DOCSLIB.ORG

Code of Conduct on Horticulture and Invasive Alien Plants C OONTENTSN T E N T S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Code of Conduct on Horticulture and Invasive Alien Plants C OONTENTSN T E N T S C OODED E OOFF CCONDUCTO N D U C T OONN HHORTICULTUREO R T I C U L T U R E AANDN D IINVASIVEN V A S I V E AALIENL I E N PPLANTSL A N T S . 162 O N - PLANTS ALIEN Many of the plants used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry in Europe are not native to the continent. A small percentage of these plants, introduced on purpose, escape the framework of cultivation, become naturalised and invade natural, semi-natural or artifi cial ecosystems. INVASIVE Others are introduced accidentally and may also end up in nature. These invasive alien plants may have signifi cant ecological and economic AND consequences or become harmful to human health. This code of conduct, a result of the collaboration between the Council of Europe and the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, is aimed at increasing co-operation among all the actors involved in horticulture, in both the public and private sectors, for the HORTICULTURE prevention of new invasions of alien plants in Europe. ON ISBN 978-92-871-7037-8 CONDUCT OF ODE 9 789287 170378 C www.coe.int/Biodiversity CCodeode ddee cconduiteonduite GGBB CCouverture.inddouverture.indd 1 003/05/113/05/11 116:076:07 C ODE OF CONDUCT ON HORTICULTURE AND INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS French edition: Code de conduite sur l’horticulture et les plantes exotiques envahissantes ISBN : 978-92-871-7035-4 For a full list of titles in this series, please see the back of the book. The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial policy of the Directorate of Culture and Cul- tural and Natural Heritage. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, re- produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic (CD- Rom, Internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Public Information and Publications Division, Direc- torate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or publishing@ coe.int). Cover design: Ott-imprimeurs Publications Production: Ott-imprimeurs Cover image: Franck Billeton Council of Europe Publishing F-67075 Strasbourg www.coe.int/Biodiversity ISBN : 978-92-871-7037-8 © Council of Europe, May 2011 Printed at Ott-imprimeurs - Wasselonne, France C ODE OF CONDUCT ON HORTICULTURE AND INVASIVE ALIEN PLANTS Vernon Heywood and Sarah Brunel Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) Nature and environment, no. 162 Code of conduct on horticulture and invasive alien plants C OONTENTSN T E N T S Presentation ................................................................................ 7 Introduction ................................................................................. 9 1. Characteristics of horticultural invasive alien plants ............. 10 2. Pathways of introduction of invasive alien plants ......................... 11 3. Environmental and economic impacts ...................................... 14 4. Botanic gardens and invasive species ...................................... 16 5. Existing initiatives .............................................................................. 17 6. The Code of Conduct – a voluntary instrument ..................... 22 The Code of Conduct ................................................................. 25 Audience and aims .............................................................................. 25 Be aware of which species are invasive in your area ................. 25 Know exactly what you are growing: ensure that material introduced into cultivation is correctly identifi ed ................... 26 Be aware of regulations concerning invasive alien plants...... 28 Work in co-operation with other stakeholders, both in the trade and the conservation and plant protection sectors ............................................................................ 37 Agree which plant species are a threat and cease to stock them or make them available ............................................... 37 Avoid using invasive or potentially alien plants in large-scale public planting .................................................................................. 39 Adopt good labelling practices ....................................................... 39 Make substitutes for invasives available ....................................... 41 Be careful how you get rid of plant waste and dispose of unwanted stock of plants and plant-containing waste ....... 42 Adopt good production practices to avoid unintentional introduction and spread ................................................................ 44 Engage in publicity and outreach activities ................................. 48 Code of conduct on horticulture and invasive alien plants Take into account the increased risks of alien plant invasions due to global change .............................................................................. 50 References ................................................................................... 53 Appendices ................................................................................. 61 Appendix 1: Defi nitions ...................................................................... 61 Appendix 2: Examples of existing initiatives ............................... 65 Appendix 3: St Louis Voluntary Codes of Conduct .................... 69 Appendix 4: Recommendations proposed to lessen the overall impact of invasive plant species deliberately introduced for horticulture and currently available for sale .... 