17 Safety, security and defence

The South African Police Service (SAPS) is • Secretariat for Safety and Security responsible for internal security and crime • Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD) prevention, while the South African National • SAPS. Defence Force (SANDF) is responsible for defending Based on its legislative mandate, the Department of South Africa against external military threats. Safety and Security has identified the following key The Justice, Crime Prevention and Security (JCPS) objectives for the medium term, namely: cluster is focusing on reducing serious and violent • enhancing the safety and security of South crime by between 7% and 10% a year. The cluster is Africans following a two-pronged crime-fighting strategy that • ensuring proper investigation of criminal cases confirms the central role of law-enforcement and providing sound crime intelligence agencies in combating crime, and acknowledges the • protecting prominent people principle of community involvement and establishing • managing the SAPS efficiently, including its partnerships as primary instruments in preventing resources, development and operations. and combating crime. These objectives have been aligned with the aims of the integrated justice system and the JCPS Safety and security Cluster. The operational priorities of the In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic department’s strategic plan for 2005 – 2010 are: of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996), the • combating organised crime Minister of Safety and Security is responsible for • fighting serious and violent crime policing in general and is accountable to Cabinet • reducing crime against women and children and Parliament. Important features of the minister’s • improving on other SAPS priorities that affect responsibilities include determining national basic service delivery. policing policy and providing civilian oversight. The Over the medium term, the department will following three structures fall under the Minister of support government’s regional and continental Safety and Security: objectives by implementing the Southern African

449 Development Community (SADC) Protocol on the Independent Complaints Directorate Control of Firearms, Ammunition and other The primary role of the ICD is to ensure that Related Materials through the Southern African complaints about alleged criminal offences and Regional Police Chiefs Co-operation Organi- misconduct committed by SAPS members are sation (SARPCCO) and the African Union (AU) investigated in an effective manner. Police conduct Convention on the Prevention and Combating of or behaviour that is prohibited in terms of the SAPS Terrorism. standing orders and police regulations includes It will also provide operational support and neglect of duties and failure to comply with the institutional capacity-building to police agencies in SAPS Code of Conduct. It is governed by chapter southern Africa through SARPCCO, to promote 10 of the SAPS Act, 1995. development, stability and security, and benefit The ICD has additional mandates in respect of policing in South Africa through information- monitoring the implementation of the Domestic sharing. Violence Act, 1998 (Act 116 of 1998), by the SAPS, and in respect of civilian oversight over municipal Secretariat for Safety and Security policing services. In terms of the SAPS Act, 1995 (Act 68 of 1995), the The ICD investigates all deaths in police custody functions of the Secretariat for Safety and Security or as a result of police action. An investigation is are to: conducted to determine any indications of criminal • advise the minister conduct by the SAPS. Where there are no • promote democratic accountability and trans- indications of criminal conduct, the matter is left to parency in the SAPS the police to investigate, while the ICD • provide the minister with legal services and advice monitors/supervises the investigation. If information on constitutional matters is subsequently received indicating criminal • monitor the implementation of policy conduct on the part of the police, the ICD then • conduct research on any policing matter in conducts a full investigation. accordance with the instructions of the minister, Upon completion of an investigation, the ICD may and evaluate the performance of the SAPS. make recommendations to the Director of Public

450 Prosecutions about the prosecution of any SAPS South African Police Service member(s) implicated. It may also make Strategic overview and key objectives recommendations to SAPS management regarding The key aims and programmes of the SAPS are the departmental prosecution of a police member. based on the objectives provided for in section 205 The ICD reports to Parliament through the of the Constitution. The SAPS is responsible for: Minister of Safety and Security. However, it • preventing, combating and investigating crime operates independently from the SAPS. • maintaining public order The ICD handled 5 103 complaints in 2005/06, • protecting and securing South Africans and their representing a decrease of 12% compared with property 2004/05, when it received 5 790 complaints. • upholding and enforcing the law. Deaths in police custody or due to police action The vision of the SAPS is to create a safe and decreased by 5% compared with the same period secure environment for all South Africans. in 2004/05. There were 620 deaths in 2005/06 The values upheld by the SAPS are to: compared with 652 in 2004/05. The majority of the • protect everyone’s rights and to be impartial, deaths, most of which were shootings, occurred in respectful, open and accountable to the KwaZulu-Natal (139). community Gauteng accounted for 127 deaths, comprising • use its powers in a responsible way mainly shootings, suicides and natural deaths. The • provide a responsible, effective and high-quality Eastern Cape had 97 deaths, Western Cape 56, Free service with honesty and integrity State 50, Mpumalanga 45, Limpopo and North West • evaluate its service continuously and strive to 44 and the Northern Cape 18 deaths in police custody. improve it The decrease in deaths is partly attributed to the • use its resources efficiently ICD-SAPS committee which meets monthly to • develop the skills of its members through equal monitor incidents of death. The decrease also opportunities confirms that there is a growing human-rights ethic • co-operate with the community, all levels of within the SAPS. government and other role-players. The budget of the SAPS will increase significantly over a seven-year-period, and rose from R20,4 billion in 2002/03 to R29,4 billion in 2005/06, representing an average annual increase It was announced in October 2006 that government would distribute R73,8 million to of 12,9%. It is expected to reach R38,5 billion in several law-enforcement agencies and 2008/09, at a rate of 9,4% over the Medium Term departments in forfeited assets. Expenditure Framework period. In 2005/06, the This followed Cabinet approval for the SAPS was allocated R4,4 billion to improve police distribution of funds deposited into the Criminal salaries. Assets Recovery Account (Cara), following asset forfeiture. Enhancing policing presence A number of assets, including motor vehicles, Crime prevention in South Africa is based on the equipment and property would also be principles of community policing, that is, distributed to a number of law-enforcement partnerships between the community and the agencies and government departments. SAPS. Partnerships between police officers (who In terms of the Prevention of Organised Crime are appointed as sector managers) and Act, 1998 (Act 121 of 1998), the monies and communities strengthen existing community police properties in Cara may be used to render fora (CPFs). Sector policing was introduced in financial assistance to law-enforcement agencies to combat organised crime, money 2002/03 to increase the visibility and accessibility laundering, criminal gang activities, and the of police officers, particularly in areas that have financing of terrorist and related activities. limited infrastructure and high levels of crime. The The South African Police Service received implementation of sector policing continues. R33,7 million from the fund. CPFs, which have been in place since 1993, are functioning well at most police stations. They are

451 actively involved in crime-prevention and their optimal use. It provides HR support and security and defence Safety, awareness programmes, and allow the SAPS to capacity-building to the SAPS, including mobilise and involve communities in the fight management interventions, career coaching, against crime. CPFs also assist police by mobilising career alignment and strategic workforce planning. partnerships with business and other stakeholders in communities to address crime concerns. Crime Intelligence The SAPS is dedicated to the upliftment of This division of the SAPS is responsible for historically disadvantaged communities. This managing information-gathering and centralised includes the building of community safety centres intelligence management, co-ordination and (CSCs) that focus on delivering basic and easily analysis. It also provides technical-intelligence accessible services to communities, especially in support to the operational components of crime deep rural and informal settlement areas. intelligence and, where necessary, to other CSCs bring the SAPS and the departments of operational divisions of the SAPS. justice and constitutional development, of correctional services, of health, and of social development under one roof. They are fully To improve policing and services, the South African Police Service (SAPS) management adopted a operational in Thembalethu in the Western Cape, flatter organisational structure. The revised Ntsimbini in KwaZulu-Natal, Leboeng in Limpopo structure will incorporate the advantages of and Khutsong in Gauteng. decentralisation of work and authority, and will The Protection and Security Services Programme make specialised skills available at police stations. is the fastest growing, with expenditure expected to The restructuring of the SAPS focuses on: increase from R593 million in 2002/03 to • reducing policing levels from four to three, R1,9 billion in 2008/09, representing a growth rate namely national, provincial and station level of 21,2%. This is a relatively new programme, • reducing the provincial and national which is continuously expanding as new functions structures to improve co-ordination and the provision of functional policing and support related to new government-security initiatives services become established. • redeploying to station-level certain specialised Additional funds have been allocated to the SAPS operational policing functions to ensure to increase the number of personnel to 178 910 by crimes are investigated where they occur the end of March 2009. This labour input will be • moving national-, provincial- and area-skilled complemented by the concomitant expansion of persons to stations to increase the the vehicle fleet, equipment supplies and leadership, management, decision-making information technology (IT) infrastructure. and skill levels at stations to deal with the crime challenges unique to each station By March 2006, the SAPS had 155 532 • empowering station commissioners to render members. a comprehensive service and effectively By May 2006, police stations had a total manage all resources personnel strength of about 95 000. It is envisaged • amend accountability frameworks to assess that police-station personnel will increase by the performance of stations and station almost 35 000, which will be sustained at nearly commissioners in terms of standardised 130 000 up to 2010. performance indicators. By May 2006, closed circuit television (CCTV) The revised structure will also ensure that monitor systems were expanded in KwaMashu, police-community trust is enhanced, improving Inanda and Mafikeng. The existing Cape Town and the morale of SAPS personnel. Government’s Kimberley CCTV systems were being assessed for intention to establish one-stop centres was expected to benefit from the restructuring of the possible expansion. SAPS.

