Forestry Technologies–A Complete Value Chain Approach

K.T. Parthiban R. Seenivasan

Forest College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641 301 & Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd Kagithapuram, Karur – 639 136

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PREFACE

The and its resources play a vital role by providing biodiversity, environmental stability, livelihood , income and employment generation activities. India is endowed with 24.16% of area compared to the mandated requirement of 33%. The per capita forest area is only 0.064 ha and the growing stock of Indian forests is estimated at 6414 million m3. Rapid industrialization along with increase in population from 390 million (1950) to 1200 million (2011) has resulted in increased gap between demand and supply. Vast forest areas are still diverted for developmental and infrastructure projects, which leads to at an appalling rate of 1.5 million ha / annum. The increasing demand for raw materials, deforestation and poor productivity along with the legal implications have compelled to establish and promote, plantation including agroforestry. The productivity enhancement has been achieved to the tune of 60m3/ha/annum from the plantation forestry using high yielding clones and following the precision silvicultural packages. However, this productivity improvement is witnessed only in few species like Eucalyptus and Poplars. In India, over 25 different species are deployed in research activities and these species found utility in wide range of domestic and industrial applications. Besides this, technological advancements in the entire production, processing and consumption system are also developed by various institutes and organizations. However, till date, there is no systematic information available, either in book form or as any published material covering the aspects of basic, strategic, production and processing technology, and the associated consumption activities. The authors are delighted to introduce the book entitled “Forestry Technologies – A Complete Value Chain Approach”, which will be useful to various stakeholders like professional , scientists, wood based industries, bankers, insurance companies, value addition industries, graduating students of forestry and others involved in promotion of forestry and agroforestry in the country. The book has been designed to cater to the needs by judicially incorporating the recent technologies and research outputs available in various sectors of institutions. The book has four major themes viz., basic and strategic technology, production technology, processing and value addition technology, and consumption technology. The basic and strategic technology (seven chapters) provides information on nano technology and technology. The production technology (16 chapters) includes all the recent developments including mini clonal technology, high yielding short rotation variety, land development, precision silvicultural technology, multifunctional agroforestry, which are useful to both practicing foresters, nursery growers, forestry students, entrepreneurs and professional vi Forestry Technologies – A Complete Value Chain Approach scientists as a resource base to strengthen the ongoing research and developmental activities. The processing and value addition technology (eleven chapters) includes the recent developments in forestry sector, viz., production from melia, ethanol from cellulosic , biofuel from jatropha hybrid; value addition technology includes bio-char production and biomass conversion technology which will have wider acceptability and readability towards successful processing and value addition of forest biomass. Lastly, consumption technology (five chapters), included the innovative Consortium of Industrial Agroforestry, tree insurance and bankable project models for Casuarina, Melia and Ailanthus and the need based information is furnished. These chapters will be useful to the policy makers and the financial institutions as a source of ready reckoner to treat forestry as a business enterprise. The book has been conceived based on wide range of discussion and consultations with scientists, students of forestry, potential farmers, financial institutions, line department officials including forest department; based on their demands and expectations, the current book has been conceived and presented as a maiden attempt. The authors profusely thank all the contributors who have updated the information and presented the recent developed technologies. The authors convey their gratitude to Scientific Publishers (India) Jodhpur for the publication of the book. Any corrections or suggestions for improvement of the book are most welcome. The authors do hope to present such an innovative scientific presentation in future also to cater the needs of the society and to promote technology based scientific forestry in the country.