71 Appendix 5: List of species considered invasive in the Euro-Mediterranean region ......................................................... 73 Appendix 6: Examples of proposals of alternative plants for the south of France ................................................................... 75 Titles available in the various series ........................................ 79 6 T his code of conduct was prepared by Vernon Heywood and Sarah Brunel as a joint collaboration of the Council of Eu- rope (CoE) and the European and Mediterranean Plant Protec- tion Organization (EPPO). On the basis of this document, EPPO is developing “Guidelines on the development of a code of con- duct on horticulture and invasive alien plants” that are directed to national plant protection organisations. We are grateful to the many organisations and individuals that have generously provided us with comments or suggestions, in particular the EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Species, Francis Brot, Keith Davenport, Franz Essl, Swen Follak, Helia Marchante, Madeleine McMullen, Françoise Petter and Richard Shaw. We have endeavoured to take these comments into account as far as possible. 7 Introduction I NNTRODUCTIONT R O D U C T I O N Most invasive plants have been introduced for horticultural use by nurseries, botanical gardens, and individuals (Reichard and White, 2001) M any of the plants used in European agriculture, horticul- ture and forestry are not native to the continent but have been introduced deliberately or accidentally at various times over the past 2 000 years from different parts of the world as a conse- quence of human activity. A distinction is often made in Europe between archaeophytes and neophytes – plants introduced be- fore or after 1492/1500 respectively (cf. Webb, 1985; Elorza et al. 2004). The European economy depends to a large extent on the cultivation of such alien plants. Most of these introductions have been benefi cial to humans and have not caused prob- lems through their becoming weedy or invasive. However, a small percentage of these introductions escape from cultiva- tion, become naturalised and invade natural, semi-natural or human-made ecosystems. They are known as invasive alien plants (IAPs) and may have signifi cant ecological or economic consequences or become harmful to human health. Their po- tential to alter ecosystem structure and function drastically has been widely recognised in recent years (cf. Levine et al. 2003). Globally, invasive alien species are widely acknowledged (for example, by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) as one of the major threats to biodiversity, second only to habitat loss and degradation. In South Africa, alien plant species are considered the single big- gest threat to the country’s biological biodiver- sity1 and now cover more than 10.1 million hec- tares, threatening indigenous plants. They cause 1. www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/. billions of South African rands of damage to the country’s economy every year. A comprehensive overview of invasive species in natural areas is provided by Weber’s Inva- sive plant species of the world. A reference guide to environmental 9 Code of conduct on horticulture and invasive alien plants 2 2. Weber, E, Invasive plant species of the world: A weeds. It covers 450 species that affect reference guide to environmental weeds. CABI Pub- natural habitats in various parts of the lishing, Wallingford, UK (2003). world. The terminology applied to invasive plants can be very confus- ing and there is little consistency of usage of the various terms applied. For details see Appendix 1. 1. Characteristics of horticultural invasive alien plants It is exceedingly diffi cult to determine which biological charac- teristics are good indicators of invasiveness, but although there are no generally applicable characteristics that apply to plants that become invasive in horticulture, they often share some of the following features:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MINNESOTA MUSTELIDS Young
    By Blane Klemek MINNESOTA MUSTELIDS Young Naturalists the Slinky,Stinky Weasel family ave you ever heard anyone call somebody a weasel? If you have, then you might think Hthat being called a weasel is bad. But weasels are good hunters, and they are cunning, curious, strong, and fierce. Weasels and their relatives are mammals. They belong to the order Carnivora (meat eaters) and the family Mustelidae, also known as the weasel family or mustelids. Mustela means weasel in Latin. With 65 species, mustelids are the largest family of carnivores in the world. Eight mustelid species currently make their homes in Minnesota: short-tailed weasel, long-tailed weasel, least weasel, mink, American marten, OTTERS BY DANIEL J. COX fisher, river otter, and American badger. Minnesota Conservation Volunteer May–June 2003 n e MARY CLAY, DEMBINSKY t PHOTO ASSOCIATES r mammals a WEASELS flexible m Here are two TOM AND PAT LEESON specialized mustelid feet. b One is for climb- ou can recognize a ing and the other for hort-tailed weasels (Mustela erminea), long- The long-tailed weasel d most mustelids g digging. Can you tell tailed weasels (M. frenata), and least weasels eats the most varied e food of all weasels. It by their tubelike r which is which? (M. nivalis) live throughout Minnesota. In also lives in the widest Ybodies and their short Stheir northern range, including Minnesota, weasels variety of habitats and legs. Some, such as badgers, hunting. Otters and minks turn white in winter. In autumn, white hairs begin climates across North are heavy and chunky. Some, are excellent swimmers that hunt to replace their brown summer coat.
