APEC Outcomes & Outlook 2016 • 2017 Introduction
APEC now sits at the center of a worldwide conversation about the benefits of trade and globalization and what more can be done to expand the progress we have made to the broader population.
The Asia-Pacific region is a major driver of global economic growth, which over time transformed member economies by lifting millions from poverty into the middle class. Despite helping create economic opportunities that fueled this progress, APEC cannot rest. Inequality and polarization of income are still pressing concerns facing many people in our economies.
Our economies have grown, and more people now enjoy prosperity compared to 25 years ago, but APEC believes that this growth must be one that is sustainable, secure, and more importantly, inclusive. In Peru in 2016, our efforts to make the benefits of trade felt by more people gained strong support from the 21 member economies. Our Leaders threw their collective support behind the pursuit of inclusive economic growth that takes into account environmental sustainability, food security, small businesses’ participation in global value chains and economic empowerment of women.
Many economies have shown remarkable economic growth in the past years without sacrificing equality. At APEC, we take this not just as a challenge, but as an inspiration. Contents In 2017, we are headed to Viet Nam where we will take on the challenge to follow through with our inclusive agenda. There, we re-commit to move forward our mission to achieve APEC’s long-held view 1 Introduction for a prosperous Asia-Pacific community. 2 APEC Member Economies 4 Outcomes: APEC Peru 2016 10 2016 APEC Leaders’ Declaration
20 Annex A: Lima Declaration on FTAAP Recommendations Dr Alan Bollard 26 Annex B: APEC Services Competitiveness Roadmap Executive Director APEC Secretariat 40 Outlook: APEC Viet Nam 2017 47 Key Meetings in 2017 48 APEC Milestones 52 About APEC
1 APEC Member Economies AUSTRALIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CANADA CHILE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA HONG KONG, CHINA INDONESIA JAPAN REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALAYSIA MEXICO NEW ZEALAND PAPUA NEW GUINEA PERU THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION SINGAPORE CHINESE TAIPEI THAILAND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA VIET NAM
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APEC Peru 2016 ”Quality Growth and Human Development” The Asia-Pacific is a major driver of global Advancing regional • Quality growth – discussions on the economic growth. While we celebrate the fact economic integration APEC Strategy for Strengthening Quality that economic growth has helped lift millions Growth prioritized institution building, social out of poverty in the past twenty years, we are APEC’s commitment to building an inclusive cohesion, and environmental impact, to better also aware that questions surround the very idea and interconnected open economy in the Asia- focus efforts on pursuing quality growth. of free trade as wealth gaps persist, not just in Pacific brought member economies together to the region but everywhere in the world. As host pursue free trade policies that are essential for • Structural reform - structural reform boosts of APEC 2016, Peru brought to light the need to sustaining recovery and boosting growth. productivity and potential output as well as take into consideration social implications of a narrows the development gap and promoting regional economic integration agenda. • Bogor Goals - the 2016 Second-Term Review innovative growth in the region. of APEC’s Progress toward the Bogor Goals Guided by the theme, “Quality Growth and was completed this year, and the Leaders • Services – the services sector is a major Human Development,” APEC members identified reaffirmed APEC’s commitment to achieving contributor to productivity and growth within initiatives to facilitate equitable growth in the the Bogor Goals of free and open trade APEC, and it is a potential new growth driver. region and enhance growth strategies that place and investment to strengthen and deepen Improved competitiveness through open and social and individual progress at the center of regional economic integration through both predictable environment was identified as a this effort. collective and individual efforts. Economies significant boost to this sector. Because of also concurred to continue pursuing work in this fact, APEC Economies have agreed on Specifically, policy directions were pursued those areas where progress has been uneven, the APEC Services Cooperation Framework based on the following priorities: and address remained barriers that prevent (ASCF) and APEC Services Competitiveness • Advancing the regional economic integration APEC from attaining free and open trade and Roadmap (ASCR) Implementation Plan, one of and growth agenda; investment as identified in the report. the main outcomes for 2016. Economies will • Investing in human capital development; pursue mutually agreed targets, put in place • Towards the modernization of MSMEs; and • Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific the best possible enabling environment for • Fostering the regional food system (FTAAP) – APEC sought to develop and services competitiveness by addressing the implement the work programs in areas enabling factors, to implement APEC-wide identified in the Collective Strategic Study’s actions, implement unilateral reforms aimed recommendations to enhance member at further improving the services sector, and economies’ capabilities towards the to monitor and evaluate progress under the realization of the FTAAP. roadmap. 4 5 Outcomes
• APEC Program on Food Security and Climate Change – APEC is promoting the use of scientific best practices to develop climate- smart technologies. These techniques not only help increase productivity in the face of climate change but also help mitigate and reduce the pressures of food production on the environment.
• Strategic Framework on Rural-Urban Development to Strengthen Food Security and Quality Growth - APEC recognizes the implications of urbanization to regional food security. It encourages member economies to develop integrated approaches that promote food security and economic growth across the • Strengthening comprehensive connec- Enhancing the regional entire rural-to-urban spectrum. tivity – connectivity in the region is essential food market to keep up with a growing demand on • APEC Food Security Roadmap Towards infrastructure in the region. APEC strives for a functional and transparent 2020 – APEC encourages member economies food markets that are oriented to address to continue the implementation of the 2030 • Investment – a favorable investment climate “behind the border” trade restrictions. APEC, Agenda for Sustainable Development, in the APEC region is important to encourage through the lens of food security, understands noting the direct relevance of some of the the movement of capital beyond borders. that an accessible and predictable food supply is Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to necessary for development and growth. food security. With this, APEC strives to tackle • Global value chains – integration into global food insecurity and malnutrition of vulnerable value chains can lead to growth through • Piura Declaration on Food Security – groups. diversification of exports, the creation of new Agriculture ministers set clear steps forward jobs, and acquisition of new technological to pave the way for enhanced food markets capabilities. and sustainable food production through integrated economic approaches.
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Modernizing micro, small, are also encouraged to conduct business in an Sectoral outcomes and medium enterprises environmentally sustainable way. (MSMEs) APEC also worked on advancing regional economic integration and the 2016 priorities The MSMEs are very much rooted in the Developing human capital in the context of sectoral implications. These economic structure of the Asia-Pacific region. include supporting tourism-related small APEC has been working to provide a conducive APEC believes that investing in human resources businesses, encouraging a gender inclusive a policy environment that encourages MSMEs’ will help member economies take strides from a business environment, building efficient and participation in the regional value chain. This natural resources-based economy to one that is high-performing health systems and creating is done by supporting the application of new oriented toward services and information. This economic opportunities for those with technologies and innovation that promote type of economy can maximize the benefits of disabilities. competitiveness, productivity, and employment. new technologies and innovation. APEC also continues to strengthen cooperation MSMEs are also in the best position to advance In 2016, APEC’s Education Strategy sought to to keep the region’s transportation infrastructure sustainability in our economies. APEC now seeks enhance competencies, accelerate innovation, safe from human-made disasters as well to strengthen the capacity of small businesses’ and increase employability with hopes to effect as to make the region’s institutions free of innovation and their competitiveness. This area an inclusive and quality education in the region. corruption. Similarly, APEC also took stock of work includes commercializing intellectual This initiative not only targets those who are of the milestones on initiatives promoting property rights and enhancing participation in already in the education sector, but also those emergency preparedness to protect supply the internet and digital economy and through considered disadvantaged and underrepresented chains after a disaster, sustainable utilization of electronic commerce. Similarly, APEC also seeks groups. marine, forest, and mining resources, reduced to reduce the technological gap and strengthen intensity of energy use, invigorating science and ethical business practices to support MSMEs’ This strategy will be complemented by the research to drive innovation and people-oriented growth and cross-border trade. APEC Baseline Report on Current Education urbanization. Status in the Asia-Pacific region, as a tool for Citing progress on the implementation of the enhancing mutual understanding and learning of Boracay Action Agenda to Globalize MSMEs, educational development among APEC member economies are encouraged to reduce further economies. the costs associated with non-tariff measures (NTMs), a greater involvement of SMEs in business-to-business (B2B) and business-to- government (B2G) markets. Small businesses
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We encourage our economies to collaborate on 2016 APEC LEADERS’ DECLARATION improving education in the Asia-Pacific region under the principles established in the APEC Education Strategy. This strategy outlines a We, the Leaders of APEC, met in Lima under While these challenges may pose a risk to 2020, to bring greater focus to the importance path for achieving a strong and cohesive APEC the theme of Quality Growth and Human our common aspirations and objectives, we of pursuing quality growth as envisaged in the education community characterized by inclusive Development to continue working on our recommit our efforts to ensure APEC maintains 2010 APEC Growth Strategy. and quality education that supports sustainable common endeavor to support free and open trade its global leadership as a forum that can, through economic growth and social well-being, and investment, sustainable economic growth cooperation, tackle the most pressing problems, Stressing the importance of achieving quality enhances competencies, accelerates innovation and shared prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. and continue to be an incubator of ideas of the growth, we also pledge to focus our efforts and increases employability. Within this vision, in 2016 we have focused future. In that sense, we remain committed to on ensuring that our policies and strategies our efforts on the following thematic priorities: the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for contribute in concrete terms to raising people´s Given that full and productive employment for Regional Economic Integration and Quality Sustainable Development as it represents quality of life and enhancing social equity in the all population groups is essential for human Growth; Enhancing the Regional Food Market; a balanced and comprehensive multilateral region. We therefore recognize that our efforts development in the region, we also recognize Towards the Modernization of Micro, Small and framework for international cooperation. to achieve APEC´s objectives and goals must that the economic empowerment of women, Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Asia- We also welcome the recent entry into force remain focused on improving the lives of our youth and persons with disabilities should be Pacific; and Developing Human Capital. of the Paris Agreement and commit to its people. a priority under the APEC agenda for enhancing transparent and effective implementation in quality growth and human development. We recognize women’s vital contribution to of ICT plays a vitally important role in human Eight years after Peru hosted APEC for the order to transition towards a low carbon, climate We recognize the vital importance of continuing economic and social development and we development and we reaffirm our willingness to first time, the world economic recovery is resilient economy. work towards an inclusive education agenda In this regard, we commit to strengthen our commit to strengthen our efforts to support the achieve next-generation broadband by 2020. progressing, but facing increasingly far-reaching that will enable people of all ages to meet the efforts to ensure decent work and work life mainstreaming of gender equality and women’s and interrelated challenges. The confluence challenges of a globalized world. Furthermore, quality for all, especially socially vulnerable empowerment across APEC’s work, to ensure that Recognizing health as the foundation of of inequality in some economies and uneven Quality Growth and realizing that equitable access to high-quality groups, by providing access to quality inclusive women enjoy equal access to quality education economic prosperity and human development, economic growth, as well as environmental Human Development education and training will allow our people education and vocational training; boosting and economic resources. We welcome efforts we highlight the importance of promoting health degradation and the risks posed by climate to develop skills and competencies from early entrepreneurship; improving social protection; to support women’s entrepreneurship, grow systems towards the achievement of Universal change, affect prospects for sustainable We reaffirm our aspirations towards balanced, childhood and throughout their lifetime, we and enhancing regional cooperation. women-led SMEs, enhance women’s digital Health Coverage (UHC), which are resilient, development, and deepen uncertainty toward inclusive, sustainable, innovative, and secure must focus our efforts on improving the quality, literacy, promote women’s career development, sustainable, accessible and responsive to the immediate future. In addition, globalization growth in the APEC region, as reflected in the mobility and access to education including in strengthen women and girls’ access to science, current and future needs to foster quality growth and its associated integration processes APEC Accord on Innovative Development, partnership with employers, and soft skills technology, engineering and mathematics and human development. We look forward to are increasingly being called into question, Economic Reform and Growth, and the APEC development. (STEM) education and careers and address further work on ways to address the fiscal and contributing to the emergence of protectionist Strategy for Strengthening Quality Growth by health-related barriers to women’s economic economic impacts of ill health. trends. participation. We believe that the development