SAPS divisions The most important change will be the dissolution of area offices, which are expected Career Management to devolve to the various police stations as part This division renders a people-centred human of the station-empowerment strategy. resource (HR) service to all personnel and ensures

452 Crime Prevention fire-investigation; carcass-and-hide; and patrol and This division aims to reduce opportunities to sheep dogs. In mid-2006, a new discipline of dog commit crime by optimising visible policing. The training was being finalised following a pilot project, division is also responsible for developing, which will result in trained dogs being able to maintaining and monitoring policy standards and detect the scent of human blood and semen. directives regarding crime prevention and uniformed services in general. The division’s three Criminal Record and Forensic Science Services main components are Social-Crime Prevention, Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) Visible Policing and Police Emergency Services. The FSL in Pretoria is implementing revolutionary Social-Crime Prevention deals with crimes new technology that will quadruple the laboratory’s affecting the social fabric of society, including capacity to process DNA samples. crimes against women and children, as well as Previously, some 200 samples were processed community-based crime prevention. daily manually, but implementing the Automated Visible Policing is responsible for combating Genetic Sample Processing System (GSPS) is crime through crime operations, police-station expected to ensure that 800 samples can be loaded activities and high visibility, and the availability of into the system daily. police officials at grassroots level. The GSPS is the only one of its kind in the world Police Emergency Services renders a rapid and is a robotic system that combines engineering response service in respect of crimes in progress, and science, improving the police’s capacity to and provides dog and mounted services. Hostage process DNA samples. Between 1 April 2006 and negotiators and police divers render specialised September 2006, DNA analysis was done for over services as a secondary function. 2 000 cases. The SAPS Dog and Mounted Service has been Since the implementation of the Integrated recognised as an important element of the SAPS Ballistics Information System, more than 416 000 crime-fighting strategy. A new mounted school images have been captured on the database. to breed suitable horses and train riders has been Almost 5 000 hits (links between two or more established at Potchefstroom in North West. cases) have been made, which implies linking of The national borderlines have also been almost 10 000 different crime scenes where there incorporated as one of the many functions provided by the mounted units. was no prior knowledge/information that the same The SAPS Dog Service provides policing services firearm(s) was/were used. nationally, including at national ports of entry. These The FSL has acquired a video spectral services are provided through its well-trained dogs, comparator infrared apparatus to assist in which include tracking of explosives, narcotics and differentiating between inks and documents, and protected species; search-and-rescue; tracker; detecting alterations, additions and obliterations on documents. It has also gained gas chromatograph mass spectrometers to assist in analysing drug- related cases. The Craig Micro Spectrometer was obtained for colour analysis of various material The second annual National Police Day such as fibres and paint samples. celebration was held on 27 January 2006. The purpose of National Police Day is, among other things, to: Criminal Record Centre (CRC) • signify the date and anniversary of the The Automated Fingerprint Information System establishment of the South African Police (AFIS) palm-print extension and matcher upgrade Service (SAPS) was successfully implemented in December 2004 • recognise the service rendered by members and became fully operational in January 2005. The of the SAPS palm-print extension has contributed to crime- • honour those members who have paid with solving in the SAPS. their lives to protect and serve all South From July 2005 to December 2005, 4 200 crime- Africans. scene palm prints were identified (cases solved) with the assistance of the palm-print functionality.

453 The implementation of the new matcher effective auxiliary service is rendered. The division security and defence Safety, functionality also increased accuracy in the consequently manages financial and auxiliary 10-print matching process. services, and also oversees the management and A total of 1 723 534 fingerprint forms use of all resources in accordance with relevant were processed on AFIS during 2005, of which directives and legislation. The division has a 618 178 were positively identified by the system. capacity for support and interventions at national The CRC has procured 108 live-scan booking level pertaining to, among other things, managing stations capable of capturing finger and palm prints the national budget. electronically. This is expected to improve the quality of prints to be added to the AFIS Legal Services database, which will enhance the ability to arrest This division mainly renders a legal advisory identified suspects. service to the SAPS in respect of the development, interpretation, application and implementation of Technology and Technical Management policy; the drafting of legislation; the management A new component responsible for facilitating of litigious matters; the administration and technology development in the SAPS was added to management of contracts and agreements; the division during 2005. By mid-2006, this arbitration; the management of national and component was establishing the necessary international crime operations; special projects; the strategy and capacity. It is expected to add promotion of corporate identity and good significant value to the fight against crime, with governance; and the general administration and specific emphasis on the application of science and management of legal services. technology. The division is also responsible for formulating national standards and policy relating to these Detective Service aspects. The division’s seven components are: This division is responsible for maintaining an • Contracts and Agreements effective crime-investigation service. It investigates • Crime Operations crimes and gathers all related evidence required by • Crime Prevention the prosecuting authority to redress crime. • Litigation The Detective Service consists of the following • Legislation components: • Policy Standards • General Investigations • Property and Asset Management. • Organised Crime • Commercial Crime • Serious and Violent Crime. Between 2002 and 2005, the SAPS trained 17 475 In September 2006, the South African Police Service released crime statistics for 2005/06: detectives. In 2006/07, 1 000 newly-trained • attempted murder decreased by 16,6% members were expected to join the Detective • serious and violent assault decreased by Service. Detectives’ career paths are being 9,6% streamlined to retain experienced SAPS members. • common assault decreased by 15,6% They are promoted within a three-level system • robbery with aggravating circumstances while continuing functional police work, rather decreased by 6,2% than being promoted to administrative managerial • common robbery decreased by 18,3% positions. • drug-related crimes increased by 13,2% • car hijackings increased by 3,1% By October 2006, general investigators were • murder decreased by 2% attending multilevel specialised courses to give • rape decreased by 1% them the capacity to investigate every type of crime. • indecent assault decreased by 3,7% • driving under the influence of alcohol or Financial and Administration Services drugs increased by 9,9% This division ensures that the SAPS budget is • cash-in-transit heists increased by 74,1%. managed in a cost-effective manner and that an

454 Over the past decade, the division has contributed level of service delivery, but also to assist towards establishing the legal framework provinces, stations and units to improve their level pertaining to policing, nationally and internationally. of service delivery to the community. All principal legislation administered in the department has been reviewed and, as a result, Operational Response Services substituting legislation has been enacted. The division is nationally responsible for The division was instrumental in drafting maintaining public order; executing medium- and international police co-operation agreements. It high-risk operations, including preventing rural and also participated in the drafting processes of urban terrorism, executing search-and-rescue international instruments pertaining to the operations, stabilising volatile crime situations, combating of transnational organised crime, and monitoring and evaluating all major events, the the proliferation of firearms and terrorism. international deployment of SAPS members on civilian police (CivPol) peacekeeping missions; and Management Services combating cross-border crime on South Africa’s This division provides a support function to the land, sea and air borderlines. SAPS. It supports management in respect of Women empowerment is a main priority within communication and liaison services; strategic the division, specifically pertaining to recruiting and planning; information and systems management; training female members at previously male- and organisational development such as the dominated units such as the Special Task Force, maintenance of organisational structures, National Intervention Unit (NIU) and the Air Wing. procedures, methods, forms and registers. The Special Task Force became one of the first Although there are management-service units of its kind to accept five female members into components at area and provincial levels reporting the unit. operationally to the area commissioner and the The NIU has successfully recruited and trained provincial commissioner respectively, such 29 female operational members. components function in accordance with national The Air Wing already has three female pilots and policies and guidelines issued by this division. has embarked on the Designated Pilot Training The division, which has a national capacity for Programme. Various designated members, service delivery and interventions at national level, including women, have been trained as pilots. As comprises the following components: part of this process, this division produced the first • Efficiency Services black female helicopter pilot in South Africa. • Strategic Management The SAPS, by virtue of its world-class training, is • Information and Systems Management in demand in respect of technical and operational • Communication and Liaison Services. assistance to neighbouring countries, as well as internationally. National Evaluation Service The Special Task Force participated in various This division supports management in the cross-border initiatives, such as Operation Rachel assessment of service-delivery standards and in Mozambique, during which arms caches were performance. It strives not only to determine the located and destroyed. Operation Rachel has been conducted – with the active support and assistance of the Mozambican authorities – since 1999. The division also assisted in training members of the More than 60 000 South African Police Service Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) police, as well (SAPS) members were deployed to secure and protect poling stations during the municipal as with anti-terrorism training and other training local elections held on 1 March 2006. needs of the SARPCCO. Operational Response Services is responsible for The South African National Defence Force, with infantry and paratroopers, as well as fixed-wing deploying SAPS members to participate in United aircraft and helicopters, was also on standby to Nations (UN) and AU peacekeeping missions. assist the SAPS, if required. During 2005/06, 200 members were deployed to Darfur, Sudan. This division is also responsible for

455 aey security and defence Safety, establishing a rapid deployment capacity and a The VIP Protection Service protects and secures standby force to assist with CivPol interventions, the national and provincial executive of South where needed. Africa, comprising the President, Deputy President, former presidents, national ministers, premiers, Personnel Services members of provincial executive committees and This division manages personnel-related matters any other office bearer whose safety is of in support of the operational priorities of the SAPS. significant national importance. It consists of the following three components, This component is also responsible for the namely: protection of visiting foreign dignitaries who qualify • Employee Assistance Services. This component for protection, and judges and magistrates who are comprises Social Work, and Spiritual and presiding over trials where their safety may be Psychological Services. Their respective threatened. functions are: Static and Mobile Security provides – developing and maintaining a professional comprehensive static security cover to all identified occupational social-work service focused on strategic government installations, residences and service delivery by means of research and offices of identified VIPs. It ensures mobile security identified programmes, as well as a disability services at all identified installations and and HIV/AIDS support service operations. – developing and maintaining a professional Mobile Operations a pilot project, will manage: spiritual support service by facilitating • security escorts to certain identified spiritual support, research and proactive dangerous/high-profile awaiting-trial prisoners programmes; conducting psychological • ad hoc guarding of certain high-profile and/or interventions and evaluations as well as dangerous psychiatric awaiting-trial prisoners managing, developing and enhancing sport while at institutions and recreation within the SAPS. • security venues of certain high-profile trials • Personnel Provision and Maintenance. This while in session component comprises two sections, namely • security escorts for certain identified Promotions and Awards and Personnel Provision valuable/dangerous government cargo. and is responsible for: Railway Policing prevents and combats organised – managing all promotions, occupational crime, serious and violent crime, and crimes translations and awards within the SAPS against women and children in the rail environ- – managing all personnel provision-related ment. The pilot project officially commenced on matters such as recruitment, appointments, 1 June 2004 in the Western Cape. The other transfers and service arrangements. provinces are to follow. • Service Terminations and Behaviour The Government Security Regulator regulates Management. This component comprises three physical security in the public sector, strategic sections, namely Medical Administration, installations, and administers the National Key Service Absence and Terminations, and Points Act, 1980 (Act 102 of 1980). Incident Behaviour Management. Their functions are Management develops control centres and managing: protocols for the monitoring of operations, and – injury on duty and medical boards limits the probability and manages the impact of – service terminations and absence critical incidents within the operational sphere of – disciplinary procedures and grievances Protection and Security Services. The Security within the SAPS. Advisory Service is responsible for evaluating all ports of entry (harbours, airports and land ports) Protection and Security Services and auditing all government departments, This division comprises six components, namely residences and offices of all VIPs in terms of VIP Protection Service, Static and Mobile Security, physical security. Operational Support, Railway Policing, Government Ports of Entry Security is responsible for the Security Regulator and Ports of Entry Security. security of all ports of entry into South Africa.

