehensively addressed, critically analysed and a set of mitigation options are recommended. Majority of impacts are short-term with minor, negligible, or no residual impact. 44. From India’s Legal System perspective, the bypass proposed under this sub project is categorised as Category ‘A due to its proximity to international boundary and requires prior environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA)6. Since

6 The EA has yet to formally approach MoEF for formal ceategorisation and grant of environmental clearance.

SEIAA is not constituted till date, the clearance shall be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). 3.4. Need for the Subproject 45. The subproject road provides strategic linkage for traffic originating locally as well as long distance traffic from Nepal border to south Bihar and beyond. It connects 2-National Highways, several state highways and major district roads. Significant part of the road including several major bridges and other structures were badly damaged due to the great avulsion of KosiKosi River triggered by the breach of the eastern afflux bund during August 2009. Hence, development of an all weather road with high-level bridges is one of the primary needs of the area. The project after its implementation will serve as a lifeline to a large no. of rural population with improved accessibility to social and physical infrastructure and stimulating the local economy of the area. 3.5. Existing and projected traffic 46. Existing Traffic Scenario: The DPR included extensive traffic survey program to determine the existing traffic volumes in a number of vehicular categories. Seasonal correction factors were worked out and applied on the average daily traffic to obtain the annual average daily traffic on the subproject road as reported below in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations Location Chainage AADT in PCU Jadia 51.200 1539 Muraliganj 79.500 3868 Gorpar 105.100 2763 Source: Review report of SH-91 by PPTA Consultant 47. Major traffic is observed at km 79, where slow moving traffic has substantial contribution of about 31%. The origin destination survey was also conducted at the above three locations. Peak hour flow of eight junctions where intersection turning movement survey was conducted varies from 371 to 2167 PCU. Based on the traffic, no signalized / grade separated junction is needed in the project road. 48. Projected Traffic: Traffic projection has been done considering diverted traffic at all two locations expected AADT of the project road and likely generated traffic. The traffic projection is made for the years 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030 considering year 2009 as the base year. The projected traffic has been summarised in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 : Projected Peak Season Traffic for the Project Road

Location Jadia (51+200) Muraliganj (79+500) Gorpar (105.100)

Year Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU 2010 2419 2107 5811 5527 3278 3121 2015 3506 2879 8526 7698 4669 4307 2020 5248 4041 12914 11017 6863 6091

Location Jadia (51+200) Muraliganj (79+500) Gorpar (105.100)

Year Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU Vehicles PCU 2025 7938 5762 19725 15978 10211 8714 2030 12162 8377 30459 23545 15408 12658 Source: Feasibility Report 3.6. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities 49. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane carriageway configuration with paved shoulders on either side, (ii) improving road geometry, (iii) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures, (iv) construction of side drains, (v) junctions/intersections improvement, and (vi) provision of road safety measures, way side amenities. The brief of all improvement components are described below. 50. Proposed Right of Way: Varying ROW of 45/30m is adopted depending upon the requirement. In high banks or deep cuts, the land width will be suitably increased. The need for a wider right-of-way (ROW) at important road intersections is also kept in view. The land to be acquired for the proposed widening and strengthening works are estimated to be 123.7 ha. 51. Road Configuration: It is proposed to convert the present single lane state highway with two lane consisting of 7m wide carriageway with 1.5 m wide shoulders. The shoulder for the subproject road will be kept as 3.5m on two ends (outer side) of carriageway out of which 1.5m adjacent to main carriageway on either side will be paved with the same pavement composition as the main carriageway. The remaining 1.0m portion of shoulder on either side of carriageway will be unpaved except in locations where guardrail has to be used. The shoulder width in such locations will be 1.25 m on either side. For the Structures, new 2 Lane standard configuration with or without footpaths have been proposed. The typical cross section of standard 2-lane has been given at Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 : Typical cross section of standard 2 – lane

52. Cross-sectional Details: Existing alignment has been followed as much as possible in order to limit the extent of land acquisition and earth works and to maximize the use of the existing road formation. Where the existing alignment proved unsafe for suggested traffic speeds, minor horizontal realignments are proposed for some of the sections to improve safety and general drivability. The major geometric design elements constituting the cross section are the carriageway, the shoulders and the side drain. The carriageway includes the travelled way and passing bays. The desirable standard cross section requirements as per the IRC specification is given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 : Details Standard Cross Sections. Road Class Specifications Road Element Dimensions (m) National Highway/ Lane Width 3.5 State Highway Paved Shoulder 1.5 Earthen Shoulder 1.0 Median for 4 Lane 4.5 Shy Away for 4 Lane 0.5 Formation 2 Lane 12 Formation 4 Lane 24 Side Drain 3.5 Utility Reserve 2.0 Embankment Slope 2 H : 1 V Camber Carriageway 2.5% Camber Paved Shoulder 2.5% Camber Earthen Shoulder 3 to 3.5% Maximum Super elevation 7% 53. Geometric Design, Ruling, and Design Speed: Geometric design standards shall be as per IRC 73-1980 for ‘plain / rolling’ terrain as applicable to State Highways. The following other parameters have been used: . Ruling design speed: 80 km/h against 100km/h as per IRC . Minimum design speed 80 km/h & 50 km/h desirable minimum on restricted RoW/Urban areas. Based on feasibility option studies by the DPR Consultant, the minimum design speed is limited to 50 km/h in few locations. 54. The DPR study adopted a reduced ruling and minimum design speed considering the adverse social impact and the economical benefits of utilizing existing road assets to its maximum in view of the safety of the pedestrians and slow moving vehicles and also due to the presence of many intersections. 55. Realignment/Bypasses: One bypass of approximately 3.22 km length has been proposed to avoid demolition of large number of commercial and residential structures in an extremely congested Bihariganj Market area (km 96.200-99.420). Besides, small realignments have been proposed for curve improvements at 26 locations.

56. Embankment Formation: Sporadic accumulation of rainwater over some low-lying area combined with overflow of rivers and canal system results in occasional overtopping of embankment rather than the overflow to individual rivers. The subproject road sometimes witnesses flash flood due to overflow of KosiKosi River and its tributaries due to heavy rainfall in their upper catchment. During August 2008, an indifferent situation of inundation of the subproject area emerged due to the breach of the eastern afflux bund damaging the road badly. The issue has been discussed in detail at baseline chapter. 57. With above background, it is proposed that the road top level shall be fixed based on the detailed hydraulic study and considering the impact of construction of any bund along the river Kosi. Height of the embankment shall be as per normal flood level with adequate free board to sub grade bottom. Raising of road above the freak flood due to Kosi breach has not been recommended due to economic limitations and other anticipated reasons. Further, it is anticipated that the flooding situation may later improve after the flood control measures along Kosi River. 58. Surface protection measures will be provided with suitable confining clayey soils overlain by grass turfing. Alternatively, at critical flow locations, protection of embankment slopes may require heavier protection measures using wire crated stone filled gabion boxes or stone rip-rap underlain by filter geotextile of suitable grade. Retaining walls will be provided at required locations as per IRC guidelines. 59. Improvement of Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: There are 20 Existing bridges. Most of the structures were destroyed during flood caused due to Kosi avulsion of August 2008. The river basin shape has changed significantly due to scouring. As a result, there are formation of large local tanks and ponds that often appear to be natural streams. Rivers found to have branched into a number of independent meandering channels at some locations. Some channels may be activated in one season and some remain dead. After detailed hydrological study conducted by DPR team and its further review by the PPTA consultant, need for additional bridges have been envisaged in the present case considering the future need. HFL (Highest Flood Level) and Freeboard for the bridge is to be correctly adopted in consultation with water resources department. Provision of adequate number of balancing culverts has been made. Details of existing and proposed cross drainage structures have been summarised at Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 : Existing and proposed cross drainage structures S No Description Proposal No. 1 Major Bridge New 2 2 Major Bridge Retained - 1 3 Minor Bridge Proposed New 29 4 Minor Bridge Retained - - 5 Minor Bridge Proposed over existing bridges - 19 6 Minor Bridge Proposed at new location - 2 7 Minor Bridge Proposed over existing culverts - 8 8 RCC Box Culvert New 129

S No Description Proposal No. 10 RCC Box Culvert proposed on existing culvert New 95 11 Total RCC Box Culvert Proposed except bridges New 224 Source: Draft DPR 60. Roadside Drainage: There is no proper drainage along the existing alignment either in inhabited area or in rural area. Moreover, the project road falls in KosiKosi river flooding area. Hence, suitable drainage provision shall be designed based on detailed hydrological design from contours, characteristics of catchment, location of outfall points, rain fall intensity etc. In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains intercepted by ‘mitre’ drains are proposed. This will serve as outlet channels to reduce the erosion. Similarly, covered drains will also be provided in built-up areas to account for road safety. 61. ROBs/RUBs/Flyovers: There are no existing flyovers, underpasses, or ROBs. There are two railway crossings at Bhimpur (km 20.150 – Saharsa - Forbisganj) and Murliganj (m 78.825 – Katihar - Purnea -Saharsa). It is closed 3 to 4 times per day for passing passenger trains. However, Katihar – Purnea – Saharsa rail line is being converted from Metre Gauge to Broad Gauge. Though it is necessary to provide one ROB at this crossing to avoid future congestion but from geometry, it is quite clear that the minimum approach length is not available as the crossing with NH-107 is very close to the existing line. As the rail line runs almost parallel to NH-107, realigning the project road also does not help to increase the length of approach ramp. Hence, proposal for ROB at this crossing is being avoided. The other crossing remains unchanged. 62. Junctions/intersections Improvement: Subproject road improvements consist of 13 major junctions/intersections. At most, of “major” junctions channelised at-grade junction improvement has been proposed. Traffic islands have been provided wherever necessary to channelize flow of traffic, minimize collision points and increase road safety. Mini- roundabout is proposed at two locations. One at intersection with NH-57 near Muraliganj and other at Udakishanganj. All junction design shall be as per the guide guidelines of IRC-SP-41, IRC-62 and MOSRT&H standard. Signs and line markings shall be designed as per IRC 67 and IRC 35. Layouts shall invariably feature separate left and right-turning lanes protected by raised (curbed) channelizing islands. The required taper and parallel lane (acceleration and deceleration) dimensions shall conform to the IRC standards.

Table 3.5 : Road Intersections/Junctions along the Project Road S.No. Road Junctions (Km) Type of 1. Start at Birpur 0.000 5 Legged 2. Bhim Nagar Road 0.835 T junction 3. Bhatnaha road 11.830 T junction 4. Balua Chowk 12.970 T junction 5. Simrana-Forbisganj 21.275 X junction 6. Jadia Market 50.980 T junction 7. Jadia-Raniganj 52.390 X Junction 8. NH 57 (muraliganj) 75.040 T junction

S.No. Road Junctions (Km) Type of 9. NH-57 (Muraliganj) 78.342 Mini roundabout 10. Bypass Start 96.200 T junction 11. Bypass End 99.420 T junction 12 Udakishanganj 104.900 Mini roundabout 13. End of Sh 91 at Udakishanganj 106.388 Mini roundabout Source: PPTA Interim Report 63. Service roads, Underpasses, and Arrangement for Pedestrian and Slow Moving Traffic: Presently, no provision of service roads or underpasses has been made. However, to accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are proposed considering following aspects.  Construction of pedestrian walkway/ cycle path (1.0+2.0 m wide) on built up sections on both side of the road.  Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic  Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250 mm Granular gravel base course with PCC 64. Utility Shifting: There are a number of amenities and utility services along the project corridor including high tension (HT) and low tension (LT) electrical lines pass, water lines, telephone lines, optical fibre cables. All such utilities shall be safely shifted/relocated in coordination with the concerned departments. 65. Way Side amenities: Wayside amenities will be provided at suitable locations as envisaged in detailed project report. Bus bays have been provided at 14 locations. Similarly, truck laybyes have been provided at Birpur and Muraliganj. 66. Plantation/Landscaping: The subproject highway will have plantation of trees along the highway on either side as per IRC: SP: 21. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m centre to centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 67. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features viz. crash barriers, markings, signage will be provided in accordance with the requirements of Indian Roads Congress/Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways standards. Retro-reflective signage mounted on post or overhead gantry, thermoplastic road markings, road studs, delineators, crash barriers etc. will be provided at required locations to ensure adequate safety of the road users. 68. Material Sourcing: The stone material, granular sub-base, coarse aggregates for the construction work are to be brought from Pakur quarry, which is located at a distance of approximately 345 km from the

subproject road. Source of sand material identified for the subproject is from the local river bed if found suitable. Otherwise it will be sourced from Kuel which is about 325 km from Birpur. Sand from Sone Rivers may also be used. Bitumen and emulsion will be obtained from Barauni and Uluberia with a lead up to 270 km and 590 km, respectively. Earth will be borrowed from nearby locations along the project road. Some of the preliminary identified borrow areas are given in Table 3.6. Table 3.6 : Some of the Identified Borrow Areas S. No Borrow Area Location and Side w.rt to Project Road 1 BP 01 Bishanpur (LHS) 2 BP 02 Bishanpur (both sides) 3 BP 03 Bishanpur Shipram (both sides) 4 BP 04 Chainpur (both sides) 5 BP 05 Lalganj (both sides) 6 BP 06 Karia-Patti (RHS) 7 BP 07 Tobirpur (RHS) 8 BP 08 Godhia (both sides) 9 BP 09 Kabotgama (both sides) 10 BP 10 Rajnigot (both sides) 11 BP 11 Kathoutia (LHS) 12 BP 12 Laxmipur (RHS) 13 BP 13 Kusthan (LHS) 14 BP 14 Gorpara (RHS) Source: Draft DPR and PPTA Interim Report 69. There is no thermal power plant within 100 km radial distance. Hence, fly ash utilisation in road construction is not mandatory as per fly ash notification. 3.7. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost 70. The subproject is in the detailed design stage. The Project will be implemented over 3 years, inclusive of procurement, preconstruction activities in 2010, and defect liability period of 1 year. It is expected to be completed by 2013.-2014. The estimated cost of the project excluding R&R and EMP implementation is Rs. 6680.24 Million. The entire work will be executed in singe package.

4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 71. Baseline environmental conditions about all facet of environment viz. physical, biological and socioeconomic have been established using both primary and secondary sources. Efforts are made to collect the latest information’s at regional as well as local level especially along the project corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators for various components. 4.1. Physical Environment 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate 72. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winters, summer and rainy. Broadly the state is divided into three climate zones as per its physiographic set-up: (a) Sub-Himalayan zone, (b) Ganga plains zone and, (c) parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar. 73. The Ganga plains zone, where the subproject area lies forms an excessive bowl of warm air, especially during daytime. The mean maximum daily temperature falls below 21°C. Hot season covers the period from April to June. May being the hottest month records an average temperature of 32°C. The area also experiences dust storms, thunderstorms during this period as hot winds blow with an average velocity of 8-16 kph. Cold weather extends from December to February, when mean minimum temperature ranges between 7.5°C - 10°C. The post-monsoon and the winter seasons are calm period. The relative humidity ranges between 29 % during summer to 90% during Aug-Sep. 74. The monsoon establishes itself over the entire Ganga Plain in July results in heavy downpour and triggered off everywhere till the end of September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. The study area receives annual rainfall between 1250 mm-1350 mm. The annual rainfall over the subproject districts for last 6 years have been depicted in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1 : Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Project Districts

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 Supaul 1000 800 Madhepura 600 400

Annual Rainfall (mm) Rainfall Annual 200 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Source: Bihar through Figures 2007, Directorate of Economics and Statistics

4.1.2. Natural Hazard: 75. Flood: Bihar has always been a worst victim of flood, particularly the areas north of Ganga Figure 4.2. Out of 36 districts, 28 districts including project districts are liable to flood partially or fully. Nearly 73% of the total geographical area of the state is flood affected. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country’s total population. 76. Project districts and the project area are largely protected from flooding after construction of flood protection embankment on both sides of Kosi River. Large scale inundation is caused only during event of embankment failure one like during August 2008 when breach in the eastern embankment of KosiKosi River near Kushaha 12 km upstream of Kosi barrage causing largely scale devastation Most of the subproject road’s cross drainage structures were destroyed especially in the first fifty kilometre of the stretch. During normal flooding overtopping is limited to some low-lying areas. Figure 4.2 : Flood Zones of Bihar

Source: Map Prepared by UNDP 77. Drought: In Bihar, the districts usually affected under this disaster are Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Jamui and Banka. The central Bihar plains including the project districts are for the most part not subjected to drought. However, due to erratic rainfall, project districts sometimes evidence drought one like this year when most of the districts of the state was declared drought hit.

78. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zone V and Zone IV. Project area falling in the Madhepura district lies in the Zone IV whereas in Supaul district it is partially in Zone IV and Zone V (northern most part of the project area). Zone IV denotes higher damage risk and Zone V denotes very high-risk zone. A multi-hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP indicates that both the project districts fall under high risk zone with respect to wind and cyclone, very high with respect to earthquake and low with respect to flooding. Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3 : Multi- Hazard Zone Map of Bihar

4.1.3. Air and Noise Quality 4.1.3.1 Air Quality 79. The ambient air quality levels Table 4.1 with respect to suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable particulate matter (RSPM), Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOx) range from 369 µg/m3 to 982.3 µg/m3, 105.9 to 255.6 µg/m3, 87.3 µg/m3 to 10.9 µg/m3 and 31.3 to 55.2 µg/m3 respectively in the project area. All the ambient air quality parameters are within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), as given at 2.Appendix 4.1 except RSPM (PM 10). This may be attributed to the wind action to the huge pile of sand/silt deposited because of Kosi River avulsion and unpaved road conditions.

Table 4.1 : 24 hourly Ambient Air Quality Along the Project Corridor (ug/NCM) Parameters RSPM SPM SO NOX Locations (PM 10) 2 Birpur 576.3 105.9 10.9 46.6 Muraliganj 978.3 247.1 8.9 55.2 Udakishanganj 982.3 255.6 8.2 47.6 Jadia 369 176 7.3 31.3 CPCB Standard for industrial, 100 80 80 residential and rural Areas --- Source: Onsite monitoring and Environmental Assessment Report of DPR Consultant 4.1.3.2 Noise Level 80. Ambient noise levels Table 4.2 conform to the prescribed limit 2.Appendix 4.2) except at Birpur and Chhatapur where it marginally exceeds the prescribed limit for commercial zone both during day and night. Table 4.2 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor Noise Level Day Time Night Time Locations (6.00 am-9.00 pm) (9.00 pm-6.00 am) Murli Ganj (residential Zone) 53.2 41.3 Kumarkhand (residential Zone) 52.5 39.8 Birpur (Commercial Zone) 67.2 57.4 Balua (Residential Zone) 47.5 34.5 Chhatarpur (commercial Zone) 68.2 56.2 Standard (Commercial Zone) 65 55 Standard (Residential Zone) 55 45 4.1.4. Landform/Physiography and Topography 81. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are: (i) uplifted block of hilly southern highlands (ii) Ganga foredeep of the North Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga R. in the south and (ii) The transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The subproject area lies in Central Bihar Plains. This geomorphic/physiographic unit has been further categorised into three land systems e.g. (i) Alluvial upland (ii) Older Flood Plain, and (iii) Present Flood Plains. 82. The proposed project road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. The subproject road is located at the eastern part of Supaul and Madhepur districts at an elevation of about 64 meters above MSL and characterised by flat terrain with gentle slope towards south. 4.1.5. Geology 83. The State of Bihar exhibits diverse geological formations ranging in age from Archean to Holocene 0. Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include: (i) belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe (ii) vast Ganga Plains, (iii) Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau (iv) sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) Satpura Range extending into large part of the area

north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. 84. Nearly two third of Bihar including the subproject district is under cover of Ganga basin. The subproject road runs through alluvial terrain underlain by unlithified soft quaternary formations, which can be divided into three distinct morpho- stratigraphic units presented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 : Regional Morph- lithostratigraphy Morphostratigraphy Lithology Lithostratigraphy

Diara Plain Overlapping atternation of grey fine sand with occasional Present day Diara Landforms: Channel silt or clay. No mature soil. Formation bars, point bars; Sand dunes. Sand splays. Ganga-Kosi-Mahanadi Alternate sequence of light yellow fine sand and silt with Ganga-Kosi- plain: Erosional surface occasional silty clay/ clay. Mainly clay and silty clay in the Mahananda formation on purnea surface. domain of the Ganga. Thin azonalunoxidised soil. The of Holocene period erosional plain on Purnea surface consists of hard clay and silt of Purnea formation. Purnea Surface Flood plain facies: In the north eastern part of the Kosi Purnea Formation of Fan and in the Ganga-Kosi interfluve flood plain Holocene Period equivalent is represented by alternation of yellow compact silt and yellowish grey clay with shells of gastropod in Kosi-Ganga interfluve and iron coated rock fragment in the outer margin of Kosi fan. (b) Fan facies: within the Kosi fan, this constitutes mainly light brownish yellow sand of various size grades: sand size increasing towards depth with occurrence of pebbles.

Figure 4.4 : Geological Map of Bihar

4.1.6. Soil 85. Soils of North Bihar are continuously under alluviation along flood plains through annual flooding and deposition. Thus the top soil characteristics perpetually changes and descriptions have to be viewed through temporal change. Soil of the Kosi- Mahananda Interfluve and Kosi megafan (subproject area falls in this geomorphic unit) support soils that are light coloured, sandy to sandy loam textured and notably micaceous. The soils are moderately acidic to lightly alkaline with low free CaCO3 and P2O5 content, low soluble salts and low to occasionally high organic carbon. These soils often pose problems of acidity. However, some of the low lying areas support soils with olive-green colour, sandy-loam texture, high alkalinity (pH - 7.7-8.2) with problems of water logging and alkalinity. 86. Results of physio-chemical analysis of samples collected during field survey have been given at Table 4.4.

Table 4.4 : Physico-chemical characteristics of Soil S. No Parameters Balua Bazaar Murliganj

1 Bulk Density; g/cm3 1.11 1.28 2 Colour Gray Brown 3 Organic matter; % 0.44 0.49 4 Water Holding Capacity, % 27 29 5 pH (20% slurry) 7.1 8.9 6 Texture Sandy Sandy loam 7 Moisture % 0.21 0.34 8 Chloride % 0.01065 0.0142 9 Carbonates, % NT NT 10 Bicarbonates, % 0.012 0.0123 11 Conductivity 168 192 (20% slurry), mhos/cm 12 Potassium, % 0.19 0.24 13 Phosphorus, % 0.015 0.018 14 Nitrogen, % 1.05 1.10

4.1.7. Land Use 87. Predominant land use of the of the project districts is agricultural. The land use of the study area ( 7 Km either side of the road alignment) is also predominantly agricultural ( 53% ).The land use break-up for the study area based on latest satellite imageries is shown at Table 4.5, Figure 4.5. The land use of project corridor is predominantly agricultural (nearly 53%). Built-up area constitutes about 11% and rest is shared by plantation, water bodies and miscellaneous use.(Table 4.6)

Table 4.5 : Land Use Pattern in the Study Area ( 7 Km either side of the road alignment)

Year 2010 Land use Classes Area in Sq Km % Area Agriculture 900.0 53 River and Water Bodies 54.4 3 Vegetation 108.7 6 Settlement 183.1 11 Open Land 298.0 18 Sand / Silt 139.4 8 Total 1683.6 100

Table 4.6 : Land Use Pattern in the Project Corridor ( 15 m either side of the road alignment)

Year 2010 Land use Classes Area in Sq Km % Area Agriculture 1.48 46 River and Water Bodies 0.06 2 Vegetation 0.13 4 Settlement 0.80 25 Open Land 0.51 16 Sand / Silt 0.21 7 Total 3.2 100

Figure 4.5 : Land Use Map of The study Area ( 7 km either side of the alignment) 4.1.8. Groundwater 4.1.8.1 Occurrence and Yield 88. The area is occupied by the thick pile of unconsolidated sediments laid down by the Ganga and other Sub-Himalayan and its northern bank tributaries. Fairly thick regionally extensive confined / un-confined

aquifers down to depth 300 m as well as moderately thick but discontinuous confined and unconfined aquifers present in this region. The thickness of sediment increases from south to north. These unconsolidated sediments are made up of alternations of sand clay with individual sand and clay layers showing interfingering relationship. 89. In parts of Supaul and Madhepura districts the tube well within 120 m depth yields in the range of 208 to 215 m3/hr. The transmissivity value is around 1127 to 3820 m2/day with storativity 1.1 x 10-3 to 4.8 x 10 -9. The depth to water level in this region varies from 5 to 10 m below ground level during pre-monsoon and the same level is in the range of 2 to 5 m below ground level during post-monsoon. The average water level fluctuation is 1 to 2 m. 4.1.8.2 Groundwater Quality 90. The ground water quality largely meets the drinking water standards 2.Appendix 4.3. All the analysed parameters are within desirable limit except iron that marginally exceeds the desirable limit but well within permissible limit. Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected during field survey in the study area has been summarised at Table 4.7.

Table 4.7 : Ground Water Quality along the Project Road S. No Parameters Murliganj Balua Bazaar

1 pH 6.2 6.44 2 Conductivity, mhos/cm 445 600 3 Turbidity (NTU) 1.2 1.1 4 Dissolved solids 293 394 5 Alkalinity 190 170 6 Suspended solids 7 8 7 Total Hardness 180 150 8 Chlorides as Cl 85.2 106

9 Sulphates as SO4 12.2 11.8

10 Nitrates as NO3 8.5 8.4

11 Phosphates as PO4 0.032 0.034 12 Fluoride as F 0.68 0.82 13 Total Iron as Fe 0.038 0.37 14 Lead as Pb NT NT 15 Copper as Cu NT NT 16 Nickel as Ni NT NT 17 Zinc as Zn 0.47 0.62 18 Chromium (Total Cr) NT NT 19 Manganese as Mn NT NT 20 Oil and Grease NT NT 21 Calcium as Ca 32 42

S. No Parameters Murliganj Balua Bazaar

22 Magnesium as Mg 22.4 8.98 23 Total Coli form, MPN/100 ml Nil Nil All units are in mg/l otherwise mentioned specifically. 4.1.9. Surface Water Resources and Drainage Pattern 4.1.9.1 River system/Hydrology of the Area 91. The subproject area is part of Kosi river basin. Main stream of Kosi mainly drains through North-western part of the project area Figure 4.6 and joins River Ganga near Kurusela far southeast of subproject road. Sursar is the only river along/across the subproject which maintains some flow/holds water but that too is limited to monsoon and post monsoon period. Besides, there are some other small streams/tributaries. All other tributaries of the past have largely vanished and converted into paleochannels. The canal system was also affected significantly due to the flood after deposition of silt here and there.

Legend

Canal

District Boundary

Drainage

Sub-Project Road

River and Water Bodies

Figure 4.6 : Drainage Map of the Project Area 4.1.9.2 Flooding

92. Project Area: The subproject area is largely protected from flood after both the banks of Kosi was embanked during 1956. However, in the event of any breach in embankment one like during August 2008 when large scale inundation occurred due to breakage of eastern afflux bund near Kushaha, 12 km upstream of Bhimnagar which is approximately 8 Km north of project road (Figure 4.7). The breach has been plugged and original course of the river has been maintained. However, the above event has significantly changed the basin shape. Some new streams/water bodies have been created, some already existing channels have vanished, and some has changed its courses. A notable change in the flow pattern of the stream, which used to cut-across the road in between km 7.0 and km 8.0, is observed during site visit. The streams after recent flood have branched into several meandering channels and as a result, one active channel near km 7.300 was formed with significant waterway.

source: Current Science, vol. 97, no. 3, 10 august 2009 (research publication by Rajiv Sinha “the great avulsion of kosi on 18 august, 2008”) Figure 4.7 : (a), Position of the Kosi River in eastern Ganga plains (b), Catchment of Kosi River and (c) The historical records suggesting a dominant westward migration of the Kosi River during the last ~200 years before the river was embanked on both sides by 1956

93. Almost entire stretch of the subproject road was affected during this flood as per assessment done by water resources department except some section between Birpur-Balua Bazaar and Jadia-Goriya. Large amount of silt has been deposited especially in the first 50 km of the road section. The affected part of the subproject section has been shown in Figure 4.8. The river situation before and after embankment breach is shown at Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.8 : Affected Part of the Subproject Road during August, 2008

River Situation on April 11, 2008 River Situation on August 23, 2008

River Situation on September 7, 2008 River Situation on September 12, 2008

Figure 4.9 : River & Flood Inundation Pre & Post Kosi River Bank Breach 2008

4.1.9.3 Water Bodies along the Subproject

94. There is a large number of water bodies' viz. pond, ditch, canal, nallah, and small streams along the alignment. Sursar is the only river being crossed by the subproject road. Other worth mentioning water bodies are newly created stream near Sitapur (Km 7.300) and Kosi main canal (15.425) where major bridges are proposed. List of all water bodies along the subproject road have been given at Table 4.8. Some of them are seasonal in nature and some has been created after after 2008 flood.

Table 4.8 : List of water Bodies along the Subproject Road Survey Distance Chainage from Sl. No. Type from Side Centre Line Birpur (m) (km) 1 Ditch 0.820 17.80 LHS 2 Pond 4.650 11.300 RHS 3 Pond 4.810 7.900 RHS Newly Created Stream 4 7.0-8.0 Crossing and its other Branches 5 Nallah 9.875 5.341 Crossing 6 Pond 12.200 8.048 LHS 7 Nallah 15.260 Crossing Irrigation Canal and 9 15.425 6.69 Crossing Branch of River Kosi 10 Canal 15.832 Crossing 11 Pond 16.500 6.923 RHS 12 2 Ponds 16-17 5.135 LHS 1 2 Ponds 22.050- 8.965 LHS 3 Pond 24.500 15.913 LHS 14 Pond 28.850 9.844 LHS 15 Pond 34.520 5.878 LHS 16 Canal 34.825 Crossing 17 Pond 34.980 4.701 LHS 18 Nallahs 35.770 Crossing 19 2 Nallahs 37-38 Crossing 20 Canal 38.700 Crossing 21 Sursar River 47.460 Crossing 22 Pond 48.820 13.108 LHS 23 Pond 54.600 8.532 RHS 24 Pond 56.850 8.275 RHS 25 Pond 63.450 8.031 LHS 26 Nallah 63.030 Crossing 27 Nallah 64.970 Crossing 28 Nallah 65.960 Crossing 29 Nallah 66.920 Crossing 30 Nallah 67.120 Crossing 31 Pond 68.200 14.011 LHS 32 Pond 79.690 24.995 LHS 33 Nallah 85.600 Crossing 34 Ditch 86.525 Crossing 35 Ditch 88.430 Crossing 36 Nallah 90.360 Crossing

Survey Distance Chainage from Sl. No. Type from Side Centre Line Birpur (m) (km) 37 Nallah 91.700 Crossing 38 Pond 97.700 RHS (Bypass Stretch) 39 Water Body 103.800 Both Sides 40 Ditch 100.150 Both Sides (Bypass 41 Ditch 101.350 Crossing 42 Ditch 104.250 Both Sides 4.1.9.4 Surface Water Quality 95. Surface water is not used for drinking or domestic purpose in the area. Fishing activity is limited to some large ponds since water availability in rivers is only during monsoon period. In order to establish baseline condition of surface water, two water samples were collected and analysed. Surface water quality largely meets the standandard prescribed for bathing and fish survival.Results of surface water quality have been given at Table 4.9 and surface water classification standards have been appended as 2.Appendix 4.4.

Table 4.9 : Surface Water Quality in the Project Area

Channel (km Eastern Sl. No. Parameters 7.300) Kosi Canal 1 Temperature (0C) 27.5 28.0 2 Turbidity (NTU) 65.2 26.4 3 pH 7.8 7.8 4 Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 202.0 12.0 5 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 109.0 262.0

6 Total Hardness as CaCO3 in mg/L 54.7 89.8 7 Calcium as Ca in mg/L 16.4 22.6 8 Magnesium as Mg in mg/L 3.3 8.0 9 Iron as Fe in mg/L 3.56 1.12 10 Fluoride as F- in mg/L 0.22 0.48 11 Copper as Cu in mg/L 0.004 0.006 12 Zinc as Zn in mg/L 0.3 <0.2 13 Arsenic (as As) in mg/L <0.01 <0.1 14 Lead as Pb in mg/L 0.018 0.018

15 Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) <0.5 <0.5

16 Alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L 65.0 171.0 17 Dissolved Oxygen in mg/L 7.4 7.3 18 BOD 3 days at 270C in mg/L 5.3 5.7 19 Chemical Oxygen Demand in mg/L 46.2 47.3 20 Total Coliform MPN/100ml ≥1600 ≥1600 21 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml ≥1600 ≥1600 Source: Analysis of Field Samples.

