Carleton University Department of Sociology and Anthropology Sociology 3210: Sociology of Trumpism Fall 2017

Professor Justin Paulson Class time: Monday 11:35am-2:25pm Email: [email protected] Location: SA 518 Office: Loeb C761 Office hours: Monday 2:30-3:30pm, Thursday 1pm-2pm T.A.: TBA Messages: 613-520-2600, ext. 2938

Prerequisites: Soc/Anth 1001 and 1002 or Soc/Anth 1003. Students with at least 3rd-year standing only.

Description and Objectives

This course will make sense of the Trump phenomenon by interrogating the sociological histories and undercurrents of contemporary rightwing , patriarchal backlash, and white supremacy. The course will not be rehashing “why Clinton lost”, but instead will be asking questions about—and making visible—the underlying systems and structures that made Trump’s election possible, what (if anything) is new about Trumpism, and how it relates to rightwing and fascist movements elsewhere. We will also investigate the failures of liberalism revealed by the election, and the significance of Trump’s election and governance for sociology.

Format and Assessment

Students in this class will read a variety of texts related to the course themes, and then meet for 3 hours each week. Class meetings may consist of lectures, discussions, films, and student presentations. Note that lectures will not rehash the assigned texts, but are designed to complement them by providing background, context, clarification, and theoretical framing. Students will have opportunities each week to engage with and discuss the readings and the issues that they raise.

Students are expected to:

• Carefully read the assigned texts before the class meets. In the week before each meeting , you should prepare some written questions, thoughts, and/or subjects for discussion that are drawn from your own reflections on the week's texts.

• Attend all class meetings, being prepared to discuss the reading for that week. You should not take this course if you cannot attend regularly.

• Assessment in this course will be based on: ☞ class participation (10%): this includes attendance, weekly reading quizzes and other in-class exercises, and the quality of your regular participation. ☞ a social media analysis (20%): due electronically by 4pm October 20. ☞ a portfolio of short pieces of writing (40%) reflecting on the week’s themes in light of current events. Minimum one page per week, incorporating your reflections on what you’ve read for the course in that week. Due December 8. ☞ a final research project (worth 30% of the grade), consisting of a poster presentation and short presentation of your research, accompanied by a 6-page paper. Presentations will take place December 4 and December 8. Your paper will be due on December 8.

Extra-credit opportunities may be made available at various points in the term; these may involve attending and learning from campus colloquia, panel talks, and other events related to course themes.

SOCI 3210 – Fall 2017 Sociology of Trumpism

In accordance with the Carleton University Undergraduate Calendar, the letter grades assigned in this course will have the following percentage equivalents: A+ = 90-100 B+ = 77-79 C+ = 67-69 D+ = 57-59 A = 85-89 B = 73-76 C = 63-66 D = 53-56 A - = 80-84 B - = 70-72 C - = 60-62 D - = 50-52 F = Below 50 WDN = Withdrawn from the course ABS = Student absent from final exam DEF = Deferred FND = (Failed, no Deferred)

Questions: Out-of-class questions about the course material are best handled in office hours. If you cannot make the regular office hours, please do not hesitate to schedule an appointment! If it is impractical or impossible to schedule an appointment, then you are encouraged to email your question to Prof. Paulson or to your TA, as appropriate. Please note that all emails to your professor or to your TA should be considered formal communication, and written accordingly. I will not answer an email if the level of language used is inadequate.

Email: Every effort will be made to respond to office hour scheduling requests within 24 hours. Other emailed questions may take longer, depending on their content. (Please do not use email as a substitute for reading the syllabus!)

Written style: Written work should be typed, proofread, double-spaced, and written in a standard 12-point font Written work for this course is also expected to conform to the grammatical and style standards of formal university writing: in Sociology this typically means using in-text citations in order to cite others' texts, and appending a formal bibliography to the end of your paper that lists the texts you have consulted. As an alternative, students may use Chicago style instead. (Either style should be used consistently.)

Submission: Assignments are due at the BEGINNING OF CLASS on their due-date, unless explicitly noted otherwise.