456 Operational Support ensures the operational success Victim-Empowerment Programme of the division, namely financial management, HR By the end of March 2006, victim-friendly facilities management, auxiliary services, management had been established at 583 police stations. About services and supply-chain management; and 387 police members were trained in victim facilitates, develops and co-ordinates policies; empowerment. conducts inspections; and determines operational The SAPS aimed to establish an additional standards within the division. 150 such facilities in 2006/07. In new or upgraded police stations, provision is made for private Supply-Chain Management facilities where victims can provide statements and This division is responsible for meeting the total access information. logistical needs of the SAPS through effective and efficient demand, acquisition, logistical, disposal Safer Schools Programme and performance management. The Safer Schools Programme is a partnership On 1 April 2006, the SAPS took over custodianship between the SAPS and the Department of of all functional SAPS accommodation from the Education. It addresses issues such as drugs and Department of Public Works. firearms in schools, sexual offences and bullying. During 2005/06, nine new police stations were Its focus is on ensuring a safe learning completed and two existing ones upgraded. By environment. mid-2006, 20 new police stations were under Communities are involved in this programme construction and four had been upgraded. The through school governing bodies (SGBs) and school construction of another 26 police stations was safety committees, ensuring the national roll out of expected to commence in 2006/07. the Tiisa Thuto Programme in co-operation with A new digital radio communications system is Business Against Crime (BAC). being installed in Gauteng and is expected to be Tiisa Thuto aims to fight school community-based completed and fully functional by December 2007. crime by inculcating a positive value system among The system will enhance police communications, the school community, heightening communities’ significantly contributing to effective service sense of ownership of schools, and creating delivery. conditions and/or a culture that is conducive to Additional funds have been made available to effective teaching, learning and support. procure more vehicles, thus easing the present Tiisa Thuto’s core beneficiaries are learners, shortage of this vital resource in the SAPS. educators, parents and members of SGBs. In January 2002, the SAPS had 27 000 vehicles. By March 2006, this figure had risen to 35 418 Firearms control vehicles. The Firearms Control Act, 2000 (Act 60 of 2000), and the Firearms Control Amendment Act, 2003 Training (Act 43 of 2003), aim to assist the SAPS in The Training Division is responsible for: preventing the proliferation of illegal firearms and • providing effective learning programmes for removing them from society, as well as to control policing-related education, training and legally owned firearms. development The Firearms Control Act, 2000 came into effect • generating, implementing and maintaining on 1 July 2004. People seeking firearm licences are Education, Training and Development (ETD) compelled to undergo a competency test and system standards and the quality assurance obtain a competency certificate before being of ETD granted a firearm licence. • facilitating skills development within the SAPS The draft Firearms Control Amendment Bill was • managing basic training within the SAPS published for public comment in the Government • managing in-service training within the SAPS Gazette on 24 February 2006. • managing generic skills provision and Proposals in the draft Bill included, among other international training support within the SAPS things, the following: • managing and using all resources in accordance • Instead of periodically renewing their firearm with relevant directives and legislation. licences, legal owners of firearms will have to

457 obtain a competency certificate every five years prepare for their general elections. It was also a key security and defence Safety, and will have to have their firearms audited. component of the civilian police structure built into • The definition of ‘occasional’ hunters/ the programme of the AU Mission in Sudan (AMIS), sportspersons will be amended so that such working towards permanent peace in that country. persons may also belong to accredited The AMIS civilian police comprised members organisations. of police services from 16 African countries. • Prosecutors will determine admission-of-guilt The SAPS assisted the Sudanese police by: fines in respect of minor offences without the • facilitating communication between them and offender being automatically declared unfit to local communities possess a firearm. The Registrar may, however, • providing technical assistance requested by the independently still conduct an inquiry to Sudanese Government and police authorities. determine whether a person who paid an The SAPS has co-operation agreements with admission-of-guilt fine remains fit to possess a France, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, the Russian firearm. Federation, Hungary, Egypt, China, Nigeria, • All collected firearms must be made inoperable. Mozambique, Portugal, Swaziland and the People’s In terms of the Bill, private collectors are obliged Republic of China. Negotiations are ongoing to to place the moving parts of semi-automatic and include more countries on its list of international prohibited (automatic) firearms in safekeeping at partners against organised crime. a place which is separate from the firearm South Africa is among 182 countries whose concerned and which is acceptable to the police structures are affiliated to Interpol. It has Registrar of Firearms. The number of cartridges 12 liaison officers based at South African missions that may be collected has also been reduced. abroad to interact on a continuous basis with its In November 2004, the Minister of Safety and counterparts in detecting international crime. Security declared amnesty for people in possession The SAPS is involved in removing and destroying of illegal firearms and ammunition. In terms of the weapons and ammunition in Mozambique and the amnesty, as defined in section 138 of the Firearms DRC. By May 2006, there were plans to conduct a Control Act, 2000, illegal firearms and ammunition similar operation in Lesotho. had to be surrendered at police stations nationwide from 1 January to 31 March 2005. This period was Commandos and reservists subsequently extended to 30 June 2005. The SAPS will put in place an alternative system to A total of 33 823 illegal firearms and address the phasing out of the commando system 608 794 rounds of illegal ammunition were to avoid a security vacuum. One of the strategies surrendered between 1 January 2005 and 30 June identified for doing this is to increase reservist 2005, and 46 631 legal firearms and numbers. 821 527 rounds of ammunition were voluntarily The revised system of police reservists, among handed to the SAPS. The SAPS confiscated over other things, consolidates the SAPS’ sector-policing 17 600 firearms and 370 180 rounds of ammunition between 1 April 2005 and 31 March 2006. During this period, 4 842 firearms were reported as lost and The South African Police Service (SAPS) is taking stolen and 12 351 firearms were recovered. over border control from the Department of Between 1 April 2005 and 31 March 2006, the Defence. SAPS members have been deployed at SAPS accredited 586 non-official firearm the borders between Limpopo and Zimbabwe, Northern Cape and Namibia/Botswana, North institutions, of which 151 were shooting ranges and West and Botswana, Free State and Lesotho, 232 were training-providers. Eastern Cape and Lesotho and KwaZulu-Natal During the same period, the SAPS destroyed and Lesotho. more than 107 460 firearms. The Border Control Co-ordinating Committee and the Department of Public Works are constructing International obligations and involvement in and upgrading ports of entry. This includes Africa installing modern technology with improved The SAPS formed part of the South African satellite and electronic surveillance systems. contingent that assisted the people of the DRC to

458 programme. It provides for four categories of against crime. The organisation is primarily funded reservists, namely Functional Policing, Support by business-sector donations, and has a presence Services, Specialised Functional Policing (pilots, in seven provinces with a national office in divers, social workers), and Rural and Urban Sector Johannesburg, Gauteng. Policing. The vision of BAC is for a safe and secure South The main thrust of the revised system is to Africa where its people and businesses live without create a part-time professional police service. The the threat of crime and violence. system also provides for the call-up and payment of BAC’s mission is to: reservists, based on the identified policing needs at • facilitate an effective and close working provincial, area or station level. The reservists will relationship between government and industry be paid only when they are called up and according bodies in the fight against crime to their ranks. • facilitate the implementation of a long-term Modular outcomes-based training programmes social-crime prevention strategy with have been completed to enhance the skills and government knowledge of all reservists. A budget of • partner business and international organisations R260 million has been approved to call up to support government in the fight against crime reservists for duty. The following number of • facilitate the alignment of business-wide and reservists could be called up over the reflected other relevant non-governmental organisations’ periods: crime-fighting initiatives • 2006/07: R60 million to call up 8 000 reservists • facilitate the achievement of government’s goals • 2007/08: R80 million to call up 15 000 reservists for reducing crime, as set out in the National • 2008/09: R120 million to call up 25 000 reservists. Crime-Prevention Strategy and departmental plans Career centres • leverage resources, skills and the expertise of To market career prospects in the SAPS, career business to assist government in attaining an centres have been launched in various provinces, effective and efficient criminal justice system including: • build community and business confidence and • Sharpeville, Gauteng support by communicating the successes of the • Bellville, Western Cape fight against crime consistently and • Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal. aggressively.

Women’s Network Programmes The SAPS Women’s Network was launched in July The BAC’s seven programmes include: 2004 to assist and support women in the service. • The Criminal Justice Strengthening Programme The network aims to enhance SAPS services by that is designed to build, support and strengthen facilitating greater co-operation, equality and the Department of Justice and Constitutional empowerment among all SAPS employees. Development, through the professional Activities are aligned to government initiatives to management of courts and court services. improve the overall quality of life of women. • The Tiisa Thuto Programme that seeks to teach The network runs at station, provincial and non-violent methods of conflict-resolution and national levels. positive morality, including life skills and personal values in schools, to reduce crime and Business Against Crime violence and improve standards of learning. The BAC was formed in 1996 at the request of former programme ran in 121 schools in Gauteng in President Nelson Mandela for business to play a 2004/05, reaching 1 240 097 learners, pivotal role in supporting government’s crime- educators and parents. By mid-2006, Tiisa Thuto fighting initiatives, by harnessing business was being rolled out to Mpumalanga, Western resources and skills. Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. BAC is a section 21 not-for-profit organisation • The Support Programme for Police Stations, mandated to support government in the fight which aims to improve service delivery at police