    [Show full text]
  • California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System California Department of Fish and Wildlife California Interagency Wildlife Task Group
    California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System California Department of Fish and Wildlife California Interagency Wildlife Task Group WOLVERINE Gulo gulo Family: MUSTELIDAE Order: CARNIVORA Class: MAMMALIA M159 Written by: V. Johnson Reviewed by: H. Shellhammer Edited by: J. Harris, R. Duke DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND SEASONALITY A scarce resident of North Coast mountains and Sierra Nevada. Sightings range from Del Norte and Trinity cos. east through Siskiyou and Shasta cos., and south through Tulare Co. A few possible sightings occur in the north coastal region as far south as Lake Co. Habitat distribution in California is poorly known for the North Coast and northern Sierra Nevada. In north coastal areas, has been observed in Douglas-fir and mixed conifer habitats, and probably uses red fir, lodgepole, wet meadow, and montane riparian habitats. Most sightings in this region range from 500-1500 m (1600-4800 ft). In the northern Sierra Nevada, have been found in mixed conifer, red fir, and lodgepole habitats, and probably use subalpine conifer, alpine dwarf-shrub, wet meadow, and montane riparian habitats. Elevations in the northern Sierra Nevada mostly fall in the range of 1300-2300 m (4300-7300 ft). Habitats used in the southern Sierra Nevada include red fir, mixed conifer, lodgepole, subalpine conifer, alpine dwarf-shrub, barren, and probably wet meadows, montane chaparral, and Jeffrey pine. Elevations in the southern Sierra Nevada mostly are from 2000-3400 m (6400-10,800 ft). May travel extensively. There are indications that wolverines may be increasing in California (Grinnell et al. 1937, Ingles 1965, Yocom 1973, 1974, Johnson 1977, Schempf and White 1977, California Department of Fish and Game 1980a).
    [Show full text]
  • VOLATILE COMPOUNDS from ANAL GLANDS of the WOLVERINE, Gulo Gulo
    Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 12, No. 9, September 2005 ( #2005) DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-6080-9 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM ANAL GLANDS OF THE WOLVERINE, Gulo gulo WILLIAM F. WOOD,1,* MIRANDA N. TERWILLIGER,2 and JEFFREY P. COPELAND3 1Department of Chemistry, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA 2Alaska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Biology & Wildlife, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA 3USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA (Received February 12, 2005; revised March 24, 2005; accepted April 20, 2005) Abstract—Dichloromethane extracts of wolverine (Gulo gulo, Mustelinae, Mustelidae) anal gland secretion were examined by gas chromatographyYmass spectrometry. The secretion composition was complex and variable for the six samples examined: 123 compounds were detected in total, with the number per animal ranging from 45 to 71 compounds. Only six compounds were common to all extracts: 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, phenylacetic acid, a-tocopherol, cholesterol, and a compound tentatively identified as 2-methyldecanoic acid. The highly odoriferous thietanes and dithiolanes found in anal gland secretions of some members of the Mustelinae [ferrets, mink, stoats, and weasels (Mustela spp.) and zorillas (Ictonyx spp.)] were not observed. The composition of the wolverine’s anal gland secretion is similar to that of two other members of the Mustelinae, the pine and beech marten (Martes spp.). Key WordsVWolverine, Gulo gulo, Mustelinae, Mustelidae, scent marking, fear-defense mechanism, short-chain carboxylic acids. INTRODUCTION The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is the largest terrestrial member of the Mustelidae and is part of the subfamily, Mustelinae, which includes ferrets, fishers, martens, mink, stoats, weasels, and zorillas.
    [Show full text]
  • Wolverine (Gulo Gulo) in Yukon
    COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Wolverine Gulo gulo Eastern population Western Population in Canada EASTERN POPULATION – ENDANGERED WESTERN POPULATION – SPECIAL CONCERN 2003 COSEWIC COSEPAC COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF COMITÉ SUR LA SITUATION DES ENDANGERED WILDLIFE IN ESPÈCES EN PÉRIL CANADA AU CANADA COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC 2003. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the wolverine Gulo gulo in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 41 pp. Previous report: Dauphiné, T.C. 1989. Update COSEWIC status report on the wolverine Gulo gulo in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 31 pp. Kelsall, J.P. 1982. COSEWIC status report on the wolverine Gulo gulou in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 50 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Brian G. Slough for writing the update status report on the wolverine Gulo gulo prepared under contract for Environment Canada. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: (819) 997-4991 / (819) 953-3215 Fax: (819) 994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Évaluation et Rapport du COSEPAC sur la situation du carcajou (Gulo gulo) au Canada – Mise à jour. Cover illustration: Wolverine — Illustration by Lee Mennell, Yukon Territory. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2003 Catalogue No.
