“Waterfront development and its relationship to the city urban space-case study, lakes of city”

Jyoti Mishra School of Architecture and Planning, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India {[email protected]}

Abstract: According to census 2011, the current population of India is 1,210,854,977 with 623,724,248 males and 586,469,174 females. The growing population is the result of industrialization and urbanization. The tremendous amount of population growth is one of the reason for the exploitation of natural resources. The United States estimated that the world population grew at an annual growth rate 1.23 percent during 2000-2010. In India, the top three states where highest population was recorded in , Uttar Pradesh and Bihar state. The growing population needs good infrastructure, housing complex, commercial and institutional space which comes at the cost of natural resources (Lakes, forest, parks).For analysing, relationship between city and lake fringe spaces(Waterfront space), a case study is done for the Pune city. The case study is limited to the Pune Municipal Corporation limits. Under Pune Municipal Corporation, there are four lakes, Lake, Lake, Dhanori Lake and Lakkaki Lake. The research is done to check the impact of urbanization on lakes. The research methodology uses, both quantitative and case study approach. At the end of the paper, a number of guidelines for the waterfront development are recommended.

Keywords: lake development, waterfront development, Pune city.

1. Introduction For the case study, Pune city has been selected for the critical analysis. The case study is limited to the PMC (Pune Municipal Corporation) limit. For the study purpose, only lakes have been selected as natural resources. As per the declaration by the PMC, in 2013 there were no changes observed in the water bodies. Or in other words the impact of urbanization has been majorly on the green lands i.e, agriculture land and barren lands. This study focuses over the changes in lake fringes areas and also measures the impact of the urbanization. To understand the urbanization of any city, it’s important to understand it’s socio- cultural and economy. Pune is a Plateau city which lies on the coordinates of 18.5204 degree North,73.8567 degree East. It is the second largest city in Maharashtra, which was the base (establish city) for the Peshwas and Maratha during 16th century. The city has its own unique traditions and culture.

Revisiting the Role of Architecture for 'Surviving’ Development. 53rd International Conference of the Architectural Science Association 2019, Avlokita Agrawal and Rajat Gupta (eds), pp. 284–292. © 2019 and published by the Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA). “Waterfront development and its relationship to the city urban space-case study, lakes of Pune city” 285

The urbanization in Pune started, during Peshwas period under Bajirao Peshwa-I. He built the Shaniwarwada, Kasba Ganpati and Katraj Lake in the 1750. In 1756, Lakdi Pul, Parvati temple and Hirabaugh were constructed by his followers. The main market area, known as Peth was also developed during this period i.e Sukhrawar Peth, Guruwar Peth, Ganesh and Narayan Peth , Sadashiv peth . In 1782 the city got its drainage system. In 1857, the total area covered by Pune was 7.74 sq.km. In year 2001, the PMC limits covered 243.84 sq.km. The main reason behind the increase in PMC boundary are increase in population and demand for the resources. Under the socio-economy report, published by the PMC in 2009, the population in Pune increased by twice as compared to population in 1950, after world war-II due to better jobs and business opportunities. As per the census 2011 report, the annual growth rate for the Pune city is 3.4%. Such a haphazard growth of the city puts the pressure on the natural resources. Pune is blessed with the lake network, which is the one of the reason for the moderate climate. Lake in Pune is not only the source of water, but helps to maintain the ecosystem, recharge the ground water and are also used as a recreational space. Under this research, the impact of urbanization over the lake ecosystem has been identified. The impact over the lake has been quantified with respect to the quality, quantity, depth of the lake and activity around the lake. The study also covers the area of critical analysis of the urban development policies and norms and effect of the policies on ecosystem. The study of lakes in Pune will contribute to the future of the urban development policies and guidelines of the Pune city.