4.2. Ecological Resources 4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 4.2.1.1 Forests 96. Forest Areas: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forests, and Unclassified Forest" and their areas are 693 sq. km (0.75%), 5779 sq. km (6.14%) and 1 sq. km (0%) respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. The latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, suggest that the total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq. km., which is 5.9% of the land area. 97. Forest in Project Area: The project district as whole is almost devoid of forest. Only 0.56% and 0.62 % of the total geographical area of the Supaul district and Madhepura district respectively is under forest. No forest is in the vicinity of the subproject road. However, the roadside plantation is designated as protected forest and hence permission for tree felling is required from forest department. The forest cover map of undivided Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand) has been given as Figure 4.10 . Figure 4.10 : Forest Cover Map of Erstwhile Unbifurcated Bihar State

4.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas 98. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco- sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. 4.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations 99. The different type of trees present along the road corridor are –Kadam- Anthrocephalus cadamba, Shisham or Indian Rosewood- Dalbergia sissoo, Aam or Mango-mangifera indica, Eucalyptus, Simul- Bombax ceiba, Jamun or Java Plum- Syzygium cumini, Siris-Albizia lebek, Tal Sagwan or Teak- Tectona grandis, Khair- Acacia catechu, Satiana- Alstnia scolaris, Krishnasura-Delonix regia, Kikar or Babul- Acacia nilotica, Khejri- Prosopis cineraria, Neem- Azadirachta indica, Lasura or Lehswa- Cordia dichotoma, Amrood or Guava- Psidium guajava , Amita- Carica papaya, Bhimkol-Musa sps, Ber or Indian Jujube- Zizyphus mauritiana, Kair or Teat -Capparis deciduas, Pipal or Bo Tree - Ficus religiosa, Ranga Kanchan-Bauhinia purpurea, Imli or Tamarind- Tamarindus indica, Barh or Banyan- Ficus indicus, Pakori-Ficus rumphii, Bogori-Zizyphus jujuba, Shahtoot or mulberry-Morus albaatropurpurea , Kathal-Artocarpus heterophyllus, Ghoranim-Melia azedarach, Amlakhi- Phylanthus ambilica, Deodaru-Polialthia longifolia, Mahua etc. Table 4.10 summarises the number of affected trees along the subproject road.

Table 4.10 : No. of Affected Trees S. No Girth Size Left Right Total 1 30Cm - 100cm 1029 765 1794 2 100cm - 150cm 626 581 1207 3 150cm -200cm 66 41 107 4 150cm-180cm 7 4 11 Total 1728 1391 3119 Source: Tree enumeration conducted By the DPR team 4.2.2. Aquatic Ecology 100. The project area is part of Kosi river Basin. Recent Kosi avulsion has caused several changes in the basin. This has resulted in formation of local tanks/ ponds, branching of channels/streams. 101. Aquatic life in the stream near km 7.5 (the newly formed stream after Kosi flood) is not diverse. Depth of this stream is limited to 1-1.5 m. Several weed/minor fish species were reported in this stream. Major-Minor/carp species were reported at some locations during raining season. Fishery activity in Sursar River is mainly observed during monsoon season. The river is non-perennial in nature and some fishes of weed species are found in the deeper part of the river where some water remains accumulated (or flowing) during non-monsoon season also. Fishes primarily, the weed species are found in pond near Bhawanipur and Bishanpur. There is no breeding or spawning ground in any of the river/canal. Migratory fishes are sometimes spotted in the rivers during the monsoon season.

4.2.3. Economic Development 102. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, but it also has a significant agricultural base. There is also a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9% and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% between 2006-2007, and stood at 942510 Crores Rupees ($21 billion nominal GDP). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project district are described in following paragraphs. 4.2.4. Industries 103. Contribution of industrial sector to the state’s economy is insignificant. This is mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, cement etc. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries involved in food, beverages, tobacco, and petroleum products accounting for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India’s total output of common fruits and vegetables. 104. The project district is mainly characterized by agro-based small-scale cottage industries; light engineering, food, and food processing are the major industrial activities. Major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small-scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji factory, beverages, cold storage, plywood etc. Project area is largely devoid of any major industries. 4.2.5. Infrastructure Facilities 4.2.5.1 Water Supply 105. Bihar ranks among top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Projects districts are also richly endowed by groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is principally used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area. 4.2.5.2 Transportation 106. Roads: The State is serviced by 2318 km. of national highways, 4192 km. of state highways, 12,579 km. of district roads and over 69000 km. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77 km and the road density in is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity.

107. Railways: Bihar’s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km. 108. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 kmnavigable length of rivers is 1,325 km. Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna. This provides access to Calcutta Seaport (417Km) and Haldia (517 Km). 109. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. 39 district Head Quarters have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up Air Cargo Complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India. 4.2.5.3 Power Sources and Availability 110. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity of erstwhile Bihar has gone to the jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand, but 70% of the load is left with present Bihar. Bihar’s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4820 MW. 4.2.5.4 Agriculture 111. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied. The major crops of Bihar are paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples, and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India. It has 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize, and jute respectively, produced in India. Bihar is one of the largest vegetables producers. Project districts produces all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley, lentils). 4.2.5.5 Mineral Resources 112. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves. About 90% of the important minerals are now left with Jharkhand after separation. Still some more important minerals are located in the state contributing in states revenue though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are Limestone, Pyrite, Magnetite, Steatite, Mica, China clay, Soapstone, Slate, Felspar, Galena, Sandstone, Saltpetre, etc. None of the mineral deposits is located in the project districts.

4.2.5.6 Tourism 113. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim, and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). Other places of tourist interest in Bihar include Hazaribagh, a wildlife reserve, famous for its national park; Bhimbandh, famous for hot springs; Maner, a sacred Muslim shrine of Sufi Saint Hazrat Makhdoom Shah; Vikramshila, the ruins of a Buddhist university; Deoghar, famous for a Hindu shrine and Sasaram, the site of the tomb of Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. 4.3. Social and Cultural Resources 4.3.1. Population and Communities 114. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The project district contributes nearly 4 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991- 01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State i.e. number of females per 1,000 males marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685 persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar and the project district have following facts on Population Table 4.11

Table 4.11 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts State and Project District Bihar Supaul Madhepura Indicators Total Population (in millions) 82.8 1.73 1.52 Urban Population (% of total 4.5 10.47 5.0 population) Rural Population (% of total 95.5 89.53 95.0 population) ST Population (% of total 0.55 0.9 0.22 population) SC Population (% of total 12.06 15.7 12.0 population) Density (Sq. km) 880 721 852 Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males) 919 920 915 Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 29.95 29.45 Literacy Rate (%) 47.0 37.0 36.0 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007 4.3.2. Health Facilities 115. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in the state capital

Patna. Besides, there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 4.12 Provides the number of government health care centres in the state and the subproject district as on 2006.

Table 4.12 : Govt. Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project District Name of the Hospitals and Medical Sl. No. Beds District dispensary Practioners 1 Bihar 1747 22290 2413 2 Supaul 31 204 N.A 3 Madhepura 26 231 46 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007 4.3.3. Literacy 116. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% that is significantly low compared to country’s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. In Bihar only 23%, students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. The literacy rate among all categories viz. total literacy, male literacy and female literacy of the project districts is quite lower than state. Sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in Table 4.13 .

Table 4.13 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Subproject Districts State and Project Literacy Rate (%) Districts Males Females Total Bihar 60.32 33.57 47.53 Supaul 53.23 21.02 37.0 Madhepura 48.87 22.31 36.0 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics 4.3.4. Occupational Status and Migration 117. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the state. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it accounts for about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80% of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% have regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of working populations under various categories of the state and the

project districts has been summarised in Table 4.14 and further types of workers have been given at Table 4.15.

Table 4.14 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category Project Total Workers Main Workers Marginal Non Workers Districts Workers No. % No. % No. % No. %

Supaul 728222 42.2 526267 30.4 201955 11.4 1004356 58 Madhepura 683976 44.8 498367 32.6 185609 12.2 842670 55.5 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

Table 4.15 : Type of Workers among Various Categories

Agri. Household Projec Cultivators Other Workers t Labourers Industry Distric No. % No. % No. % No. % ts Supaul 249368 34.2 399342 54.8 13986 1.9 65526 9.0 Madhepura 227505 33.3 385029 56.3 12126 1.8 59316 8.7 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

118. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. As per census and NSS reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in the India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. A large no. of people of project districts migrated to different parts of the state in search of livelihood and shelter after 2008 flood. 4.3.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 119. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose. Moreover, there is no forest resource in the project district. 4.3.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance 120. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area 4.3.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 121. No such eco-sensitivity areas, protected area, restricted area and legislative and others were found in the sub project area.

5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES 122. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature, and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued Environmental Components were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study. 5.1. Impact on Physical Environment 5.1.1. Climate Design and Construction Phase 123. Cutting of approximately 3,120 trees will be encumbered along the ROW will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region. The compensatory plantation will rather improve the microclimate of the region. 124. There is no study yet available about the effect of climate change on rainfall or flood pattern of the area. Hence, it may be difficult to predict direct or indirect impact of climate change on the project. Mitigation Measures 125. All efforts shall be made by the contractor to minimise cutting of the trees up to final stage of project implementation. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 9360 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State Forest Department on 1:3 basis. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate with the authorities that include meetings, actions, and discussions with concerned authorities. Besides, additional plantation shall be made on riverbanks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion. Operation Stage 126. The subproject road is located largely in open agricultural land that will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, extensive plantation will ameliorate/enhance the microclimate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles. 5.1.2. Natural Hazard 127. Project area is largely protected during normal flooding with overtopping in few low-lying areas. However, the area gets heavily inundated during unusual event of flooding one like during August 2008 when eastern efflux bund of the Kosi River was breached. 128. The project area is mainly located in seismic zone IV except some northern most part that lies in Zone V. Both these zones are high and very high damage risk zones respectively. This may cause failure of civil

structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration.

Mitigation Measures 129. Embankment height shall be decided considering all hydrological parameters, the local topography, and historical records of flood impact during normal and unusual event of flood. 130. Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, viz. culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside drainage shall be made to avoid flooding/water logging. The height of embankment shall be raised in the low-lying sections. However, at the same time the raised embankment shall not act as impediment to water flow during unusual event of flooding. This may aggravate the flood condition and can cause damage to the embankment. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. 131. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV and V. All necessary precautions against dislodgement of superstructure shall be taken by provision of different types of seismic arresters. 5.1.3. Air Quality Design and Construction Phase 132. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are: (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation); (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines; (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road; (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials; (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants, and (iii) localised increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter and will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur di-oxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged. 133. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the project. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national/state highways. Hence, no direct significant impact is anticipated on ambient air quality due to sourcing of aggregate. Mitigation Measures

 Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine aggregates shall be covered.  Loading and unloading of construction materials in covered area or provisions of water fogging around these areas.  Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area.  Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically  Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory.  Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and that too only after receiving a No-Objection Certificate from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases.  Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters should be used to extent feasible.  Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used.  LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Tree cutting shall be restricted.  Water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads.  Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers  Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2  KVA.  Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries.  Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Operation Phase 134. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land, which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, generated traffic on the subproject road will be insignificant. Mitigation Measures 135. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species. 136. Legal intervention shall be made to reduce air pollution by prescribing more stringent emission standard, mandatory use of fuel with reduced benzene content, reduced sulphur content, lead free petrol etc. Air pollution by dust shall be controlled with provision of paved shoulders.

137. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas. 138. Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment. 5.1.4. Noise Design and Construction Phase 139. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 – 95 dB(A) ( at a distance of about 5 m from the source) . Although this level of noise is higher than the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from noise source. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are several noise sensitive locations especially schools very close to the alignment Table 5.1 where noise level may increase due to increased traffic.

Table 5.1 : List of Some Noise- Sensitive Locations along the Alignment S. Type of Distance from Side w.r.t Ch. and Locations No Structures Centreline Road

1 School 3.1 (Basantpur) 8.5 L.H.S

3 School 7.25 8.5 L.H.S 4 School 11.7 Bishanpur 5.3 L.H.S

5 School 12.8 Balua Bazar 6.0 L.H.S

6 School 16.6 (Chainpur) 12.1 L.H.S

7 School 17.2 (Chanpur) 10.4 R.H.S

8 School 21.4 (Bhimpur) 8.6 R.H.S

9 School 26.2(Gobindapur) 11.2 R.H.S

10 School 27.2 (Gobindapur) 8 R.H.S

11 School 28.3 (Gobindapur) 8 L.H.S

12 School 37.8 (Chhatapur ) 14.0 R.H.S

13 School 58.8 (Tikulia) 11.8 R.H.S

14 School 58.9 (Tikulia) 9.3 R.H.S

15 School 60.6 (Godhiya) 17.4 R.H.S

16 School 63.8 (Jadiya) 12.3 R.H.S

S. Type of Distance from Side w.r.t Ch. and Locations No Structures Centreline Road 17 School 64.4 (Kumarkhand) 5.9 R.H.S

19 School 72.7 (Rahaya) 15.3 R.H.S

20 School 6.5 R.H.S (Rata Village) 21 School 75.2 (Mirganj) 6.0 R.H.S

22 School 85.3 Koriyapatti) 5.7 L.H.S

23 School 85.8 (Kolhapatti) 11.8 R.H.S

25 School 92.81 3.0 (B) L.H.S

26 School 102.5 13.5 R.H.S

27 School 105.2(Gorpara) 7.6 L.H.S

28 School 106.5(Gorpara) 15.394 R.H.S

29 Hospital 37.5 Chhatapur 10.628 L.H.S

31 Hospital 107.55 udakishanganj 6.298 R.H.S

Note: Realignment has been proposed at some of the locations to avoid most of the structuress Mitigation Measures  Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along un- inhabited stretches.  On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are no activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards.  If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated.  Protection devices (earplugs or earmuffs) shall be provided to the workers operating near high noise generating machines.  Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.  Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures.

 Multilayered plantation shall be initiated during construction near the structures coming close to the subproject. This will serve as mitigation for operation phase.

Operation Phase 140. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. The noise level at nearby schools, health centres may cause nuisance and irritation. Some of the schools are very close to the alignment, which needs special attention with respect to noise mitigations. Mitigation Measures  Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations.  The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.  Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road. 5.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil 5.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use Design and Construction Phase 141. The subproject road improvement will require some agricultural land. The exact requirement of land is being assessed. No sensitive acquisition viz. forest or any other sensitive land is involved due to the project. Minor impact on agricultural yield is anticipated due to the subproject. However, the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may be compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market. 142. In addition to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss soil productivity loss. Mitigation Measures 143. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used for embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. 144. To offset the loss of agricultural land, efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.

145. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to land owner Operation Phase 146. The better access can lead to lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce. Mitigation Measures 147. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India. 5.1.5.2 Soil Erosion 148. Soil erosion may take place at locations of bridge constructions, along steep and uncompacted embankment slope, earth stockpiles and wherever vegetation is cleared. Soil erosion may have cumulative effect viz. siltation, ill effect on embankment, drainage problem etc. These issues have been separately discussed in relevant sections. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern. Mitigation Measures  Scouring protection structures shall be built at riverbank slopes. If required, the banks shall be protected by geo-textiles matting. If banks are damaged, the same shall be repaired immediately after completion of construction activity.  Avoiding construction work at erosion prone location during Monsoon.  Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls.  Stone pitching wherever necessary.  When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls.  Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H:1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch. Provision shall be made for slope protection frames, dry stone pitching, and masonry retaining walls as may be required.  Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted immediately in loose soil area.  Retaining structures shall be provided at all required locations  IRC: 56 -1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be referred.  Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable

measures including shall be taken to control the soil erosion including bio turfing. Operation Phase 149. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures viz. turfing and stone pitching shall be carried. A detailed inventory and study to assess the location, reasons of soil erosion along the embankment during operation phase shall be taken up. Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations. 5.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries 150. Borrowing of earth may cause (i) change in land use (ii) land degradation and soil erosion (ii) wear and tear to existing roads if the lead is too far and air pollution during transportation. The dredging/use of dredged material if involved may have its impact in terms of localised sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water. 151. Borrow areas if left un-rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children and animals .of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector born disease 152. The dredging and use of dredged material if involved may have its impact in terms of localised sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water. 153. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries. Mitigation Measures  Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level.  Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed.  As suggested by local people, the suitability of silt material deposited during recent flood shall be examined. If found suitable, it shall be used to the extent possible.  Borrow pits along the road shall be avoided. If permitted by the site engineer, the recommendation suggested in 2.Appendix 5.1: (Guidelines for management of Borrow areas) shall be

considered. Accumulation of water along embankment to reach up to capillary fringe level shall be prevented.  The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse  The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%. To the extent borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community.  Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan as appended in 2.Appendix 5.1. 5.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil 154. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may be compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries, and equipments, due to sitting of construction camps and workshops. Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed. 155. Soil may be contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment, and machinery. Soil may set contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste and sewage from construction camps. Mitigation Measures  Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils.  All efforts shall be made to minimise the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re- fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners.  To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route.  Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil.  The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity.  Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided at construction camp.

 Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non- biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that biodegradable waste shall be composted in the mechanised and movable composter7 by the contractor. Non- biodegradable and non saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorised landfill site. If land fill site not available then burial of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured. Operation Stage 156. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except (i) near low lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas if not rehabilitated properly. Mitigation measures 157. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation plan in tune with the proposed rehabilitation plan appended as Appendix 5.1. 158. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade. 159. Periodic checking shall be carried to assess the effectiveness of the stabilization measures viz. turfing, stone pitching etc. taken during construction phase. A detailed inventory and study to assess the location, reasons of soil erosion along the embankment during operation phase shall be taken up. Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at new location. 5.1.6. Groundwater Design and Construction Stage 160. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp. 161. The subproject may cause loss of several hand pumps/wells located in the proposed ROW. Efforts shall be made to retain all those structures located outside the formation width. Any such impacted structures shall be suitably relocated in close coordination with Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). New groundwater abstraction structures shall be dug up considering the geohydrological condition of the area. Mitigation Measures 162. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater.

7 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to disposed of biodegradable waste effectively.

163. The contractor shall arrange for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. 164. Contractor shall arrange safe drinking water for workers. 165. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible. 166. Groundwater recharge structures shall be incorporated in the design or borrow areas shall be rehabilitated as fishpond which will also recharge the aquifer. Other options may include construction of some check dams. Operation Stage 167. No impact is anticipated on groundwater during operation phase. Mitigation Measures 168. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater. 169. The contractor shall arrange for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. Operation Stage 170. No impact is anticipated on groundwater due to the project during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation is proposed. 5.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage Several rivers and other water bodies are being crossed by the project road. Most of the rivers or water bodies dry up during non-Monsoon period. Partial/minor loss to some of the ponds/ water bodies is envisaged due to the project. Surface water bodies are mainly used for cattle bathing/ washing/irrigation purpose. Fisheries activities are limited to some large water bodies/streams. Mitigation Measure 171. To the extent possible, loss of water bodies shall be minimised especially those being used by local community. Borrow area shall be rehabilitated as pond. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds from institutional support from concerned department. 5.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies Design and Construction Stage 172. Since most of the major water bodies are seasonal in nature, siltation impact due to bridge works will be negligible if construction debris/other waste are cleared immediately after construction. However, construction of major bridges near Sitapur and Kosi main canal may increase the flow of water and cause erosion/siltation downstream. The temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction camps may occur. Soil erosion has direct

bearing on siltation. The siltation likely to be caused due to bank erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section. 173. Accidental oil and chemicals spills can contaminate the water Mitigation Measure  Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration.  Bridge construction activity including piling is recommended during non-monsoon period (Mid September to Mid June).  All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection  All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors.  Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.  All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored, and transported to the approved disposal sites.  No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants  The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelised to prevent entry of contaminants.  Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes.  Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the riverbank for land disposal.  Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will treat through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies. Operation Stage 174. Large quantity of silts/sand has been deposited during August 2008 flood. Over the period, these silt material may get into the water bodies by wind action. Hence, it is recommended that silt materials shall be utilised in road construction to the extent. Awareness shall be made to the local people about growing those varieties of vegetables and fruits that are suitable in such soil condition. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of cross drains and other channels.

5.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage Design and Construction Stage 175. Some part of the project road passes through areas liable to submergence. Causes of floods in the area have been described in baseline section (Chap 4). The situation of flood may get aggravated due to construction of high embankment road, which may act as impediment to flow of flood water in absence of adequate cross drainage/side drain structures and other engineering measures. Water logging along the road will also have ill effect on the stability of embankment especially in the area of shallow water table. Selection of bridge location may have increase soil erosion downstream. 176. The Kosi river flood of 2008 has resulted in change in canal and tributary network of the sub project area. This warrants reassessment of adequacy of existing or proposed cross drainage structures to avoid any water logging or road-overtopping situation. Mitigation Measures  New bridge site shall be selected based on hydrological and morphological studies and HFL levels of the river. Adequate assessment shall be made about riverbank stability of both ends (upstream and downstream) of proposed bridge location to identify the soil erosion prone situations and adopt preventive measures like construction of river training structures, bank stabilisation measures.  Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to avoid natural flow of water. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas. The embankment height shall be designed in consistent to existing topography of the region.  Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and subsurface water of the area.  If diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures is required, same shall be retained immediately after construction.  The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes, and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels, and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth.  The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. Linear waterways of the most of the major rivers are bank to bank. Therefore, proposed bridge length shall be bank to bank.

 IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred to. Operation Stage 177. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt from drainage channels and out-let points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions 178. To encounter, the situation of flooding due to breach in Kosi embankment, executing agencies shall coordinate with water resources department, other concerned department and imminent experts and make some long-term strategy to protect the area and roads from flooding. 5.2. Impact on Biological Environment 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology 179. There is no National Parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. However, some trees are likely to be affected. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs. Design and Construction Stage 180. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300 mm diameter at 1m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 33 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be culled. 181. There are altogether 3120 trees likely to be affected due to the project. Most of the roadside trees are non-fruit bearing in nature. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large no. of trees have been planned to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. Mitigation Measures 182. Requisite permission from forest department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees. 183. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 9360 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State’s forest department on 1:3 basis. Additional plantation shall be done on riverbanks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department. 184. The removal from site and disposal of materials from clearing and grubbing, which are unusable or cannot be auctioned, will be disposed off-site by the Contractor in compliance to local ordinances. 185. A range of 10-15 m centre to centre is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall

be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. The plantation in median shall comprise shrubs whose height would normally not exceed 1-1.5 m and shall be as per IRC SP: 21. 186. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of the overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering, and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance. Operation Stage 187. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the project operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The Project will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road. No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. 188. No direct impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. Mitigation Measures 189. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional forest offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme. 5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology Design and Construction Stage 190. Large scale/organised fishing was not observed in the rivers/water bodies of the project area. There is no breeding or spawning ground of major species in the rivers crossed by the project road. Major species are found when backwater of river Kosi. Construction of bridge over the Punpun River may increase the turbidity level in the water near the construction areas temporarily. 191. Temporary sedimentation and water quality deterioration is expected from the project during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate receiving water quality.

Mitigation Measures  Construction of bridge is recommended during summer season.  Best construction practices shall be adopted to prevent increase in situation level of the water.

 Siltation shall be avoided by measures suggested above in siltation section. Operation Stage 192. No impact is envisaged during operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed. However, periodic surveillance shall be conducted to check erosion and siltation in major water bodies. 5.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste 193. Debris will generated due to dismantling of pavement in some sections wherever existing pavement cannot be utilised as determined by the contractor and approved by the BSRDCL. Quarry dust and unused iron bars or damaged support structures constitutes significant waste. Mitigation for solid waste from construction camp has been described in construction camp section. Mitigation measures  The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions and haulage routes.  All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BSRDCL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.  Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre- designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes, and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed.  Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site. 194. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations.  Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites.  Away from residential areas are located at least 1000 m downwind side of these locations,  Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, rivers etc, and  Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.  Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location.  Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use.

Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props. 5.4. Socioeconomic Impact 5.4.1. Positive Impacts 195. Roadside economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro-industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of improved access to urban centres where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. The subproject road will provide lifeline for temporary relocation and relief operation during flood season. Other generic benefits of such projects are (i) Reduction in travel time (ii) better mode and frequency of transport (iii) access to quality health care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people. 5.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts 196. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health, and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts. 5.5. Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers Design and Construction Phase 197. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment viz. (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking, (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies’ quality, (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste, (iv) poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuffs, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcoholic and drugs. Mitigation measures 198. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations to utilise the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilised for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched, and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies.

199. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting. 200. At every workplace, the Contactor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace, an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided. 201. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program include monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS. 202. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price is available to the workers. 203. The Contractor will provide adequate and safe water supply for the use of the workers. 204. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This may include the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. 205. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population. 5.5.1.1 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community Design and Construction Stage 206. The following safety aspects viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists (iii) safety to cattle; (iv) safety of local community (iv) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage, and (v) conduct of safety audit Mitigation measures  During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used safety procedures should be followed

during (i) road works (ii) handling of large construction equipments and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances (iii) welding (iv) electrical works etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table.  Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, first aid and fire fighting equipments at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane.  The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses, median openings with shelter lane.  Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92  Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC- 17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can designed such that it can be utilised as underpass by pedestrians/ cattles/animal driven vehicles/tractors etc.  To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed in as per the provisions of IRC SP 55.  After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. Prior to the beginning of normal operation, those parts of the diversions as will not eventually form part of the Project Highway shall be closed to prevent any movements not permitted under the normal operation of the Project Highway.  Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safety,

machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services. Operation phase 207. The provision of service roads, underpasses have been made in the road design for safe movement of people and animal across the roads. Other issues related during operational phase are monitoring of emergencies and establishing procedures to carry out rescues during sudden disasters such as floods and accidents. Mitigation Measures 208. It is proposed to explore the feasibility of providing the following facilities: . Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident. . Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. . Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. 209. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate. 5.5.2. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic Construction Phase 210. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruption are not clearly demarcated. Mitigation measures 211. The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others. 212. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements:  At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times

 The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect  The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters.  Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road. 213. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage. 214. Transportation of quarry material to the construction sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorised vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from temporary storage areas 5.5.3. Transport and Storage of Materials 215. The construction material primarily will consist of aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 M away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above. 5.5.4. Impact on Land and Private Properties 216. The assessment made by the resettlement team shall be referred for exact loss of private properties and measures to compensate such losses. Environmental screening of resettlement sites, if required for the project, shall be carried out. Besides monetary compensation for any loss of private trees, compensatory afforestation and extensive plantation has been incorporated in the EMP to have long-term environmental benefits. 217. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and other affected persons as recommended by social development/resettlement expert shall be implemented. 5.5.5. Impact on Common Property Resources 218. There are large no. of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. The list of school and ponds has already been mentioned earlier in this report. Besides, there are large no. of hand pumps likely to be affected.

The other community properties along the road have been provided at Table 5.2. For exact extent of impact on these structures and mode of compensation, resettlement/land acquisition plan shall be referred.

Table 5.2 : List of Common Property Resources Very close/within Corridor

Distance from Sl. No. Type Chainage (km) Side Central Line (m)

1 Temple 2.16(Basantpur) 9.939 L.H.S Temple 2 2.71 Basantpur 9.267 L.H.S Temple 3 3.775(Herda Nagar) 12.742 R.H.S Mosque 4 6.6(Bhawanipur) 9.066 R.H.S

Temple 5 9.675(Bishanpur) 15.45 R.H.S

Temple 6 11.75(Bishanpur) 4.336 L.H.S

Temple 7 13.105(Balua Bazaar) 1.585 L.H.S

Temple 8 15.923(Balua Bazaar) 2.059 R.H.S

Mandir 17.94 (Balua Bazaar) 9 6.202 L.H.S

Mandir 10 17.985(Chainpur) 4.905 L.H.S

Mandir 11 18.85(Chapin) 7.125 R.H.S

Mandir 12 19.495(Chapin) 5.389 R.H.S

Mandir 13 22.435(Gibaspur) 4.815 R.H.S

Temple 14 25.47(Balaganj) 7.317 L.H.S

Temple 15 26.51(Kala Govindpur) 5.433 R.H.S

16 Temple 27.235 Bhagwathpur 4.225 R.H.S 17 Temple 27.755 Bhagwathpur 5.411 L.H.S 18 Temple 29.765 Horihotpur 7.079 L.H.S 19 Temple 29.87 Horihotpur 7.04 L.H.S 20 Temple 29.972 Horihotpur 7.901 R.H.S 21 Temple 32.7 Rampur 13.455 R.H.S 36.465 Chhatapur 22 Temple 6.39 R.H.S Market 23 Temple 37.83 Chhatapur Market 9.783 R.H.S

24 Temple 38.25 Chhatapur 5.191 L.H.S 25 Temple 41.5 Dareya 4.681 L.H.S 26 Temple 43.335 Griva 9.941 R.H.S 27 Temple 43.85 Griva 5.407 R.H.S 28 Mosque 44.4 Griva 6.987 R.H.S

Distance from Sl. No. Type Chainage (km) Side Central Line (m)

29 Temple 45.865 ManGanj 5.253 R.H.S 30 Temple 46.53 Gariah patti 3.685 R.H.S 31 Temple 47.35 Gariah patti 8.85 L.H.S 32 Mosque 49.2 RajGao 11.337 R.H.S

33 Temple 51.235 Jadiya chowk 2.16 R.H.S 52.625 Near cross road 34 Temple 4.89 R.H.S to Jodiya 35 Graveyard 55.710-55.880 Fukaha 6.458 R.H.S

36 Mandir 57.705 To Birpur 6.644 R.H.S 64.400 Near Kumar 37 Temple 5.277 L.H.S Khand Market 64.44 Near 38 Temple 13.27 L.H.S Kumarkhand Market 39 Temple 65.2 Sekar Hatti 6.443 L.H.S 40 Temple 68.12 Kebat Gama 4.41 R.H.S 41 Temple 69.305 Laxmipur 5.725 L.H.S 42 Temple 69.387 Laxmipur 6.7 L.H.S 71.250-71.350 43 Graveyard 11.507 R.H.S Laxmipur 44 Temple 73.92 Rata 10.398 R.H.S 45 Mandir 85.285 Kolahapatti 8.149 R.H.S 46 Masjid 93.5 Bamangama 3.499 R.H.S .

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 6.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed 219. Consultations were held during different stages of the IEE. Key issues were identified in initial consultations during reconnaissance site visit with local people and government departments when alignment was not finalised. Inputs were provided to design team wherever modification in alignment was deemed necessary. Framework for comprehensive consultations was designed during this period. After finalisation of the alignment, the team held comprehensive consultation with all stakeholders. 220. Stakeholder’s consultations were held with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, overall opinion and solicit recommendations to improve project design. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project stretch. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the sub projects, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participant’s views were gathered with regard to loss of agricultural land, effect on air and noise quality of the area due to traffic, water availability, accident and risk 221. The discussions were designed to receive maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the subproject. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinion was sought. Suggestions were also sought for mitigating any potential adverse impact. 6.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements 222. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects8. The subproject is categorised as category A due to its proximity to international boundary and hence public hearing is required for the proposed project which shall be conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board once BSRDCL applies to MoEF for granting of environmental clearance. However, being a category B project as per ADB Environmental Guidelines 2003, consultation was carried out during the early stage of IEE report preparation. The requirement of public consultation during the implementation of the project has been proposed as part of the mitigation plan. 223. Public consultation was undertaken consistent with the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, co-ordination, and engagement into dialogue were incorporated in the consultation process. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected. 6.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency

8 As per schedule I of EIA notification number S.O. 1533, dated 14th September 2006. This notification also defines when a public consultation is mandatory.