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Challenges and development, interconnected growth and We reaffirm our commitment to keep our opportunities for free trade shared interests, that advances employment markets open and to fight against all forms of and investment in the opportunities for all, by reaffirming free and protectionism by reaffirming our pledge against current global context open trade and investment, accelerating regional protectionism through a standstill commitment economic integration, promoting competitive that we agree to extend until the end of 2020 We recognize that there has been a slow markets, encouraging economic and technical and to roll back protectionist and trade-distorting and uneven recovery from the economic and cooperation, and facilitating a favorable and measures, which weaken trade and slow down financial crisis of 2008, resulting in lower global sustainable business environment. the progress and recovery of the international economic growth, volatile financial conditions, economy. lower commodity prices, rising inequalities, These overarching principles will continue to employment challenges, and significantly slower guide us in our common path. At the same We welcome the progress made by economies expansion of international trade in recent years. time, we acknowledge that economies need to in notifying their acceptance of the WTO Trade We remain committed to using all policy tools reach out to all sectors of our societies to better Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and support its – monetary, fiscal and structural – individually explain the benefits of trade, investment and entry into force at the earliest possible date. We and collectively, to strengthen global demand open markets, and to ensure that those benefits call upon the remaining APEC economies as well and address supply constraints. We reaffirm are widely distributed. as other WTO members to make their utmost the important role of mutually-reinforcing efforts to submit their instruments of acceptance policies to buttress our efforts to achieve strong, Building on the WTO’s successful Bali of the TFA by the end of the year. sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth. We and Nairobi Ministerial Conferences and reaffirm our previous commitments on monetary recognizing all the elements contained in We recognize that WTO consistent plurilateral and exchange rate policies. We will refrain the Ministerial Declarations, we commit to trade agreements with broad participation from competitive devaluation, resist all forms continue implementing the Bali and Nairobi can play an important role in complementing of protectionism and not target our exchange outcomes and advance negotiations on the global liberalization initiatives. In this regard, rates for competitive purposes. We reiterate remaining Doha Development Agenda issues the ongoing or already concluded plurilateral that excess volatility and disorderly movements as a matter of priority. We also note a range agreements such as the Information Technology in exchange rates can have adverse implications of issues of common interest and importance Agreement and its expansion, the Trade in for economic and financial stability. to today’s economies in the Asia-Pacific region Services Agreement, and the Environmental may be legitimate issues for WTO discussions. Goods Agreement, shall be open to all WTO While the complex global economic environment Therefore, we instruct our officials to work with members who share the objectives of such will continue framing our work, it also represents a sense of urgency and solidarity with all WTO plurilateral agreements and negotiations for an opportunity to reiterate our commitment to members to set the direction together towards participation. build a dynamic, harmonious and open economy achieving positive, and meaningful results by in the Asia-Pacific region featuring innovative the next WTO Ministerial Conference in 2017 and beyond. 12 13 Outcomes
Furthermore, we also welcome the environmental goods by the end of 2016, after creating jobs and promoting innovative growth economies and welcome those commitments to We commend APEC officials for their hard work We welcome, therefore, the Second-term implementation of the Information Technology finding effective ways to address the core in the face of the slowdown in the global important domestic structural reforms. At the on finalizing the Collective Strategic Study. Review of Economies’ Progress towards the Agreement (ITA) expansion and call on those concerns of participants. economy. In this regard, we emphasize the same time, we recognize that structural reforms We instruct officials to implement the Lima Bogor Goals and instruct officials to pursue work who have committed to implement by July 1st importance of removing those structural and can be applied flexibly depending on domestic Declaration on FTAAP, in particular to develop, in those areas where progress has been uneven, 2016 to do so as soon as possible. We underscore the importance of investment as regulatory obstacles that unnecessarily inhibit circumstances and macroeconomic situation. and implement work programs towards the including non-tariff measures, the slowdown in a catalyst for economic growth and job creation. cross-border trade, finance and investment, We also welcome the progress made so far on realization of the FTAAP. We look forward to trade within APEC, and unemployment. APEC Economies participating in the WTO We commit to take concrete measures to provide and create behind-the-border barriers to doing the Ease of Doing Business initiative. regular progress reports on implementation Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) an enabling environment for investment. business. We encourage concrete actions by of these work programs and APEC’s collective Four years before the target of the Bogor Goals negotiations reaffirm their aim to redouble economies to deepen efforts in line with the We welcome the Strategy for Modernization of readiness to build capacity to realize the FTAAP. and with major developments taking place efforts to bridge remaining gaps and conclude We acknowledge that structural reform is Renewed APEC Agenda for Structural Reform Finance Ministers’ Process and the Strategy for Furthermore, based on the Study and other APEC both within and outside APEC, we consider it an ambitious future oriented EGA that seeks critical to improving economic efficiency, (RAASR). Accordingly, we note the conclusion Implementation of the Cebu Action Plan, which work as possible references, we instruct officials pertinent to start a process of reflection on an to eliminate tariffs on a broad range of increasing productivity and competitiveness, of RAASR Individual Action Plans by all member will lay the foundations to ensure concrete to consider next steps that can be taken towards APEC post-2020 vision. Therefore, we commend outcomes to facilitate implementation of the eventual realization of an FTAAP. Peru’s initiative to start in 2016 a series of meaningful reforms in our economies that take high-level dialogues on APEC Toward 2020 and into account their level of development and We recognize the Bogor Goals of free and open Beyond and instruct our officials to continue this domestic circumstances. trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region process on a yearly basis until 2020. as one of the most important milestones in Following the path established in the Beijing the history of APEC, which inspires member We acknowledge that the services sector is a Roadmap for APEC’s Contribution to the economies in their pursuit of sustainable major contributor to productivity and growth Realization of the Free Trade Area of the Asia development and equitable growth. We within APEC. Improved competitiveness in Pacific (FTAAP) in 2014, we reiterate our acknowledge that APEC member economies services as well as growth in services trade commitment to the eventual realization of the have made substantial progress in many areas through an open and predictable environment FTAAP as a major instrument to further deepen related to the Bogor Goals, including via lower for access to services is one of the key factors APEC’s regional economic integration agenda. applied tariffs, more Regional Trade Agreements/ for APEC to boost its economic growth. We With this vision, we endorse the Collective Free Trade Agreements (RTA/FTAs), increased also recognize that we need to address barriers Strategic Study on Issues Related to the openness to foreign trade and investment, and that inhibit our businesses from competing Realization of FTAAP and its Executive Summary. improved trade and investment facilitation. At or trading in services markets. We therefore Furthermore, we endorse the Recommendations the same time, we recognize that more work endorse the APEC Services Competitiveness of the Study as the Lima Declaration on FTAAP needs to be done to improve the existing trade Roadmap (annexed to this Declaration) and (annexed to this Declaration). and investment conditions, as progress has been instruct officials to monitor and evaluate uneven across the region. progress in implementing the Roadmap, taking concrete actions and pursuing mutually agreed
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targets that will facilitate services trade and an accessible, open, interoperable, reliable in the internet and digital economy and through Towards real and investment and enhance the competitiveness and secure ICT environment as an essential electronic commerce, reducing the technological functional connectivity in of the services sector, while addressing factors foundation for economic growth and prosperity. gap, strengthening ethical business practices the region constraining the growth of trade as well as We will continue to promote policy and to support MSMEs’ growth and cross border considering the differences in economic and regulatory environment to ensure ICT security, trade, progressively inducing a shift into a more We recognize that strengthened connectivity social circumstances across APEC economies. data and privacy protection by developing sustainable, eco-friendly and green production, will contribute to opening up new sources We recognize that innovation is a key driver of interoperable and flexible frameworks. We also and supporting their internationalization of economic growth, fostering inclusive and quality growth. In this regard, we encourage affirm that economies should not conduct or including through the means of ICT. interconnected development, advancing regional efforts to identify new growth engines, and support ICT-enabled theft of intellectual property economic integration and bringing APEC will embrace the opportunities brought forth by or other confidential business information, with We welcome the Supporting Industry Initiative economies closer as a community. In this regard, sectors such as the Internet and Digital Economy. the intent of providing competitive advantages and look forward to its implementation in 2017. we note with appreciation that significant work to companies and commercial sectors. We We recognize the potential of greening MSMEs has already been done by various APEC fora We welcome the endorsement of the next steps also affirm the importance of promoting for sustainable development in APEC and and working groups in advancing connectivity to advance our work on digital trade and the competition, entrepreneurship, and innovation encourage officials to carry out additional work in the region, including providing support for progress made in Internet Economy cooperation. through effective and comprehensive measures, on this topic next year. enhancing sub-regional connectivity. However, We instruct officials to continue to advance including balanced intellectual property (IP) challenges still remain. work in accordance with the agreed work plan systems and capacity-building. We resolve to advance Global Value Chains endorsed by