Std. 7Th Perfect Geography Workbook, English Medium

Based on the latest syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

STD. VII Geography WORKBOOK

Salient Features • A Quick revision of theory at the beginning of every chapter. • Wide Variety of Questions to ensure chapter coverage. • Oral Test in every chapter for knowledge testing. • Apply your knowledge section to widen your knowledge spectrum. • Activities/Projects that help in experiential learning. • Unit Test and Semester Papers for thorough revision. • Fun time section for studentsE to have CONTENT fun while learning.

Name: ------

School:------

Standard: ------Division: ------Roll No.: ------

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© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. NoSAMPL part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 TEID: 13481 P.O. No. 169064 PREFACE Geography: Std. VII has been prepared as per the new ‘Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation’ (CCE) system which is more child-centric and focuses on active learning and making the process of education more enjoyable and interesting.

Our Std. VII Geography Workbook comes replete with a quick recap of Concepts, Summative Questions, Oral Tests, Formative Questions and Fun Time. The objective of this book is to provide practice to students and to help them understand the concepts better.

Every Chapter consists of Let’s Revise section at the beginning of the chapter that gives the readers an overview of the theory. The Summative Evaluation section includes Questions based on the theory of each chapter. These questions are followed by Open Ended Questions which help a child think more subjectively. As exclusive section titled, ‘Oral Test’ is also included.

The Formative Evaluation part of the chapters includes Activity Based Questions along with Project Work. Each chapter comes with an exclusive section called Oral Test, which has been prepared to test the chapter knowledge of a student.

All the chapters have been covered extensively through the medium of practice questions and activities. The book comprises of four Unit Tests, which would help students in thorough revision of the chapters. The book also includes two Semester Papers that give students a chance to test their knowledge quotient based on what they've learned so far. An interactive section titled ‘Fun Time’ has been incorporated in the workbook to make the process of learning more interesting for the students.

We hope this book turns out to be a guiding light for the students of Std. VII and helps them to prepare for their examination.

The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you. Please write to us at: [email protected]

A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops. Best of luck to all the aspirants! From, Publisher Edition: Second CONTENT

Disclaimer

This reference book is transformative work based on ‘Geography; First Edition: 2017’ published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in examinations.

This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.

No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for the benefit of students. Contents

Page Page No. Topic Name No. Topic Name No. No. 1. How Seasons Occur - Part 1 1 6. Natural Regions 58 2. The Sun, the Moon and the Earth 5 7. Soils 67 8. How Seasons Occur – Part 2 79 3. Tides 17 Unit Test 3 91 SAMPLE Unit Test 1 28 9. Agriculture 93 4. Air Pressure 30 10. Human Settlements 107 5. Winds 39 11. Contour Maps and Landforms 118 Unit Test 2 54 Unit Test 4 123 First Semester 56 Second Semester 125

Note: Textual Questions are represented by * mark.

2. The Sun, the Moon and the Earth

Let’s Revise 1. The moon’s motions: i. The revolution, i.e. the orbital motion, around the earth and rotation i.e. the axial motion, about its own axis are the two motions of the Moon. ii. The time taken by moon for one revolution around the earth is the same as the time taken by it for one rotation about itself. Hence, we constantly see only one side of the moon. iii. The moon rotates around itself and revolves around the earth which itself revolves around the sun. Hence the moon indirectly revolves around the sun. 2. The moon’s positions: i. Moon revolves around the Earth in an elliptical orbit. Hence the distance between the earth and the moon varies. ii. When the moon is closest to the Earth, it is said to be in perigee and when it is farthest from the Earth, it is said to be in apogee. iii. Phases of the moon are visible from earth due to the sunlight reflected from the moon. iv. The moon waxes from the new moon day to the full moon day and wanes from the full moon day to the new moon day. v. Also the moon’s revolutionary orbit makes an angle of 5° with that of the earth. Thus, the moon intersects the earth’s orbit twice during one revolution. 3. The relative positions of the sun, the moon and the earth:

Sun

CONTENT

Moon New Moon Day 0°

Waxing Moon Waning Moon 90° (Quarter day) (Quarter day) Earth Moon 270° Moon 180°

Full Moon Day Moon Angles made by the earth-moon-sun i. On a full moon day, the Moon is on the opposite side of the sun while revolving around the earth. ii. Similarly, on a new moon day, the moon is between the earth and the sun. iii. On the first and the third quarter days, the sun, the earth and the moon make relative angle of 90°. SAMPLE4. Eclipses: i. An eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon occurring with respect to the sun, the moon and the earth. ii. Sold eclipses occur only on new moon days whereas lunar eclipses occur only on full moon days, but not on every one of them.