Late Work: Late work will not be accepted.

Academic honesty: Please see the next page of the course outline for the University's policies concerning plagiarism. Both your professor and your TA take academic honesty extremely seriously, and follow the university guidelines to the letter. Even if you think you know what plagiarism is, you should read over the entire academic integrity policy again; ignorance is not an excuse!

Computers: Laptop computers may be used in class when necessary to take notes; documentation from the Paul Menton Centre is required. (The internet connection should be switched off, power cords should not cross the aisles, and the computer use should not be distracting to other students.) Students may also use laptops to take notes if providing notes to the PMC.

Other computers, tablets, iPods, etc. should be turned off and put away.

Cell phones: Cell phones must be turned off and put away for the duration of the class.

Required Texts:

Journal articles, news stories, and book chapters available through the library's journals and reserves system, and/or online.

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Academic Regulations

University rules regarding registration, withdrawal, appealing marks, and most anything else you might need to know can be found on the university’s website, here: http://calendar.carleton.ca/undergrad/regulations/academicregulationsoftheuniversity/

Academic Accommodation

You may need special arrangements to meet your academic obligations during the term. For an accommodation request the processes are as follows:

Pregnancy obligation: write to me with any requests for academic accommodation during the first two weeks of class, or as soon as possible after the need for accommodation is known to exist. For more details see the Student Guide.

Religious obligation: write to me with any requests for academic accommodation during the first two weeks of class, or as soon as possible after the need for accommodation is known to exist. For more details see the Student Guide.

Academic Accommodations for Students with Disabilities

The Paul Menton Centre for Students with Disabilities (PMC) provides services to students with Learning Disabilities (LD), psychiatric/mental health disabilities, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), chronic medical conditions, and impairments in mobility, hearing, and vision. If you have a disability requiring academic accommodations in this course, please contact PMC at 613-520-6608 or [email protected] for a formal evaluation. If you are already registered with the PMC, contact your PMC coordinator to send me your Letter of Accommodation at the beginning of the term, and no later than two weeks before the first in-class scheduled test or exam requiring accommodation (if applicable). After requesting accommodation from PMC, meet with me to ensure accommodation arrangements are made.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the passing off of someone else's work as your own and is a serious academic offence. All details regarding what constitutes plagiarism, the potential penalties and the procedures can be found in the section on Instructional Offences in the Undergraduate Calendar.

All students are bound by the Carleton University Student Academic Integrity Policy. Please ensure that you have read it and understand it. The Policy is strictly enforced and is binding on all students.

Plagiarism and cheating—presenting another’s ideas, arguments, words or images as your own, using unauthorized material, misrepresentation, fabricating or misrepresenting research data, failing to acknowledge sources (whether ideas, concepts, quotations, or paraphrased material), unauthorized co-operation or collaboration or completing work for another student—weaken the quality of everyone's degree. Academic dishonesty in any form is unacceptable, without exception.

What are the Procedures and Penalties for Plagiarism? Plagiarism is a serious offence that cannot be resolved directly by the course’s instructor. All allegations of plagiarism are reported to the Dean of the faculty. Documentation is prepared by instructors and/or departmental chairs. The Associate Dean of the Faculty conducts a rigorous investigation, including an interview with the student. Penalties are not trivial, and may include: expulsion; suspension from all studies at Carleton; suspension from full- time studies; a reprimand; a refusal of permission to continue or to register in a specific degree program; academic probation; award of a grade of FNS, Fail, or ABS in the course.

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Assistance for Students: Student Academic and Career Development Services: http://carleton.ca/sacds/ -- walk-in, no appointment necessary Writing Tutorial Services: www.carleton.ca/csas/writingservices/ -- 4th floor, Library. Appointment suggested. Peer Assisted Study Sessions (PASS): www.carleton.ca/csas/group-support/ Library and Research Support: Contact the very friendly folks at the reference services desk at the Library. Stress and Crisis: Health and Counselling Services, x2573.