2. Objective of the study  To study the urban development pattern of the Pune city  To analyse the impact of urban development of the city on lake water bodies  Critical analysis of the existing model of the lakes.  To formulate the guidelines for further urban development in Pune city. 3. Growth of the city

3.1. Aspects of the growth of Pune city  Connected to NH4 Pune- highway and Nashik Highway.  Nashik Highway is one of the biggest industrial zone in Maharashtra  Development of the IT corridor  Prominence of various educational institutes  Proposed metro corridor  Proposed airport near Chakan  Proposed ring road to connect sub-urban region

3.2. Spatial growth of the Pune city The Pune metropolitan, comprises two municipal corporation PMC (Pune Municipal Corporation) and PCMC ( Municipal Corporation), Cantonment areas such as Khirkee (KCB) and (DCB), Municipality of Talegaon Dhabade and Gram panchayat or village council of the and Haveli Area.

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Under this research the study area is limited to the PMC boundary only. In 1960, the Maharashtra Industrial development corporation (MIDC) was established in PCMC. This resulted in merger of small villages into PCMC. PCMC was developed as a satellite city for PMC. As a result, population density of the PMC increased.

Image 1: Pune metropolis and its geographical location, with respect to the India, Maharashtra and . Source: L.N Kantkumar et.al, Spatiotemporal urban expansion in Pune metropolis, India by Using remote sensing, Habitat International, October-2015, Elsevier

The above image was generated by the Author, L.N Kantkumar et.al for his research work. The timeline for the study of spatial form in Pune was checked by the software LANDSAT for the time lines of year 1992, 2001 and 2013. There is a possibility that the urban form of Pune has changed from year 2013 to 2019. The analysis of the spatial growth of the city is based on earlier recorded data. This data shows that the urban core is dense and the urban fringes are connected through the road. The development around the road shows the ribbon development. As per the earlier study, the built up percentage of the city in year 2013 increased as compared to the year 2001. The changes in main land form occurred in built up and agriculture land. The study indicates that the built up area of Pune metropolis has expanded almost three times from 107.5 SQ.KM in year 1992 to 322.9 SQ.KM in year 2013 with an average growth rate of 10.3 SQ.KM per annum. The PMC region remained the top contributor in built up growth with almost a contribution of 34.2%. The maximum expansion occured towards South and East direction of urban fringes. The study indicates that the percentage of built up land has increased and open land has reduced (barren land and farming land) as a result of urbanization. This can be the reason for the climatic changes and can be the possible threat for degradation of environment. “Waterfront development and its relationship to the city urban space-case study, lakes of Pune city” 287

Image2: Growth of the city, indicates the increase in percentage of built-up Source: L.N Kantkumar et.al, Spatiotemporal urban expansion in Pune metropolis, India by Using remote sensing, Habitat International, October-2015, Elsevier

4. Literature review Lake is a depression in the land form with large surface area and filled with water. Normally, there are two types of lakes: Natural lake: The lake, which is available near the river or ocean. It could also be the depression in the land form, which was later filled by the springs or collection of the rainwater. Artificial lake: The lake, which was created for the benefit of human settlement by humans.

4.1. Physical variables Sunlight, temperature and humidity are considered as the physical variables which affects the life-cycle of the lake. As per the physical variables, lakes are divided into 3 layers 1. Epliminion layer: It is upper most layer, where the sunlight penetrates easily and light is also scattered due to the presence of solid substances. This helps the growth of macrophytes, which is food for the small fishes. 2. Metalminion layer: It is the second most layer of the lake, where the sunlight reaches less as compared to the epliminion layer and temperature is also less as compared to the epliminion layer. Aquatic life is also possible here, because of the kinetic energy of the water reaching here due to water movement and the season changes. 3. Hypolimnion layer: Sunlight is not able to reach at this layer due to which temperature is very less here.

4.2. Chemical Variables The chemical composition of any lake affects its basin’s geology and hydrology. The chemical variables of any lake depends upon the climate and atmosphere of the region. Generally, all lakes contains wide range of molecules and ions, which are available in it water. The concentration of the molecules and ions in water is measured in mg/l or ppm. The presence of ammonium, phosphate and nitrate ions indicate a high percentage of nutrient in the lake. High percentage of the magnesium and calcium shows the hardness of water.