5 Std. VII: Geography Workbook

iii. On certain new moon days or full moon days, the moon, the earth and the sun fall in one line and are also in the same plane. This is when eclipses occur.

iv. On a new moon day, the earth, the moon and the sun make an angle of 0 with each other. Whereas, on every full moon day this angle is 180.

v. It is necessary to view the sun disc through dark glasses or special goggles while observing the

solar eclipse as the intense light of the sun may harm our naked eyes.

5. Solar eclipse:

Solar eclipse occurs when the shadow of the moon falls on the earth. The conditions for the

occurrence of a solar eclipse are as follows:

i. It must be a new moon day and hence, the moon is between the sun and the earth.

ii. All three of them fall in the same line.

iii. All three of them are in the same plane.

6. Types of solar eclipses:

i. Total solar eclipse: In the area’s of the earth where moon’s dark shadow (the central portion

of the shadow) falls, the sun becomes completely invisible. Such an area experiences a total

solar eclipse. The maximum duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 20 seconds (440

seconds).

ii. Partial solar eclipse: In the area’s of the earth where moon’s lighter shadow (the peripheral

portion of the shadow) falls, the sun appears partially invisible. Such an area experiences a

partial solar eclipse.

iii. Annular solar eclipse: When the moon is in the apogee position, its shadow is cast in space

and does not reach the earth. We can see only an illuminated edge of the sun in the form of

a ring. This is called as annular solar eclipse.

Remember: While observing a solar eclipse, the intense light of the sun can harm the eyes. So we

must wear black glasses or special goggles made for this purpose.

7. Lunar eclipse:

Lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the earth’s shadow while revolving around it. The

conditions which should be satisfied are as follows; CONTENT i. It must be a full moon day and hence, the earth is between the sun and the moon.

ii. All three of them fall in the same line.

iii. All three of them are in the same plane.

8. Types of lunar eclipses:

i. Total lunar eclipse:

On a full moon day, when the moon passes through the shadow of the earth and is

completely hidden by it, we see a total lunar eclipse. The maximum duration of a total lunar

eclipse is 107 minutes.

ii. Partial lunar eclipse:

If the moon is partially hidden due to the shadow of the earth we see a partial lunar eclipse.

9. Occultation:

It occurs with reference to the moon. While revolving around the earth, the moon obscures a

star or a planet and that celestial body appears to be hidden behind the moon. This is called as

occultation.

During a total solar eclipse, the sun appears to be hidden behind the moon. Hence, this too is a

kind of occultation.

10. Transit: SAMPLE It occurs with reference to the sun. When an inner planet (i.e. a planet whose orbit lies between the sun and the orbit of earth) like Mercury or Venus comes in between the line of the earth and the sun, a transit occurs. During transit, a small dot appears to move across the sun’s disc. It is a type of solar eclipse.

6 Chapter 2: The Sun, the Moon and the Earth

Summative Evaluation

Tick the correct option Q *1. Apogee position of the moon

*2. Solar eclipse

3. Lunar eclipse

*4. The shape of sun disc at the time of an annular solar eclipse CONTENT

Q Answer in one word 1. The position of the moon when it is closest to the earth. Ans: ------2. The position of the moon when it is farthest from the earth. Ans: ------3. The angle formed between the moon, the earth and the sun on the first and the third quarter days. Ans: ------4. The angle formed between the revolutionary orbits of the moon and that of the earth. Ans: ------Q Rewrite the correct sentences SAMPLE *1. The Moon revolves around the Sun.

Ans: ------

------7 Std. VII: Geography Workbook *2. On a full moon day, the moon, the sun and the earth are positioned in this sequence.

Ans: ------

------*3. The revolutionary orbits of the Earth and the Moon are in the same plane.

Ans: ------

------*4. In one revolution of the Moon, its orbit intersects the Earth’s orbit only once.

Ans: ------

------*5. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the moon is in the perigee position.

Ans: ------

------*6. It is alright to observe a solar eclipse without protecting the eyes.

Ans: ------

------Answer in one sentence Q 1. What is the position of the moon with respect to sun, on full moon day and new moon day? Ans: ------CONTENT

------2. What types of solar eclipses occur in the perigee position of the moon?

Ans: ------

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Q Complete the flow chart Eclipse

Lunar eclipse ------

Partial lunar eclipse ------

SAMPLE

Total solar eclipse ------

8 Chapter 2: The Sun, the Moon and the Earth

Complete the following table Q *Complete the following table:

Details Lunar Eclipse Solar Eclipse

Phase of the moon i. ------New moon day Sequence Moon-Earth-Sun ii. ------

iv. ------iii. ------Type of eclipse ------Maximum duration of v. 107 minutes ------total eclipse

------Q Draw and label the diagrams

*1. Total and partial solar eclipse Ans:

CONTENT

2. Annular solar eclipse Ans:

SAMPLE

9 Std. VII: Geography Workbook *3. Total and partial lunar eclipse Ans:

Answer in brief Q *1. Why do the sun, the moon and the earth, not lie in the same line on every full moon and new moon day?