459 stations through effective management, best continually by the BAC board, government, donors security and defence Safety, practices, and skills and capacity development. and sponsors. More than 200 police officers from 28 police In October 2006, government met with the Big stations were trained in Mpumalanga and Business Working Group and the BAC in Pretoria. Gauteng in 2005 and 98 working partnerships This followed an initial meeting held in Cape Town were established in Gauteng, North West, in August 2006, which resolved to re-energise the Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga. partnership between business and government in • The Commercial Crime (including fraud and the fight against crime. corruption) Programme, which established The meeting agreed to create a leadership specialised commercial court centres (SCCCs) forum, composed of leaders of the Justice, Crime countrywide, staffed by specialists, to convict the Prevention and Security (JCPS) Cluster and guilty quickly and efficiently, and to secure business, to identify and mobilise ‘stepchange’ appropriate sentences. The SCCCs have an interventions necessary to turn around the crime average conviction rate of between 97% and situation in the country. 98%. The case-processing time (average The specific initiatives for immediate action months) was reduced by 50%, from 30 months included: in 1999 to 14 months in 2005. The rescoping of • Reviewing and improving the criminal justice the Commercial Crime Programme has been system. Both business and government will completed. second senior executives to this initiative on a • The Organised Crime Programme aims to reduce permanent basis. large-scale syndicated crimes by removing the • Reviewing and enhancing crime prevention and commercial benefit of trading in stolen goods, as combating initiatives undertaken by government well as ensuring the effective prosecution of departments. offenders. The current focus is on vehicle theft • Providing specialist training and redeploying and hijacking, and the theft of cellphones and experts who had retired or joined the private copper cables. Business processes within the sector. vehicle-management system are aimed at rooting out fraud and corruption and improving Defence service delivery. The Cellphone Blacklisting The Constitution, the Defence Act, 2002 (Act 42 of Agreement, brokered by BAC, was signed on 2002), the White Paper on Defence and the Defence 13 April 2005 by the SAPS, Cell C, MTN and Review, mandate the Department of Defence. These Vodacom. The reporting of stolen, lost and laws and policies direct and guide the functions of damaged cellphones increased by about 500% the Department of Defence and the SANDF. in the first 10 months of 2005, compared with The mission of the Department of Defence is to the same period in 2003 and 2004. provide, manage, prepare and employ defence • The Department of Justice and Constitutional capabilities commensurate with the needs of South Development has been reorganised into Africa, as regulated by the Constitution, national functional business units that have a proper legislation, and parliamentary and executive management structure and accountability at all direction. The mission success factors of the levels. The programme involves implementing department involve: financial policies and procedures for managing • national consensus on defence the department in accordance with good • excellent strategic direction business practice and generally accepted • excellent resource management accounting principles. • effective combat and support forces • The Support Programme seeks to enhance the • professionalism in the conduct of operations department’s internal capacity through a number • successful implementation of the transformation of interventions, thus ultimately affecting process. overcrowding and recidivism in prisons. Ongoing transformation has drastically changed the All programmes have clear and appropriate functions of the department from offensive to performance and delivery goals that are reviewed defensive. Not only has the posture been amended

460 to primarily defensive, but it is now also described Any military action surpassing service in co- as non-threatening. It is gradually withdrawing operation with the SAPS and aimed at preventing or from its involvement in support of the police and combating terrorism within South Africa, must be in other protection agencies. defence of the country, its sovereign territory, its As a key player in regional peace efforts, and as citizens or its political independence. a committed member of the SADC and the AU, the Only the President may authorise the department is participating in various initiatives deployment of the SANDF in defence of South aimed at securing peace and stability on the Africa or in co-operation with the SAPS. continent. By April 2006, the Department of Defence had Functions deployed 14 defence attachés in Africa, and was The SANDF may be employed for: planning to increase this number to 29 by 2008. • the defence of South Africa, and for the The defence budget was expected to remain protection of its sovereignty and territorial constant over the next three years, with R24 billion integrity set aside for 2006/07, R24,6 billion for 2007/08 • compliance with South Africa’s international and R25,7 billion for 2008/09. obligations regarding international bodies and other states Legislation • the preservation of life, health and property Defence Act, 2002 • the provision and maintenance of essential The Defence Act, 2002 regulates the defence services function. • upholding law and order in South Africa in co- operation with the SAPS, under circumstances National Conventional Arms Control Committee set out in legislation, where the SAPS is unable (NCACC) Act, 2002 (Act 41 of 2002) to maintain law and order on its own The NCACC Act, 2002 establishes, among other • the support of any state department for the things, the NCACC (a committee of ministers of purpose of socio-economic upliftment which the Minister of Defence is a member) as a • functions in support of national interests. statutory body to ensure compliance with government policies in respect of arms control, and Defence Strategy to provide guidelines and criteria to be used when The Department of Defence’s Defence Strategy is assessing applications for permits. based on the Constitution, the White Paper on National conventional arms-control regulations Defence, the Defence Review and the National dealing with applications for permits and the list of Security Strategy. dual-use goods, technologies and munitions that The Defence Strategy endeavours to perform the are subject to control were published in May 2004. functions as set out in legislation and policy, which The NCACC’s Policy for the Control of Trade include defence of the sovereignty, territorial in Conventional Arms was promulgated in integrity and the people of South Africa. It also January 2004. includes promoting the regional and continental security initiatives of the South African Protection of Constitutional Democracy and Related Government. Activities Act, 2004 (Act 33 of 2004) The Defence Strategy promotes good The Protection of Constitutional Democracy and departmental governance and the continuous Related Activities Act, 2004 came into force on improvement of defence capabilities, and also 20 April 2005. Given the scale and the nature of ensures that resources are provided to all required contemporary terrorist threats and activities, it is elements of the Department of Defence. conceivable that military action, including action in the fulfilment of international obligations, and Military Strategy action surpassing the usual service in co- The Military Strategy of South Africa is derived from operation with the SAPS, could be required the Constitution, the Defence Review, the White in future. Paper on Defence and the National Security

461 Strategy. The National Security Strategy is derived • international or regional observers security and defence Safety, from implied national interests, the Department of • international or regional peace-building and Foreign Affairs and the International Relations, peacemaking Peace and Security and JCPS cluster objectives. • international or regional peace enforcement • international or regional search-and-rescue Military strategic objectives • maintaining the health status of members of the The purpose of military strategic objectives is to SANDF defend South Africa in accordance with the UN • maritime support Charter, which allows for any country to defend • pre-emptive operations itself. This self-defence aims at protecting the • Presidential healthcare country and its territorial integrity. The military • Presidential tasks strategic objectives of the SANDF are the • protecting foreign assets following: • repelling conventional and non-conventional • Enhancing and maintaining comprehensive onslaught defence capabilities. This entails providing self • show-of-force defence in accordance with international law • special operations against any external aggression, which • subregional disaster-relief and humanitarian endangers the stability of South Africa. assistance • Promoting peace, security and stability in the • support to military diplomacy region and on the continent. The purpose is to • support to government departments provide armed forces for external deployment in • air transport for diplomatic commitments. accordance with international obligations, or support to enhance security of decisions by the Military strategic concepts executive. The military strategic concepts describe the • Supporting the people of South Africa. The procedures to be followed to meet the military purpose is to support the population of South strategic objectives: Africa being employed for service domestically in • Providing mission-essential training: The SANDF South Africa. This could be by means of educates, trains and develops its soldiers in the operations other than war, during periods when essential skills required to execute the tasks the responsible state departments do not have necessary to accomplish its missions. It focuses the capacity to do so. on force training/preparation and is aligned with the allocated budget. Missions • Establishing a mission-trained force: The SANDF The SANDF uses a mission-based approach to is to have the capability to establish a mission- achieve the military strategic objectives of the trained force that can engage in specific Department of Defence. This approach uses missions. The force will be relatively small, but wartime and peacetime missions to direct the must ultimately be prepared according to the peacetime strategy for force preparation, and to missions and capabilities required. guide joint and combined force preparation and • Selective engagement where possible: The force employment during times of conflict. The SANDF will execute all missions as ordered, but missions envisaged for the next 10 years include: will be selective in the courses of action it will • borderline control follow, the force levels it will field, as well as the • co-operation with the SAPS capabilities and resources it will provide and • defence against a biological and/or chemical maintain. It focuses on the conscious taking of onslaught calculated strategic and operational risks. • defence against an information onslaught • Strategic positioning: This entails the • disaster relief and humanitarian assistance establishment of early-warning mechanisms, • international or regional humanitarian such as the placement of military attachés and intervention involvement in subregional institutions to

462 enhance peace and security in the region. This The Joint Operations Division has for the first supports development initiatives such as the time deployed 299 MSDS-trained members in SADC and AU. operations outside the country. In November 2005, the South African Army placed 200 MSDS members Military strategic capabilities in full-time employment in four private companies, The capabilities of the SANDF constitute the means while securing 30 days a year from each of them of the strategy and consist of: for Reserve Force duty. • command and control, communications, IT, information, intelligence, infrastructure, recon- Organisational structure naissance and surveillance capabilities Defence Secretariat • light mobile capability The Department of Defence adheres to the • conventional warfare capability principles of civil control and oversight through the • support capability. Minister of Defence, through various Parliamentary committees such as the Joint Standing Committee Human Resource 2010 Strategy on Defence (JSCD) and the Defence Secretariat. A key initiative to sustain the Department of While the minister is responsible for providing Defence’s state of readiness in the context of political direction to the department, the JSCD people-centred transformation is the HR 2010 ensures that the Executive Authority (Minister of Strategy (HR 2010). Defence) remains accountable to Parliament. The aim of HR 2010 is to ensure that the However, for day-to-day administration and the co- department has the most effective, efficient and ordination of strategic processes, the Minister of economical HR composition of both uniformed and Defence relies on the Defence Secretariat, which is civilian members to deliver on its mandate and the civilian leg of the department. support for government. The Secretary for Defence heads the Defence Secretariat. Military Skills Development System (MSDS) In terms of the Defence Act, 2002, the Defence The MSDS, launched in 2003, aims to ensure a Secretariat is responsible for: continuous intake of young, healthy South Africans • supporting the Secretary for Defence in his/her into the SANDF. This is to rejuvenate the Regular capacity as the head of the department, the Force and supply the Reserve Force. accounting officer for the department and the The MSDS not only provides young South principal departmental adviser to the Minister of Africans with military skills, but also contributes to Defence their social upliftment by providing them with skills • performing any functions entrusted by the minister that they will use in their civilian lives after to the Secretary for Defence, in particular those completing their military service. necessary or expedient to enhance civil control by It also provides the youth with employment Parliament over the Department of Defence, opportunities. Since 2003, the Department of parliamentary committees overseeing the Defence has recruited 12 465 young men and Department of Defence, and the Minister of women who have completed or are in the process Defence over the Department of Defence of completing the programme. The department has • providing the SANDF with comprehensive made steady progress in the numbers of recruits instructions regarding the exercise of powers from year to year. By April 2006, the MSDS intake • monitoring compliance with policies and stood at 8 298 members compared with 6 222 in directions issued by the Minister of Defence to 2005, representing an increase of 2 076 members. the SANDF, and reporting thereon to the minister The department’s Core Service System, introduced • ensuring discipline of, administrative control in January 2005 as the first step for MSDS recruits to over, and the management of employees, be taken into the regular forces, stood at 5 804 in April including effective utilisation and training 2006, representing a significant increase of 4 864 • instituting departmental investigations as may from 940 members in 2005. be provided for by the law.