Important Information: • Student or professor materials created for this course (including presentations and posted notes, labs, case studies, assignments and exams) remain the intellectual property of the author(s). They are intended for personal use and may not be reproduced or redistributed without prior written consent of the author(s). • Students must always retain a hard copy of all work that is submitted. • Standing in a course is determined by the course instructor subject to the approval of the Faculty Dean. This means that grades submitted by the instructor may be subject to revision. No grades are final until they have been approved by the Dean. • Carleton University is committed to protecting the privacy of those who study or work here (currently and formerly). To that end, Carleton’s Privacy Office seeks to encourage the implementation of the privacy provisions of ’s Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA) within the university. • In accordance with FIPPA, please ensure all communication with staff/faculty is via your Carleton email account.

Respectful learning environment: We will be discussing topics that some of you may find unsettling. Common sense will be challenged. While it is crucial for your learning in this class to critically engage with the course materials from diverse perspectives, including your own experience, it is important that you do so from a foundation of respect and collegiality and a willingness to understand others’ perspectives. In order to create a classroom environment that fosters productive dialogue, you are expected to treat everyone with respect and courtesy. This includes listening without interrupting, as well as considering the impacts of your words on others.

Important Dates:

September 6th: Classes start. September 11th: First class of SOCI 3210. September 19th: Last day for registration and course changes. September 30th: Last day to withdraw with a full fee adjustment. October 9th: Thanksgiving. University closed – no classes. October 23rd-27th: Fall break, no classes. December 8th: Last day of classes, which follow a Monday schedule. We will have class on Dec. 8th. Last day for handing in term work. Last day for academic withdrawal from fall courses.

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Schedule of Topics and Reading List

Note: This is a ‘special topics’ course covering an ongoing current event, and I want to make space for your own interests as well as anything that comes up in the news which may shape how we talk about and understand Trump and rightwing populism. How we talk about Trump will be an ongoing theme, and so course readings may include journalism and popular punditry as well as scholarly material. (Note: pundits' expertise is not peer-reviewed prior to publication, and is often found lacking.) Further material may be added as we go along, and will be put on reserve. We’ll try to keep as up-to-date as possible.

SEPTEMBER 11: Donald Trump and us. Introduction to the themes of the course and to each other. Discussion of course outline. Overview of keywords and concepts.

Required: Raymond Williams, 'Ideology', 'Experience', 'Hegemony', 'Culture', and 'Popular', in Keywords (Oxford, 1983), pp. 153-157, 126-129, 144-146, 87-93, and 236-238.

Robin D.G. Kelley, "After Trump", Boston Review (Nov 15, 2016). Online: http://bostonreview.net/forum/after-trump/robin-d-g-kelley-trump-says-go-back- we-say-fight-back

suggested: David Bromwich, "The Age of Detesting Trump," London Review of Books (13 July 2017), 9-12.

Academic Matters Spring 2017 (special issue on the populist challenge for universities)

Stuart Hall, "Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance," ch. 1 of Baker, et al, eds., Black British Cultural Studies: A Reader (Univ. of Chicago, 1996) [1980], 16-60.

SEPTEMBER 18: A brief history of rightwing populism. Left- and rightwing populism compared. Populism in the US and .

Required: Kathleen M. Blee and Kimberly A. Creasap, "Conservative and Right-Wing Movements," Annual Review of Sociology 36 (2010): 269-286.

Bill Fletcher, Jr., "Stars and Bars: Understanding Rightwing Populism in the USA," Socialist Register 52 (2016): 296-308.

suggested: Neil Davidson, "Right-Wing Social Movements: The Political Indeterminacy of Mass Mobilisation", in Barker, et al, Marxism and Social Movements (Haymarket, 2013), pp. 277-297.

Ernesto Laclau, On Populist Reason (Verso, 2005), ch. 1: "Populism: Ambiguities and Paradoxes," pp. 3-20.

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SEPTEMBER 25: How new is Trumpism? How unique is it to the United States? The legacies of white supremacy and in North America and elsewhere.

