Abiotic Absorption Acaricides Acclimate Acidic soil

Acre furrow slice

Actinomycetes

Actuation Additive Adjuvant Adulticide

Advection freeze or frost

Advection freeze/frost Adventitious Aeration (soil) Aerosols (A)

Aggregate fruit

Agricultural climatology (agroclimatology) Agricultural drought

Agricultural meteorological station

Agricultural meteorology (agrometeorology)

Air cleaner

Air drainage Air filter

Air temperature Alchemy Alien or exotic plant Alkaline soil Allium Alternate leaf arrangement

Anemometer Angiosperm Annual Anthracnose

Antifreeze Antitranspirants or antidesiccants API Apiaceae

Apical dominance

Application rate

Arthropods ASTM Asymmetrical balance Attractants

Automatic weather station Auxin Available water Available water-holding capacity (AWHC)

Avicides Awn Axil Axillary bud Backflow prevention Bacterial blight Bacterial leaf spot Bactericides Baits (B)

Bark inclusion Barrier zone Bearing Biennial

Bilateral cordon system

Bilateral symmetry

Binomial nomenclature

Bioclimatology Biosafety

Biosynthetic pathways

Biotechnology Biotic

Bitter rot

Black frost (hard frost)

Black knot Black root rot Black spot Blend (seed) Blended fertilizer Blossom blight Bolt

Borderline pumping temperature (BPT)

Bot rot Botany

Botryosphaeria canker Bottomland Boundary line tree Bracing Bract

Branch Broadcast Broadcast application

Brown rot

Bubblers Bud Budding Buffer

Bulb Bulbils

Bulblets Bunch-type growth (species)

Burms Calyx Cambium

Cane

Cane blight

Cane renewal systems Canes

Canker Canopy Canopy temperature Capitol cost

Carbohydrate

Carburetor

Cardinal temperatures Caryopsis

Cedar apple rust

Cedar-hawthorn rust Centistoke

Central leader system

Cephalothorax

Cercospora leaf spot Certified seed

Check valve

Chewing insects

Chill hour

Chill unit

Chilling injury Chilling requirement

Chitinous exoskeleton

Chlorophyll Chloroplasts

Chlorotic Choloroplasts Clay

Climate

Climatic element

Climatological data

Climatological division Climatology

Coccomyces leaf spot CODIT Cold frame

Collar rot Combustion chamber Compaction (soil)

Companion planting Complete flower Compound leaf Compressed Air Sprayer (Knapsack or Tank Sprayer) Compression ratio

Compression stroke Conduction Cone Conifers

Constant-discharge sprinklers Contact pesticide Container gardening

Controller (include 3 types: electromechanical, solid state, hybrid) Cool-season crop

Cooperative weather station

Cordon Coring

Corm

Corn heat unit Corolla Cortex cells

Corymb

Cotton-region shelter Crack and crevice

Crankshaft

Crop calendar Crop coefficient

Crop moisture index (CMI) Crop residue

Crop rotation Cross fertilization

Cross-pollination Crown Crown gall

Cultivar Cultivation

Cultivation, selective (turf)

Cut back Cuticle Cutin Cutting

Cylinder Cyme

Daily maximum temperature

Daily mean Daily minimum temperature

Data logger Day-neutral plants

Deadhead Deciduous Defoliants Defoliate Depression Desiccants

Dethatching

Dew point (Dew point temperature) Diagnostics

Dichotomous key Dicotyledon

Dieback Dioecious Directed

Disbudding Disc filter

Dischasium cyme Disseminated

Distance diagnostics

Dividing

DNA

Dogwood anthracnose Doppler radar

Dormancy

Dormant pruning

Downy mildew Drench

Drift Drip irrigation (Dripline drip emitters)

Dripline Drop spreader

Drought

Drupelets Dusts (D).