463 Chief of the South African National Defence Force • co-ordinating the drawing up of national security and defence Safety, The functions of the Chief of the SANDF include: contingency plans for a state of national defence. • advising the Minister of Defence on any military, operational and administrative matters Management of transformation • complying with directions issued by the Minister The Transformation Project aims to: of Defence under the authority of the President, • maximise defence capabilities through an as contemplated in the Constitution affordable and sustainable force design and • formulating and issuing policies and doctrines structure • exercising command by issuing orders, • minimise defence costs using business directives and instructions processes, i.e. engineering and restructuring of • directing management and administration especially the support structures • executing approved programmes of the defence • institutionalise appropriate leadership, command budget and management practices, philosophy and • employing the armed forces in accordance with principles legislation • align defence policies, plans and management • training the armed forces with overall government transformation and • maintaining defence capabilities administrative-reform initiatives • planning contingencies • ensure compliance with the Public Finance • managing the defence force as a disciplined Management Act, 1999 (Act 1 of 1999), as military force. amended by Act 29 of 1999 and National Treasury regulations. Inspector-General After comprehensive research, a set of seven The Inspector-General provides management shared values for the department was approved: information to the Secretary for Defence. This is • military professionalism derived from performance and regulatory internal • human dignity audits based on the risks derived from the • integrity Department of Defence Risk Register and results • leadership gained from survey analyses. • accountability • loyalty Policy and Planning • patriotism. The Policy and Planning Division comprises the Defence Policy, HR Policy and Strategic Management Operations components. The functions of this subprogramme Conventional include, but are not limited to, the following: In the event of a conventional military threat • providing advice relating to general defence against South Africa, the broad joint concept of policy to the Minister of Defence, Deputy Minister operations will be as follows: of Defence, Secretary for Defence and the Chief • land operations: the SANDF will conduct of the SANDF offensive, proactive and reactive land operations • the strategic management, planning and directed at stopping and destroying the enemy strategic control processes of the department before it can penetrate South African territory • managing the policy-formulation process of the • air operations: enemy air power will be neutralised department mainly through defensive counter-air operations • drawing up, promulgating and presenting the assisted by air-mobile land operations aimed at departmental plan to Parliament destroying the enemy air force on the ground • integration and performance analyses of • maritime operations: enemy maritime forces will management systems in the department be attacked at range, while the defence of own • interpreting input and influences that could and friendly shipping will be enhanced by affect the overall national defence strategy defensive patrols and escort • regulating conventional arms transfers in • South African Military Health Service (SAMHS) accordance with government policy operations: during conventional operations, the

464 SAMHS deploys its mobile formation in direct • When requested, providing support to civil support of land, air and maritime operations. authorities within the scope of regulations regarding: Non-conventional – the preservation of life, health and property The broad non-conventional concepts of operations – the maintenance of essential services are as follows: – the provision of medical and health services • support to the SAPS in maintaining law and order – search-and-rescue operations will be provided by general support tasks and – missions to the Antarctic and the southern focused rapid-reaction operations directed at oceans priority crime and the conduct of special – diplomatic initiatives. operations • Air-transport missions, including for diplomatic • border control will be exercised on land, sea and commitments and departmental scheduled air by high-technology surveillance supported by flights. rapid-reaction forces • Area-defence operation missions. • general area protection will be provided by a combination of high-density and rapid-reaction • Multinational and joint-force preparation operations. missions. • Special forces missions. Operational commitments • Borderline control: The SANDF deploys forces in Operational commitments include: support of the SAPS along South Africa’s • Achieving international and regional defence co- international borders. The SANDF is gradually operation aims. phasing out its role in this regard. SANDF • Executing limited peace operations. deployment consists of an average of nine • Effective land, sea and air-border control. infantry companies patrolling selected stretches • Maintaining law and order in support of the of the borderline as the situation demands, SAPS, with special attention to combating taxi supported by elements of the SAMHS and the violence, robberies and heists. South African Air Force (SAAF). The SAAF • Controlling South African maritime areas of contributes aircraft to deploy land forces along responsibility, including the Exclusive Economic the land borders where necessary. It also carries Zone (EEZ). out reconnaissance flights along the land and sea borders where they assist the South African Navy patrolling the EEZ. The navy patrols the coastline, assisting the Department of Women with highly specialised skills are being employed in the service arms of the South Environmental Affairs and Tourism with the African National Defence Force. prosecution of illegal fisherfolk, while also maintaining a presence at sea, thereby deterring The South African Navy has appointed three female officers commanding to the navy combat other criminal activities such as drug smuggling. platforms, including an appointment to the navy The SAAF further assists the Civil Aviation Authority fast-attack craft, the SAS Makhanda. and the SAPS border component in reducing the Acquiring the strategic defence packages has incidence of illegal aircraft flights into the country led to further transformation in the Department which, in most cases, are involved with smuggling. of Defence, including 20 officers getting opportunities for submarine training in India and Other defence commitments Germany. This will result in the navy having two qualified women on the Type 209 Submarine, Other defence commitments of the Department of which will be a milestone in Africa. Defence are to: • achieve a reasonable level of military diplomacy The South African Air Force will qualify 12 female pilots by the end of 2007. A further 13 women through: have been identified for training as navigators – the placement and control of defence attachés and engineers in 2007. – the establishment and maintenance of bi- and multilateral agreements

465 – participation in the activities of the defence The ATR operates mainly in co-operation with other security and defence Safety, structures of multinational organisations such government departments, especially the SAPS. as the UN, AU and SADC (especially in the Approval has been granted for the expansion of the Interstate Defence and Security Committee) Defence Reserve Force divisions to include offices in • meet the international obligations of the 10 regions.These offices will carry out the mandate of Department of Defence in line with international the Chief of Defence Reserve at regional level. agreements, which may include search-and This is aimed at involving reserve force members rescue and hydrography in the command, management and decision- • provide communications-security services to making processes, and providing them with other state departments enhanced career-development opportunities. • administer the National Key Points Act, 1980 • provide healthcare for the President and Deputy Force preparation President. The chiefs of the services (army, SAAF, navy and SAMHS) are responsible for the ‘provide forces’ Force employment processes of their respective services. Formations In accordance with the Force-Employment Strategy are basic building blocks in this process. approved in 2002, force-employment structures Each formation has its own commander. A provide for operational level structures to enhance formation includes, where practical, all units and command and control, cost-efficiency and functional support elements related to a specific user-system differentiation at military-strategic, operational and type. It is capable of providing a fully supported tactical levels of the Joint Operations Division. This user system to a commander responsible for the ensures that the core strategic objectives of the exercising and combat-readiness of land, air, department are effectively addressed. maritime and military health capabilities, such as a For internal operations, nine tactical level brigade or division commander. headquarters have been established, one in each A formation can provide the same service to a province. If required, temporary joint task force task-force commander appointed by the Chief of headquarters may be created for specific Joint Operations. operations. Combat-ready units are prepared, This is a considerable improvement in cost- provided and supported, as required. effectiveness, while it also provides the best way of retaining core defence capabilities, especially Bases expertise in critical mass function. Some examples of Bases are lower-level structures provided by all the formations established by the different services are: services. Units are generally clustered in or around • army – infantry, artillery or armour formations bases, and share common facilities and services. • SAAF – direct combat system Bases exercise administrative control, but not • navy – the fleet command over attached units. • SAMHS – military-health formations. A formation’s specific geographical location One Force depends on where its combat and support units are The ‘One Force’ concept comprises the regular and concentrated. reserve-force components of the SANDF. The Regular Force consists of highly trained Force support soldiers to operate and maintain a core capability, Support formations are intermediate structures as well as sophisticated equipment and defence with their own formation commanders. Their task is systems. to provide combat support to type formations and The Reserve Force is the former part-time other system structures. component of the SANDF. Members are trained to bolster the core defence commitment. Other Military veterans components are the Army Conventional Reserve, The Military Veterans Affairs Act, 1999 (Act 17 of the Army Territorial Reserve (ATR), which includes 1999), came into effect on 1 February 2001. The the commandos, the SAAF, the Naval Reserve and regulations in terms of the Act were approved by the SAMHS Reserve. the Minister of Defence for promulgation.

466 The minister appointed the chairperson and In terms of a bilateral agreement between the members of the Advisory Board on Military governments of South Africa and the DRC, Veterans’ Affairs from nominations received from 27 SANDF members were deployed in the DRC the recognised military veterans’ organisations. The during February 2005 to assist with the integration President is designated as the Patron-in-Chief of all process of the different armed groups. This is not military veterans in terms of the Act. part of the UN mission in the DRC and facilitates the team-building training of the integrated DRC Resettlement forces. The Directorate: Personnel Separation has During May 2005, in close co-operation with the executed programmes at various levels in terms of Congolese authorities, the Netherlands confirmed the department’s HR 2010. The directorate serves willingness to contribute support toward the as a nodal point for redeployment and resettlement. integration of the Congolese armed forces, on The Department of Defence established the condition that the assistance would be organised Personnel Rationalisation Advisory and Co- by South Africa. ordinating Committee to ensure efficient and cost- By May 2006, two Centres de Brassage et de effective support programmes for the resettlement Recyclage were being built at Mushaki and Nyaleke and redeployment of the department’s members with the assistance of the SANDF.This was not part and employees affected by separation. of the UN mission in the DRC. The directorate has established and implemented By May 2006, some 1 350 SANDF members the Social Plan, which addresses the reskilling and were deployed in the DRC. psychosocial needs of the department’s employees. Professional multidisciplinary teams execute this Sudan support programme. Ten SANDF members were deployed to the Sudan The HR Planning Instruction guides the process during July 2004 as observers and since May 2005 of interdepartmental transfers of redeployable additional members have been deployed as part of members and employees. the AU mission. By May 2006, 318 SANDF members were Peace support deployed in the Sudan as military observers, staff Based on the White Paper on South African officers and contingent members, as part of the Participation in International Peace Missions, the AMIS. SANDF continues to support peace missions. Various members of the Department of Defence Côte d’Ivoire have been trained for participation in missions and Since June 2005, a military advisory and monitoring are deployed in the following countries: team consisting of 38 members has been deployed in Côte d’Ivoire to assist with the disarmament, Burundi demobilisation and reintegration process. On 21 May 2004, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1545 of 2004, authorising and Ethiopia and Eritrea mandating the UN Operation in Burundi (Onub), Seven military observers and staff officers form which came into effect on 1 June 2004. The UN part of the UN and AU missions deployed in Ethiopia Department of Peacekeeping Operations requested and Eritrea since December 2002. that South Africa contribute to the Onub mission. By May 2006, some 900 members were Acquiring main equipment deployed in Burundi. The Department of Defence has completely revised and consolidated its policies for the acquisition of Democratic Republic of Congo weapon systems. The new direction takes into South Africa has been involved with peacekeeping account that South Africa is part of the global in the DRC since April 2001. SANDF members form environment within which opportunities should be part of the UN mission as military observers, staff exploited to the benefit of the Department of officers and contingent members. Defence.