Ans: ------

------

------*2. When total solar eclipse occurs, why partial solar eclipse is also seen from the earth?

Ans: ------

------

------SAMPLE------CONTENT ------

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------10 Chapter 2: The Sun, the Moon and the Earth

------

------*3. What types of solar eclipses occur in the perigee position?

Ans: ------

------

------*4. What precautions should we take while observing a solar eclipse? Ans: ------CONTENT ------

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Q Write short notes 1. Perigee

Ans: ------

------SAMPLE ------

------

------11 Std. VII: Geography Workbook 2. Total Lunar Eclipse

Ans: ------

------

------3. Occultation

Ans: ------

------

------CONTENT ------

Q Give reasons

1. The moon appears semicircular on the first and the third quarter days.

Ans: ------

------

------2. Lunar eclipse does not occur on every full moon day. SAMPLEAns: ------

------

------12 Chapter 2: The Sun, the Moon and the Earth

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Q Open ended question

*1. Suggest measures that can be taken to eradicate the superstitions related to the eclipses.

Ans: ------

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Oral Test

1. Why do we see only one and the same side of the moon always? 2. Why do birds and animals respond unusually during a solar eclipse? 3. What do you mean by apogee position of the moon? 4. What are the solar eclipses caused by inner planetsCONTENT like Mercury and Venus called?

Formative Evaluation

Q Apply your knowledge

1. Think about it i. Like sunlight and moonlight, is there anything called the earthlight? If yes, where do you think it is found? (Textbook page no. 3)

Ans: ------

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ii. Fig 2.2 of textbook pg no. 3 shows the positions of the moon as seen from the space and as seen from the earth. How will you identify which are which? (Textbook page no. 3)

Ans: ------

------SAMPLE ------

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------13 Std. VII: Geography Workbook iii. Consider the relative positions of the sun, the moon and the earth on a new moon day and both the quarters. What will be the angle between the lines joining the earth and the moon as well as the earth and the sun? How many times will this angle be formed in a month? (Textbook page no. 4)

Ans: ------

------

------2. Use your brain power! (Textbook page no. 6) i. On the day of solar eclipse, in which part of the earth will it not be seen?

Ans: ------ii. Can we see total and annular solar eclipse on the same occasion?

Ans: ------

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------CONTENT ------

------iii. Why an annular lunar eclipse cannot be seen?

Ans: ------

------

------iv. Which eclipses will you see from the moon?

Ans: ------

SAMPLE------

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14 Chapter 2: The Sun, the Moon and the Earth v. Why are solar eclipses caused by the other planets not seen from the earth?

Ans: ------

------

vi. Why is annular solar eclipse a rare phenomenon?

Ans: ------

------

3. Think about it (Textbook page no. 6) When solar eclipses do not occur on a new moon day, does it mean that the moon does not have any shadow at all?

Ans: ------

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------CONTENT ------

Q Activity / Project

*1. Collect paper cuttings about eclipses and paste them in a notebook.

*2. Write a note on an eclipse that you have seen.

*3. Using the internet, “Panchanga” and calendar collect information about the eclipses that are likely to occur this year.

4. Try This (Textbook page no. 3) Carry out this activity on a playground. i. Select three students. ii. Give them the roles of the sun, the moon and the earth. iii. Make the sun stand in the middle. iv. Draw an elliptical orbit around the sun. v. The student who has been given the role of the earth should rotate around himself from west to SAMPLEeast. Simultaneously he should revolve around the student who is the sun along the drawn orbit in the anti-clockwise direction. vi. Make sure that the student who is performing the role of the moon is also revolving around the one who is acting as the earth. vii. Draw a diagram of the whole activity in your notebook. 15 Std. VII: Geography Workbook

1. Observe the diagram given below and add a ‘’ mark against the correct alternative.

Position: Position: Perigee Perigee Apogee Apogee Sun Moon Moon Earth

Phase: Phase: Full moon day Full moon day New moon day New moon day

Eclipse: Eclipse: Total lunar eclipse Total lunar eclipse Partial lunar eclipse Partial lunar eclipse Total solar eclipse Total solar eclipse Partial solar eclipse Partial solar eclipse Annular solar eclipse Annular solar eclipse

SAMPLEGrades: CONTENT A - Excellent Teacher’s Remark:------

B - Good ------

C - Fair Date:------Sign:------