Required: Alexander Livingston, "The World According to Bannon," Jacobin, Feb 7 2017. Online: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/02/bannon-trump-muslim-travel-ban- breitbart-generation-zero/

David Roediger, "The Prehistory of the White Worker: Settler Colonialism, Race, and Republicanism", in The Wages of Whiteness, 3rd ed. (Verso, 2007), pp. 19-36.

Angela Wright, "Recent displays of white supremacy are not an anomaly", CBC News (Opinion), August 20 2017. Online: http://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/white-supremacy- charlottesville-1.4254297

suggested: Doug Henwood, "The American Right: From Margins to Mainstream," Socialist Register 52 (2016): 272-295.

Stuart Hall, "The Great Moving Right Show," The Hard Road to Renewal (Verso, 1988), 39-56.

Anatol Lieven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism (Oxford, 2004).

Trevor Harrison, Of Passionate Intensity: Right-Wing Populism and the Reform Party of Canada (UT Press, 1995)

Patrick Wolfe, "Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native", Journal of Genocide Research 84:4 (2006): 387-409.

OCTOBER 2: An eclipse of reason? Alternative facts, media and social media, and the myths of liberalism. 'The Resistance'.

Required: Zeynep Tufekci, "Adventures in the Trump Twittersphere." New York Times March 31, 2016. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/opinion/campaign-stops/adventures-in-the- trump-twittersphere.html

Tressie McMillam Cottom, "Racism With No Racists" Nov 19, 2016. Online: https://tressiemc.com/uncategorized/racism-with-no-racists-the-president-trump- conundrum/

Jonathan Ladd, "Trump's only significant campaign skill is manipulating the media. But he's great at it." Vox, September 26 2016. Online: https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of- faction/2016/9/26/13061494/trump-media-manipulation

Danah Boyd, "Did Media Literacy Backfire?" January 5, 2017. Online: https://points.datasociety.net/did-media-literacy-backfire-7418c084d88d

Jeet Heer, "The Path of Most Resistance," The New Republic May 11, 2017. Online: https://newrepublic.com/article/142425/path-resistance-promise-perils- democrats-fight-against-trump

suggested: "Three Truths About Trumpism": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTnbA-hDxGM (to 1'30)

Harry Frankfurt, "On Bullshit" (2005). Online: https://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/bullshit/pdf/on-bullshit.pdf

Theodor Adorno, The Psychological Technique of Martin Luther Thomas' Radio Addresses (Stanford, 2000 [1930s])

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OCTOBER 9: Thanksgiving – no class.

OCTOBER 16: Who are Trump's “base” supporters? How to read and not to read the data.

Required: Mike Davis, "The Great God Trump and the White Working Class," Catalyst 1:1 (2017), 151-171. Online: https://catalyst-journal.com/vol1/no1/great-god-trump-davis

Matthew MacWilliams, "The Best Predictor of Trump Support Isn't Income, Education, or Age, It's Authoritarianism." Vox, Feb 23, 2016. Online: https://www.vox.com/2016/2/23/11099644/trump-support-authoritarianism

Adam Enders and Steven Smallpage, "Racial Prejudice, not Populism or Authoritarianism, Predicts Support for Trump over Clinton." Washington Post May 26, 2016. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/26/these-9-simple- charts-show-how-donald-trumps-supporters-differ-from-hillary- clintons/?utm_term=.75330f400ff0

Gallup poll on what voters heard about the candidates. 19 September 2016. Online: http://www.gallup.com/poll/195596/email-dominates-americans-heard-clinton.aspx

Linda Alvarez, et al, "The One They've Been Waiting For: White Fear and the Rise of Donald Trump". JREP: Politics of Color. Nov 27, 2016. Online: http://politicsofcolor.com/the- one-theyve-been-waiting-for-white-fear-and-the-rise-of-donald-trump/

Thomas Pettigrew, "Social Psychological Perspectives on Trump Supporters," Journal of Social and Political Psychology 5:1 (2017), 107-116.

suggested: Robert Kuttner, "Hidden Injuries of Class, Race, and Culture: The Decline of the White Working Class and the Rise of the Tea Party and Donald Trump." American Prospect Oct 3, 2016. Online: http://prospect.org/article/hidden-injuries-0