467 Directorate: Army Acquisition Bredasdorp in the Overberg, where it would be security and defence Safety, By mid-2006, the Directorate: Army Acquisition was tested to validate the aircraft’s equipment to South engaged in 32 capital projects at various stages of African specifications. execution. The projects included upgrades of The new-generation Gripen aircraft, the SA01, existing equipment and several new major forms part of government’s multibillion rand systems. A number of upgrade projects were also strategic package of purchases that include completed. A major focus area is the armoured submarines, helicopters and corvettes. The high- combat-vehicle capability of the South African tech jet has powerful sensors that provide a Army. This includes Mamba, Casspir, Olifant main ground-information collecting capacity that gives it battle tank, Rooikat and GV6 self-propelled gun a strategic advantage in intelligence-driven threat systems that are all being upgraded to extend their management. Delivery of the remaining dual-seat duration, while the new infantry combat-vehicle aircraft will commence from the third quarter of and supply-support vehicle programmes are close 2008, with the last single-seat aircraft to be to being commissioned. delivered at the end of 2011. The infantry’s indirect fire capability and anti- A group of Swedes who are part of the test team tank missile systems were expected to be have moved to the TFDC until the final delivery of commissioned in 2006/07. The Hornet rapid- the first dual-seat Gripen D jets to the SAAF in 2008. deployment vehicle system for special forces was In turn, South African personnel from Denel, the expected to enter service in mid-2006, while the Armaments Corporation of South Africa (Armscor) Gecko rapid-deployment logistical vehicle, destined and the SAAF are in Sweden on a two-year skills for airborne forces application, was expected to be and technology-transfer programme, as part of a handed over to the army in 2006. US$14,7 million skills and technology-transfer The directorate also focused on a number of contract with Denel Aviation. engineering projects, with a new water-provision The skills-transfer element of the arms system to be commissioned in 2007. Enhanced procurement package is part of the Gripen Defence mine-detection and earth-moving systems will also Industrial Participation Programme, according to be commissioned from the end of 2007. which Saab and Gripen parent company, BAE The acquisition of a tactical intelligence system Systems, are obliged to deliver US$350 million (TIS) has been contracted. The TIS consists of a worth of technology transfer to South Africa tactical intelligence centre at brigade level and a by 2008. tactical intelligence control post at regimental level. By April 2006, the SAAF had received seven of The intelligence-management system, also at the 30 ordered Agusta A109 light-utility helicopters. regimental level, is responsible for deployment and The first batch of these helicopters has been tasking of person-portable, vehicle-mounted and commissioned at the SAAF Helicopter Flying School unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sensors and for in Bloemfontein. The final handover to the SAAF supervision of the tactical imagery processing system. was expected during 2006. Contracting for the production of person-portable The Super Lynx Maritime Helicopter Project has systems and required command and management commenced with production in the United systems was scheduled for 2006. Commissioning Kingdom. The first deliveries are scheduled for of the first regiment is scheduled for 2007/08. The 2007, with handover to the SAAF in 2008. The acquisition of vehicle-mounted and UAV sensors Super Lynx is intended for use on the South African will be scheduled for activation in future phases of Navy’s new corvettes. this project. As part of a government initiative, an international partnership has been formed with Directorate: Air Force Acquisition Airbus Military to rejuvenate the local aviation In July 2006, the first of 28 Gripen fighter jets industry. This has resulted in an acquisition bought from Sweden’s Saab Aerospace company contract for eight A400M large military transport arrived at Ysterplaat Air Force Base (AFB) in Cape aircraft. Substantial orders for structural Town. The jet was expected to go to the SAAF’s Test components for the worldwide fleet of aircraft were Flight and Development Centre (TFDC) at AFB, placed with local companies in accordance with the

468 contractual agreements. Based on the present The Institute for Maritime Technology (IMT), a development plan, the first South African aircraft business unit of Armscor Business, completed the should be delivered at the end of 2010. development of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), which will be used to further IMT’s Directorate: Naval Acquisition underwater research programme for the navy. The On 17 January 2006, the Navy’s combat support AUV will be used for the evaluation of underwater ship SAS Drakensberg sailed from Cape Town en transducers and sensors, such as sonars and video route to Germany to escort the navy’s first Type 209 equipment used in the characterisation and submarine to South Africa. mapping of the underwater environment, including The submarine arrived at Simon’s Town on harbours and harbour entrances. 7 April 2006 after a 49-day and 8 000-nautical- Research into advanced aircraft self-protection mile trip from Germany via Norway with 30 crew on technologies culminated in a successful capability board. The submarine, christened SAS Manthatisi demonstration early in 2006. The system has after the 19th-century warrior queen of the sensors that detect and warn of missiles Batlokwa people, will replace the country’s aged approaching the aircraft, with counter-measures Daphne-class submarines. that are activated automatically to deflect or The newly built class 209 submarine is 62 m destroy incoming missiles. from keel to fin. The highly successful Type 209 Capability retention at the Overberg Test Range submarine, currently in service in 13 navies (OTR) remains a high priority to ensure reliable flight worldwide, is ideally suited for operations off the testing of technology demonstrators and weapon South African coastline. systems, as well as the certification of general The harbour workboats, Tshukudu and Ndlovu, that defence systems used by the army and navy. were specifically acquired to assist in berthing the Significant enhancements to OTR’s instrumentation new Type 209 submarines, were manufactured locally were also either completed or initiated to ensure its and delivered to Simon’s Town in February 2006. capability to support the SANDF in the operational test and evaluation of new equipment acquired as Special forces systems part of the strategic defence package programmes. Four long-range, high-speed boats were expected The facility also provided support to several to be commissioned in 2006. international clients during 2006/07. By mid-2006, the concept phases of both the Focused research in protecting vehicles against medium-range boats, laser-target designators and landmines remains important to the SANDF. This high-altitude parachute equipment were being capability at the DPSS Division of the CSIR has completed. been enhanced with the ability to test, measure and evaluate blast events. The unit is now in a position Directorate: Technology Development to accurately and consistently characterise A containerised version of the optronic-radar landmine blast events. In parallel with the tracker (ORT) installed on the navy’s new corvettes establishment of the test facility, attention was also was completed and delivered to the Defence Peace given to developing a mathematical modelling Safety and Security (DPSS) Division of the Council capability. Good correlation of model results with for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). the physical test results has been achieved. This system will now be used by the CSIR for The unit now supports the acquisition of all new further research into tracking radars and optronic protected vehicle programmes with meaningful and sensor systems, as part of the ongoing research independent scientific advice. It is complemented and development programme of the Department of by the Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit Defence, with a view to providing future mid-life at the University of Cape Town. ORT upgrades to the navy. Being an exact Ongoing research is conducted in the areas of functional replica of the operational ORT, it will also explosives and propellants for guns and rockets. As provide a platform for operational experimentation, a result, ammunition options now available to the problem-solving and training in new techniques – SANDF are significantly safer to store, transport and enhancing the navy’s capability as a handle with no corresponding reduction in knowledgeable user of the ORT. operational performance.

469 Research into and development of a variety of board of directors, while its day-to-day security and defence Safety, advanced technologies for guided missiles management vests in the hands of the (including seeker heads, aerodynamics, guidance management board. units and propulsion motors) has achieved such a In the execution of its functions, Armscor level of maturity that full-scale development of a maintains capabilities and technologies that are state-of-the-art short-range air-to-air missile, required to fulfil its mandate. These include based on these technologies, has been initiated. appropriate programme-management systems, the The new Gripen fighter aircraft of the SAAF will be Defence Industrial Participation Programme, and equipped with this missile. the management of technology projects and Ongoing research is also conducted in a large strategic facilities. Armscor acquires defence number of areas that are of particular importance material for the Department of Defence and for any to the military, including various aspects of organ of state that may require such services, such electronic warfare, secure communications, as the SAPS and other public entities as approved computer systems’ security, airframe structures, by the Minister of Defence. aero engines, chemical and biological defence, armour protection, human factors, surveillance, Quality assurance modelling and simulation. Armscor provides for a quality-assurance capability in support of acquisition and technology projects as Facilities, Land and Environment well as for any other service required by the Facilities, Land and Environmental Management in Department of Defence. To enhance this capability, the Department of Defence strives for the efficient Armscor is a certified International Organisation for management of these entities. The department has Standardisation 9001:2000. adopted the process of base conversion. The focus is on the role and responsibilities of the military Armscor Business (Pty) Limited process of conversion aimed at assisting role- This subsidiary of Armscor offers defence-support players in closing down and re-using military bases services of exceptional standard to the Department in a sustainable manner. of Defence. The core of these services includes The Military Integrated Training Range Guide defence research and development, test and provides military environmental managers with evaluation, defence-material disposal and logistic information that will ensure the long-term support services. To fulfil this mandate, Armscor continuation of environmentally sound Business is structured into three groups: management practices. It will also enhance the ability of the defence sector to sustain long-term Defence, Science and Technology Institute and cost-effective range operations. • The Institute for Maritime Technology aims to The department continues to demonstrate its satisfy strategic needs for technomilitary responsibility as the custodian of land entrusted to maritime support, products and services; and to it through active co-operation in government’s land establish applicable technology and systems to redistribution and restitution policies. further the interests of the SANDF. Over the past decade, the department has been • Protechnik Laboratories conducts research, and rationalising its land portfolio and has made one- develops and implements projects in the fields of third (close to a quarter million hectares) of its chemical and biological defence, and non- original estate available for non-military use. proliferation of chemical weapons. • The Defence Institute assists the defence Armaments community in developing informed solutions to Armaments Corporation of South Africa decision-making problems over the full life-cycle Armscor is a statutory body established in of defence capabilities. accordance with the Armscor Limited Act, 2003 • Hazmat Protective Systems manufactures and (Act 51 of 2003). The Minister of Defence is the distributes protective equipment such as filter executive authority responsible for Armscor. The canisters, cartridges and masks, and also management and control of Armscor resides with a impregnates activated carbon.