224. Officials of executing agency provided technical information’s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redressal mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. G C Mishra, Deputy General Manager, expressed that the BSRDCL, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country’s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. Mr. Amrendra kumar and Mr. Jameel Ahmad Manager (Tech) from Project Implementation Unit stressed on training and capacity building of officers responsible for implementing the EMP. 6.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments 225. All relevant government departments/agencies including forest, pollution control board, water resources and fisheries were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project. 226. Forest officials informed that there is neither forest in the subproject area nor any endangered floral and faunal species. The roadside plantation is under protected status and therefore, permission for felling of roadside trees must be taken prior to civil works. Compensatory afforestation shall be done on 1:3 basis. Efforts shall be made for additional plantation since there was significant loss of trees during recent flood. Those species shall be preferred which has been reduced over the period in the area like Mohogani trees. Official expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work. 227. Officials of fisheries department informed that there is no breeding and spawning ground in the rivers of the project area. They suggested that bridge construction work shall be undertaken during non- monsoon season. 228. Pollution control board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries. Hence, baseline information of the area are not available. They mentioned about need for obtaining necessary clearances from concerned authorities and NOC from pollution control board and emphasised that all conditions of such clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the subproject. 229. Officials of water resources emphasised that the design shall include all engineering measures to avoid blockade of water during monsoon period and alteration of any channels/streams. 230. Directorate of Economics and statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts. The list of government officials contacted, along with purpose/objective has been summarised in Table 6.1

Table 6.1 : Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments. S. Location and Date Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the No consultation

S. Location and Date Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the No consultation 1 Supaul DFO and Forest Range Information obtained about Feb, 2010 Officers, Supaul and protected status of the roadside Madhepura plantation, compensatory afforestation norms, Estimated cost per km for plantation along roadside. Status of forest along the project road. Presence of any endangered or rare floral and faunal species along the project corridor. 2. District Fisheries  District Fishery Officer, They informed that there is no Office, Supaul. Supaul, breeding or spawning ground Feb, 2010  Junior Engineer, District Fishery Office Supaul. 3 State Pollution  Dinesh Kumar, Report on “State of the Environmen Control Board, Patna Assistant Environmental of Bihar” was collected. Information June, Sept and Officer about existing baseline conditions December, 2009  Dr. Naveen Kumar, of the project area if any was Scientist collected. Capacity assessmen  Mr. Virendra Kumar, was done for the likely involvemen Public Relation Officer in the project for monitoring and other environmental managemen required for the project. 4 Water Resources  Mr. Rambilash Flood prone areas, its causes and Department Chaudhary, Chief mitigation measures were Engineer discussed. River characteristics and other hydrological issues were also discussed. 5 Directorate of  Dr. Jitedra Kumar Latest report on “Bihar through Economics and Sinha, Figures,2007” was collected statistics, Bihar Joint Director, Environmental issues were December,2009  Dr. Shiv Shanker , discussed with head of the Deputy Director Environmental cell. The newly  Dr. Nirbhay Kumar, constituted cell presently has no Deputy Director much of the information related to environment. 6.2.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments 231. The project has immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing all weather connectivity, the subproject road will bring positive socioeconomic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on the issues related to flooding, rehabilitation, resettlement, and road safety issues. The list of participants, their views, and outcome of the consultations have been summarised in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Consultations with Local Community S. Place and Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No time People 1 Birpur Bus Mr. Suresh Mukhia, Mr. Sadagar People immensely supported the project Stand Mukhia, Mr. Bileswar Paswan, with following demands and suggestions February, Mr. Shiyalal Saha, Mr. Surender viz. (i) design shall take into hydrological 2010 Rawat (Labor), Mr. Basudev aspects into consideration (ii) minimal loss Prasad Paswan (Jila Parishad of structures (iii) adequate resettlement and Member) Mr. D.L. Ram (Mukhia, rehabilitation measures including provision Gram Panchay of Bashantpur), of jobs to land loosers especially those Mr. Rajendra Prasad, Mr. who are loosing their entire land and iv)

S. Place and Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No time People Devikrishna Yadav, Mr. provision of adequate way side amenities Jogeswar Prasad (Farmer), Mr. and road safety measures. Mushahari Mukhia (Fisherman) Mr. Sunder Mukhia, Mr. Bablu Shah, Mr. Ashok Shah, Mr. Dilip Shah, Mr. Prakash Shah, Mr. Bablu Shankar, Mr. Md. Iddrish Ansari (Shopkeeper) Mr. Upender Prashad Yadav (Contractor), Mr. Bhori Sharma, Mr. Mahesh Mandal, Mr. Jogender Mandal (Rikshaw Puller) Md. Tazmur, Md. Habibullah, Mr. Umesh Mandal (wageearner) Mr. Rakesh Pandit (Private Job) 2 Chainpur Mr. Nandalal Shah, Mr. Mugalak Appreciated the decision of subproject Village Shah, Mr. Shiyaram Shah, improvements. None specific February, 2010 Kisun Shah, Mr. Sadanand environmental issues were highlighted Shah, Mr. Girijanand Shah, Mr. other than flood of august 2008. Rityanand Shah, Mr. Phoolchand Shah, Chandra Shree Shah, Mr. Banshilal Shah (Farmer) 3. Balua Bazaar Mr. Rudra Nath Jha There is little encroachment along February, 2010 (Businessman) Mr. Tarun roadside. People were ready to remove it Kumar Jha, Mr. Anil Kumar once the improvement starts. Other generic Mehta, Mr. Mahadev Jha, Mr. environmental issues viz. Groundwater Shriram Sharma, Mr. Rishi quality, noise level along the roadsides, Kumar Shah, Mr. Guru Kumar impact on religious structure, accessibility Shah (Farmer) to common facilities were also dicussed. 4. Bhimpur Mr. Rajkumar Paswan (Court Local people informed that present road in February, 2010 Employee) Mr. Rajendra Kumar some sections of this area submerges Singh (Ward Member), Mr. during normal flood also. Adequate Anant kumar Bhagat and Mr. measures shall be taken to avoid water Dhanik Lal, Paswan logging during normal floods. (Businesman), Mr. Rajender Mandal (saint) Mr. Pankaj They also suggested that heavy silts Yadav, Mr. Raj Kumar Singh, deposited due to recent flood shall be used Mr. Rajendra Singh, Mr. Md. in sub-grade of the road. This will enable Hafij, Mr. Basu Ram (Farmer) the land cultivable once again and Mr. Ram Sewak Singh borrowing from agricultural land can be (Shopkeper), Mr. Rajendra minimised. Prasad Shah, Mr. Bhuwaneswar Singh, Mr. Jay Narayan Yadav, Mr. Dilchand Rishi Dev (Labour) 5. Hariharpur Mr. Umesh Mr. Md.. Sohammad Most of Participants are engaged in small February, 2010 Sofi, Mr. Anmol, Mr. scale fishing. They informed that there is zayprakash, Mr. Md. Riaj, Md. no breeding or spawning ground in the Domi, Mr. Dinesh , Mr. Om rivers cut across by the subproject. Fishes Prakash, Mr. Md. Siraj, Ashok in the rivers are found mainly during Yadav (Labour), Mr. monsoon period. Flood some times carries Shivanandan Mukhia, nutrients for the fishes which is beneficial (Fisherman) Manikchand Shah for fish productivity. But most of the time it (Farmer), Mr. Birender Mandal carries only silt causing adverse impact on (Social worker) fishes. Major carp is found only during flood. They also perceived that the subproject improvement will improve the accessibility to market places where they can get good returns of their agricultural

S. Place and Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No time People produce and fish. 6 Chhatapur Mr. Harinandan Singh, Mr. Murli Chhatapur market area is one of the most Market Manohar, Mr. Thakur (Teacher) congested stretches. Majority of the February, 2010 Mr. Md. Akmal, Satya Dev participants especially businessmen opined Prasad, Umesh Lal Das that the road shall be widened along the (Shopkeeper), Mr. Jay Kumar existing alignment with minimum loss to the Bhagat (Insurance Agent), Mr. existing properties. Any bypass proposal Bundel Singh, Mr. Md. Shahbaz, will pose adverse impact on livelihood of Mr. Md. Bechan Nawab, Mr. the local businessman. Other demands Dev Narayan Singh, Mr. Md. were: improvement of the drainage of the Badarudin, Mr. Bindu Shree market area and provision of road safety Bhagat (Farmer), Mr. Md. Abbas measures including speed limitation and (Driver) Bajrang Kumar Bhagat, segregated lane for slow moving traffic. Pappu Bhagat, Mr. Sanjeev Mukhia (Businees), Mr. Md. Hasim ( Tailor) 7. Jadia Mr. Santosh Yadav (Teacher), The area was least affected by the latest February, 2010 Mr.Ramesh Yadav, Mr. flood in 2008. They perceived that the Sadanand Yadav, Mr. subproject road will not alter the drainage Bindreshawari Shah, Mr. pattern of the area. Since Jadia is Narendra Yadav, Mr. Anmol intersected by other national highways and Prasad Yadav, Mr. Bishan state highway the area will become a major Yadav (Farmer), Mr. Phoolo commercial center in near future. Mandal (Labour), Anmol Yadav and Mr. Sukho Shah (Business) 8. Muraliganj Mr. Ashok Kumar Yadav ( Ward Kosi River, before the construction of February, 2010 Member, Ward No.11), Mr. Mr. embankment used to flow along this area. Mehsar Pasowan (Ward Presently, flooding is caused sometimes member), Umesh Yadav, Mr. due to the canal running parallel to the Sajjan Yadav (Farmer) Mr. subproject. People perceived that canal Birendra Kumar, Mr. Md. Alam water for irrigation is superfluous for them and Mr. Subhash Kumar (Driver) Since the area receives ample rainfall. They Mr. Lalu Kumar Yadav (Student) also suggested that formation height of the Mr. Vijay Yadav (Shopkeeper) road shall not be raised since it will further Mr. Jaykant Pasowan (Labour) aggravate the flood situation in usual event of flooding.

Participants’ demanded that adequate drainage provision shall be made in the Market area with proper outfall outside the market area. 9. Udakishanganj Birendra Kumar Yadav, Sarvan Highly impacted by recent floods of 2008. February, 2010 Yadav, Madhukant Yadav, They immensely supported the project and Businessman), Narayan Shah provision of Bypass to avoid Bihariganj (Tea Stall keeper) Birender Market area. Shaha ( Employee, Bihar State Transport Corporation) 6.2.4. Consultation with NGOs and Key Informants 232. Several active NGOs of the area, viz. Gramyasheel, Vikalp, Gram Punarnirman Kendra, Kaushiki, Nirmali Prakhand Swaraj Sabha and Shyam Samaj Kalayan Adarsh Sansthan. were consulted to know there views/comments and suggestions about the project. Navjagriti Kendra, Lok bharti Everyone desired more active participations of NGOs in such development activities. The flood related issue was discussed at length with all of them. Most of them were of the common that North-side road embankment like in this case do not aggravate the flood situation in the

area since most of the rivers have parallel course. However, during any breach in eastern embankment of Kosi River, the possibility of getting the 233. They also suggested that the bamboo plantations and local shrubs like khas, karhi, jilebi etc. along the road embankment can help to protect the embankment damage due to flood. Some of these shrubs are of medicinal importance also. Other important suggestions are (i) use of silt deposited during last flood in road construction as much as possible. This will help restoring the agricultural land to its original use (ii) provision of cross-drainage structures in consistent to topography and hydrology of the area. Embankment height shall be decided considering the HFL of normal flood period not unusual event of flooding one like August 2008. Otherwise the flood situation may get intensified. 6.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE 234. During discussions, notes were taken for all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the suggested measures. 6.4. Public Disclosure 235. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB’s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009.

Plate 1: Consultation at Birpur Chowk Plate 2: Consultation at Chhatapur Market Area

Plate 3: Consultation at Hariharpur Village Plate 4: Consultation near Murlaiganj

Plate 5: Consultation near Jadiya Village Plate 6: Consultation Near Mirganj

Plate 1: Consultation at Udakishanganj Market Area Plate 2: Consultation at Chainpur Village

Plate 3: Consultation at Bhimpur Plate 4: Consultation at Balua Bazaar

Plate 5: Consultation with key informants and NGOs people

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM 7.1. Environmental Management Plan 236. The project specific Environment Management plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation (iii) institutional capacity building and training (iii) compliance to statutory requirements (iv) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation 237. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in 2.Appendix 7.1.

7.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans 7.1.1.1 Social Development and Indigenous People Development Program (IPDP): 238. Social impact assessment study has been undertaken under this technical assistance. Anticipated social risks and its mitigations will be addressed as based on the SIA. The correlated issues (other than specific social issues) have been dealt in the environmental assessment and mitigation plan has been proposed in EMP accordingly. Since there is insignificant indigenous population (as confirmed by the PPTA social development expert) in the project area, IPDP is not envisaged. 7.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan 239. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern, which has direct bearing on environment, has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan. 7.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan: 240. Assessment of nature, type, and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents, and spills. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The project authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency. 7.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) 241. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required (iv) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations and (v) use it as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected

during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

7.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule 242. Physical, biological, and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of project and provided as 2.Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost, and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

7.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program 243. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL head quarter and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project. 244. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil, and water. Shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation. . 245. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required, as a part of environmental clearance process and consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats. 7.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement 246. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Highway Development Corporation (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager

(CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of projects. For implementation of EMP/ RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staffs. DGM (Env. and social) is responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and co-ordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirement of this project. 247. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/ Deputy General Manager (Tech) at the subproject level. PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. There will be separate specialists for implementation of environmental and resettlement aspects at PIU. He will be responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. He will be assisted by project managers of each contract package in the field office. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution Monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Env. and Social) from HQ. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency. 248. The EMP (mitigation plan) will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects. 249. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for Monitoring has been outlined in Table 7.1. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given as Figure 7.1.

7.3.1. Institutional Capacity Building 250. Training Awareness: To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effect, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public the trainings and awareness programmes is planned and is given as Table 7.2. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MOEF, SPCB/CPCB, Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject’s experts/consultants (E.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts /agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training

Table 7.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant  Obtain statutory  Obtain permits required  Joint verification to be carried out by  Assist and advise the PIU in clearances required during during construction stage HQ PIU, SC Contractor Env. matters relating to environment pre-construction stage Manager. and social matters.  Joint Verification Exercise  overall project including, PMU CMU, SC  Overall Supervision of  Part of Joint Verification coordination and for review of EMP implementation of EMP Exercise to be carried out by management through PIU HQ, PIU and Contractor for  Environmental monitoring through supported by SC  Interaction with ESDRC, review of EMP for modification in approved laboratory. PIU and SC enhancement measures (if  Interaction and Reporting required) to ADB  Contractor’s Env. Officer  Consent for opening of borrow will be primarily areas, quarry areas, and labour  Effective implementation camps and supervising its  Supervise implementation of responsible for EMP by contractor of EMP and Monitoring of implementation EMP monitoring. EMP  Keeping records of all consents  Develop good practices  Filling of Reporting  Compilation of data obtained by contractor. construction guidelines to assist Format and submitting to relating to implementation contractor in implementation of SC of EMP.  Compilation of data relating to EMP implementation of EMP.  Advising and suggesting  Monitoring through  Conduct Consultations programs corrective measures to approved agency.  Filling of Summary Sheets and with the stakeholders on regular reporting to HQ. basis to get first hand adhere to time schedule  Preparation of various information on the for implementation of plans for effective  Approval of plans prepared by inconvenience caused to EMP. implementation of EMP as contractor contractor’s activities such as detailed out in EMP and  Carry out  Addressing grievances of local noise, debris disposal etc. verification/supervision submitting it for approval to SC community and information exercises for dissemination through NGOs/CBOs.  maintain environmental reporting implementation of EMP system  Identification of sites for with respect to labour camps, hot mix modification (if required) plant, batch mix plant, for enhancement debris disposal etc measures.