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4.3. Biological Variables Under the biological variables, there are three zones: littoral zone, limnetic zone, euphotic zone. The littoral zone are the near shore area. Full penetration of sunlight to the sediment allows growth of aquatic plants (macropytes) in littoral zone. These aquatic plants provide the food source and substrate for algae and invertebrates. The euphotic zone are the zone where only 1% light reaches. Photosynthesis process cannot occur in such low light levels. In most of the lakes, epliminion contains the sunlit euphotic zones. The limnetic zone is the open water area, where there is no light penetration up to the bottom of the lake.

Image 3: Biological Variables Source: Lake ecology, 2004 5. Analysis of Pune lakes at macro level Pune lies on Deccan plateau, the maximum lakes comes under the PMC (Pune Municipal Corporation) are man-made and some are natural lakes i.e, , Katraj Lake are artificial or man made lake, where as the Lakkaki lake, and Vishrantwadi lake comes under the natural or the collection of the rainwater in open quarry, which was closed after the order by collector, in 1984. The catchment area of the Katraj Lake is more as compare to the other lakes. The Katraj Lake was the oldest lake in Pune, constructed during the Peshwas’s period. It is the main source for water supply in Pune. To better understand the lakes water quality and quantity with respect to the urbanization different tools are used.  Physio-chemical analysis  Chronology data analysis  Catchment area analysis  Activity analysis around the lake

5.1. Physio-chemical analysis Physio-chemical analysis of the lakes, under PMC(Pune Municipal Corporation) limit: The sample collection is done by the Aqua Lab, Akrudi, Pune. The test is carried over the one liter of water. The sampling is done according to the seasons, to see the seasonal variation in water quality. Due to time limit, the water testing is done pre-monsoon.

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S.No Name of pH BOD COD Nitrate Total Status of the Lake Alkalinity the lake 1. Katraj 8 21(mg/l) 124.8(mg/l) 0.141(mg/l) 170(mg/l) Highly Polluted 2. Pashan 7.23 13(mg/l) 93.6(mg/l) 0.198(mg/l) 200(mg/l) Polluted 3. Lakkaki 8.91 18(mg/l) 104.4(mg/l) 0.249(mg/l) 410(mg/l) Highly Polluted 4. Dhanori 7.34 3(mg/l) 24(mg/l) 0.145(mg/l) 238(mg/l) Moderately Polluted

The pH value: the pH value of surface water normally, 6.5 to 8.5. higher the pH value indicate the water is basic in nature. Pashan lake water pH value is 7.23, but should consider the other factors also, before utilize the water. Lakkaki lake is highly degraded lake, shows that the water is hard in nature, more percentage of calcium and magnesium. If we check the total alkalinity of the water the higher figure 410(mg/l) shows of lakkaki lake as compared to the Pashan and Katraj lake. One of the reason for hardness of water is quarry lake, basalt at the bottom of lake and because of the weathering the hardness of water increase. The higher alkalinity seen in Dhanori lake case also, the reason is same as in lakkaki lake. Out of all four lake, the Dhanori lake consider as the moderately polluted lake and Lakkaki lake consider as the highly polluted lake. Katraj lake, test result shows the COD is quite high. It is harmful for the fishes.

5.2. Chronology Analysis Chronology of lake is done at Google earth software from year 2008 to 2017. The purpose of this chronology is to check the construction near the lakes and check the changes in the lakes. And the result is there is change in the size of the lake, which shows that of course construction near the shore line. Which effect the overall environment and water body. There is possibility of the de-siltation or reduce in depth of the lake because of the nearby construction.

Picture: chronology of Dhanori Lake 2008 and 2019 respectively

In the above figure, It have been seen that the urbanization, changes the shore line. As per the Pune Tree Watches(NGO) the 2% of lake was filled by the Lunkad Builders’ for one of his project.

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Picture: chronology of 2014 and 2019 respct. In the above pictures, it is clearly shown the effect of the urbanisation on the Pashan lake fringes have been developed according to the time period.