Eric Foner, "White Nationalists, Neo-Confederates, and Donald Trump" (interview with Jon Wiener), The Nation August 16, 2017. Online: https://www.thenation.com/article/eric- foner-white-nationalists-neo-confederates-and-donald-trump/

David Roberts, "Everything Mattered: Lessons from 2016's Bizarre Presidential Election," Vox November 30 2016). Online: https://www.vox.com/policy-and- politics/2016/11/30/13631532/everything-mattered-2016-presidential-election

Gabriel Winant, "The New Working Class," Dissent May 25 2017. Online: https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/new-working-class-precarity- race-gender-democrats

OCTOBER 23: reading week – no class.

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OCTOBER 30: White nationalism and the rise of the self-styled “Alt-Right” History. The Far Right and "Alt-Right". Differences between movements of reaction and repression and those of liberation.

Required: Michael Omi & Howard Winant, "Race and Reaction," in Racial Formation in the United States 2nd ed. (Routledge, 1994), 113-136.

Angela Nagle, "Conservative Culture Wars from Buchanan to Yiannopolous," ch. 4 of Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars from 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right (Zero Books, 2007), 54-67.

Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, "Black Lives Matter: A Movement, Not a Moment," in From #Blacklivesmatter to Black Liberation (Haymarket, 2016), 153-190.

suggested: Partial list of neo-Nazi vandalism since Charlottesville: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/anti- semitism-charlottesville-shattered-glass_us_599dd9f0e4b0d97c40011880

Additional chapters from Nagle, esp. ch. 2, "The Online Politics of Transgression" and ch. 6, "Entering the Manosphere".

Additional chapters from Taylor.

NOVEMBER 6: Immigration, Refugees, Islamophobia And the movements for sanctuary and solidarity

Required: Jen Ridgley, "Cities of Refuge: Immigration Enforcement, Police and the Insurgent Genealogies of Citizenship in U.S. Sanctuary Cities," Urban Geography 28.1 (2008)

Mark Keierleber, 'Sanctuary Schools' series in the Guardian August 21 and 22 2017. Online: http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/21/american-schools-defy- trump-immigration-crackdown and http://www.theguardian.com/us- news/2017/aug/22/trump-immigration-us-schools-education-undocumented-migrants

Leti Volpp, "The Citizen and the Terrorist," UCLA Law Review 49:5 (2001-2002), 1575-91.

suggested: George Joseph, "Mapping Trump's Coming War on Immigrant Sanctuary Cities," Citylab. Online: https://www.citylab.com/equity/2016/11/mapping-trumps-coming-war-on- sanctuary-cities/507785/

Esther Yu Hsi Lee, "This is What a Deportation Raid is Like", ThinkProgress (7 Jan 2016). Online: https://thinkprogress.org/this-is-what-a-deportation-raid-is-like

Map of ICE raids: https://migramap.latinorebels.com/map/

Talal Ansari and Siraj Datoo, "Welcome to America, Now Spy On Your Friends," Buzzfeed. January 28 2016. Online: https://www.buzzfeed.com/talalansari/welcome-to-america- now-spy-on-your-friends

William Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence Against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (Oxford, 2013).

David Gutierrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Univ. of California Press, 1995).

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NOVEMBER 13: Misogyny and the persistence of patriarchy And what to make of the 53% of white women voters who voted for Trump?

Required: C.J. Pascoe, "Some Thoughts on Locker Room Talk". October 10 2016. Online: https://thesocietypages.org/girlwpen/2016/10/10/some-thoughts-on-locker-room- talk/

Aja Romano, "How the alt-right's sexism lures men into white supremacy" Vox, Dec 14 2016. Online: https://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/14/13576192/alt-right-sexism-recruitment

Jane Junn, "Hiding in Plain Sight: White Women Vote Republican," Politics of Color Nov 13, 2016. Online: http://politicsofcolor.com/white-women-vote-republican/

David Rosen, "Donald Trump and the Crisis of Masculinity," CounterPunch Feb 26, 2016. Online: https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/02/26/donald-trump-and-the-crisis-of-masculinity/

suggested: Angela Davis, Women, Race, and Class (Vintage, 1981).