Ministers. We also welcome APEC (GVCs) development, Supply Chain Connectivity, We also endorse Phase Two of the Supply Chain for trade, investment and economic growth, We reaffirm, therefore, our commitment to economies’ initiatives and leadership to explore We recognize that micro, small and medium- and Supply Chain Resiliency. We commend the Framework Action Plan (SCFAP) 2017-2020 ensuring that all the economies of the region the overarching goal of a seamlessly and new areas of potential economic growth in the sized enterprises (MSMEs) are an essential solid progress towards the completion of the and welcome the implementation of the plan have access to energy. comprehensively connected and integrated Asia- area of digital trade and related issues, such as component for economies to achieve quality APEC Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) Database next year to continue efforts to enhance trade Pacific by 2025, express our appreciation for the those identified by Ministers. growth and prosperity. As sources of innovation by 2018. We welcome the Report on APEC facilitation and supply chain connectivity in the We reaffirm our aspirational goals to reduce efforts and accomplishments of APEC members and employment, MSMEs are also well placed Developing Economies’ Better Participation in APEC region. aggregate energy intensity by 45 percent by 2035 in implementing the APEC Connectivity Blueprint We recall the APEC Leaders 2011 Honolulu to promote entrepreneurship, to benefit from GVCs and encourage further efforts to enable and double renewable energy in the regional 2015-2025, and encourage the use of policy Declaration and recognize the importance of structural reform and to advance sustainability better participation, greater value added and We recognize that energy access and energy energy mix by 2030. We reaffirm our commitment dialogues noted in the Blueprint to exchange implementing the APEC Cross-Border Privacy in our economies, maximizing the impact upward mobility of developing economies and security are critical to the shared prosperity to rationalize and phase out inefficient fossil best practices and information on relevant Rules (CBPR) System, a voluntary mechanism of policies, strategies and best practices. MSMEs in GVCs. We recognize the value of and future of the region. We also underline fuel subsidies, welcome ongoing peer review topics. whose participants seek to increase the number Strengthening of MSMEs will imply concrete using new technologies to achieve greater the importance of stable and transparent world and capacity building activities, and encourage of economies, companies, and accountability progress in increasing their innovation capacities efficiencies, resilience and cooperation in supply energy markets. We reaffirm our readiness to further efforts to facilitate subsidy reform. We reiterate the importance of people-to- agents that participate in the CBPR System. and competitiveness, including intellectual chain connectivity and encourage efforts to further energy cooperation, including areas people connectivity and remain committed to property rights commercialization, work towards explore current and future initiatives toward this such as renewable energy sectors and energy its improvement through, inter alia, further We will collaborate to unleash the potential guaranteeing access to financial means and end as identified by Ministers. efficiency to create necessary conditions development of tourism, cultural exchange, of the digital economy and strongly support capacity building, enhancing their participation
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mobility of business people, cross-border We welcome economies’ initiatives to achieve We look forward to seeing this work progress in a Acknowledging the importance of socio- We call for effective economic, financial and implementation of the recommendations, work education and travel facilitation. comprehensive regional connectivity, which manner that complements sustainable economic economic factors underlying food security in social inclusion of women, elderly, youth and programs, initiatives and action plans of the are being jointly built through consultation to development and international trade in the rural-urban communities and vulnerable groups, rural communities as well as disadvantaged or resulting documents from the 2016 Sectoral We affirm our commitment to promote meet the interests of all. We encourage further APEC region. APEC work to increase economic we aim to work towards a comprehensive vulnerable groups such as Indigenous peoples Ministerial Meetings and High-Level Policy investment with a focus on infrastructure in implementation of these initiatives with a view integration will contribute to increased safe approach towards rural-urban development. and persons with disabilities. Dialogues, bearing in mind the vision contained terms of both quantity and quality. We reiterate to promoting policy coordination, facilities food availability through international trade with We recognize the important implications of in this Declaration, as well as our previous the importance of quality infrastructure for connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial science-based regulations and WTO-recognized urbanization and diet diversification in the APEC We strongly condemn terrorism in all its forms and meetings. sustainable economic growth. Recognizing integration, and people-to-people bonds in the international food-related standards. region and support APEC efforts to explore manifestations. We recognize the serious threat the important elements to realize quality region, and encourage further collaboration new integrated approaches building upon the that terrorism poses to our fundamental values We welcome the contributions of the APEC infrastructure identified in APEC Connectivity among these initiatives in order to promote Climate change is one of the major challenges experiences and best practices shared among that underpin our free and open economies. We Business Advisory Council (ABAC) to our Blueprint 2015-2025 and its subsequent works, regional economic integration and the common for food production and food security. We commit APEC economies to promoting food security encourage economies to continue to take actions work as well as from the Pacific Economic we are committed to translate this concept into development of the Asia-Pacific region. to enhance our cooperation on implementing and economic growth that mutually benefit and share best practices in the four cross-cutting Cooperation Council (PECC), international and actions including in ICT, energy and transport. policies to address the relationship between urban and rural areas, including the newly areas of APEC’s Consolidated Counter Terrorism regional organizations, the private sector, local We welcome progress and look forward to food security and climate change in ways that developed Strategic Framework on Rural-Urban and Secure Trade Strategy. government executives, and academia and other continue exploring infrastructure financing Food security, climate respect varying conditions in each economy and Development to Strengthen Food Security and relevant stakeholders. including through mobilizing private sector change and access to water welcome the APEC Program on Food Security and Quality Growth in APEC. We also note the We welcome the Lima ACT Statement on Fighting resources and public-private partnerships Climate Change. We also commit to intensify our direct relevance of a number of the Sustainable Corruption and encourage all economies to Recognizing that continuity of our agenda is (PPP). We encourage further work to pursue We recognize that APEC can contribute to efforts to mitigate impacts of drought, flood and Development Goals (SDGs) for food security implement critical anti-corrup tion actions, with key to APEC’s relevance, we thank Peru for its the quality improvement of investment address challenges to food security while climate-related disasters on food production and and poverty eradication. In supporting the a specific focus on bribery of domestic and foreign leadership this year as it has built on the vision opportunities. We are committed to enhancing preserving natural resources by taking steps to food security. Sustainable Development Goals we remain public officials, and with the effective participation and work of the previous APEC hosts. the synergy and cooperation among various further promote sustainable agriculture, food, committed to increasing our efforts to combat of all relevant stakeholders, including through infrastructure connectivity programs in the forest management, fisheries and aquaculture, We recognize that water is a key driver of illicit wildlife trafficking. the APEC Anti-Corruption Authorities and Law We look forward to meeting again in Viet Nam region, and welcome the Collaboration Action enhance food markets, integrate food producers agricultural development and a basic element Enforcement Agencies (ACT-NET). in 2017. Plan between APEC Member Economies and into domestic and global food supply and value for socio-economic development across the the Global Infrastructure Hub. We recognize chains, reduce food loss and waste, address APEC region. Thus we encourage economies Looking forward We endorse the 2016 APEC Joint Ministerial the lack of effective solid waste management chokepoints arising from infrastructure gaps, and to share best practices in water management Statement and commend the work of our infrastructure imposes great socio-economic and burdensome and unnecessarily restrictive trade to ensure water availability and increase To achieve sustainable growth in the Asia- Ministers and officials as reflected in the results environmental costs, and we encourage further measures, as stated in the Piura Declaration water use efficiency, considering multi-sectoral Pacific region we must continue working with of the Sectoral Ministerial Meetings, High- work on this topic. on APEC Food Security, and reinforce capacity and multi-level perspectives. We will foster a renewed sense of urgency and through Asia- Level Policy Dialogues, the Finance Ministers’ building including by facilitating innovation APEC cooperation for the sustainable use and Pacific partnership featuring mutual respect and Process, the Committees and Working Groups such as utilizing ICT and relevant technologies. integrated management of water resources. trust, inclusiveness and win-win cooperation in of the Senior Officials Meeting, and all related We encourage efforts to promote agricultural implementing our commitments and achieving mechanisms. We instruct our Ministers and sustainable development in the APEC Region. our goals. officials to continue their work, including
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ANNEX A Lima Declaration on FTAAP Recommendations
Goals and Principles • We reaffirm that the eventual FTAAP should Completing and Enhancing do more than achieve liberalization in its the Possible Pathways • We reaffirm our commitment to advance the narrow sense; it should be high quality and process in a comprehensive and systematic comprehensive, and incorporate and address • We recognize that regional and bilateral manner towards the eventual realization of ‘next generation’ trade and investment trade agreements (RTAs/FTAs) have the FTAAP as a major instrument to further issues; enhanced regional economic integration, APEC’s regional economic integration while at the same time APEC members’ agenda; • We recognize that APEC has a critical different stages of development, and RTAs/ role to play in shaping and nurturing FTAs with various levels of liberalization and • We reaffirm that APEC’s core objective will regional economic integration, upholding coverage may pose challenges to achieving be to attain the Bogor Goals by 2020, and the principles of openness, inclusiveness full regional integration. Thus, we reaffirm that efforts in support of the realization and cooperation under a win-win spirit, our commitment that the FTAAP should be of the FTAAP will serve as a driving force promoting profound economic restructuring, built upon ongoing regional undertakings, to further advance regional economic deepening and strengthening regional and through possible pathways including the integration; economic integration, and give greater Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Regional impetus to the sustainable development Comprehensive Economic Partnership • We reaffirm that the FTAAP will be realized of the Asia-Pacific. In this sense, APEC (RCEP). We welcome other regional outside of APEC, parallel with the APEC encourages unilateral economic reforms and integration undertakings to make meaningful process; the conclusion of comprehensive and high contributions to the eventual realization of quality RTAs/FTAs. the FTAAP;