HQ BSRDCL Asian  CGM (Technical Wing) Development Supported by technical Advisor Bank  General Manager (Projects)

Social and Environment Division (DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env and Social Each

PIU Supervision Consultant Contractor DGM (Tech) supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Field Officer –Manager (Tech) ( Social and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency and Independent Subject Experts and Institutions Figure 7.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation

Table 7.2 : Training and Awareness Programmes

Combined Training Budget for BSHP-II

S. Target Subject(s) Method Time Basis for Costs Estimation No. group Frame and Estimated Cost Training Training Delivery Material Preparatio n 1 All staffs Environmental Lectures Before @ Rs 2.0 Reproduction of Training Material of Overview: cum beginning of Lacs Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for BSRDCL Environmental interaction the 120 sets ) including Regulations, subproject implementat PIU related provisions of ion of the Training Delivery: Honorarium and project various Acts/ Guidelines, subproject. travel cost of the faculty Rs 2.0 lac staff EIA notification, process (@ 50,000 per programme for 4 involved in and methodology for INR 6.24 programmes) implement IEE, EMPs Lakhs ation of Venue and other facility costs Rs the project 2.0 lacs ( @ Rs 50000 per and Select programme with 25 participants in NGOs. each) 2 Managers Implementation of Workshops Before the @ Rs 2.0 -do- (Env) at EMPs: and construction Lacs PIU, Basic features of an Seminars begins Supervisio EMP, Planning, n designing and execution INR 6.24 Consultan of environmental Lakhs t’s mitigation and Environm enhancement measures, ental monitoring and Specialist evaluation of s and environmental conditions Select – during construction NGOs and operation 3 Environm Environmentally Workshops Before the @ Rs 3.0 -do- ental Sound Construction and Site construction Lacs officer, Practices: visits design Clean construction INR 6.24 team, technology, alternatives Lakhs Supervisio materials and n techniques for Consultan construction, Waste t Management and Constructi minimization in on construction, pollution Contractor control devices and s’ staff methods for construction sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction

4 PIU and Monitoring Lectures, During initial @ Rs 1.5 Reproduction of Training Material Supervisio Environmental Workshop phases of Lacs Rs 24,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for n Performance during and site construction 120 persons ) Consultan Construction: visits t, NGOs Air, Water, Soil and INR 5.0 Training Delivery: Honorarium and and Noise, tree survival Lakhs travel cost of the faculty Rs 1.6 lac communit Monitoring requirement (@ 40,000 per programme for 4 y and techniques, programmes) represent Evaluation and Review atives of results, Performance Venue and other facility costs Rs indicators and their 1.6 lacs ( @ Rs 40000 per applicability, possible programme with 25 participants in corrective actions, each) reporting requirements and mechanisms 5 -do- Long-term Workshops During @ RS 1.5 - Do - Environmental Issues and implementat Lacs in Project seminars ion of the Management: Subproject Designing and implementing environmental surveys INR 5.0 for ambient air, noise, Lakhs biological and water quality surveys, data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition 6 Public Awareness Workshops During @ RS 3.0 Material reproduction costs 1.0 lac /contractor programmes on construction Lacs ( RS 100 for 1000 sets) s workers environmental protection and initial includes and measures being phase say 3 costs of Faculty Lumpsum: Rs 1.0 lac implemented by years of designing of BSRDCL and their role operation awareness Delivery Lumpsum 4.0 ( two hours in sustaining the booklets/ma workshops) measures taken 9.0 Lakhs terial including for noise pollution, air pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement 7 BSRDCL Restoration of sites viz Lecture/Pre before @ Rs 1.0 Reproduction of Training Material Staff, borrow areas, sentations Contractor Lac Rs 10,000 (@ Rs. 200 per set for Supervisio construction Camps, Demobilizati 50 persons ) n Crushing units, HMP etc. on Consultan And Training Delivery: Honorarium and t, Reporting INR 2.7 travel cost of the faculty Rs 0.8 lac Engineeri Formats/procedure Lakhs (@ 40,000 per programme for 2 ng Staff of programmes) Contractor . Venue and other facility costs Rs 0.8 lacs ( @ Rs 40000 per programme with 25 participants in each) Total Rs 40.42 Training lacs or Say Costs Rs 40.50 lacs

251. Procurement of Basic Environmental Monitoring Equipment: With a desirable level of manpower currently available at the Social and Environmental Division, procurement of the following basic monitoring equipment and supplies will made and accessible for the all subprojects. Equipment Description/Use Estimated Cost 1 unit High-Volume Use for SPM Rs 90,000 Sampler including monitoring during consumables construction and (sampling kit, filters, operation phases to table, belt, etc) evaluate fugitive dust from use motor vehicles and road use. 1 unit SOx-NOx-HC To monitor the level of Rs 60,000 Sampler (Impingers) ambient concentrations of emissions from motor vehicle combustion 5 units Noise Meter Roadside and Rs 55,000 x 5 = (digital) senbsitive receptor 275,000 noise monitoring

252. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001. 7.4. Grievance Redressal Mechanism 253. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell, at BSRDCL Head Quarter. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB.

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 254. Environmental Assessment of the subproject ascertains that the project is not likely to cause significant environmental impacts. Most of the impacts are localised and temporary in nature and can be mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts except due to land acquisition. The project received immense support from local people with some concern and apprehension related to compensation for land and structures. 255. The alignment does not pass through or located nearby any National Park, Wild life Sanctuary, Reserved Forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. 256. The significant impact during construction is mainly associated with minor increase in dust borne air pollution, increased noise level, nuisance due to movement and operation of vehicles, establishment of temporary facilities, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources etc. 257. Environmental screening and assessment of likely impacts, the project has been categorised as Category ‘B’. The effective implementation of environmental management plan will facilitate in minimising the environmental impact to acceptable level. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. However, the executing agency with co-ordination with other departments shall make all efforts to encounter the impact due to recurring flood in the region and keep vigil on any adverse impact on environment due to construction of the subproject highway. 258. .Key recommendations are described in following paragraphs: 259. The project area and the subproject road were inundated during unusual flood triggered by the breach in eastern embankment of Kosi River. This has resulted in change in basin morphology viz. creation of some new streams and other water bodies requiring construction of additional bridges/cross drainage structures. Large quantity of silt material has been deposited in the area. This may cause silt-load in the water bodies due to wind action resulting in damage to the structures and aquatic life as well. Adequate mitigations shall be taken up both during construction and operation stage of the project to avoid/minimise adverse environmental impacts due to this event and any such event in future as suggested in IEE.  Borrow area shall be rehabilitated as per EMP. IRC: 10-1961: guidelines shall be followed regarding identification, use and rehabilitation of borrow area.  The compensatory afforestation should be undertaken at 1:3 basis in close consultation with forest department. Roadside plantation should be done as per IRC specifications. Additional plantation should be done at river banks especially at major bridge locations, proposed river training sites.

 Soil erosion along embankment slope, river banks, bridge sites and river training structures shall be checked through measures suggested in IEE. These measures coupled with silt fencing/brush barrier etc will also help to minimise siltation of water bodies though required at only few locations since most of the water bodies are seasonal in nature.  Corridor specific measures to curb emission include maintaining good road conditions, improved traffic regulations, and roadside plantation with pollutant absorbent species is recommended.  Key suggested measures to avoid increased noise level during construction are provision of temporary noise barriers and regulating construction timings near sensitive locations. Operation stage mitigation includes multilayered plantation and restricting honking near sensitive areas, maintaining good road conditions and congestion free traffic movement.  Sitting and management of temporary construction facilities i.e. construction camp, workers camp, hot mix plant, batching plant, dumping sites, stone crusher etc. shall be done in environmentally accepted manner as mentioned in IEE.  Dismantled material shall be reused to the extent possible. Leftover debris shall be disposed off in environmentally acceptable method and at designated sites.  Risk involved with accidents, community & occupational health safety should be mitigated as per measures provided in IEE. A proper traffic management plan shall be in place well before start of the construction.  Access to community structures/resources shall not get affected during any stage of the project.

APPENDIX 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

ROADS AND HIGHWAYS Birpur-Udakishanganj (SH-91) SUBPROJECT Instructions: This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional Department

This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation and (v) gender and development

Answer the questions assuming the without mitigation case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country / Project Title: IND: TA-7198 (BIHAR STATEHIGHWAYS PROJECT II)

Sector Division: INRM - SATC

Screening questions Yes No Remarks A. Project siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? . Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site in located X within the road ROW. . Protected area No protected area is located within the X road ROW No designated wetland. Some part of . Wetland X the project area is prone to flooding during monsoon season. No mangrove area is located in the . Mangrove X project site . Estuarine X Not applicable . Buffer zone of protected area X No protected area or its buffer zone No special biodiversity area is located . Special area for protecting biodiversity X within the ROW B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause…

EQMS India Pvt. Ltd, i ii

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Encroachment on historical/cultural The topography of project road is areas; disfiguration of landscape by mainly plain. Minor impacts of road embankments, cuts, fills, and landscape by road embankments, cuts quarries? and fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples and other cultural properties exist along the project road which may get impacted.

X Quarry material will mainly be sourced from existing quarries. If any new quarries to be opened adequate measures shall be taken to avoid any adverse environmental impact. Earth material is available in the project area. All borrow areas will be suitably rehabilitated. Encroachment on precious ecology There is no National Parks, Wild Life (e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)? X Sanctuaries or any other similar eco- sensitive areas in the project area. Alteration of surface water The subproject area evidenced an hydrology of waterways crossed by unusual event of flooding during roads, resulting in increased August, 2008 when eastern efflux bund sediment in streams affected by of Kosi River was breached. As a result, increased soil erosion at the basin morphology has changed construction site? significantly. In the project area also, some new water bodies/ streams have been created, some has changed its course and some exiting stagnant water bodies vanished. Large quantity of silt was deposited in the area. This may cause siltation to the water bodies due to wind actions. It is recommended that silt shall be cleared on regular basis. The area shall be vegetated and X local farmers shall be encouraged to grow vegetables and fruits suitable in sandy soil.

To the maximum extent, all existing drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology. All care will be taken so that watercourses are not affected, and temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways. Bridge construction work shall be done mainly during non monsoon season to avoid/minimise erosion induced siltation.

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Screening questions Yes No Remarks Deterioration of surface water Adequate sanitary facilities and quality due to silt runoff and sanitary drainage in the workers camps will help wastes from worker-based camps to avoid this possibility. As the and chemicals used in construction? X construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated. Increased local air pollution due to Local air pollution level is likely to be rock crushing, cutting and filling increased for short duration during works, and chemicals from asphalt construction period. Appropriate processing? distance from settlement area and wind X direction may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc. Use of environment friendly equipments/machineries will help to reduce air pollution Noise and vibration due to blasting Blasting is not involved. Ambient noise and other civil works? level is expected to increase in the range of 80-90 dB(A) due to various construction activities, maintenance workshops, and earthmoving equipment. Although this level of noise exceeds National Standards, their occurrence will be intermittent and co- terminus with the project construction. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants X since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment that will be affected.

Impact due to noise to the workers and local community will be avoided/minimised by adequate mitigation measures. Dislocation or involuntary Many residential structures were resettlement of people X observed in the right-way. For exact magnitude, refer RP. Other social concerns relating to Deterioration in ambient air quality will inconveniences in living conditions be localised and temporarily during in the project areas that may trigger X construction activity. The project area is cases of upper respiratory problems largely located in open areas. and stress? Hazardous driving conditions where To minimize the impact, suitable traffic construction interferes with pre- management plan will be designed and X existing roads? implemented by the contractor.

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Screening questions Yes No Remarks Poor sanitation and solid waste Proper provisions for sanitation, health disposal in construction camps and care and solid waste disposal facilities work sites, and possible will be available in the contract

transmission of communicable X documents to avoid such possibility.

diseases from workers to local Workers will be made aware about populations? communicable diseases

Creation of temporary breeding No such condition is anticipated, All habitats for mosquito vectors of borrow pit areas will comply with disease? national standards. Borrow areas, will X be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitoes. Incidence of malaria will be monitored. Dislocation and compulsory Many residential structures were resettlement of people living in right- observed in the right-way. For exact X of-way? magnitude, refer RP. This is under preparation. Accident risks associated with Adequate safety measures will be increased vehicular traffic, leading adopted to avoid such conditions. X to accidental spills of toxic materials and loss of life? Increased noise and air pollution Increase in noise and air pollution is resulting from traffic volume? expected during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimise them.

During operation phase, the main source of noise and air will be the main X source. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will help reduce the noise and air impact. Moreover, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission. Increased risk of water pollution Controlled construction activities and from oil, grease and fuel spills, and proper drainage system will reduce this other materials from vehicles using possibility. Adequate mitigation X the road? measures have been suggested for such risks during operation phase of the project. After review of the checklist, the project is categorized as ‘B’ since no impact on any environmentally sensitive area is involved. Most of the impacts are temporary in nature and mitigable with no or negligible residual impacts.

APPENDIX 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The finding as Notified on 16th November 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in exercise of its powers conferred under Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment Protect Act, 1986.

Pollutant Concentration in Ambient Air Time-Weighted Average Industrial, Ecologically Residential Sensitive Area and other (Notified by rural area Central Government) Annual* 50 20 3 SO2 ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 40 30 3 NOx ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 60 60 3 PM10 ug/m 24 hours** 100 100 Annual* 40 40 3 PM2.5 ug/m 24 hours** 60 60

Annual* 0.50 0.50

Lead ug/m3

24 hours** 1.0 1.0

8 Hours** 2000 2000 3 CO ug/m 1 Hour** 4000 4000 8 Hours** 100 100 3 O3 ug/m 1 Hour** 180 180 Annual* 100 100 3 NH3 ug/m 24 hours** 400 400 Source: Gazette of India, Part II-Section-3-Subsection (i)

* Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval. ** 24-horly / 8-hourly values or 0.1 hourly monitored values shall be complied with 98% of the time in the year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

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APPENDIX 4.2 : Noise LEVEL LIMITS OF GOI (IN LEQ DB(A))

Day Time Night Time Area/Class (6:00 AM to 9:00 PM) (9:00 PM to 6:00 am)

Standard Standard

Industrial 75 70

Commercial 65 55

Residential 55 45

Silence 50 40 Source: Environment Protection Rules, 1986, Schedule III

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APPENDIX 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991)

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible 1 COLOUR (HAZEN UNIT) 5 25 Aesthetically undesirable. 2 ODOUR Essentially free Aesthetically undesirable. 3 TASTE Agreeable Aesthetically undesirable. 4 TURBIDITY (NTU) 5 10 Indicates pollution/ contamination. Affects taste, corrodes supply 5 pH 6.5 8.5 system. Causes scaling, excessive soap HARDNESS, as CaCO3, 6 300 600 consumption, calcification of mg/l arteries. Causes staining of laundry and 7 IRON, as Fe , mg/l 0.30 1.00 porcelain. In traces it is essential for nutrition. May be injurious to heart or kidney patients. Taste, indigestion, 8 CHLORIDE, as Cl , mg/l 250 1000 corrosion and palatability are affected. RESIDUAL CHLORINE, only Excessive chlorination causes 9 when 0.20 - asthma, colitis and eczema Water is chlorinated May cause gastro-intestinal TOTAL DISSOLVED 10 500 2000 irritation, corrosion and laxative SOLIDS, mg/l effect to new users. Excessive Cause incrustation, deficiency causes rickets, 11 CALCIUM, as Ca, mg/l 75 200 essential for nervous, muscular, cardiac functions and in coagulation of blood. Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. Excessive may cause laxative effect; deficiency causes 12 MAGNESIUM, as Mg, mg/l 30 100 structural and functional changes. It is activator of many enzyme systems. Beneficial in human metabolism, deficiency results in nutritional anaemia in infants. Large amounts may result in liver damage, 13 COPPER, as Cu, mg/l 0.05 1.50 causes central nervous system irritation and depression. Enhances corrosion of Al in water supply systems. Causes gastro-intestinal irritation. Along with Mg or Na can have a 14 SULPHATE, as SO4, mg/l 200 400 cathartic effect. Concentration more than 750 mg/l may have laxative effect. Causes infant methaemoglobinaemia, at very 15 NITRATE, as N, mg/l 45 100 high concentration causes gastric cancer and effects central nervous

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S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible and cardiovascular system.