Eastern exposure

Ecological control Ecological severity Ecosystem Edema Edge

Edging

Eight-inch rain gauge Embryo Emulsifiable concentrates (EC or E ) Encephalitides Endosperm

Entomosporium leaf spot Environmental lapse rate Epidermis

Epiphytic plants Eradication Fumigants Ethanol Etiolation

Eutypa dieback (Dean arm) Evaporation

Evaporation pan

Evapotranspiration (ET)

Evergreen Exclusion

Exhaust stroke

Exoskeleton Experiment station Exposure Extension Master Gardener Exudate Fertilization

Fertilizer analysis

Fiber pots Fibrous root Field capacity

Filtration (sand, disc, screen filters) Fine

Fire blight or fireblight Fixative

Floating row cover Flood plain

Floret (grass) Floricanes Flow rate

Flowables (F or L) Flowers

Fluidity Flyspeck Focal point Foliage Foliar

Foliar blight Foliar/fertilizer burn

Footslope Forb Formulation

Four-cane kniffen system Four-cycle engines Fragipan

Freeze Freeze-free period Friable

Friction loss Fronds Frost

Frost protection

Frost-free season Fruit

Fruit swell Fruiting spur

Fuel stabilizer Fuel system Fungicides

Fusarium wilt

Gall Gametophyte Gasohol Gene Genetic engineering: Genetics Genome Germinate Germinate Germination (seed) Germination test

Gills

Graft Granules (G)

Gray leaf spot

Gray mold Green manure cover cropping

Ground color (under color) Grouping/massed area

Growing degree-day (GDD)

Growing degree-hour (GDH) Growing media

Growing season Growth habit Guard cells Gymnosperms

Habitat Hand duster

Hangers Harborage

Hard freeze Hardening Hardiness Hardscape

Hatch Act Head (composite inflorencense)

Head-to-head spacing

Heartwood Heating degree-day Heliod cyme

HEPA Herbaceous

Herbicides Heirloom

High light Hoarfrost Homogeneous mixture

Honeydew Horticulture

Host plant resistance Hot spots Hotbed

Humus

Hybrid Hydrocarbons

Hydrological drought Hydroseeding

Hydrosprigging

Hypocotyl Immature Imperfect flower In‑furrow Incomplete flower

Infiltration Inflorescence Inoculum Insect growth regulators Insecticides Insolation Instar Instrument shelter Intake stroke Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management or IPM Intercropping

Internal Feeders Internode

Interseed Interspersion Invasive plant Irrigation Junior Master Gardener Juxtaposition Key pests

Killing freeze

Kitchen garden Lamiaceae

Land-grant system

Langley Larvae

Late leaf rust Lateral (axillaryl) bud

Layer cake gardening

Layering Leaching

Leaf

Leaf axils Leaf blade Leaf blotch

Leaf galls

Leaf scorch Leaf spots

Leaf wetness duration

Leather rot Level Light box

Loam

Lobed leaf Long-day plant

Low light Macronutrients

Macrophoma leaf spot Macropores

Matched precipitation

Matting

Maturation zone

Maximum Minimum Temperature System Mechanical aeration

Medium

Medium light Meristems

Mesophyll

Metamorphosis

Meteorology Methanol

Microclimate

Microclimatology

Micrometeorology Micropores

Migration Mineral elements

Mineralization Miscibility Miticides Mode of action

Molluscicides

Molting Monitoring/scouting Monocotyledons Monoecious Mordant Morphology

Morril Act Mulch Mulching mower

Multiple fruit

Mummy berry National Climatic Data Center National Weather Service

Native alternatives Natural/Organic Pesticides

Necrotic tissue Nematicides Nematodes Net-veined

NEXRAD Node Non-bearing Non-reproductive Non-selective pesticides

Non-spur trees

Nonpoint Source Pollution Northern exposure Nucleus

Nymphs Obligate ectoparasites

Octane rating

Oil additive

Oil sludge Oil sump

Oils as insecticides Ootheca Open-center system

Operation Costs Opposite leaf arrangement

Orange rust Organic Organic matter

Ornamental

Osmoprotectants

Osmosis Overseed

Overwinter Ovule Palisade Palmate

Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)