    [Show full text]
  • Wolverine Gulo Gulo
    Wyoming Species Account Wolverine Gulo gulo REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: Proposed Threatened USFS R2: Sensitive USFS R4: No special status Wyoming BLM: No special status State of Wyoming: Protected Animal CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: No special status WGFD: NSS3 (Bb), Tier II WYNDD: G4, S1S2 Wyoming Contribution: LOW IUCN: Least Concern STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS Wolverine (Gulo gulo) has a complicated history with the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) involving several decisions, litigations, and re-decisions, starting with a 1994 listing petition. In 2014 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) withdrew the species’ Proposed Threatened status 1, but that withdrawal was litigated and eventually reversed by the District Court of Montana in April 2016, effectively reinstating the Proposed Threatened status 2. The same court decision also effectively reinstated a proposed USFWS rule to designate all Wolverines in the Southern Rocky Mountains, including southern Wyoming, as part of a Nonessential Experimental Population. Wolverine is assigned a range of state conservation ranks by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database due to uncertainty in the amount of range actually occupied, population trends, and effects of extrinsic stressors in the state. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: Gulo gulo is currently the only species recognized within the genus. Several Wolverine subspecies were recognized in the past, but only two subspecies are generally recognized today: G. g. luscus in North America and G. g. gulo in Eurasia 3, 4. The older name G. luscus infrequently appears in reference to the New World form, but has formally yielded to G. gulo. Description: Identification of Wolverine is possible in the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Chloroplast Genomes Shed Light on Phylogenetic
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Complete chloroplast genomes shed light on phylogenetic relationships, divergence time, and biogeography of Allioideae (Amaryllidaceae) Ju Namgung1,4, Hoang Dang Khoa Do1,2,4, Changkyun Kim1, Hyeok Jae Choi3 & Joo‑Hwan Kim1* Allioideae includes economically important bulb crops such as garlic, onion, leeks, and some ornamental plants in Amaryllidaceae. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences of 17 species of Allioideae, fve of Amaryllidoideae, and one of Agapanthoideae. These cpDNA sequences represent 80 protein‑coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes, and range from 151,808 to 159,998 bp in length. Loss and pseudogenization of multiple genes (i.e., rps2, infA, and rpl22) appear to have occurred multiple times during the evolution of Alloideae. Additionally, eight mutation hotspots, including rps15-ycf1, rps16-trnQ-UUG, petG-trnW-CCA , psbA upstream, rpl32- trnL-UAG , ycf1, rpl22, matK, and ndhF, were identifed in the studied Allium species. Additionally, we present the frst phylogenomic analysis among the four tribes of Allioideae based on 74 cpDNA coding regions of 21 species of Allioideae, fve species of Amaryllidoideae, one species of Agapanthoideae, and fve species representing selected members of Asparagales. Our molecular phylogenomic results strongly support the monophyly of Allioideae, which is sister to Amaryllioideae. Within Allioideae, Tulbaghieae was sister to Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae whereas Allieae was sister to the clade of Tulbaghieae‑ Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae. Molecular dating analyses revealed the crown age of Allioideae in the Eocene (40.1 mya) followed by diferentiation of Allieae in the early Miocene (21.3 mya). The split of Gilliesieae from Leucocoryneae was estimated at 16.5 mya.