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• We encourage that all regional undertakings, domestic processes and efforts by RCEP • To maintain momentum and focus work including TPP and RCEP, remain open, parties to accelerate towards the completion towards an eventual FTAAP, APEC economies transparent and inclusive and draw on each of the negotiations to achieve a modern, will examine, by no later than 2020, the other so as to jointly contribute to the trade comprehensive, high-quality and mutually contribution of current Pathways to the and investment liberalization and facilitation beneficial agreement. realization of the FTAAP. The examination in the region and the eventual realization of will identify specific areas of work that the FTAAP; • We encourage the progress of the FTAAP could be done to further promote the pathways and progress of implementation regional free and open trade and investment • We also reaffirm our vision contained in of the initiatives identified in this document and that would support advancement the Pathways to FTAAP. In this connection, to be reported to the CTI as appropriate toward an eventual FTAAP. In addition, this we note recent developments on RTAs/ including under the Information Sharing examination, and the work programs noted FTAs in the region and the progress of the Mechanism. Further, this report may be below, will help APEC determine what areas possible pathways to the FTAAP, including included in the CTI/SOM Report to Ministers remain the most challenging in meeting efforts by TPP signatories to complete their and/or AELM. regional economic integration goals and an eventual FTAAP. Following the examination, Continuing APEC’s Role and conducting Industry/Sector Dialogue, • We agree that APEC should advance all APEC economies may engage in a as an Incubator and etc., so as to facilitate the eventual Structural Reform with a view toward collective discussion on what role APEC can Strengthening Existing realization of the FTAAP. improving the business environment. In line play toward addressing these challenges in APEC Initiatives that with the Ease of Doing Business Action Plan, a manner that is inclusive, balanced, and support FTAAP Objectives • We agree that APEC should continue to APEC should continue to identify ways to beneficial to all economies and consider next identify and address next generation trade improve the regulatory climate for starting steps APEC can take towards the eventual • We commit that APEC should continue to and investment issues and advance new a business, obtaining permits, accessing realization of an FTAAP. be an important contributor to advancing initiatives in areas identified by APEC credit, trading across borders, and enforcing towards the eventual realization of an economies as critical for achieving an contracts, among others; FTAAP. APEC plays a key role as an incubator eventual FTAAP. Therefore, we encourage of issues related to the FTAAP by providing officials, through the Committee on Trade • We agree that APEC should increase efforts leadership, intellectual inputs and capacity and Investment and its sub-fora to advance to improve trade facilitation. APEC has been building including but not limited to the APEC potential areas of work arising from this a leader in developing capacity building Information Sharing Mechanism on RTAs/ Study by consensus, including in areas programs designed to help economies FTAs; the Action Plan Framework of the 2nd already under consideration as either implement obligations under the WTO Capacity Building Needs Initiative (CBNI); identified or potential next generation trade Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). APEC and advancing sectoral initiatives, and and investment issues; should continue to advance capacity building promoting Policy Coordination/Coherence, projects in this area.
22 23 Outcomes
New Initiatives to Advance • As the next step in advancing the Beijing - On NTMs, the work program could Regional Economic Roadmap, we instruct officials to undertake prioritize collaboration with ABAC, Integration a stock take as to how next generation trade based on their recommendations and investment issues are dealt with in to Leaders in 2015, to identify and • The Collective Strategic Study identified existing FTAs/RTAs in the APEC region and address NTMs affecting trade and aid a number of remaining challenges, gaps other regions and in the WTO; economies’ understanding of NTMs and and areas of divergence among APEC their potential impacts. economies, including in RTAs/FTAs. The • We further instruct officials to use the - On services, the work program should discussion started in the Study should stock take to develop dedicated initiatives, support the implementation of the APEC continue, including on potential elements including through capacity building, to close Services Competitiveness Roadmap to be addressed in the FTAAP and additional the gaps between different treatment of as a way to spur economic growth and work in support of the eventual realization these issues by economies as revealed by the improve services competitiveness in of the FTAAP. APEC´s work should focus on stock take. Initiatives should be developed individual APEC economies and the bridging these gaps in order to ensure APEC within the relevant APEC fora and included APEC region. economies are continuing along a pathway in each forum’s work plan on an annual basis - On investment, the focus should be towards productive regional economic from 2018 onwards; to help economies clearly identify the integration. areas of convergence in investment • We instruct Officials to continue to work on practice and exchange experiences on • APEC will focus work to address areas of measures affecting trade and investment the negotiation and implementation of divergence and convergence in RTA/FTA as identified in the Study that support the IIAs. practice, including on the possible pathways achievement of the Bogor Goals, and to - On Rules of Origin (ROO), the work for the FTAAP, and in the areas identified in advance the vision for the eventual realization program should address best practices the Collective Strategic Study, while also of the FTAAP. To achieve these goals, APEC in customs origin procedures to facilitate implementing capacity building programs to could embark on work programs to build economies’ progress towards existing • To support a balanced and inclusive Strengthening Consultation Reporting on Progress increase understanding of these agreements consensus and capacity for economies in the APEC goals on the simplification of ROO. discussion on these issues, we instruct with Stakeholders and members’ capacity to participate in high following areas including, but not limited to: officials to focus on addressing the • We instruct officials to undertake work on the quality, comprehensive and ambitious free - On tariffs, the work program should recommendations in this document through • APEC should increase engagement with recommendations through the Committee on trade agreements. focus on lowering remaining tariffs and the Committee on Trade and Investment and stakeholders in the region, including ABAC Trade and Investment and to report back to examining market access commitments its sub-fora, and encourage participation of and PECC, in its efforts to support the Leaders on progress towards the realization under the identified pathways to find the private sector and other stakeholders in realization of the FTAAP. of the FTAAP, particularly with regard to the areas of convergence and divergence. these discussions including through Trade new initiatives identified in this document. Policy Dialogues. The reporting should be done separately but in parallel with the Bogor Goals reporting milestones which occur in 2018 and 2020. 24 25 Outcomes
ANNEX B APEC Services Competitiveness Roadmap
In 2016, our focus is on driving quality Against this backdrop, we commend progress improved. We welcome the First SOM Dialogue towards the realization of the FTAAP. APEC and inclusive growth to promote human made in 2016 in the APEC region in pursuing on APEC Toward 2020 and Beyond, and call on Officials are further instructed to report on trade and investment liberalization, business economies to continue further discussions with a their progress at the Ministers Responsible development. We have been pursuing facilitation and economic and technical view to developing a post 2020 vision for APEC. for Trade Meeting in May 2017. We value the this goal through four priorities: cooperation to boost human development, contributions from the APEC Business Advisory Strengthening Regional Economic inclusive growth and prosperity in the region. Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) Council, PECC and PSU to the FTAAP Study. Integration (REI) and Quality Growth, Highlights of this progress are as follows: - We recall that APEC Leaders mandated a Enhancing the Regional Food Market, Collective Strategic Study on Issues Related • Quality Growth Support for the Multilateral Trading System to the Realization of the FTAAP, along with any Towards the Modernization of Micro, • Structural Reform - We recognize that WTO consistent plurilateral Recommendations, in the Beijing Roadmap in • Services Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) trade agreements with broad participation can 2014 and instructed officials to finalize the Study • Strengthening Comprehensive and Human Capital Development. play an important role in complementing global and report to Leaders by the end of 2016. Connectivity liberalization initiatives. We acknowledge the high-quality work • Investment Strengthening Regional Bogor Goals - We commend the completion that has gone into the Collective Strategic • Trade Facilitation Economic Integration and of the 2016 Second-Term Review of APEC’s Study and its Executive Summary along with • Global Value Chains Quality Growth Progress Towards the Bogor Goals and agree to Recommendations concluded by the Task Force, submit this report to our Leaders. which is one of the most important deliverables By tackling the complex challenges that the of APEC 2016. We submit to Leaders and global economy is facing, we remain committed We welcome the positive findings of the report, seek endorsement of the Study, its Executive to use all available policy tools – monetary, fiscal which show that in our region, relative to 1994, Summary and its Recommendations. Based and structural – individually and collectively, to MFN applied tariff rates are much lower, there on these Recommendations, we instruct APEC strengthen global demand and address supply are more RTA/FTAs in force, more sectors are Officials to further develop and implement the constraints. accessible to foreign investment and services work programs in areas identified in the Study’s trade, and indicators on socioeconomic progress, Recommendations but not limited to them, trade and investment facilitation have also in order to enhance economies’ capabilities
26 27 Outcomes
Enhancing the Regional Modernizing Micro, Small We welcome progress made by APEC in Food Market and Medium Enterprises implementing the Boracay Action Agenda to (MSMEs) Globalize MSMEs. We encourage economies We welcome the Piura Declaration on Food to further reduce the costs associated with non- Security and its annexes. These documents We welcome the 2016 SME Ministerial tariff measures (NTMs), as recognized by APEC set clear steps forward to consider integrated Statement and acknowledge the fact that the economies through their inclusion in the Boracay economic approaches, enhance food markets modernization of SMEs implies taking concrete Action Agenda and APEC Individual Action Plans. and sustainably produce food in the face steps to increase their innovation capacities. of challenges to food production, storage Together with other initiatives, we will focus on and distribution. Thus, we encourage APEC fostering enabling environments and policies, Developing Human Capital economies to participate actively in these innovation, reinforcing access to financial framework initiatives and to develop the means, ICT infrastructure and capacity building, We welcome the Joint Ministerial Statement respective action plans in 2017. enhancing the participation of SMEs in electronic from the Sixth APEC Education Ministerial We welcome the multi-year APEC Program on commerce, and Online-to-Offline (O2O) business Meeting and its associated outcomes, Food Security and Climate Change. We recognize model in order to help them gain access to new particularly the APEC Education Strategy the profound impact that climate change will markets, reducing technological gaps faced which will guide us to achieve inclusive and have on food security in every APEC economy. by SMEs, and progressively promoting a more quality education and training by enhancing sustainable, eco-friendly and green production. competencies, accelerating innovation and We welcome the establishment of the Strategic We also acknowledge that it is important for increasing employability. The APEC Education As the world’s largest air passenger market, economic growth, trade, and regional economic Framework on Rural-Urban Development to each APEC economy to promote MSMEs’ active Strategy will help support an increase in OTHER SECTORAL we acknowledge the importance of travel integration. Strengthen Food Security and Quality Growth participation in global value chains (GVCs) the participation rate of disadvantaged and OUTCOMES and tourism as a vehicle for job creation, in APEC which recognizes the important through measures to address challenges faced underrepresented groups and align education economic growth, sustainable development, We welcome the “Developing Traveler-Friendly implications of urbanization in the APEC by MSMEs in conducting overseas business to the needs of individuals, societies, labor and peace. In that sense, we welcome the APEC Airports in the APEC Region” and stress the region for food security, and the need for new, development, e.g improving infrastructure, markets and science-technology development. Tourism Travel Facilitation Initiative’s (TFI) progress in importance of moving forward with efforts integrated economic approaches that promote ensuring transparency in legal systems and We therefore encourage member economies to facilitating and enhancing people to people to develop smart traveler programs and visa food security and economic growth across the business practices. start implementing the APEC Education Strategy, We welcome the strong commitment of the connectivity. We recognize travel facilitation and facilitation agreements. We also encourage entire rural-to-urban spectrum. including by setting annual goals in the 2017 2016 APEC Tourism Ministerial Meeting (TMM) air connectivity as key factors for economic and APEC economies to develop trusted traveler HRDWG work plan. to foster an environment that allows tourism- regional development and catalysts for quality programs and utilize advanced information related MSMEs to participate in global value growth of the tourism sector. The movement systems such as advance passenger information chains to encourage inclusive growth. of travelers across the Asia-Pacific region for and passenger name record (API/PNR) in order to both business and tourism is key to promoting ensure safe, secure and efficient travel.