Picture:chronology of Lakkaki Lake 2014 and 2009 respcectively. There have been no major changes with respect to built up around the lakkaki lake, but the overall growth of the city, ignore the lakkaki lake, hence the size of lake have been reduced. There is possibility to reduce its depth also.

Picture: shows the chronology of Katraj Lake2014 and 2019 respectively.

The Municipal take the responsibility to develop the lake premises, and develop the lake front for the common public. But still the water quality was in bad condition. There is no such maintenance seen in the premises. One encroachment seen from the katraj vasahat side, which was used as the dumping ground.The Katraj Vasahat was highly dense area.

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5.3. Activity analysis: To find the real issues in the lakes bodies, it is important to critical analysis the activities in lake fringes areas.

Table1: Activity in lake fringes Source: Generated by author

S.No Name of the Lake Swimming Boating Pleasure view Recreational Commercial Dhobighat 1. Katraj N Y Y Y Y N 2. Pashan N N Y Y N N 3. Lakkaki N N Y Y N N 4. Dhanori N N N N Y Y

As per the activities in the lake fringes area, it is clearly shown that the lake under PMC is developed for the recreational purpose. But there is no such guidelines, which can follow for future development. Another mapping is done for analysing the land use pattern in lake fringes.

Table 2: land use pattern, in lake fringes Source: Generated by author

S.no Name Commercial Slum Residential Recreational Dumping Sewage Construction of Lake dwellers ground Disposal activity 1. Katraj Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 2. Pashan N N Y Y Y N Y 3. Lakkaki N N Y Y Y N N 4. Dhanori N Y Y N Y Y Y

The above table shows, that the nearby residences and slum dwellers are the main reason for the degradation of the lake. Any construction activity, in Lake fringe area will definitely have high impact over the lake with respect to its depth and BOD and COD level. Although the COD increased mainly, in those lakes where the direct sewage disposal. To treating lake as a dumping ground is the sign for its exploitation of lakes. The lake fringes should be developed properly, as it attract the migratory birds. 6. Result and Findings

The depth of the lakes have been reduced as compared to the previous years. The main reason behind that is the construction activity in lake fringes areas. Because of the construction activity, the de- slitation taken place. Currently the shoreline of the lake or lake-fringe is used as the dumping ground, which affect the quality of water in terms of BOD, COD and pH level. The residential bodies and slum dwellers have high impact over the lake bodies. Government should make strict laws for the lake development for maintaining its quality and quantity. Any construction activity should be prohibited

292 Mishra J. near to the lake areas. Municipal should decide some restricted area. The least affect of commercial and recreational activities over the lake bodies. 7. Conclusion The variable of the lakes are different from one lake to other lake, depends on the factors, i.e climate of the region, development in lake fringe areas and settlement years near to the lake bodies. the same policy or the frame work is not applicable on the other lakes. Before implementing any policy or guidelines, we should consider its variables and current condition of the lakes. Within Pune with the same climatic condition, but different micro condition shows the diversity in lake behaviour.

References Sawant S(1978) “The city of Poona”: A study of urban geography” Pune university’s Department of Geography- Publications K. Chandrakanth (March,2018) “Ecological Impact of Urban Development: Lakes of Bengaluru”, Tekton,vol-5,Issue- 1,March 2018, pp. 22-45 Restoration of Basalt Quarry, Timba, Gujarat(2009) Available at: www.landscapeindia.net/project/restoration-of-basalt-quarry-timba-gujarat Mishra Jyoti(2018), Lake restoration-step to save ecosystem, case of Pune city in urban Sustainability: Emerging trends, themes, concept and practices, ICUS’18 March 2018-MNIT Jaipur, International Confrence’18 Kanthkumar Lakshmi N(2016), Spatiotemporal urban expansion in Pune metropolis, India by Using remote sensing, Habitat International, October-2015, Elsevier. Pune Municipal Corporation(2009), Socio-economic survey report, Pune city, 2008-2009 Lake Ecology(2004),available at: www.waterontheweb.org/under/lakeecology/lakeecology.pdf