    [Show full text]
  • Allium Paradoxum (M.Bieb.) G. Don (Amaryllidaceae) – a New Invasive Plant Species for the Flora of Baltic States
    Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp. 20 (1) 2020 ISSN 1407 - 8953 ALLIUM PARADOXUM (M.BIEB.) G. DON (AMARYLLIDACEAE) – A NEW INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FOR THE FLORA OF BALTIC STATES Pēteris Evarts-Bunders, Aiva Bojāre Evarts-Bunders P., Bojāre A. 2020. Allium paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don – a new invasive plant species for the flora of Baltic States.Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp., 20 (1): 55 – 60. Allium paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don was recorded as a new species for the flora of Latvia and the Baltic States on the basis of plant material first collected by A. Bojāre and P. Evarts-Bunders in 2020. Relatively large population of this species was found in Rīga, in the Rumbula district (Eastern border of the city), on the slope of the river Daugava covered by natural vegetation, but near the private gardens zone and ruderal places. This species can be easily distinguished from other Allium species by one flat, 5-25 mm wide, keeled leaf per bulb, inflorescence with several bulbils and mostly with only one flower. The species is considered as invasive and spreading by means of bulbils. In Latvia the species has been identified in their typical habitat – disturbed forest and shrubland along the riverbank on damp soil. Key words: Allium paradoxum, Latvia, Baltic States, invasive plant, flora. Pēteris Evarts-Bunders. Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes str., 1A, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia; [email protected] Aiva Bojāre. National Botanical garden, Dendroflora Department, Miera Str., 1, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia; [email protected] INTRODUCTION There are seven species of sedge occurring in the wild in Latvia – Allium angulosum Allium L.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Problems in Mediterranean Allium, and Relationships with Non-Mediterranean Allium Groups
    Peter Hanelt Taxonomic problems in Mediterranean Allium, and relationships with non-Mediterranean Allium groups Abstract Hanelt, P.: Taxonomic problems in Mediterranean Allium, and relationships with non-Mediter­ ranean Allium groups. - Bocconea 5: 259-265. 1996. - ISSN 1120-4060. The Mediterranean region is one of the centres of diversity of the genus Allium. Representa­ tives of 4 out of 6 subgenera occur here, reflecting the rather heterogeneous evolutionary his­ tory of Allium in the Mediterranean area. Some are representatives of the basic stock of the genus, belonging e.g. to A. subg. Rhizirideum (mainly distributed in continental temperate Eurasia, and with rather unspecialized features) and subg. Amerallium (with the subendemic A. sect. Molium and some other small, derived species groups, adapted by their growth rhythm to the Mediterranean climate with its prolonged dry season). The majority of species belong to A. subg. Allium, whose evolution and radiation can be correlated to the development of vast arid regions, open for colonization, after the shrinking of the Tethys sea in the so-called Old Medi­ terranean region. The few Mediterranean species of A. subg. Melanocrommyum represent east­ em immigrations from the Irano-Turanian province. Inlroduction The Mediterranean region is one of the centres of species diversity of the genus Allium. As computed from recent fIoras and taxonomic papers, 165 species occur in this area, i.e., almost y4Jf the world total of Allium species. In terrns of taxonomy, the Medi­ terranean species are a very heterogeneous assemblage: with the exception of two small, mainly E Asian subgenera, they represent all important subgenera of the genus, and refIect their geographic and phylogenetic diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Flatworm
    www.nonnativespecies.org Produced by Max Wade, Vicky Ames and Kelly McKee of RPS New Zealand Flatworm Species Description Scientific name: Arthurdendyus triangulatus AKA: Artioposthia triangulata Native to: New Zealand Habitat: Gardens, nurseries, garden centres, parks, pasture and on wasteland This flatworm is very distinctive with a dark, purplish-brown upper surface with a narrow, pale buff spotted edge and pale buff underside. Many tiny eyes. Pointed at both ends, and ribbon-flat. A mature flatworm at rest is about 1 cm wide and 6 cm long but when extended can be 20 cm long and proportionally narrower. When resting, it is coiled and covered in mucus. It probably arrived in the UK during the 1960s, with specimen plants sent from New Zealand to a botanic garden. It was only found occasionally for many years, but by the early 1990s there were repeated findings in Scotland, Northern Ireland and northern England. Native to New Zealand, the flatworm is found in shady, wooded areas. Open, sunny pasture land is too hot and dry with temperatures over 20°C quickly lethal to it. New Zealand flatworms prey on earthworms, posing a potential threat to native earthworm populations. Further spread could have an impact on wild- life species dependent on earthworms (e.g. Badgers, Moles) and could have a localised deleterious effect on soil structure. For details of legislation go to www.nonnativespecies.org/legislation. Key ID Features Underside pale buff Ribbon flat Leaves a slime trail Pointed at Numerous both ends tiny eyes 60 - 200 mm long; 10 mm wide Upper surface dark, purplish-brown with a narrow, pale buff edge Completely smooth body surface Forms coils when at rest Identification throughout the year Distribution Egg capsules are laid mainly in spring but can be found all year round.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Antitrichomonal Activity of Some Species of Allium
    Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2020 February; 15(1):e89649. doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.89649. Published online 2019 December 9. Research Article In Vitro Antitrichomonal Activity of Some Species of Allium Atena Majidi 1, 2, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi 3, Hojat-Allah Arab 2, Zohreh Momeni 4, Ali Davoodi 1 and Mohammad Azadbakht 1, * 1Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 3Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 4Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Azad University, Karaj, Iran *Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Email: [email protected] Received 2019 January 21; Revised 2019 June 03; Accepted 2019 June 09. Abstract Background: Trichomonas vaginalis infectious disease is an important worldwide health problem. Although, several drugs espe- cially metronidazole and tinidazole have been used in the treatment, their-resistant strains have been developed and unpleasant adverse effects exist. Garlic and other Allium species are old medicinal plants, which were used for infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders and hair and skin cosmetic diseases. Objectives: We aimed to compare the anti-trichomoniasis activities of three species of Allium. Methods: The Trichomonas vaginalis strain was isolated from vaginal discharge of women with vaginitis symptoms and cultured in a modified TYM medium. After confirmation of herbarium of the plants, their extracts were prepared. For testing, 24 sterile plates were used. In all 24 homes, 200 µL of TYM were poured out.
    [Show full text]
  • The Perils of Botanical Hibernation!
    The perils of botanical hibernation! This time of year finds many a botanist in the grip of hibernation, waiting patiently for the days to lengthen and the warmth of spring to coax them out again into the field. Nothing wrong with that whatsoever. But perhaps we wait a bit too long. Many charismatic, easy-to-identify spring flowers seem to creep under the radar, their best days behind them by the time we emerge blinking into the sunshine. A search of the BSBI database reveals that widespread, common early- flowering species are remarkably under-recorded in our area of central Scotland. Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) has only been recorded from a measly 11 tetrads (2x2km2 units) in Stirlingshire (Vice-county 86) from 2000 onwards. And only from 17 tetrads…ever! Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) records in VC 86, post-2000, grouped by tetrad Lesser Celandine (Ficaria verna) is one of those delightful woodland flowers that also appears along hedgerows, road verges and even upland rush-pastures – pretty much everywhere. And yet in Stirlingshire we have great big gaps in its distribution, probably due in part to its relatively early flowering. Keep an eye out for the distinctive heart-shaped leaves, which last much longer into the season. Lesser Celandine (Ficaria verna) records in VC 86, post-2000, grouped by tetrad Photographs © Matt Harding. All distribution maps © BSBI 2019 Another well-known, charismatic spring woodland flower is Ramsons, or Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum). This pleasantly smelly species is an ancient woodland indicator, but also turns up in modified woodlands and wooded river valleys.
    [Show full text]
  • Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) of the Australian Region
    ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Winsor, Leigh (2003) Studies on the systematics and biogeography of terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) of the Australian region. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/24134/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/24134/ Studies on the Systematics and Biogeography of Terrestrial Flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) of the Australian Region. Thesis submitted by LEIGH WINSOR MSc JCU, Dip.MLT, FAIMS, MSIA in March 2003 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Discipline of Zoology and Tropical Ecology within the School of Tropical Biology at James Cook University Frontispiece Platydemus manokwari Beauchamp, 1962 (Rhynchodemidae: Rhynchodeminae), 40 mm long, urban habitat, Townsville, north Queensland dry tropics, Australia. A molluscivorous species originally from Papua New Guinea which has been introduced to several countries in the Pacific region. Common. (photo L. Winsor). Bipalium kewense Moseley,1878 (Bipaliidae), 140mm long, Lissner Park, Charters Towers, north Queensland dry tropics, Australia. A cosmopolitan vermivorous species originally from Vietnam. Common. (photo L. Winsor). Fletchamia quinquelineata (Fletcher & Hamilton, 1888) (Geoplanidae: Caenoplaninae), 60 mm long, dry Ironbark forest, Maryborough, Victoria. Common. (photo L. Winsor). Tasmanoplana tasmaniana (Darwin, 1844) (Geoplanidae: Caenoplaninae), 35 mm long, tall open sclerophyll forest, Kamona, north eastern Tasmania, Australia.
    [Show full text]