28 29 Outcomes
Urbanization for the Asia-Pacific region through fostering an review study and Public- Private Dialogue enabling environment for women. Recognizing (PPD) of the Individual Action Plan (IAP) for We acknowledge that urbanization is rapidly our responsibility to create a society in which the Enhancement of the Ratio of Women’s advancing in the Asia-Pacific region and note all women and girls are empowered and actively Representation in Leadership project. We also the need to implement sound, sustainable and engaged for sustainable, inclusive and equitable welcome the initiative to conduct and share case people-oriented urbanization processes in order economic growth, we call on economies studies of Good Practices on Gender Diversity in to create new opportunities and to invigorate to pursue concrete policies and innovative Corporate Leadership for Growth. innovative development. We note with measures to further enhance women’s economic appreciation the APEC High-Level Urbanization empowerment by providing wider access and We welcome the outcomes of the 2016 APEC Forum held in Ningbo, China, and the Ningbo more resources for more women to engage Women in STEM Forum as a key contribution Initiative. We encourage APEC economies to in economic activities, and seek their greater to address capacity building priorities identified further and deepen urbanization cooperation and inclusion in the regional economy as well as under the Women and the Economy Dashboard. enhance APEC economies’ urbanization quality. through the provision of equal opportunities We welcome economies’ efforts to encourage We take note of the project on Developing the for employment, entrepreneurship, training adolescent girls’ participation in STEM fields. Methodology for Measuring and Realizing the and education, social protection, innovation, We welcome the conclusion of APEC Multi Year Sustainability of Cities in the APEC region. access to international markets, leadership and Project on Innovation for Women and Economic decision-making at all levels. Development.
Women and the Economy We recognize the importance of having a We welcome the outcomes of the first APEC systematic approach to women’s economic contest for women-entrepreneurs APEC Health proactive investment in healthy workforces and products. We welcome APEC efforts to campaign On this five year anniversary of the San Francisco empowerment, including enhancing digital Business Efficiency and Success Target Awards access to healthcare. for mental health including the development of Declaration we reaffirm our shared vision for literacy of women, recognition and redistribution (APEC BEST Awards) for promoting women’s We welcome the outcomes and projects under the APEC Digital Hub for Mental inclusive growth in which women are able of unpaid care work, the elimination of gender- entrepreneurship through spreading success recommendations from the Sixth High-Level We call on APEC economies to continue to work Health. We welcome capacity building efforts to to achieve their full economic potential and based violence and to advocate for mutual stories across the APEC economies and boosting Meeting on Health and the Economy and together to enhance the evidence base for policy ensure the safety and sustainability of the blood contribute to the development and prosperity of respect and shared responsibilities between business networking, and call for continued efforts to explore multi-sectoral approaches to development, effective health interventions, supply chain, and accelerate action on cervical the Asia-Pacific. We welcome the APEC Women men and women. implementation of the APEC Healthy Women, ensure the implementation of the Healthy Asia- improved decision-making, and impact cancer. and the Economy 2016 Forum Statement that Healthy Economies Policy Toolkit. Pacific 2020 Roadmap in support of the 2030 measurement. We acknowledge the importance recognizes the crucial role of women in the Recognizing that enhancing women’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We of the secondary use of health and medical data We emphasize the importance for APEC development and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific. representation in the economic sphere We encourage more extensive collaboration and welcome efforts to build more efficient and high- in accordance with relevant ethical and data economies of ensuring proper resource We underline the importance of women’s particularly in leadership, decision making and mainstreaming of gender equality and women’s performing health systems, including through privacy laws principles. We call on economies allocation; underscoring the importance of contribution to economic growth with a view to management will serve as a catalyst to promote economic empowerment across APEC working public-private partnerships. We encourage cross- to reduce unnecessary barriers to trade and health in domestic budgets; making high impact achieving a more inclusive and balanced growth economic growth, we welcome the mid-term groups and fora, considering its nature as a cross-cutting issue. fora collaboration to achieve the common goal of investment in the supply chain of healthcare investments; aligning regulatory standards and
30 31 Outcomes
procedures, and maximizing the use of existing increasing amount of plastic litter in the ocean Emergency Preparedness health infrastructure for improving health system from land-based sources and an insufficient efficiencies. Furthermore, we call on APEC waste management system which is not As we continue to experience the economic economies to improve people’s health and well- attracting the attention of investors, we endorse devastation brought by disasters in our being by putting in place health systems, which the Policy and Practice Recommendations of vulnerable region, we recommit our efforts achieve and maintain Universal Health Coverage the APEC High-Level Meeting on Overcoming to ensure our communities, businesses, and (UHC). We recognize the importance of strong Barriers to Financing Waste management economies are prepared to recover as quickly health systems in fostering quality growth, Systems to Prevent Marine Litter in the Asia as possible. We endorse the APEC Principles for financial inclusion, and human development Pacific Region. Early Warning Systems and welcome the APEC and look forward to the further work planned for Disaster Risk Reduction Framework Action Plan. 2017 on ways to address the fiscal and economic We further encourage economies to implement impacts of ill health. Blue Economy the Seven Principles of Supply Chain Resilience, especially business continuity planning. We The life sciences are critical to supporting We value the outcomes of the 4th APEC Blue also encourage capacity building, strengthening quality growth, innovation and access to medical Economy Forum and encourage economies to early warning systems, and search and rescue products. We reaffirm APEC’s goal of achieving enhance the Forum as a vehicle of regional blue cooperation for the resilience and livelihood of convergence of regulatory approval procedures economy cooperation. We encourage the APEC communities. for medical products by 2020 and urge the Life Marine Sustainable Development Center to take Sciences Innovation Forum (LSIF) to continue stock of regional blue economy cooperation and applying its model of government, academia through the Ocean and Fisheries Working Group Industry Dialogues and industry cooperation to build capacity and (OFWG) facilitate the update of the APEC Marine policy research towards achieving this goal. Sustainable Development Report to promote We encourage economies to utilize the We welcome the Center of Excellence pilot regional marine sustainable development, as an Chemical Dialogue’s best practice principles programs on quality standards, multi-regional important APEC contribution to the 2030 Agenda checklist during the regulatory process. We clinical trials, biotherapeutics, and global data for Sustainable Development. welcome the report and recommendations on standards conducted by relevant institutions. reducing divergences in implementation of the We welcome efforts to strengthen our work in Globally Harmonized System of Classification addressing and mainstreaming cross-cutting and Labelling of Chemicals and instruct issues of ocean cooperation amongst relevant Marine Debris officials to report on implementation of those APEC fora. recommendations in 2017. We welcome efforts Recognizing the health and environmental to streamline import certification procedures concerns created by the large and rapidly for chemicals and improve predictability and transparency.