K.T. Parthiban R. Seenivasan

CONTRIBUTORS

E. Akila Dr. C. Cinthia Fernandaz Ph.D. Research Scholar Assistant Professor Department of Bioenergy, (Agrl. Extension) Agricultural College and Department of Agroforestry Research Institute, Forest College and Research Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Institute, Mettupalayam – 641 301 Coimbatore – 641 003 Shri. A. S. Dogra I.F.S. Dr. V. Anandhi PCCF, Punjab (Retd.) Assistant Professor # 256, Sector 37-A () Chandigarh – 160 036 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Dr. KA Gopinath Coimbatore – 641 003 ICAR – Central Research Institute Dr. P. V. Anbu for Dry Land Agricultural (CRIDA), Ranger Trainee Hyderabad, Telangana – 500 070 Tamil Nadu Forest Academy Dr. Gunasekaran K (TNFA) Professor and Head Coimbatore – 641 002 Department of Nanoscience & Dr. C. Babu Technology Professor Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Plant Breeding and Genetics) Coimbatore – 641 003 Department of Forage Crops, Dr. A. K. Handa Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Principal scientist Coimbatore – 641 003 ICAR- Central Agroforestry Dr. N. Bharathi Research Institute Director, Gwalior Road, Jhansi – 284 003 Grow More Biotech Dr. Iniya Kumar Muniraj Hosur – 635 109 Biocatalysts Lab., Department of G. Boopathi Agricultural Microbiology Ph.D. Research Scholar Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Department of Bioenergy Coimbatore – 641 003 Agricultural Engineering College and Dr. K. Iyanar Research Institute Department of Forage Crops Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore – 641 003 Coimbatore – 641 003 viii Forestry Technologies – A Complete Value Chain Approach

Shri. Jagadesh Chander, I.F.S. Dr. S Marimuthu Chief Conservator of Forest Assistant professor (Agronomy) (Research) Department of Nanoscience & Haryana Forest Department Technology Panjkula – 134 109 (Haryana) Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Dr. P. Jayamani Coimbatore – 641 003 Professor (PBG) Dr. V. Mohan Forest College & Research Institute, Scientist - G Mettupalayam – 641 301 Institute of Forest Genetics and Dr. R. Jude Sudhagar , ICFRE Assistant Professor of Forestry Coimbatore – 641 002 Forest College & Research Institute, S. Murugesan Mettupalayam – 641 301 Scientist - G Dr. A. Kalamani Institute of Forest Genetics & Tree Professor and Head Breeding, ICFRE Department of Forage Crops Coimbatore – 641 002 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Dr. N. Natarajan Coimbatore – 641 003 Professor (Entomology) Dr. P. Kannan Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Assistant Professor (SS&AC) Coimbatore – 641 003. Dryland Agricultural Research Dr. B. Palanikumaran Station, Chettinad, Senior Research Fellow Sivaganga – 630 102 Forest College and Research Dr. P. Kathirvelan Institute Assistant Professor (Agronomy) Mettupalayam – 641301 Tapioca and Castor Research Station Dr. Pankaj Panwar P. G. Palayam, Yethapur, Principal Scientist Salem – 636 119. ICAR – Indian Institute of Soil and Shri. N. Krishnakumar Water Conservation Ph. D Research Scholar Chandigarh – 160 019 Forest College & Research Institute, Dr. M. Paramathma Mettupalayam – 641 301 Professor (Retd.) Shri. G. Madan Kumar Forest College and Research Managing Director Institute Ambi Ply Panels and Doors Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Mettupalayam – 641 301 Mettupalayam – 641 301 Dr. S. Manimegalai Dr. K. T. Parthiban Professor (Entomology) Professor and Head (Agroforestry) Department of Sericulture Forest College and Research Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Institute Mettupalayam – 641 301 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Mettupalayam – 641 301 Contributors ix