470 • Ergonomics Technologies is a leading ergonomics Test and Evaluation Group consultancy providing a comprehensive service • Gerotek Test Facilities provides specialised in ergonomics, and occupational health and services such as testing and evaluating vehicles safety, both locally and internationally. It is an and vehicle components, researching and inspection authority in occupational hygiene, developing vehicle-testing technologies and approved by the Department of Labour. methods, VHF/UHF and microwave antenna- • Flamengro, the Fluid and Mechanical testing and evaluation, environmental testing, Engineering Group, specialises in the numerical and verifying military products against stimulation of the dynamic behaviour of fluid specification. The Events Division offers flow and structures and the processing of restaurant, conference and development experimental data to serve as input for improved facilities, whereas the Training Division offers stimulations or to evaluate the accuracy of the various driver-training courses. theoretical predictions. • Alkantpan offers an all-purpose weapon and • Armour Development provides a research and ammunition test range for the testing of all kinds development capability for armour protection of weaponry, ranging in calibre from 20 mm to and anti-armour attacks. 155 mm and larger.

Defence Support Group • Armscor Defence-Asset Management Centre In October 2006, the first 10 Hawk lead-in fighter-trainer aircraft were officially handed provides decision-making support in the over to 85 Combat Flying School at Air Force acquisition, operational and phasing-out phases Base (AFB) Makhado. The Minister of Defence, of systems by rendering data and asset- Mr Mosiuoa Lekota, also officially reopened the management services. school, which was closed when it was moved from Hoedspruit to Makhado in 2005. It will be • Defence Material Disposal is the appointed agent the only fighter-pilot training squadron in the of the Department of Defence to dispose of South African Air Force. redundant military defence equipment. • AB Logistics Freight is a registered and The 10 hawks 120s are the first of an eventual 24 fighter-trainer aircraft to be used to train air accredited customs-clearing agent with the force fighter pilots.The hawks replace the impalas South African Revenue Service, and a member which were phased out at the end of 2005. of the Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations and the South African Association By October 2006, the first four trainee pilots had finished their ground training and were of Freight Forwarders. It also enjoys authority to expected take to the sky. Another four were busy act as a customs-clearing agent in South Africa with ground training. in terms of the United States Compliance Programme. Armscor is financed mainly by an The pilots are being trained to move on to the Gripen fighter aircraft, which the air force will annual transfer payment from the Department of start using in 2008. Defence, interest received on investments, the hiring of some of their buildings, commission The air force plans to recruit and train about from stock sales, and income from subsidiaries. eight fighter pilots a year. The acquisition of arms is transparent and fully All air force pilots start their training at AFB accountable. Armscor publishes the monthly Langebaanweg where they do about 180 hours Contracts Bulletin, which contains all requests for of flight training on the Pilatus training aircraft. proposals and bids awarded. A daily electronic After that, they specialise in cargo, helicopter or fighter aircraft. bulletin is also available to the industry through a secure computer network. Those who choose to become fighter pilots do a conversion course and are then transferred to Denel Group of South Africa AFB Makhado where they are trained in various fighter-pilot skills, including air-to-air and air-to- Denel is a state-owned profit-driven corporation ground combat and reconnaissance. registered under the South African Companies Act, 1973 (Act 61 of 1973). Its defence capability dates

471 back more than 50 years, when its oldest Denel is the prime contractor in the first phase of security and defence Safety, manufacturing plants were established. the South African Army’s requirement for GBADs. Specialising in aerospace and defence, Denel is This phase, for the local warning segment, will recognised globally for leading defence provide the army with an integrated short-range capabilities, notably integrated artillery systems. defence system capability consisting of a portable UAVs, precision-guided weapons and the Rooivalk air-defence system, radar sensor and relevant air- attack helicopter, operational in the SAAF, are defence command and control. testimony to Denel’s sophisticated aerospace capabilities. Rooivalk attack helicopter Following Denel’s proven capabilities in defence- The Rooivalk attack helicopter was designed to technology development and manufacturing, it has operate in all weather conditions, suitable for high- also emerged as a leader in commercial fields such mobility warfare, with low detectability and high as property development, food technology, manoeuvrability, low pilot-workload, extreme agility industrial manufacturing and IT. and cost-efficiency. It can be rapidly deployed and The company has international technology has very low maintenance costs. alliances and has entered into joint ventures with some of the world’s major aerospace and defence Missiles and guided weapon systems companies. Denel provides invaluable humanitarian As a leader in systems technology, Denel’s range of services around the world through cost-effective missiles and guided weapons includes the mine-action contracts. Reflecting South Africa’s following: priorities of empowering, uplifting and educating • anti-armour missiles, like Ingwe and Mokopa people, Denel has established learning and • surface-to-air missiles development centres focusing on education, • air-to-air missiles training and job creation. • the Raptor family of long-range precision-guided Denel’s defence manufacturing is grouped as weapons. follows: • Aerospace Group Unmanned aerial vehicles • Land Systems Group. Denel is a world pioneer of UAV systems and is the leading technology house in Africa regarding Aerospace Group design, production and operation of UAV systems. It Airframe Manufacturing not only produces short-to-medium range tactical As part of Denel Aviation in Kempton Park, adjacent UAV systems like the Seeker II, it is also a leading to the OR Tambo International Airport (formerly force in the design, production and operation of Johannesburg International Airport), this facility multipurpose high-speed aerial targeting systems specialises in a range of manufacturing disciplines. such as Skua. It includes comprehensive machine shops, a fabrication plant, an assembly line and a Aerospace Engineering composites department. It is well-positioned for the Denel’s Kempton Park facilities adjacent to the manufacture of aircraft detail components and aerostructure subassemblies, as well as the assembly and integration of airframes, mainly for: • Saab In June 2006, Denel was shortlisted as one of • BAE Systems two bidders for a contract worth about US$2 billion (around R14 billion) to supply the • detail machine parts for commercial airplanes, Turkish army with state-of-the-art attack including B747, B737 and B777. helicopters.

Denel Aerospace Systems Denel’s rival for the tender is Agusta Aerospace of Italy. The winner was expected to receive a Located in Irene, Centurion, this unit is responsible contract for the production of 30 helicopters, for systems development, comprising ground- with the possibility of 20 more later. based air-defence systems (GBADs) for the SANDF.

472 OR Tambo International Airport and at Irene in Denel Optronics Centurion undertake aerospace engineering that Comprising a wide range of capabilities, Denel includes: Optronics undertakes: • airframe structural and system design, structural • design and manufacture of optical and laser testing, subsystem design and integration products • aerodynamic design and analysis • electro-optical stabilised observation and • weapons and stores integration and clearance surveillance systems • avionics system engineering and software • helmet-mounted sighting and tracking systems. development • electrical system design and analysis Land Systems Group • mission planning and debriefing systems Denel Land Systems • test and integration, including ground-testing The Systems Unit within Denel Land Systems is and full-flight testing capability. located in Lyttelton, Centurion. Its activities include the design, development, manufacture, integration Aircraft Logistics and product support of: Aircraft Logistics, based at Denel’s Kempton Park • 155-mm and 105-mm artillery ballistic systems, facilities near the OR Tambo International Airport, renowned for accurate extended range fire undertakes the following: • advanced combat turrets in various calibres • Integrated system and product support for • infantry weapons transport aircraft (including C-130) and tactical • rapid-fire cannons aircraft, like the Rooivalk combat helicopter, the • naval air-defence gun systems. Oryx medium transport helicopter, and the SAAF Cheetah fighter fleet. It is geared to undertake Large Calibre Ammunition similar work on the future SAAF fleet of the Hawk The Large Calibre Ammunition plant in Lift and Gripen swing-role jet aircraft. Potchefstroom in North West, in conjunction with • Component repair and laboratory/calibration the forging facility in Boksburg, designs, develops services. and manufactures: • Aircraft refurbishment/modernisation, including • heavy calibre ordnance consumables full-service painting. • a comprehensive range of 60-mm and 81-mm mortar bombs OTB Multipurpose Test Range • naval ammunition Located near Bredasdorp in the Western Cape, OTB • turnkey ammunition filling plants. is renowned for specialised in-flight system performance measurements on sophisticated Explosives and Pyrotechnic Ammunition weapons and aviation systems for local and Located in the Western Cape, Denel’s Explosives international aerospace industries. and Pyrotechnic Ammunition plants offer research, design, development, and the manufacture of: • propellants in small-and-medium calibre weapons • gun propulsion • rocket propulsion for all tactical rockets and In August 2006, South African aerostructure missile applications, UAVs and propellant grains manufacturer Aerosud was awarded a for rocket motors and ejection seats US$20-million contract by BAE Systems to produce components for the Eurofighter • warhead systems, high explosives and energetic Typhoon, one of the most advanced swing-role raw material for defence and civilian fighters in operational service today. applications • mine-field breaching systems The Eurofighter contract was the latest in several successes for Aerosud and South • pyrotechnics and explosive devices for riot Africa’s fledgling aerospace industry, which is control attracting billions of rands worth of foreign work. • high-explosive and phosphorus devices, as well as pyrotechnics for signalling, screening,