32 33 Outcomes
ECONOMIC advice on emergencies, as requested in the 2015 APEC Leaders’ Declaration. We note the CSAE AND TECHNICAL Science, Technology recommendations on developing human capital COOPERATION and Innovation by investing in scientists who have a role in risk management and climate change, and the We recognize that Research and Innovation contribution of science advice to assist APEC We remain committed to the Manila Framework is a key driver of quality growth and human economies to achieve the SDGs. on ECOTECH, and will continue to leverage development. We encourage endeavors to use ECOTECH activities to help developing Science, Technology and Innovation, as well as We highlight the further cooperation between economies achieve the Bogor Goals by 2020. STEM education, to face challenges and create PPSTI and ABAC on a vast range of topics, We welcome the decision to approach capacity- opportunities in our region. We also support including enhancing policy support to start- building activities with strategic foresight Research and Innovation Policy Dialogues to up incubators and accelerators, and specific by undertaking multi-year projects, including exchange best practices and information and projects to better engage private sectors in STI support for APEC’s work to strengthen and to formulate science and technology policy activities. deepen regional economic integration and to recommendations. facilitate the realization of the FTAAP. We congratulate the results of the 2016 APEC Forestry and Wildlife We also welcome contributions by members Science Prize for Innovation, Research and to the APEC Support Fund. We note with Education (ASPIRE Prize) under the theme We reaffirm APEC´s commitment to the 2020 appreciation the full operation of Sub-Funds “Technologies for Food Security”, and encourage aspirational goal to increase forest cover by on the FTAAP/GVC, IERG, and Connectivity. We cross-border research by young scientists in the at least 20 million hectares and we remain recognize the important work of the budget Asia-Pacific region. committed to promote sustainable forest and management committee (BMC), through management, conservation and rehabilitation its small Working Group, and exchanges with We acknowledge the Guidelines on the of forests. We note this APEC aspirational SCE on pending issues to implement the APEC Establishment, Management and Review of goal contributes to the role of forests in Capacity Building Policy to better support APEC Endorsed APEC Centers, endorsed by PPSTI, to achieving the SDGs, and we invite economies economies. We look forward to the respective encourage specialized bodies to bring further to consider progress towards achieving the 2020 recommendations to be presented by 2017. valued resources and expertise to science, aspirational goal. We highlight the importance and appreciate technology and innovation in the region. the contribution of capacity building efforts We welcome the progress of the APEC Chief We reaffirm APEC´s commitment to take for developing economies, and call for more Science Advisors and Equivalents (CSAE) group concrete steps to fight against illegal logging contributions in this regard. in formulating recommendations for science and associated trade in the region and efforts
34 35 Outcomes
to facilitate law enforcement cooperation our appreciation to the economies that have initiatives commenced with the support of the within and among APEC economies. In addition, volunteered to undergo a voluntary inefficient APEC Mining Sub-fund, advancing the 10 Mining we note the importance of increasing trade in fossil fuel subsidy peer review in APEC and Policy Principles for sustainable and inclusive legally harvested forest products. the G20, and we encourage more economies to growth of the mining sector. We look forward to further development in favor participate in peer review. of trade in legally harvested forest products, and welcome member economies´ endeavors We welcome the completion of the APEC Anti-Corruption to pursue measures to establish effective Guideline for Quality Electric Power Infrastructure timber traceability systems, including through and Energy and Economic Competitiveness We reiterate our commitment to implement strengthened government capacity. Report. the Beijing Declaration on Fighting Corruption. In line with each economy’s laws and policies, We remain committed to strengthening our We recognize that sustainable development, we are committed to denying safe havens for efforts to combat illicit wildlife trafficking energy access, energy resilience, and energy corrupt officials and their proceeds of corruption. through the continued development and use security are critical to the shared prosperity and We commit to strengthen cooperation on of technologies, exchange of information and future of the region. repatriation or extradition, as appropriate. We intelligence, best practices and enforcement will continue to implement the actions outlined responses to combat illicit trade, and reduce We appreciate member economies’ efforts in the APEC Course of Action on Fighting the supply of, transit in, and demand for illegally to create favorable conditions for trade and Corruption and Ensuring Transparency, Code taken and / or traded wildlife. investment to support a diversified, flexible, of Conduct for Business, and Principles on the and integrated natural gas market in the APEC Prevention of Bribery and Enforcement of Anti- region. bribery Laws. Energy We endeavor to achieve a more secure and We are committed to further strengthen the We reaffirm our commitment towards Leaders’ safe energy infrastructure and reaffirm the APEC Network of Anti-Corruption Authorities aspirational goals to reduce aggregate energy vital importance of achieving and maintaining and Law Enforcement Agencies (ACT-NET) and Counter-terrorism flow of bona-fide international travelers in and intensity by 45 percent by 2035, to double the high levels of nuclear safety, security, and non- drawing on the experiences of law enforcement out of economies. We recognize that advance share of renewable energy in the APEC energy proliferation, worldwide. by sharing best practices, and promoting cross- of anti-corruption and anti-bribery compliance We encourage officials to continue implementing passenger information and passenger name mix by 2030, and to achieve sustainable and border cooperation, both formal and informal, to programs designed to prevent and detect the APEC Consolidated Counter-Terrorism and record (API/PNR) systems can mitigate the FTF resilient energy development within the Asia- investigate and prosecute corruption and bribery bribery, considering incentives by member Secure Trade Strategy and, in light of the threat travel threat, and we encourage APEC member Pacific. We commit to rationalizing and phasing Mining cases. economies to encourage businesses to establish that foreign terrorist fighter (FTF) travelers pose economies to use these important tools that out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies which effective voluntary anti-corruption programs and to the integrity of the region’s transportation also facilitate legitimate travel by enabling encourage wasteful consumption, while still We welcome the strengthening of mining We will commit to highlight the importance of support for our pathfinder dialogues on fighting infrastructure, focus on the strategy’s call for authorities to process travelers at border providing essential energy services. We express collaboration during 2016 and commend the best practices shared on the implementation corruption and illicit trade. immigration and border officials to manage the crossings more quickly.
36 37 Outcomes
Disability issues Transportation
We reaffirm our commitment to ensure that We acknowledge the important role the transport persons with disabilities enjoy meaningful, sector plays in the interchange of goods and active and collaborative participation in the people between economies. We support shared prosperity and advancement of the Asia- ongoing initiatives to promote a safe, secure, Pacific region. We value their creative potential efficient, resilient, and innovative transport and abilities as integral and contributing sector. In this regard, we appreciate the work members of our society to enhance economic of the APEC Port Service Network (APSN) to growth and are committed to advance equal promote connectivity in the APEC ports and opportunity of persons with disabilities for related industries. We welcome recent efforts employment, leadership, and decision-making. to promote road safety initiatives including in Thus, we commit to implement measures relation to heavy vehicles, encourage regional including reasonable accommodation and integration through promoting gateway port enabling conditions to ensure equality of connectivity, promote the development of access to an inclusive quality education and intelligent transport systems, help supply professional and technical training, which lead chains resume after natural disasters, build to meaningful and sustainable employment capacity amongst governments to leverage opportunities. We recognize the efforts of the public-private partnership frameworks to expand Group of Friends on Disability (GOFD) in actively transportation infrastructure, and support promoting development that is inclusive of women’s participation as workers in the growing persons with disabilities. We encourage officials Asia-Pacific transportation sector. to take measures to promote the value of persons with disabilities as employees, investors and participants in economic development.
3838 39 Outlook
Creating New Dynamism, Fostering a Shared Future
Through consensus-based cooperation, APEC member economies collectively improved the quality of life in the Asia-Pacific region by increasing real GDP per capita by 73 percent, reducing average applied tariff rates by more than 11 percent and growing trade by USD 17.5 trillion since 1989. In the past 27 years, APEC has proven its leading role in sustaining economic growth and prosperity in a complex and diverse region by pursuing free and open trade and investment.
As APEC heads to Viet Nam in 2017 under the overarching theme of “Creating New Dynamism, Fostering a Shared Future”, we will advance a regional agenda with the following priorities:
• Promoting sustainable, innovative, and inclusive growth; • Deepening regional economic integration; • Strengthening MSMEs’ competitiveness and innovation in the digital age; and • Enhancing food security and sustainable agriculture in response to climate change.
4040 41 Outlook
Promoting sustainable, • Structural reform • Supporting the multilateral trading system explore new technologies and organizational innovative, and inclusive • Innovation • Promoting APEC Connectivity and Supply models that come with them. growth • Human resource development in the digital Chain Connectivity era • Promoting Regional and Global Value Chains It is necessary for APEC to develop an overarching Since the global financial crisis, the economy • Building a sustainable and inclusive and Supporting Industry strategy to link current activities and to devise is undergoing a process of slow recovery. The community • Facilitating cross-border e-commerce new measures that would further strengthen pattern of growth has been less predictable and • Promoting investment and services MSMEs’ competitiveness and innovation in uneven across different groups of economies. liberalization and facilitation the digital age. Such an approach is timely Even the Asia-Pacific, arguably the most dynamic Deepening regional and indispensable. It is well-aligned with the region, witnessed sluggish growth. Accelerating economic integration previous efforts toward enhancing MSME global the pace of recovery in the Asia Pacific region Strengthening MSMEs’ competitiveness, innovation, and sustainability, is then a primary concern since it helps shape The regional economic integration agenda lies competitiveness and advancing modernisation and standards and prosperity and induces efforts to liberalize at the heart of APEC cooperation. Since its innovation in the digital conformance, and making MSMEs engines of regional trade and investment. inception in 1989, APEC has always been at age quality growth and prosperity. Taken together, the forefront for facilitating an integrated Asia- these initiatives contribute to the APEC goal Now is the time for efforts to identify more Pacific region. APEC member economies have The digital age is now a reality in both developed of creating greater prosperity through more areas for innovation- and broad-based sources made intensive and concerted efforts to promote and developing economies. Digital technologies balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative of growth in the Asia-Pacific region. Such efforts the free and open flows of trade and investment. are drastically changing the landscape of and secure growth. To achieve such goals, is it should target not only bringing back the region to business and are especially advantageous to important to target specific outcomes: the trajectory of high and sustainable economic Building on APEC’s achievements, Viet Nam, as emerging enterprises or start-ups. growth but also the wide participation of the host of APEC in 2017, will continue to place • Facilitating MSMEs’ greater participation in various groups, including women, young people, regional economic integration among APEC’s The digital age, fuelled by the internet, gives global value and supply chains the elderly and ethnic minorities. Moreover, top priorities as it moves toward achieving the small enterprises and big businesses access to • Facilitating the business environment for such efforts should incorporate collaboration Bogor Goals. At the same time, new initiatives skills and talent, markets, financing, technology, MSMEs in the digital age among regional economies to facilitate shared need to be taken in line with the 2030 Agenda and applications. It also helps them with product • Promoting start-ups and innovative MSMEs experiences to ensure greater consensus and for Sustainable Development and the Paris COP development, collaboration, communication, and harmonized actions. 21 Agreement. These will set a solid foundation transparency. and create momentum for APEC’s objectives in In 2017, under the pillar of promoting the future. Specifically, APEC will work toward: MSMEs account for most new job creation and sustainable, innovative and inclusive growth • Advancing the Bogor Goals and shaping are a major source of innovation and growth in and building upon the ongoing work of APEC, we APEC’s post-2020 agenda the Asia-Pacific region. To foster stronger, more will focus on: • Envisaging the eventual realization of Free sustainable, innovative and inclusive growth, it Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) is important to give MSMEs the opportunity to