Dr. P. Priyadharshini Dr. R. Sreenivasan Assistant Professor Deputy General Manager Department of Sericulture Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Forest College and Research Limited Institute, Mettupalayam – 641 301 Kagithapuram, Karur – 639 136 Dr. S. Pugalendhi Dr. I. Sekar Professor and Head Professor (Forestry) Department of Bioenergy College and Research Agricultural Engineering College and Institute, TNAU Research Institute Periyakulam – 625 601 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Dr. N. Senthilkumar Coimbatore – 641 003 Scientist Dr. Rajni Sharma Institute of Forest Genetics & Tree Professor, Department of Botany Breeding, ICFRE Punjab Agricultural University Coimbatore – 641 002 Ludhiana – 141 004 R. Shalini Dr. Ram Newaj Ph. D. Research Scholar Scientist Department of Bioenergy, ICAR- Central Agroforestry Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute Research Institute Gwalior Road, Jhansi – 284003 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Dr. K. Ramah Coimbatore – 641 003 Assistant Professor (Agronomy) Dr. M. Siva Prakash Department of Agroforestry Assistant Professor (Forestry), Forest College and Research Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU Institute, Vazhavachanur, Mettupalayam – 641301 Tiruvannamalai – 606 753 Dr. P. R. Renganayaki Dr. K. Sivakumar Professor Assistant Professor (Soil Science) (Seed Science and Technology) Department of Agroforestry Forest College & Research Institute Forest College & Research Institute Mettupalayam – 641301 Mettupalayam – 641 301 Dr. K Sammi Reddy Dr. U. Sivakumar Scientist Professor (Microbiology) ICAR – Central Research Institute Biocatalysts Lab., for Dry Land Agricultural (CRIDA) Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology Hyderabad, Telangana – 500 070 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Dr. Sanjeev K. Chauhan Coimbatore – 641003 Professor (Forestry) Dr. K. Srinivas Department of Forestry and Natural Proprietor, Kiran Biotech, Resources, Khammam District Punjab Agricultural University, Telangana – 507 163 Ludhiana – 141 004 x Forestry Technologies – A Complete Value Chain Approach

Dr. S. Sridevy Institute Assistant Professor Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Computer Science) Mettupalayam – 641301 Dept. of Tree Breeding G. Swathiga Forest College & Research Institute PG Research scholar Mettupalayam – 641 301 Department of Sericulture Dr. Ch Srinivasa Rao Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Director Mettupalayam – 641301 ICAR – Central Research Institute Dr. S. Umesh Kanna for Dry Land Agricultural (CRIDA) Assistant Professor (Forestry) Hyderabad, Telangana – 500 070 Department of Tree Breeding Dr. C. Subesh Ranjith Kumar Forest College & Research Institute Assistant Professor (Horticulture) Mettupalayam – 641 301 Horticulture College and Research Dr. G Venkatesh Institute, Periyakulam – 625 601 Scientist Dr. K S Subramanian ICAR – Central Research Institute Professor (Soil Science) for Dry Land Agricultural (CRIDA), Department of Nanoscience & Hyderabad, Telangana – 500 070 Technology Dr. S. Vennila Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Assistant Professor (Forestry) Coimbatore – 641 003 Forest College and Research Dr. P. Subramanian Institute Professor & Head Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Dept. of Environmental Sciences Mettupalayam – 641301 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Dr. A. Vithyavathi Coimbatore – 641 003 Assistant Professor Dr. K. K. Suresh (Agrl. Economics) Dean (Forestry) i/c Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Forest College and Research Coimbatore – 641003

CONTENTS

A. BASIC AND STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY

1. Forestry Technologies - An Overview 1 – K.T. Parthiban & R. Seenivasan 2. Forest Genetic Resources at TNAU - An Overview 7 – K.T. Parthiban 3. Applications of Nanotechnology in Forestry 20 – S. Marimuthu, Gunasekaran K. & K.S. Subramanian 4. Forest –S. Sridevy 34 5. Information and Technology (ICT) in Forestry - 55 Applications and Uses – C. Cinthia Fernandaz, V. Anandhi & P. Priyadharshini 6. Urban Forestry – Design, Development and Management 68 Technologies – K.T. Parthiban, B. Palanikumaran & N. Krishna Kumar 7. Outside Forests In India: Socio-Economic, Environmental 84 and Policy Issues – A.S. Dogra & Sanjeev K. Chauhan

B. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

8. Mini Clonal Technology for Tree Crops 103 – K.T. Parthiban 9. Seed Production Technology for Commercial Tree Crops 111 – P.R. Renganayaki xii Forestry Technologies – A Complete Value Chain Approach