Angela Nagle, "The New Man of 4Chan". The Baffler 30 (2016) Online: https://thebaffler.com/salvos/new-man-4chan-nagle

Michael S. Kimmel, "The Cult of Masculinity: American Social Character and the Legacy of the Cowboy," in The History of Men: Essays on the History of American and British Masculinities (SUNY Press, 2005).

Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Race and Gender in the United States (Univ. of Chicago, 1995).

Trump "sexism tracker": http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/donald-trump-sexism-tracker- every-offensive-comment-in-one-place/

Nagle, Kill All Normies, ch. 6 "Entering the Manosphere"

NOVEMBER 20: Authoritarianism, fascism, and anti-fascist struggle Memorializing histories. What's in a statue?

Required: Geoff Eley, "Fascism Then and Now", Socialist Register 52 (2016): 91-112.

Gaspar Tamas, "On Post-Fascism", Boston Review June 1, 2000 Online: http://bostonreview.net/world/g-m-tamás-post-fascism

Kwame Anthony Appiah, "There is no such thing as western civilisation", The Guardian Nov 9 2016, online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/09/western-civilisation- appiah-reith-lecture

suggested: David Shorter, "The Fragile Statues of Whiteness," Huffington Post. Aug. 21, 2017. Online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/59981418e4b033e0fbdec456

Wikipedia, "List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States," online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_of_the_Confederate_ States_of_America

Robert Paxton, "What is Fascism?", ch. 8 of The Anatomy of Fascism (Vintage, 2005), 206-220.

Hannah Arendt, Imperialism (book 2 of The Origins of Totalitarianism) (Harvest, 1968).

Franz Neumann, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933-1944 (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 2009).

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NOVEMBER 27: Can it happen here? Is Canada an exception?

Required: Statistics Canada, "Police-Reported Hate Crimes, 2015" (latest year available). Online: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/170613/dq170613b-eng.pdf and http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2017001/article/14832-eng.pdf

Katie Dangerfield, "White Nationalist groups on the rise in Canada, plan more rallies", Global News August 15, 2017. Online: http://globalnews.ca/news/3670776/white-nationalist- groups-canada-on-the-rise/

[TBA: Something on the Proud Boys Canada]

suggested: Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, "Decolonization is Not a Metaphor," Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education, and Society 1:1 (2012): 1-40.

Anna Maria Tremonti, "Kevin O'Leary, Kelly Leitch test out Donald Trump-style tactics in Canada," The Current, 20 January 2017, audio: http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/kevin- o-leary-kellie-leitch-test-out-donald-trump-style-tactics-in-canada- 1.3944571?autoplay=true

Kirsten Kozolanka, The Power of Persuasion: The Politics of the New Right in Ontario (Black Rose, 2007), esp. ch. 2, "Too Much Democracy?", pp. 31-78.

Lori Turnbull and Melissa Haussman, “Legislatures and Parties: Heightened Divisions since the ,” ch.8 of David Biette and David Thomas, eds., Canada and the US: Differences that Count (Univ. of Toronto, 2014).

DECEMBER 4: Research presentations and discussion.

DECEMBER 8: Research presentations and discussion.

Thanks to those who put together the following reading lists for their many good and provocative suggestions: N.D.B. Connolly, Keisha Blain and the African American Intellectual History Society, "Trump Syllabus 2.0" (2016) NYC Stands With Standing Rock Collective, "Standing Rock Syllabus" (2016) The New Inquiry, "A Time For Treason" reading list (2016) Twin Cities General Defence Committee, "Anti-Fascist Syllabus" (2016) Dan Hirschman, "Social Science in the Age of Trump: a syllabus" (2017) Nyron Crawford & Matt Wray, "Trump Syllabus 3.0" (2017)

Carleton University is on unceded Algonquin land.

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