43 Outlook
Enhancing food security well as food exporters and importers and given food prices, and supply chain infrastructures. and sustainable the economic and social sensitivity around this Consequently, food insecurity remains a threat agriculture in response to issue, APEC is well-positioned to help enhance to APEC’s quality growth and prosperity. climate change regional and global food security. Food security continues to be a priority for APEC Food security plays a vital role in achieving quality The Asia–Pacific region is home to about in 2017. Specifically, APEC will focus on: growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region a quarter of the world’s hungry. All APEC • Addressing the food security - climate change and across the globe. Over the past years, APEC economies still experience some form of food relationship economies have attached increasing importance insecurity. The challenges to food security • Sustainable resources management to the food security agenda at both the domestic are exacerbated by the region’s exposure to • Sustainable rural-urban development and regional levels, especially following a sharp extreme natural disasters and the impact of • Facilitation of trade and investment in rise in food prices in 2007 - 2008 and again in climate change, which may affect the regional agriculture and access to food market 2011. As its member economies are among the food system in several ways ranging from direct • Harmonization of food safety standards and world’s largest food producers and consumers as effects on crop production to changes in markets, food loss control
44 45 Key Meetings in 2017
Meeting Date
First Senior Officials’ Meeting and Related Meetings 18 February - 3 March
Second Senior Officials’ Meeting and Related Meetings 7 - 18 May
High-Level Policy Dialogue on Human Resources Development in the Digital Age 12 - 15 May
Ministers Responsible for Trade Meeting 20 - 21 May
High-Level Policy Roundtable on Sustainable Tourism 20 - 22 June
High-Level Policy Dialogue on Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture in Response to Climate Change 21 - 25 August
Third Senior Officials’ Meeting and Related Meetings 15 - 30 August
Small and Medium Enterprises Ministerial Meeting 11 - 17 September
High-Level Policy Dialogues on Women and the Economy 22 - 26 September
Transportation Ministerial Meeting October (TBC)
Finance Ministerial Meeting 19 - 21 October
APEC Economic Leaders’ Week 5 - 11 November
Note: Dates are subject to change, for the latest information please go to: http://www.apec.org/Events-Calendar.aspx
4646 47 APEC Milestones
2016 • Lima, Peru network on services cooperation, recognizing Ministerial Conference. APEC Leaders endorse prejudice to APEC members’ positions in the APEC launches the Supply-Chain Connectivity initiatives. Leaders also adopt a major report on APEC Leaders reaffirmed the member economies’ that the services sector represent a significant a multi-year plan on infrastructure development WTO. APEC sets the goal to reduce aggregate Framework and the Ease of Doing Business closer regional economic integration, including confidence in international trade as a mechanism percentage of businesses in the region. and investment. As a first step under this plan, energy intensity by 45 percent by 2035. In Action Plan to make doing business in the region structural reform initiatives, and welcome the for achieving positive economic and social a Public Private Partnership Centre in Indonesia addition, APEC commits to take specific steps 25 percent cheaper, faster and easier by 2015. second APEC Trade Facilitation Action Plan change. This, after throwing their support behind 2014 • Beijing, China will be established. To encourage people-to- by 2013 to implement good regulatory practices Member economies also commence work on an which aims to reduce trade transaction costs by an agenda that pursues inclusive growth as the APEC Leaders commit to taking a concrete step people connectivity, APEC seeks to promote by ensuring internal coordination of regulatory APEC Services Action Plan and an Environmental a further five percent by 2010. Asia-Pacific region takes strides to achieve a free towards greater regional economic integration cross-border cooperation with the target of 1 work; assessing regulatory impacts; and Goods and Services Work Program. and open trade area. Specifically, they expressed by endorsing a roadmap to translate the vision million intra-APEC university students per year conducting public consultation. 2006 • Ha Noi, Viet Nam support for advancing the regional economic of the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific by 2020. APEC holds its first joint Ministerial 2008 • Lima, Peru APEC Economic Leaders endorse the Ha Noi integration and growth agenda; developing (FTAAP) into a reality. As a first step, APEC will Meeting on Women and SMEs to promote 2010 • Yokohama, Japan APEC Economic Leaders address the global Action Plan which identifies specific actions human capital; modernizing micro, small, and carry out a collective strategic study on issues women entrepreneurship. APEC Leaders provide a roadmap for members financial crisis in the Lima Statement on the and milestones to implement the Bogor medium business; and enhancing the regional related to the realization of the FTAAP. Members to realize an economically-integrated, robust Global Economy, in which they commit to Goals. Leaders conclude that the APEC Trade food system. In line with these priorities, APEC implement the first-ever APEC Connectivity 2012 • Vladivostok, Russia and secure APEC community. This includes take all necessary economic and financial Facilitation Action Plan has achieved its target put forward policy commitments for members to Blueprint to achieve targets for better physical, APEC Leaders endorse an APEC List of the formulation of a comprehensive, long-term measures to restore stability and growth, to of a five percent reduction in trade transaction toward a sustainable economic integration in institutional and people-to-people linkages Environmental Goods that directly and positively growth strategy. APEC completes an assessment reject protectionism and to intensify efforts costs in the region between 2002 and 2006. the region. across the region by 2025. In order to capture contribute to green growth and sustainable of its progress towards the Bogor Goals and to advance the WTO’s Doha Development APEC takes a strategic approach to reform fora higher value-added growth, policies to promote development objectives. APEC seeks to address finds significant gains in the areas of liberalizing Agenda negotiations. APEC focuses on the and strengthen the Secretariat. 2015 • Manila, the Philippines innovation, human resource development and transparency as a new next generation trade and trade in goods, services and investment, as social dimensions of trade, reducing the gap APEC Leaders united behind the opportunity sustainability are part of the new APEC Accord investment issue, and Leaders endorse the APEC well as trade facilitation. APEC formulates the between developing and developed members 2005 • Busan, Korea to build inclusive economies in a bid to make on Innovative Development, Economic Reform Model Chapter on Transparency for RTAs/FTAs APEC Strategy for Investment and endorses the and Corporate Social Responsibility. Leaders APEC completes the Mid-Term Stock-take of economic growth felt broadly by more sectors and Growth. Recognizing the importance of to be used as a guide by APEC economies. APEC New Strategy for Structural Reform. APEC welcome the APEC Investment Facilitation Progress towards the Bogor Goals. The stock- in society. Acknowledging uneven global growth promoting diversified energy supplies, APEC holds its first APEC Ministerial Meeting on Food Action Plan aimed at improving the investment take finds that average tariffs in the APEC region and the presence of risks and uncertainties in the economies agree to work toward doubling the 2011 • Honolulu, United States Security. environment in the region. have been reduced to 5.5 percent, down from global economy, the Leaders agreed to set forth share of renewables by 2030 in the region’s APEC Leaders commit to taking concrete steps 16.9 percent when APEC was established in policy enablers for integration of micro, small energy mix, including in power generation. toward a seamless regional economy; addressing 2009 • Singapore 2007 • Sydney, Australia 1989, and that APEC is on schedule to meet the and medium enterprises in regional and global shared green growth objectives; and advancing APEC resolves to pursue balanced, inclusive For the first time, APEC member economies Bogor Goals. It also outlines the Busan Roadmap markets; for building sustainable, and resilient 2013 • Bali, Indonesia regulatory cooperation and convergence. To and sustainable growth, while Leaders agree issue a Declaration on Climate Change, Energy to the Bogor Goals. The APEC Privacy Framework communities; developing human capital; and APEC Leaders reaffirm their commitment to the reach these goals, APEC resolves to reduce, to extend their standstill commitment on Security and Clean Development outlining future is launched. enhancing the regional economic integration rules-based multilateral trading system and by the end of 2015, applied tariff rates of protectionism until 2010. The first-ever joint action in support of a new international climate agenda. They also expressed support the achieving the successful Doha Round outcome environmental goods to 5 percent or less, taking meetings of APEC senior trade and finance change arrangement and announcing a forward achievement of quality growth, and endorsed a at the World Trade Organization (WTO) 9th into account economies’ circumstances, without officials are held to address the economic crisis. program of practical, cooperative actions and
48 49 APEC Milestones
2004 • Santiago, Chile 2001 • Shanghai, Business Travel Card scheme is approved and a APEC adopts Best Practices for RTAs and People’s Republic of China Mutual Recognition Arrangement on Electrical FTAs, a reference guide for APEC members Leaders issue APEC’s first Statement on Counter- Equipment and a Framework for the Integration undertaking RTA/FTA negotiations. The Leaders’ Terrorism and pledge to enhance counter- of Women in APEC are endorsed. Agenda to Implement Structural Reform (LAISR) terrorism cooperation. Leaders also adopt the is launched. It addresses five priority areas: Shanghai Accord which focuses on: broadening 1998 • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia regulatory reform; corporate governance; the APEC vision to reflect changes resulting from APEC Ministers agree on a Blueprint for public governance; competition policy; and the digital economy; clarifying the roadmap to Action on Electronic Commerce, including a strengthening economic legal infrastructure. reach the Bogor Goals; and strengthening the commitment to paperless trading by 2005 in Leaders endorse the Santiago Commitment to IAP Peer Review Process and capacity building developed economies and by 2010 in developing Fight Corruption and Ensure Transparency. activities. An e-APEC Strategy identifying the economies. necessary policy environment and specifying 2003 • Bangkok, Thailand appropriate goals and actions to maximise the 1997 • Vancouver, Canada Members undertake to implement the APEC benefits of the digital economy is also endorsed. APEC endorses a proposal for early voluntary Action Plan on SARS and the Health Security sectoral liberalisation in 15 sectors and decides Initiative to help the region prevent and 2000 • Bandar Seri Begawan, that Individual Action Plans should be updated respond to health threats. Leaders pledge to Brunei Darussalam annually. strengthen regional efforts to promote sound APEC commits to the Action Agenda for the and efficient financial systems and encourage New Economy. Leaders set the goals of tripling 1996 • Manila, the Philippines the development of domestic and regional bond internet access throughout the APEC region by The Manila Action Plan for APEC is adopted, markets. 2005, and achieving universal access by 2010. outlining the trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation measures required to reach the 1995 • Osaka, Japan 1994 • Bogor, Indonesia 1993 • Blake Island, United States 2002 • Los Cabos, Mexico 1999 • Auckland, New Zealand Bogor Goals. The first Collective and Individual APEC adopts the Osaka Action Agenda APEC sets the Bogor Goals of “free and open APEC Economic Leaders meet for the first time APEC adopts a Trade Facilitation Action Plan APEC Leaders endorse the APEC Principles Action Plans are compiled, outlining how which provides a framework for meeting the trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific by and outline APEC’s vision of “stability, security and the Statement to Implement APEC Policies to Enhance Competition and Regulatory economies will achieve the free trade goals. Bogor Goals through trade and investment 2010 for industrialised economies and 2020 for and prosperity for our peoples.” on Trade and the Digital Economy. The Secure Reform aimed at addressing the structural and liberalisation, business facilitation and sectoral developing economies.” The Uruguay Round of Trade in the APEC Region (STAR) initiative is regulatory weaknesses that contributed to the activities, underpinned by policy dialogues and multilateral trade negotiations conducted under 1989 • Canberra, Australia launched and a Statement to Implement APEC Asian financial crisis. APEC commits to paperless economic and technical cooperation. The APEC the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is APEC begins as an informal Ministerial-level Transparency Standards is endorsed. trading by 2005 in developed economies and Business Advisory Council is established to inject concluded. APEC is widely considered to have dialogue group with 12 founding members. 2010 in developing economies. The APEC a business perspective into APEC deliberations been a significant force in bringing the Uruguay and to give advice on business sector priorities. Round to a conclusion.
