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Copyright by Jack David Loveridge 2017 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UT Digital Repository Copyright by Jack David Loveridge 2017 The Dissertation Committee for Jack David Loveridge Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Hungry Harvest: Philanthropic Science and the Making of South Asia's Green Revolution, 1919–1964 Committee: Philippa Levine, Supervisor Sumit Guha Indrani Chatterjee Sunil Amrith David Nally The Hungry Harvest: Philanthropic Science and the Making of South Asia's Green Revolution, 1919–1964 by Jack David Loveridge, B.A., M.Phil. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2017 Dedication For my Parents, and the many other teachers who made this possible The Hungry Harvest: Philanthropic Science and the Making of South Asia's Green Revolution, 1919–1964 Jack David Loveridge, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2017 Supervisor: Philippa Levine This dissertation examines how international development agencies and American philanthropic organization collaborated with the new Indian and Pakistani states in undertaking unprecedented interventions in the agricultural and nutritional sciences after Partition in 1947 and into the early years of the Cold War. Contrasting with existing scholarship on the changes that swept the world food economy in the mid-twentieth century, my work uncovers the linkages between late colonial and post-independence understandings of famine, population growth, and economic development in South Asia. I propose a broader framing of the Green Revolution of the 1960s, examining the resonance of eugenic theories within population control efforts and tensions between the nutritional and agricultural sciences through decolonization. To that end, I track the influence of the Rockefeller and Ford foundations, the Population Council, and UN agencies, such as the WHO and the FAO, in inaugurating programs of rural development, nutritional research, and resource management. I argue that efforts led by Indian nationalists, British colonial officials, and American philanthropists in the context of the global population 'crisis' of the 1940s and 1950s generated scientific institutions, networks, and ideas vital to the later Green Revolution. v Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... viii Introduction: Foreseeing the Future .........................................................................1 Science and Development in the Context of Decolonization .........................6 Tracing the Roots of the Green Revolution ..................................................13 Partition and the Pattern of Development .....................................................21 The Colonial Origins of Development Expertise ..........................................25 Nutrition in Colonial Medicine and International Health .............................29 Chapter Outline .............................................................................................33 Chapter One: Confronting the ‘Double Crisis’ ......................................................39 Of Missionaries and Millionaires ..................................................................41 A Vast Undeveloped Estate ..........................................................................50 The Return of Famine and War ....................................................................56 Framing International Development .............................................................62 A Strategy of Philanthropic Intervention ......................................................68 Conclusion ....................................................................................................78 Chapter Two: A Road to New India ......................................................................81 Hungry for Work ...........................................................................................83 Testing the Hypothesis ..................................................................................88 A Model of Rural Development for the World .............................................95 Recruiting Experts, Teaching Expertise .......................................................98 Terminating the Experiment .......................................................................106 Conclusion ..................................................................................................108 Chapter Three: Nourishing the Body ...................................................................112 Surveying Nutritional Health ......................................................................115 Unfolding the Laboratory into the Field .....................................................123 Unifying Laboratory and Clinic ..................................................................130 Malnutrition, Poverty, and International Health .........................................136 vi Conclusion ..................................................................................................144 Chapter Four: Into the Fertile Future ...................................................................147 ‘The Indian Cultivator Does Not Farm’ ......................................................150 Situating Population Control within Public Health ....................................157 Hybridization and the Improvement of India’s Germplasm .......................165 Toward a Model of Rural Population Control ............................................174 Conclusion ..................................................................................................181 Chapter Five: Pursuing Permanent Abundance ...................................................184 A Division of Water and Soil ......................................................................187 The Quest for Healthy Soil .........................................................................191 Healthy Soil, Healthy Nation ......................................................................196 Shaping the Future of Agriculture ..............................................................199 Protecting the Fertility Investment ..............................................................204 Conclusion ..................................................................................................207 Conclusion: Towards the Obscurity Ahead .........................................................211 Bibliography ........................................................................................................222 Vita.......................................................................................................................229 vii List of Abbreviations AIIH&PH All-India Institute for Hygiene and Public Health CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FF Ford Foundation Records GEB General Education Board IAP Indian Agricultural Program of the Rockefeller Foundation IARI Indian (or Imperial) Agricultural Research Institute IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IBWC International Boundary and Water Commission ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research ICS Indian (or Imperial) Civil Service IHD International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation IIA International Institute of Agriculture IMS Indian Medical Service IOR India Office Records and Private Papers, British Library IRRI International Rice Research Institute MAP Mexican Agricultural Program of the Rockefeller Foundation NAI National Archives of India NMML Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (Manuscripts Collection) PC Population Council Records PEPSU Patiala and East Punjab States Union PSA Punjab State Archives viii RAC Rockefeller Archive Center RF Rockefeller Foundation Records TCA United States Technical Cooperation Administration TCM United States Technical Cooperation Mission to India TNA The National Archives of the United Kingdom UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development WBG World Bank Group Archives WHO World Health Organization ix Introduction: Foreseeing the Future “I do not want to foresee the future. I am concerned with taking care of the present. God has given me no control over the moment following.” –Mohandas K. Gandhi, 19241 “The future is always obscure. The most reasonable predictions about trends in human affairs are apt to be falsified by events.” –The Famine Inquiry Commission, 19452 “[T]he future of India depends on reversing the dictum of the administrator and recognising that the scientist must be on top and not on tap.” –P. C. Mahalanobis, 19613 These three distinct visions of change over time — Gandhian, colonial, and developmentalist — reflect the fluid notion of progress in mid-twentieth-century India. During this period of global upheaval that brought tremendous economic and political change to South Asia, scientists, philanthropists, and government officials turned increasingly to the task of forecasting future trends in the growth and health of populations. Unlike Walter Benjamin’s famous “angel of history” — gaze fixed upon the continuous
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