10. High Yielding Short Rotation (HYSR) Tree Varieties 139 – K.T. Parthiban 11. Land Development Technology 156 – K. Sreenivas 12. Agroforestry Systems and Technologies for Different Agro- 177 Climatic Regions of India – A.K. Handa & Ram Newaj 13. Precision Technology for Industrial 194 – R. Seenivasan & K.T. Parthiban 14. Dryland Forestry Technology 217 – M. Siva Prakash, P. Kannan & P. Kathirvelan 15. Silvipastoral Technology 242 – K. Ramah, S. Marimuthu , K. Sivakumar & B. Palanikumaran 16. : A Path for Economic and Environmental 256 Prosperity – Sanjeev K. Chauhan, Rajni Sharma, Pankaj Panwar & Jagdish Chander 17. Pest Management Strategies for Forest Plantations 285 – N. Natarajan 18. Disease Management Technology for Forest Trees 303 – V. Mohan 19. Multifunctional Agroforestry Technologies 333 – R. Jude Sudhagar & K.T. Parthiban 20. Tree Fodder Production and Management Technology 341 – C. Babu, K. Iyanar & A. Kalamani 21. Technology for Thornless Cultivation 362 –N. Bharathi 22. Production, Management and Utilization Technology for Sandal 370 wood (Santalum album) – N. Krishnakumar, S. Umesh Kanna & K.T. Parthiban 23. Technology for Waste Land Development 382 – K. Sivakumar, K.T. Parthiban, K. Ramah, B. Palanikumaran & Contents xiii

P. Priyadharshini

C. PROCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION TECHNOLOGY

24. Melia Based Plywood Production Technology 401 – G. Madan Kumar & K.T. Parthiban 25. Application of Tropical Energy Crops for Bioenergy Conversion in 408 India – S. Pugalendhi, R. Shalini, E. Akila & G. Boopathi 26. Wood Biomass Deconstruction for Cellulosic Ethanol: 419 Technological Perspectives – U. Sivakumar, I.K. Muniraj, P.V. Anbu & K.T. Parthiban 27. Improvement and Value Chain Management of Jatropha Genetic 437 Resources as a source of Biofuel – K.T. Parthiban, M. Paramathma, R. Jude Sudhagar & P. Jayamani 28. Forest Based Bioprospecting technologies 454 – S. Murugesan & N. Senthilkumar 29. Forest Based Silkworm Rearing Technology 486 – P. Priyadharshini, S. Maninegalai & G. Swathiga 30. Composting Technologies for Forest Biomass 507 – P. Subramanian 31. Value Addition Technology 527 – B. Paani Kumaran, K.T. Parthiban & I. Sekar 32. Production Technology from Forest Biomass 535 – G Venkatesh, KA Gopinath, K Sammi Reddy & Ch Srinivasa Rao 33. Machineries for Forestry Operations 551 – K.T. Parthiban, N. Krishnakumar & R. Seenivasan 34. Burlapping Technology for Trees in Urban Landscapes 562 – C. Subesh Ranjith Kumar & K.T. Parthiban xiv Forestry Technologies – A Complete Value Chain Approach

D. CONSUMPTION TECHNOLOGY

35. Consortium of Industrial Agroforestry (CIAF) 575 – K.T. Parthiban, C. Cinthia Fernandaz, R. Jude Sudhagar & K.K. Suresh

36. Tree Insurance – An Innovative Intervention In Agroforestry 581 – K.T. Parthiban 37. Bankable Project Models for Melia dubia 590 – K.T. Parthiban, R. Seenivasan, S. Vennila & A. Vithyavathi 38. Bankable Project for Casuarina plantations ( Model) 603 – K.T. Parthiban, R. Seenivasan, S. Vennila & A. Vithyavathi 39. Bankable Project for Ailanthus excelsa (Matchwood Model) 616 – K.T. Parthiban, R. Seenivasan, S. Vennila & A. Vithyavathi Subject Index 627