50 51 About APEC
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a regional Economic Data 2015 Benefits of APEC economic forum established in 1989 to leverage the growing Imports of APEC has grown to become a dynamic engine interdependence of the Asia-Pacific. APEC’s 21 members Merchandise Exports of of economic growth and one of the most GDP per Goods and Merchandise Goods aim to create greater prosperity for the people of the region Member Economy and Population capita Commercial and Commercial important regional forums in the Asia-Pacific. Its by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative Year Joined (thousands) GDP (US$m) (US$) Services (US$m) Services (US$m) 21 member economies are home to around 2.8 Australia (1989) 23,781.2 1,339,539.1 56,327.7 262,093.4 236,818.8 billion people and represent approximately 59 and secure growth and by accelerating regional economic Brunei Darussalam (1989) 423.2 15,492.0 36,607.9 4,470.1 7,176.9 percent of world GDP and 49 percent of world trade in 2015. integration. Canada (1989) 35,851.8 1,550,536.5 43,248.5 531,777.3 484,766.2 Chile (1994) 17,948.1 240,215.7 13,383.9 76,482.9 73,099.1 As a result of APEC’s work, growth has soared APEC ensures that goods, services, investment and people China (1991) 1,371,220.0 10,866,444.0 7,924.7 2,148,281.2 2,560,424.5 in the region, with real GDP doubling from just move easily across borders. Members facilitate this trade Hong Kong, China (1991) 7,305.7 309,928.8 42,422.9 633,335.9 614,748.2 USD 16 trillion in 1989 to USD 42 trillion in 2015. Meanwhile, residents of the Asia-Pacific saw through faster customs procedures at borders; more favorable Indonesia (1989) 257,563.8 861,934.0 3,346.5 172,917.2 171,541.4 Japan (1989) 126,958.5 4,123,257.6 32,477.2 822,183.4 782,802.0 their per capita income rise by 74 percent, lifting business climates behind the border; and aligning regulations Korea (1989) 50,617.0 1,377,873.1 27,221.5 548,844.4 623,598.5 millions out of poverty and creating a growing middle class in just over two decades. and standards across the region. Malaysia (1989) 30,331.0 296,217.6 9,766.2 215,775.4 234,628.9 Mexico (1993) 127,017.2 1,144,331.3 9,009.3 434,775.6 403,381.4 Bringing the region closer together, reducing APEC works to help all residents of the Asia-Pacific New Zealand (1989) 4,595.7 173,754.1 37,808.0 48,086.1 48,493.4 trade barriers, and smoothing out differences in participate in the growing economy. For example, APEC Papua New Guinea 7,619.3 16,928.7 2,268.2 4,437.5 5,599.4 regulations have boosted trade which, in turn, (1993) (2014 data) (2014 data) has led to this dramatic increase in prosperity. projects provide digital skills training for rural communities APEC’s 21 member economies are Peru (1998) 31,376.7 192,083.7 6,121.9 45,644.1 40,227.2 Average tariffs fell from 17 percent in 1989 and help indigenous women export their products abroad. Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Philippines (1989) 100,699.4 291,965.3 2,899.4 93,518.7 86,800.6 to 5.4 percent in 2014. During that same time period, the APEC region’s total trade increased Recognizing the impacts of climate change, APEC members Chile; People’s Republic of China; Russia (1998) 144,096.8 1,326,015.1 9,057.1 280,954.6 391,332.9 Singapore (1989) 5,535.0 292,739.3 52,888.7 440,013.3 489,841.4 over seven times—outpacing the rest of the also implement initiatives to increase energy efficiency and world with two-thirds of this trade occurring Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Chinese Taipei (1991) 23,462.9 523,009.0 22,294.0 284,304.9 341,894.0 between member economies. promote sustainable management of forest and marine Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; Thailand (1989) 67,959.4 395,281.6 5,816.4 253,127.1 274,655.3
resources. New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; United States (1989) 321,418.8 17,946,996.0 55,836.8 2,777,055.5 2,194,975.4 Viet Nam (1998) 91,703.8 193,599.4 2,111.1 181,395.1 173,160.1 The forum adapts to allow members to deal with important Peru; The Philippines; The Russian new challenges to the region’s economic well-being. This Federation; Singapore; Chinese Taipei; Source: StatsAPEC http://statistics.apec.org/ Extracted: December 2016 includes ensuring disaster resilience, planning for pandemics, Thailand; United States of America; and addressing terrorism. Viet Nam.
52 53 About APEC
The APEC Secretariat APEC Process Commitments are undertaken on a voluntary APEC Leaders and Ministers who annually set The APEC Secretariat is staffed with a team of diplomats seconded from APEC member APEC operates as a cooperative, multilateral basis and capacity building projects help the vision for overarching goals and initiatives. economies as well as by professional, specialist and administrative staff. The Secretariat economic and trade forum. Member economies* members implement APEC initiatives. The working groups are then tasked with is headed by an Executive Director. participate on the basis of open dialogue and implementing these initiatives through a variety respect for views of all participants. In APEC, APEC’s structure is based on both a “bottom- of APEC-funded projects. Members also take The APEC Secretariat holds ISO 9001 Quality all economies have an equal say and decision- up” and “top-down” approach. Four core individual and collective actions to carry out APEC Management Certification. This recognises the making is reached by consensus. There are no committees and their respective working groups initiatives in their individual economies with the continuous efforts made by the APEC Secretariat binding commitments or treaty obligations. provide strategic policy recommendations to assistance of APEC capacity building projects. to provide high quality administrative and support *The word ‘economies’ is used to describe APEC members because the APEC process is predominantly concerned with trade and economic issues, and members engage with one another as economic entities. activities. The APEC Secretariat is the first international trade-related secretariat to attain ISO certification. APEC Organisational Chart
The APEC Policy APEC Stakeholder Support Unit Participation
The APEC Policy Support Unit (PSU), established APEC recognises that strong and vibrant Through the APEC Study Centres Consortium in 2008, provides research, analysis and economies are not built by governments alone, (ASCC), APEC member economies actively evaluation capabilities to assist in the but by partnerships between governments engage academic and research institutions in implementation of APEC’s agenda. The PSU is and key stakeholders, including the business the APEC process. The ASCC assists the APEC guided and overseen by a board that comprises sector, industry, academia, policy and research process by undertaking independent policy representatives from the current, immediate institutions, and interest groups within the research on APEC-related issues. There are APEC past and next APEC host economy, and from community. Study Centres in most APEC member economies, each major donor. comprising some 50 universities, research APEC member economies recognise that centres and centres of academic excellence. business drives the economies of the region Sub-committees/ Special Task Groups Experts Groups and therefore involves business at all levels of the APEC process. At the highest level, APEC Economic Leaders communicate through annual meetings with the APEC Business Advisory Every year one of the 21 member economies hosts the APEC meetings and serves as the APEC Chair. The APEC host Council (ABAC). ABAC comprises high-level economy is responsible for chairing the annual Economic Leaders’ Meeting, Ministerial Meetings, Senior Officials’ business people from all 21 APEC member Meetings, the APEC Business Advisory Council and the APEC Study Centres Consortium. economies.
54 55 About APEC
On The Web Publications publications.apec.org The APEC Secretariat – www.apec.org contains information about APEC developments, issues and work programs, an APEC APEC Regional Trends Analysis event calendar and links to key APEC websites. You can also APEC in Charts 2016 follow us on social media: 2016 APEC Economic Policy Report Facebook: www.facebook.com/APECnews 2016 APEC Economic Policy Report: Executive Summary Twitter: www.twitter.com/@APEC www.twitter.com/@Bollard_APEC 2016 CTI Report to Ministers LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/company/asia-pacific- Factsheet: 2016 APEC Economic Policy Report economic-cooperation-apec-secretariat Factsheet: 2016 APEC Senior Officials’ Report on Economic and Technical Cooperation Simply fill out your details on the APEC website to receive the APEC Senior Officials’ Report on Economic and Technical Cooperation 2016 latest news, publications and feature articles: http://www. apec.org/Home/Press/Misc/Subscribe-To-News.aspx APEC publications can be downloaded free of charge or hard copy publications are available from APEC. Please visit the APEC Secretariat Publications Database, publications.apec.org to order.
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