Reduces dental carries, very high 16 FLUORIDE, as F, mg/l 1.00 1.50 concentration may cause crippling skeletal fluorosis. Acute toxicity may be associated with renal, arterial hypertension, 17 CADMIUM, as Cd, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation itai-itai (bone disease). Cd salts cause cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Burning in mouth, severe inflammation of gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and diarrhoea. 18 LEAD, as Pb, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Chronic toxicity produces nausea, severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental confusion, visual disturbances, and anaemia etc. Essential and beneficial in human 19 ZINC, as Zn , mg/l 5 15 metabolism. Imparts astringent taste to water. Cr6+ produces lung tumours, 20 CHROMIUM, as Cr, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation coetaneous and nasal mucous membrane ulcers and dermatitis. Causes skin damage, circulatory 21 ARSENIC, as As, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problems, and increased risk of skin cancer. Raises blood cholesterol, lowers 22 ANTIMONY, as Sb, mg/l 0.006 No relaxation blood sugar. 23 ALUMINIUM, as Al, mg/l 0.030 0.200 Leads to neurological disorders. 24 BARIUM, as Ba, mg/l 2 No relaxation Increases blood pressure. 25 BERYLLIUM, as Be, mg/l nil 0.0002 Is carcinogenic Causes nerve damage, thyroid 26 CYANIDE, as CN, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problem. Neurological and renal disturbances. Excess causes 27 MERCURY, as Hg, mg/l 0.001 No relaxation gonadotoxic and mutagenic effects and disturbs the cholesterol metabolism. Essential as a cofactor in enzyme systems and metabolism processes. Excessive causes change in appetite and reduction 28 MANGANESE, as Mn, mg/l 0.10 0.30 in metabolism of iron to form haemoglobin. Imparts undesirable taste and stains plumbing fixtures and laundry. Leads to hair, finger loss, and 29 SELENIUM, as Se, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation numbness in fingers or toes, circulatory problems. Affects central nervous system, 30 BORON, as B, mg/l 1.00 5.00 salts may cause nausea, cramps, convulsions, coma, etc. 31 ALKALINITY, as CaCO3, 200 600 Imparts unpleasant taste,

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible mg/l deleterious to humans in presence of high pH, hardness and TDS. Imparts toxicity, accumulates in different organs of body, and 32 PESTICIDES, ug/l nil 0.001 affects immune and nervous systems. Carcinogenic. High concentration causes vomiting and diarrhoea stimulates 33 PHOSPHATE, as PO4, mg/l No guideline secondary hyperthyroidism and bone loss. Harmful to persons suffering from 34 SODIUM, as Na, mg/l No guideline cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. Essential nutrition element but 35 POTASSIUM, as K, mg/l No guideline excessive amounts are cathartic. Non-toxic element but may be carcinogenic in animals, can react 36 NICKEL, as Ni , mg/l No guideline with DNA resulting in DNA damage in animals. PATHOGENS Causes water borne diseases like a)TOTAL COLIFORM coliform jaundice; Typhoid, 37 No/dl 1 10 Cholera etc. produces infections

b)FAECAL COLIFORM involving skin mucous membrane No/dl of eyes, ears and throat. RADIOACTIVITY: -BETA PARTICLES 0-4 milligram/year 38 Increases risk of cancer. -ALPHA PARTICLES 0-15 picocuries/year -RADIUM 0-05 picocuries/year

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APPENDIX 4.4 : Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB, 1979)

Characteristics A B C D E

Dissolved Oxygen 6 5 4 4 - (DO), mg/L, Min Biological Oxygen 2 3 3 - - Demand, BOD, mg/L, max Total Coliform 50 500 5000 - - organism **, MPN/100ml, Max pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6 – 9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Free Ammonia (as - - - 1.2 - N), mg/L, Max Electrical - - - - 2250 Conductivity, µmhos/cm, max Sodium absorption - - - - 26 Ratio Boron, mg/L, Max - - - - 2

A) Drinking water sources without conventional treatment but after disinfecting B) Outdoor Bathing (organized) C) Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfecting D) Propagation of wildlife, fisheries E) Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal

APPENDIX 5.1 : GUIDELINES FOR BORROW AREAS MANAGEMENT

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961 guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and sub-grade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations. (1) The borrow area should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available. (2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads. (3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum. (4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum. (5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available. 2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the sub-grade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the sub-grade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following; (1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition. (2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then shall make consequent deficit of material arising there from. (3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and un- acceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the un-acceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

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3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level. (iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously through out the stretch. (v) Ridges of not less than 8m widths will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage. (vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal). (viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

C. Borrow Areas near River side

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

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(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If un-avoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage. (iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer; following precautions are recommended (i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Ridges of not less than 8m widths should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage. (v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5m. (vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m. 4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level.

Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following;  Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface.  Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed

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after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment. The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction Phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

APPENDIX 7.1 : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (SH-91: BIRPUR-UDAKISHANGANJ)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision A. Design and Construction Stage 1. Alignment  Constricted  Avoidance to settlement areas, Design Bypass at Bihariganj During the Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Sections along sensitive locations, community requirement Market Area (96.000 design stage preparation Consultant SC the proposed structures and public utilities to Km 100.25) and cost alignment  Compliance with highway alignments Realignment at 26 standards for curvature and grading Locations  Inadequate land width/RoW.  Minimize tree cutting etc.

2. Natural Hazards  Flooding/Water  Provision of adequate cross drainage IRC:34 Throughout the stretch Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ logging structures. Recommendatio especially near water, Stage and preparation Consultant SC  Balancing culverts in flood prone areas ns for road crossings and Construction Cost  Adequate free board from HFL of construction in identified low lying / Stage Normal flood waterlogged area flood prone areas and  Improve drainage to restrict the flooding and IRC: 75 and water logging areas Included in due to poor drainage. MOSRTH due to poor drainage. Engineering  Provision of lined drain with outfall at guidelines for cost suitable locations. Design of High  Embankment height to be decided Embankments considering all hydrological parameters, topography and historical records of flood impact during unusual event of flooding.  Protection of  Embankment height to be raised Overtopping sections Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ road embankment sufficiently to avoid impact due to Stage and preparation Consultant SC in Flood prone capillary action and other engineering Construction Cost Areas solutions to protect embankment. Stage Included in  Adequate balancing culverts. Engineering  Bio-turfing and retaining walls cost  Earthquake  All civil structures to be to be designed BIS codes and Throughout the project Design and Included in Design PIU/BSRDCL/ to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of design corridor Construction Engineering Consultant SC MSK IV and V as per BIS codes requirement Stage Cost and Contractor

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision 3. Climate and Air Quality  Local Climatic  Geometric adjustment to reduce tree Kyoto Protocol, Design and Road Side Design PIU/BSRDCL/ conditions cutting. Environmental Construction Plantations Consultant SC  Compensatory Plantation (1:3) Protection Act, stage +Additional and Contractor  Additional Plantation on river banks, 1986; The Air During the Plantation cost borrow areas and sensitive locations will (Prevention and Construction = 2.5 M also enhance the local climatic Control of stage conditions Pollution) Act,  Poor air quality  Road design and Pavement roughness 1981 Project Design PIU/BSRDCL/ Throughout project due to as per IRC specifications. + preparation Consultant SC corridor, level compromise in  congestion free movement of traffic with IRC and cost and Contractor crossings, haulage design. provision of junctions at major MOSRTH roads, earthwork, intersections and ROB Specifications for Construction sites,  Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees. Road and Bridge works Loading areas, storage  Dust Generation  Transport, loading and unloading of Included in Design PIU,BSRDCL/ Air areas, Transport route, due to loose and fine materials through project cost consultant SC (P and CP) construction covered vehicles. Act 1974 and activities and Paved approach roads.  Central Motor transport, storage  Storage areas to be located downwind and Vehicle and handling of of the habitation area. Act 1988 construction  Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved materials haulage roads and other dust prone areas.  Provision of PPEs to workers.  Emission from  Regular maintenance of machinery and Asphalt mixing plants, During the Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ vehicle, equipment. crushers, DG sets Construction project cost SC equipment and  Batching, asphalt mixing plants and locations stage machinery. crushers at downwind (1km) direction from the nearest settlement.  Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used  DG sets with stacks of adequate height Included in and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel. monitoring cost  ambient air quality monitoring 4. Noise  Noise from  All equipment to be timely serviced and Legal Throughout project During the Cost for Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ construction requirement section especially at Construction Plantation SC

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision vehicle, properly maintained. Noise Pollution construction sites, stage already equipment and  Bottlenecks to be removed. (Regulation and residential areas and indicated machinery.  Construction equipment and machinery Control) Rules, identified sensitive above. to be fitted with silencers and 2000 and locations maintained properly. amendments  Timing of noisy construction activities thereof shall be done during night time and + weekends when there are no activities Clause No by the sensitive receptor, concurrent 501.8.6. noisy operations may be separated to MOSRTH reduce the total noise generated, and if Specifications for Monitoring possible re-route traffic during Road and Bridge Cost as construction to avoid the accumulation works indicated In of noise beyond standards. Else EMoP. provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations.  Time regulation near residential areas and other noise sensitive areas.  Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase  Honking restrictions near sensitive areas  PPEs to workers  Noise monitoring as per EMoP. 5. Land and Soil  Land use  To the extent non-agricultural areas to Project Throughout the project During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Change and Loss be used as borrow areas. requirement section and borrow design and engineering SC of productive/top  Top soil to be preserved and laid over areas construction cost soil either on the embankment slope for Stage growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.  The deposited silt shall be used in road construction activities to the maximum extent.  Slope protection  Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the stretch Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDCL/ and Soil erosion during non-monsoon season. recommended especially at all construction preparation consultant and SC due to  Bio-turfing of embankments to protect practice for bridges stage cost and Contractor,

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision construction slopes. treatment of construction activities,  Slope protection by providing frames, embankment cost earthwork, and dry stone pitching, masonry retaining slopes for cut and fill etc. walls, planting of grass and trees. erosion control  The side slopes of all cut and fill areas Clause No. 306 will be graded and covered with stone and 305.2.2 pitching, grass and shrub as per design MOSRTH specifications. Specifications for  Soil erosion at  The earth stockpiles to be provided with Road and Bridge At earth stockpiles Design and Project Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ earth stockpiles gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion. works construction preparation SC Guidelines IX for stage cost and Soil erosion construction cost  Borrow areas  Non-productive, barren lands, upland IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ shall be used for borrowing earth with on borrow areas quarries (if required) Design and cost SC the necessary permissions/consents. and for quarries location. construction  Depths of borrow pits to be regulated. (Environmental Stage  Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected Protection Act for use at the rehabilitation stage. and Rules, 1986;  Transportation of earth materials Water Act, Air through covered vehicles. Act)  IRC recommended practice for borrow + pits (IRC 10: 1961). Clause No.  Borrow areas not to be dug 305.2.2 continuously. MOSRTH  To the extent borrow areas shall be Specifications for sited away from habitated areas. Road and Bridge Borrow areas shall be leveled with works salvaged material or other filling Guidelines V for materials which do not pose Borrow Areas contamination of soil. Else, it shall be Management converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas.  If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision shall be checked.  Quarry  Aggregates will be sourced from Clause No. 111.3 Operations existing licensed quarries. MOSRTH  If need be, new quarries shall be Specifications for opened after the consent of the Road and Bridge Department of mining / SPCB/ District works administration or will use the existing Guidelines VI for approved sources of such materials. Quarry Areas  Copies of consent/ approval / Management rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or use of existing source will be submitted to EO, BSRDCL.  The contractor will develop a Quarry Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA.  The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.  Compaction of  Construction vehicles, machinery, and Design Parking areas, Just before Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ soil due to equipment to be stationed in the requirement Haulage roads and commencem Engineering SC movement of designated ROW to avoid compaction. construction yards. ent of cost vehicles and  Approach roads/haulage roads shall be construction equipments and designed along the barren and hard soil creation of area to reduce the compaction. temporary  Transportation of quarry material to the facilities dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads.  Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.  Contamination  Construction vehicles and equipment Design Fuelling station, Just before Monitoring Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL/ of soil due to will be maintained and refueled in such requirement construction sites, and commencem Cost Included SC leakage/spillage a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does construction camps ent of in EMoP of oil, bituminous not contaminate the soil. and disposal location. construction and non  Fuel storage and refueling sites to be

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision bituminous debris kept away from drainage channels. generated from  Unusable debris shall be dumped in demolition and ditches and low lying areas. road construction  Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled ‘Waste Oil’ and ‘Hazardous’ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors  Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit.  Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board  Soil quality monitoring 6. Water Resources  Construction  Contractor will arrange adequate supply Clause No. 1010 Throughout the Project During Included in Contractor, PIU,BSRDCL/ water and storage of water for the whole EP section Construction engineering Groundwater SC construction period at his own costs and Act 1986 stage cost authority and submit a list of source/s to EA. MOSRTH irrigation Specifications for department  The contractor will source the requirement of water preferentially from Road and Bridge ground water but with prior permission works from the concerned authority.  The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation.  Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June)  Alteration in  Existing drainage system to be Design Near all drainage During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ surface water maintained and further enhanced. requirement, channels, river Construction engineering SC hydrology due to  Provision of adequate size and number Clause No crossings etc. stage cost embankment of cross drainage structures. 501.8.6.  Sections of the corridor to be raised MOSRTH suitably along flood prone areas with Specifications for the cross drainage structures and Road and Bridge adequate side drains to be built.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Siltation in water  Bridge construction in non-perennial Design Near all river water During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ bodies due to streams to be limited to the dry season. requirement , bodies, embankment Construction Engineering SC construction  Embankment slopes to be modified Clause No slopes. stage Cost activities/ suitably to restrict the soil debris 501.8.6. earthwork entering water bodies. MOSRTH  Provision of Silt fencing shall be made Specifications for at water bodies. Road and Bridge  Silt/sediment should be collected and works stockpiled for possible reuse as (CP and CP) surfacing of slopes where they have to and worldwide be re-vegetated. best practices  Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.  Deterioration in  No vehicles or equipment should be The Water Water bodies, refueling During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ Surface water parked or refueled near water-bodies, (Prevention and stations, construction Construction cost SC quality due to so as to avoid contamination from fuel Control of camps. Stage leakage from and lubricants. Pollution) Act, Monitoring cost vehicles and  Oil and grease traps and fuelling 1974 and as indicated in equipments. platforms to be provided at re-fuelling amendments EMoP locations. thereof.  All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.  All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors  Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies.  Wastes must be collected, stored, and taken to approve disposal site

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision only.  Water quality shall be monitored periodically. 7. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation loss  Suitable modifications in design to Forest Throughout project During the Indicated BSRDCL PIU,BSRDCL/ due to site minimize tree cutting. Conservation Act corridor design and above through DFO SC preparation and  Roadside trees to be removed with prior 1980 Construction construction approval of DFO. + stage activities and  Compensatory plantation at 1:3 basis IRC SP: 21 and Plantation Strategy  Provision of LPG in construction camp IRC SP:66 as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.  Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Additional plantation near river banks to check erosion.  In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA.  Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring.  Control use of pesticides/manure  Impact on fishing  Adequate waterways to be maintained State Govt. Near all water Bodies During Part of Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ activity  Siltation and water contamination shall Fisheries and Ponds Construction Engineering SC (production, be preventing to reduce turbidity. Department Stage Work spawning and  Under ground noise level due to pile guidelines and breeding Best practices driving in range to sustain fish life. grounds)  Restricting construction activity during the breeding period (Monsoon Period)  Plantation in the riparian area of the rivers, to reduce erosion. 8. Construction Camps  Impact associated  All camps should maintain minimum Design All construction camps During Included in Contractor and PIU,BSRDCL/ with location distance from following: Requirement Construction Engineering EO SC # 500 m from habitation stage Cost # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  worker’s Health in  The location, layout and basic facility The Building and All construction camps During Included in Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ construction provision of each labor camp will be Other construction Engineering SC camp submitted PIU prior to their construction. Construction stage Cost The construction shall commence only workers after approval of PIU. (Regulation of  The contractor will maintain necessary Employment and living accommodation and ancillary Conditions of facilities in functional and hygienic Service) Act manner as approved by the EA. 1996 and Cess  Preventive medical care to be provided Act of 1996 and to workers. The Water  Disposal of solid waste on regular basis (Prevention and at identified locations. Control of  The Contractor will take all precautions Pollution) Act, to protect the workers from insect and 1974 and pest to reduce the risk to health. This amendments includes the use of insecticides which thereof should comply with local regulations.  No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community.  Provision of day crèche for children  Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers.  Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. 8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris  Selection of  Unproductive/wastelands shall be Design At all Dumping Sites Construction Part of the Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ Dumping Sites selected for dumping sites. Requirement contract SC  Away from residential areas and water and MIRTH bodies guidelines  Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.  Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Reuse and  The existing bitumen surface shall be disposal of utilized for paving of cross roads, construction and access roads, and paving works in dismantled waste construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes.  All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.  Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed.  Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site. 8. Accessibility, Traffic Movement ,Accident and Safety Risks