473 illuminating, training simulation and battlefield namely the National Intelligence Agency (NIA) and security and defence Safety, application the South African Secret Service (SASS). • low-velocity and high-velocity 40-mm grenades The intelligence community provides evaluated • commercial products, including distress flares, information to: industrial cartridges and rock-breaking devices. • safeguard the Constitution • promote the interrelated elements of security, Small-and-medium calibre ammunition stability, co-operation and development, both In its Small-and-Medium Calibre Ammunition plant, within South Africa and in relation to southern Denel produces: Africa • small arms ammunition for military and • uphold the individual rights enshrined in the Bill commercial applications of Rights contained in the Constitution • medium-calibre ammunition • promote South Africa’s ability to face foreign • brass products threats and to enhance its competitiveness in a • detonics dynamic world. • industrial products for mining, aircraft-escape In 2006, the Minister of Intelligence Services, systems and cutting charges. Mr Ronnie Kasrils, initiated a review of intelligence legislation, internal regulations and operating Mechem procedures. By February 2006, the review Mechem delivers humanitarian mine clearance and committee had identified areas requiring attention other forms of mine-action services. Its product line with a view to tightening the framework within comprises: which the intelligence services operate. • landmine-clearing equipment and landmine- The committee’s work also covers protected vehicle platforms recommendations to incorporate the envisaged • cost-effective and professional execution of replacement of the Minimum Information and mine-clearing contracts. Security Standards (MISS) with the National Information Security Regulations (NISR). National Conventional Arms Control Committee The NISR derives its legitimacy from the National The NCACC, consisting of ministers and deputy Strategic Intelligence Act, 1994 (Act 39 of 1994), ministers, oversees policy and sets control and will address the specific deficiencies mechanisms for the South African arms trade. It experienced over the years with the MISS. also ensures that arms-trade policies conform to internationally accepted practices. National Intelligence Agency Companies interested in exporting arms have to The NIA’s mandate is divided into seven areas of apply for export permits, after which the Ministry of interest: counter-intelligence, political intelligence, Defence processes the applications. economic intelligence, border intelligence, Each application is also sent for scrutiny to the terrorism, organised crime and corruption. relevant government departments, such as foreign affairs or trade and industry. The application is then South African Secret Service referred to the various directors-general to make The SASS provides the country’s foreign- their recommendations, whereafter the NCACC intelligence capacity. It aims to provide government makes the final decision. with accurate, topical, policy-relevant and timeous An independent inspectorate ensures that all foreign intelligence to promote, enhance and levels of the process are subject to independent scrutiny and supervision, and are conducted in accordance with the policies and guidelines of South Africa hosted the International Intelligence the NCACC. The inspectorate submits periodic Review Agencies Conference in October 2006. reports to the Standing Parliamentary Committee The decision to host the event in South Africa on Defence. indicated the important role played by the country in developing more effective oversight Intelligence services and control over intelligence services. There are two civilian intelligence structures,

474 protect the national security and interests of South Inspector-General Africa and its citizens. The Inspector-General monitors compliance with The objective of the SASS is to forewarn, inform the Constitution, laws and policies of the country. and advise government of real and potential threats The Office of the Inspector-General reports to the to South Africa’s security, and of opportunities for Minister of Intelligence Services. South Africa. It is subject to comprehensive The office reviews the activities of the services, accounting and oversight regulations, making the receives and investigates complaints from the organisation accountable to the public. Executive general public and the JSCI, or is tasked by the control is exercised by a civilian ministry and a Minister of Intelligence Services. cabinet committee. The civilian intelligence The Inspector-General is appointed by the services are accountable to the Minister of President following approval by two-thirds of the Intelligence Services, who reports to Cabinet members of the National Assembly. through the Cabinet Committee on Security and Intelligence Affairs. Other civilian intelligence structures Parliament has appointed the Joint Standing Office of Interception Centres (OIC) Committee on Intelligence (JSCI), which may order The Regulation of Interception of Communications investigations into the intelligence community’s and Provision of Communications-Related activities. In addition, the Constitution provides for Information Act, 2002 (Act 70 of 2002) was protection against state abuse through the Public implemented in 2005. In line with this, the OIC was Protector and the South African Human Rights established in July 2006. Commission. Oversight and control of this centre resides with The National Strategic Intelligence Amendment Act, the Minister of Intelligence Services, the JSCI and 1998 (Act 37 of 1998), allows South Africa to conduct the Inspector-General. The office provides a service a counter-intelligence service overseas, under the to all law-enforcement agencies, alleviating SASS. The Act gives the Minister of Intelligence duplication, pooling resources and limiting abuse of Services a seat on the National Intelligence Co- this instrument. ordinating Committee and clearly defines his/her powers and functions. The minister is also South African National Academy of Intelligence accountable to Cabinet for co-ordinating intelligence (Sanai) through the national intelligence structures. Sanai plays a central role in providing quality training to members of the intelligence services. Intelligence oversight Training at Sanai, which was established in Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence February 2003, is geared towards producing Integral to the White Paper on Intelligence, drafted officers who understand the political and security in 1994, was the establishment of legislative realms of South Africa and Africa. oversight mechanisms. The academy comprises the Academic Faculty, The JSCI is an oversight parliamentary body the Intelligence Research Institute and the ETD comprising members of the six largest political Support Component. parties. Selection to the committee is based on Located in Mafikeng, North West, the Sanai proportional representation decided on by the campus is named after the late Mzwandile Piliso, a percentage of votes received in the last national veteran intelligence officer who played an important election. role in establishing a non-statutory intelligence body The JSCI hears complaints from the public, that served that liberation movement. scrutinises the finances and operations of the services, and reports to Parliament on these Intelligence Services Council (ISC) matters. The ISC conducts continuous research towards Parliamentary members serving on the JSCI take developing effective and competitive working an oath of secrecy and undergo security screening conditions for members, commensurate benefits, to ensure that they do not compromise the work of career options and eventually retirement benefits. the services in the course of performing their duties.

475 Electronic Communications Security (Pty) Limited Comsec strives for greater co-ordination, security and defence Safety, (Comsec) integration, alignment and the maintenance of Comsec was established as a private company in communications security. February 2003 to ensure that critical electronic communications of government and related organs National Communications Centre (NCC) are protected and secured. The NCC serves as an advisory structure to the Comsec’s functions include securing Minister of Intelligence Services on matters related government communications against unauthorised to signals-intelligence procurement, management access and from technical, electronic or any other and direction. This includes areas such as the related threats. The company will, in concurrence Signals Intelligence Evaluation Centre and the OIC. with the NIA, provide verification services for electronic communications security systems, products and services used by the State.

476 Acknowledgements Armscor BuaNews Denel Estimates of National Expenditure 2006, published by National Treasury National Intelligence Agency National Treasury Independent Complaints Directorate Secretariat for Safety and Security South African National Defence Force South African Police Service South African Secret Service www.gov.za www.sapa.org.za

Suggested reading A Navy for Three Oceans: Celebrating 75 Years of the South African Navy. Roggebaai: BP Southern Africa, 1997. Batchelor, P and Willet, S. Disarmament and Defence: Industrial Adjustment in South Africa. Oxford: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Oxford University Press, 1998. Bornman, E. et al. Violence in South Africa: A Variety of Perspectives. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), 1998. Cock, J and Mackenzie, P. eds. From Defence to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip for the Group for Environmental Monitoring, 1998. Cohen, D. People Who Have Stolen From Me. Johannesburg: Picador, 2004. Dixon, B and van der Spuy, E. Justice Gained? Crime and Crime Control in South Africa’s Transition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2004. Du Plessis, L and Hough, M. eds. Managing African Conflicts: The Challenge of Military Intervention. Pretoria: HSRC, 2000. Du Plessis, L and Hough, M. eds. Protecting Sub-Saharan Africa: The Military Challenge. Pretoria: HSRC, 1999. Emmett, T and Buthcart, A. eds. Behind the Mask: Getting to Grips with Crime and Violence in South Africa. Pretoria: HSRC, 2000. Gamba, V. ed. Governing Arms: The Southern African Experience. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2000. Gamba, V, Meek, S and Potgieter, J. eds. Society Under Siege: Crime, Violence and Illegal Weapons. Halfway House: Institute for Security Studies, 1997. Gutteridge, W and Spence, JE. Violence in Southern Africa. London: Frank Cass, 1997. Kok, P and Pietersen, J. Safety and Security of Citizen and Society. Pretoria: HSRC, 2000. Kynoch, G. We are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 1947-1999. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2005. Machel, G. Impact of War on Children. London: Hurst, 2001. Marks, M. Transforming the Robocops: Changing Police in South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu- Natal Press, 2005. Marks, M. Young Warriors: Youth Politics, Identity and Violence in South Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2004. Marsh, R. With Criminal Intent: The Changing Face of Crime in South Africa. Kenilworth: Ampersand Press, 1999. Melville, N. The Taming of the Blue: Regulating Police Misconduct in South Africa. Pretoria: HSRC, 1999. Mills, G. Security Intersection: The Paradox of Power in an Age of Terror. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2004. Minaar, A and Hough, M. eds. Conflict, Violence and Conflict Resolution: Where is South Africa Heading? Pretoria: HSRC 1997. Pelser. E. ed. Crime Prevention Partnerships: Lessons from Practice, Pretoria: Institute of Strategic Studies, 2003. Pistorius, M. Profiling Serial Killers and Other Crimes in South Africa. Johannesburg: Penguin, 2005.

477 aey security and defence Safety, Pistorius, M. Catch Me a Killer: Serial Murders. Johannesburg: Penguin Books, 2000. Pistorius, M. Strangers on the Street: Serial Homicide in South Africa. Johannesburg: Penguin Books, 2002. Reyneke, E. compiler. Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2000. Safe, Secure and Streetwise: The Essential Guide to Protecting Yourself,Your Family and Your Home from Crime. Cape Town: Reader’s Digest Association, 1997. Schonteich, M. Unshackling the Crime Fighters: Increasing Private-Sector Involvement in South Africa’s Criminal Justice System. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1999. Seegers, A. The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa. London: Taurus Academic Studies, 1996. Shaw, M. Crime and Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 2002. Smith, L. A Guide to a Safer Lifestyle: A Practical Guide to Surviving the Urban Jungle. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publications, 2000. Solomon, H. ed. Towards a Common Defence and Security Policy in the Southern African Development Community. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2004. Steinberg, J. ed. Crime Wave: The South African Underworld and its Foes, Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2001. Van der Merwe, HW. Peace-Making in South Africa: A Life in Conflict Resolution. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2000.

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