 Design  Provision of junctions at all major Throughout the project During Project Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/ requirement and intersections. Design corridor especially at construction preparation SC Traffic Planning  Temporary traffic diversion shall be requirement and intersections and stage and During planned by the contractor and approved IRC SP:55 schools and other construction Construction by the ‘Engineer’. community structures. cost Stage  The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC’s SP 55 document’.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow.  On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed.  The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”.  Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.  Pedestrians,  All measures for the safety of traffic Design Near habitation on Included in Contractor in PIU,BSRDCL/ animal and during construction viz. signs, markings, requirement and both sides level Engineering/ consultation SC Vehicular flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in  IRC: SP: 27 - crossings, schools and Construction with Forest movement, the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall 1984 Report hospitals, graveyards, cost. department be taken. Containing construction sites, and BSRDCL Recommendat haulage roads,  Temporary access and diversion, with ions of IRC proper drainage facilities. Regional diversion sites.  Access facility to the schools located Workshops on adjacent to the highway. Highway  Provision of service roads, underpasses Safety. near built-up areas. Else the cross  IRC:SP: 32 - drainage structures at select locations in 1988 Road high embankment areas can be made Safety for Children (5-12 suitable for crossing over facilities. Years Old)  Fencing wherever cattle movement is  IRC:SP: 44 - expected. To avoid the need for cattle 1994 Highway underpasses, some of the proposed Safety Code culverts `near habitations may be  IRC: SP: 55 - widened to facilitate cattle movement.. 2001

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Accident risk from  Contractors to adopt and maintain safe Guidelines for Construction sites Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ construction working practices. Safety in period project cost Contractor SC activities  Usage of fluorescent signage, in local Construction Zones language at the construction sites  The Building  Training to workers on safety and other procedures and precautions. Construction  Mandatory appoint of safety officer. workers Act  All regulations regarding safe 1996 and scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, Cess Act of gangway, stairwells, excavations, 1996 trenches and safe means of entry and  Factories Act 1948 egress shall be complied with.  Provision of PPEs to workers.  Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, ambulance, nursing staff, and doctor to be provided.  The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form.  Electrical Hazard  No material will be so stacked or placed The Building and Construction Site and Construction Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL/ Storage Areas period project cost Contractor SC as to cause danger or inconvenience to Other any person or the public. Construction  All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in workers construction zones. (Regulation of  All machines to be used in the Employment and construction will conform to the relevant Conditions of Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free Service) Act from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly 1996 and Cess inspected and properly maintained as Act of 1996 per IS provision and to the satisfaction Factories Act of the ‘ Engineer’. 1948 9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision  Avoidance of  Realignment near all CPRs wherever it Project Near CPRs Design Project Design BSRDCL CPRs is technically feasible. requirement Phase Preparation Consultant cost  Shifting of  Geometric adjustment while finalizing Project Throughout the Before Cost of Loss of BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ community the alignment to minimize the loss to requirement corridor Construction structures as NGO and SC properties any such facilities. per R and R RandR Unit  Relocation of. wells, hand pumps at Cost. suitable locations.  Utilities  All telephone and electrical poles/wires Project Throughout the Before Included in BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL/ and underground cables should be requirement corridor Construction engineering / R NGO and SC shifted to avoid any such hazard and R cost. RandR Unit 10. Enhancement Measures  Environmental  Enhancement of Ponds, tree Environmental Design and Borrow areas Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/ enhancement plantations near likely to be relocated Enhancement as Construction enhancement SC along the corridor community structures/ landscaping etc. part of project Stage is part of  Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow requirement engineering areas etc. Cost for others  Construction of check dams/other Lump sump water harvesting structures (2.0 million) 11. Contractor Demobilization  Clean-up  Contractor will prepare site restoration Project Throughout the Immediately ---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL Operations, plans, which will be approved by the requirement Corridor after Restoration and ‘Engineer’. The clean-up and Construction Rehabilitation restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. of thickness of 75 mm- l50 mm.  All construction zones including river- beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and ‘Engineer’ will certify in this regard. B. Operation Stage

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision 1. Climate and Air quality  Air pollution due Environmental Throughout the Through out Indicated In BSRDCL to due to  Road signs shall be provided Protection Act, Corridor operation EMoP vehicular reminding the motorist to properly 1986; The Air period maintain their vehicles to economize movement (Prevention and on fuel consumption and protect the Control of environment. Pollution) Act, 1981  Roadside tree plantations shall be

maintained.  Bottlenecks should be avoided for smooth flow of traffic.  Regular maintenance of the road to ensure good surface condition  .Ambient air quality monitoring. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken.  Technological and behavioral changes 2. Noise Environment  Noise due to  Effective traffic management and good Noise Pollution Noise sensitive areas Through out Included in BSRDCL movement of riding conditions shall be maintained to (Regulation and operation additional traffic reduce the noise level throughout the Control) Rules, period plantation cost. stretch and speed limitation and 2000 and honking restrictions may be enforced amendments near sensitive locations. thereof  The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.  Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision 3. Land and Soil  Encroachment of  Roadside Market places shall be Throughout the stretch Operation ---- BSRDCL in coordination with prime agricultural developed at non-agricultural land in especially near Phase local planning/development land planned manner to restrict settlement authority encroachment of ROW. areas/market areas  Restriction on new construction within 50 m of the ROW  Soil erosion at  Periodic checking to be carried to Project At bridge locations and Throughout Included in BSRDCL embankment assess the effectiveness of the requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ during heavy rain stabilization measures viz. turfing, and other probable soil period Maintenance fall. stone pitching, river training structures erosion areas. cost etc.  Soil erosion at  Visual monitoring and inspection of soil Project At bridge locations and Throughout Included in BSRDCL borrow areas erosion at borrow areas, quarries (if requirement embankment slopes operation Operation/ closed and rehabilitated), and other probable soil period Maintenance embankments and other places erosion areas. cost expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. 4. Water Resources  Contamination of  Collection tray to be installed under the Near surface Water surface water canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies Indicated in quality due to bodies water contamination. EMoP leakage of oil  Monitoring of surface water bodies  Siltation  Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. . .  All deposited silts especially near water bodies shall be removed  Vegetation growth to check siltation in the water bodies.  Periodic monitoring of siltation in water bodies.  Water logging  Regular checks shall be done along Throughout the

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision due to blockade the alignment to ensure that flow of corridor of streams water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams.  Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies  Protection of  Immediate removal of deposited silt Project Identified Flood prone During Operation and BSRDCL Embankment in from drainage channels and out-let requirement areas whole Maintenance Flood prone points. Rejuvenation of the drainage operation Cost Areas system by removing encroachments/ stage congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department.  Long term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries, agriculture, soil and other department. 5. Flora and Fauna  Vegetation  Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to Forest Throughout project During Indicated in BSRDCL be properly maintained. Conservation Act section whole Monitoring cost  The tree survivalist audit to be 1980 operation in EMoP conducted at least once in a year to period assess the effectiveness 6. Flooding/ Inundation  Road inundation  BSRDCL will ensure that all drains Project Throughout the stretch During Overall BSRDCL due to choking of (side drains, and all cross drainages) operation particularly near flood whole Operation cost drainage are periodically cleared especially Requirement prone major crossings operation channels before monsoon season to facilitate viz. Bridge No. 305 period the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding. 7. Right-of-Way Maintenance  Accident Risk due  The construction site shall be kept Project Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL to uncontrolled completely clear of vegetation. requirement route whole operation/ growth of  Regular maintenance of plantation operation Maintenance vegetation  Invasive plant not to be planted near period. cost the road.  Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide  The designated RoW shall be maintained free of any encroachment.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision 8. Accidents and Safety  Accident risks  Monitor all safety provisions included in IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project During Included in BSRDCL associated with design and construction phase are route whole operation/ traffic movement. properly maintained operation Maintenance  Highway patrol unit(s) for round the period. cost clock patrolling.  Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims.  Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles.  BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.  Transport of  Preparation of spill prevention and Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Dangerous control and emergency preparedness project stretch operation/ Goods and responsive plans based on an Maintenance analysis of hazards, implementation of cost. presentation and control measures. 9. Monitoring Operation Performance  Monitoring  The BSRDCL will monitor the Throughout the Included in BSRDCL Operation operational performance of the various corridor EMoP Performance mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project  The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc. Note: It is assumed that Items like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp as per EMP, provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms etc. are part of engineering cost. Cost towards solid noise barrier is not included in this cost.

 Environmental Mitigation and enhancement Cost (Excluding Items Coming Under Project Preparation / Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance) = Rs 4.5 Million  Total EMoP Cost: 0.9 million

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ Component laws /guidelines Location Frame Cost Implementation Supervision Note: It is assumed that Items like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp as per EMP, provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms etc. are part of engineering cost. Cost towards median plantation has not been considered at this stage since 2-lane undivided carriageway is proposed at this stage. Noise mitigation at this stage has been proposed in the form of Multilayered plantation. Effectiveness of which will be examined during operation phase and accordingly solid noise barriers may be installed

 Estimated cost for Institutional Capacity Building: Already considered in EMP cost of other subprojects. EA may distribute the cost in each individual project. Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard: 4.5+0.9 = 5.4 Million EA: Executing Agency, BSRDCL: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress

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APPENDIX 7.2 : Monitoring Plan For The Performance Indicators

Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency and Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Duration cost (Rs) Air Quality Construction SPM, High volume sampler to Hot mix plants, stone crushers 24 hr Air quality 6x5000x3x3 Contractor through PIU /SC stage RSPM, be located 50 m from the and construction/ earthwork sites continuous, standard by =Rs 2,78,0 00 approved plant in the downwind and as suggested by SC 3/year for 3 CPCB monitoring agency SO2, NOX, CO, HC direction. Use method (Total 6 Locations) years specified by CPCB for analysis Operation High volume sampler to Major Road Intersections and 24 hr Air quality 6X5000x3X1 PIU through PIU, BSRDCL stage be located 50 m from the Residential area continuous, standard by =Rs 9,0000 approved selected locations in the (6 Locations) 3/year for 1 CPCB monitoring agency downwind direction. Use year method specified by CPCB for analysis Water Quality Construction Ground Grab sample collected Groundwater at Construction 3/year for 3 Water 5x 4000x3X3 Contractor through PIU /SC stage water: (IS: from source and analyse Camps/site and Surface water at years quality =Rs 180, 000 approved standard by monitoring agency 10500:1991 as per Standard Upstream and Down Stream of ) and CPCB Methods for Examination Stream near Sitapur and as Surface water for of Water and suggested by SC Class D and Wastewater (5 Samples) Class E Operation 3/year for 1 Water 5X3x4000 PIU through PIU, BSRDCL (Propagatio 5 locations (including groundwater, stage year quality =Rs 60, 000 approved n of Fishes) surface water and stagnant water standard by monitoring agency as bodies developed due to Borrows CPCB Prescribed areas by CPCB and for vector borne diseases

Siltation in Construction Visual Checks for presence of All rivers/streams/drainage Once during Guidelines Routine work of Contractor PIU /SC Water Bodies construction debris/waste and blockade channels and other water bodies rainy seasons from water Engineering of the resources Team of drainage channels along the stretch construction department period. Operation Once during Guidelines Routine work of PIU, with support of PIU, BSRDCL operation of 1st from water Engineering Water Resource year resources Team Department department

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Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency and Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Duration cost (Rs) Noise levels Construction Equivalent Free field at 1 m from Construction sites, major road 24 hr As per 6x1500x3x3 Contractor through PIU/SC stage Noise levels the equipment whose intersections and 1each at continuous, National =Rs.81,000 approved on dB (A) noise levels are being residential, commercial and 3*/year for 3 Ambient monitoring agency scale for day determined. sensitive locations along the years Noise and night alignment. Standard (6 Locations) specified in Operation Equivalent Noise Near residential, commercial and 3 / year for 1 Environment 6x3000x3X1 PIU through PIU, BSRDCL stage levels using an silence zone. year al Protection =Rs 108, 000 approved integrated noise level (6 Locations) Act, 1986 monitoring agency meter kept at a amended distance of 15 m from 2002 edge of Pavement Soil Quality Construction NPK (ICAR As specified by the One agricultural land and at each Once during CPCB 30,000 Contractor through PIU/SC Stage standard ) and site engineer BSRDCL dredging locations if dredging is whole standard approved heavy metals / supervision involved and HMP sites construction and NPK as monitoring agency for dredging consultant stage per ICAR sites standard Operation Oil and grease At oil spillage locations and other Once for the CPCB 30,000 PIU through PIU, BSRDCL stage probable soil contamination first year of standard approved agency location operation Soil erosion Construction Visual check Through the Project Corridor After first rain Visual Part of routine Contractor BSRDCL Stage for Soil especially at River banks, bridge Checks action of erosion and locations and river training engineering siltation structures team Operation Once during Visual Part of routine Engineering Team of BSRDCL Stage operation of 1st Checks action of year engineering team Drainage Construction Visual Checks Through the Project Corridor Once in a year Part of routine Contractor’s PIU/SC Congestion stage especially Probable drainage before rainy None action of Engineering Team congestion areas as described in season Specific engineering IEE team Operation Once in a year Part of routine BSRDCL Engineering Team Stage before rainy None action of season for 3 yrs Specific engineering team Borrow Construction Visual Identification of borrow Borrow areas to be operated Once in a IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Areas Stage Checks areas as per IEE month guidlines Contract approval from PIU, and Best BSRDCL Practices for Borrow area operation

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Env. Project Stage Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency and Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Duration cost (Rs) Operation Visual Rehabilitation as Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 Borrow Area BSRDCL Stage Checks recommended in IEE year rehabilitation Plan Construction Construction Storage Rapid audit as per Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Sites and stage Area, reporting format during regular approval from PIU, IRC Labour Constructio construction monitoring BSRDCL guidlines Camp n Sites for period and to the Hygiene, satisfaction drainage of EO, Medical BSRDCL Facilities Etc. Construction Surveillance monitoring of trees felling Throughout the Project Section During site Included in PIU/Local Forest Departments Tree Stage clearance in overall Plantation construction As plantation Cost phase suggested Operation Audit for survival rate of trees plantation Throughout the Project Section Once in a year The Engineer will be responsible for by Forest stage for years monitoring upto the Defect Liability Dept. Period in any particular stretch. After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring Aquatic Construction Disturbance to aquatic fauna due to Stream near Sitapur and other Once in a year 1,75000 Independent Expert PIU/Fishery None Fauna Stage increased siltation, impact on fish water bodies where fishery activity Department specific Including productivity , breeding and spawning is reported Fisheries Operation Stream near Sitapur and other End of First 1,25,000 Independent Expert PIU/Fishery None stage water bodies where fishery activity year of Department Specific is reported operation Accident Rate Construction Record of Accidents and its causes, Throughout the section especially Every year of Part of Contract Environment and PIU/SC Stage different level of disabilities/fatalities. Construction Sites construction Safety officer of ----- period Contractor

Operation Record of Accidents and its causes, Throughout the project Section Throughout the Part of regular EA in coordination BSRDCL Stage different level of disabilities/fatalities. Project life operation and with Police ----- cycle Maintenance Department cost Monitoring Costs: INR- 906800.00 (0.9 Million)

BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide; SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter, RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter

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