Pan coefficient

Pan evaporation Parallel-veined Parasites Parenchyma

Peach leaf curl

Peat moss Peduncle Peircing Sucking Insects

Percentage of possible sunshine Perennial Perfect flower

Period of record Perk test

Permanent wilting point Permeability Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Pest resurgence

Pesticide resistance Pesticides

Petal

Petiole

Petroleum-based oils

Pheromone Phloem

Phoma stem rot

Phomopsis canker and twig blight

Photoperiod Photosynthesis Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) Phototropism

Phyllosticta leaf spot Physic

Physical control Physiographic landscape

Physiology Phytotoxic

Pinching Pinnate

Piscicides Pistil Pistillate

Piston Plant breeding Plant growth regulators Plant hormones (growth regulators)

Plant morphology Plant physiology Plant water use

Plugging

Point of connection (POC) Pollen Pollinate

Pop-up-sprinkler Post-emergence

Postemergence

Potential evapotranspiration Powdery mildew Pre-emergence

Pre-emergent

Precipitation Predaceous Predacides Preemergence

Pregermination Preplant Pressure

Pressure-compensating Pressure-compensating device

Prevention capacity Primary root Primocanes Priority rating Propagation

Propagation

Propagule Proportioners

Protoplasm

Pruning PSI

Pubescent Pump Pupa Pure Live Seed (PLS)

Pustles Quick-release nitrogen

Raceme Racemose

Radiation freeze (or frost) Rain barrel

Rain garden

Rain gauge Rainfall Raised beds Reaction zone Receptacle

Recharge Recuperative capacity

Red stele Reduced Pressure Backflow Device (RPBD)

Reduced Pressure Backflow Device (RPBD) Reel mower Relative humidity

Renewal spurs

Renovation Renovation, turf

Repellent Residual pesticides Respiration

Reversion Rhizome

Rhizosphaera needlecast Riparian Rodenticides Rolling Rolling (maintenance)

Root Root cap

Root hair

Root suckers Rootball

Rootbound

Rosette Rotary spreader

Rotating sprinkler

Rotating sprinkler Roto-till

Row spacing Run-off

Runner

Rust SAE Sand Sapwood Saturation

Scab

Scaffold branch

Scarification

Scion Scorpiod cyme Secondary root Sedge Seed Seed coat Seed dispersal Seed tape Selective pesticides Self-pollination

Semi-permanent cordons

Sentinel plants Sepals

Septoria leaf spot Seral Stage Sere Sexual propagation

Sexual reproductive parts

Shade leaves

Shoot Shoot density Short-day plant

Shrub Side-dress

Significant threat Silt

Simple fruit Simple leaf

Single-wire trellis

Site analysis

Site inventory Site of action Slicing

Slit-seeder

Slow release fertilizers Smith Lever Act

Soaker hose Soaps as insecticides Soil

Soil conditioner

Soil fertility

Soil productivity

Soil structure

Soil temperature

Soil texture Solar radiation Solid phase

Soluble powders (SP)

Soluble salts Solutions (S)

Sonication

Sooty blotch

Southern exposure Spark plug

Sphaeropsis dieback/tip blight Sphagnum moss Spike Spiking

Spontaneous combustion

Spores Sporophytes Spot anthracnose Spot treatment Sprayers

Spreader or film extender (spreader‑activator)

Sprig Sprigging

Spur

Spur prune

Spur type trees

Staking Stamen Staminate Steep Stem Stem blight Sterility Sticker (adhesive)

Stigma Stolon

Stalinizing Stomach poisons Stomata

Stomates

Stone fruits

Stratification Subterranean insects

Subtropical

Succession planting Succulent stem

Suckers

Sun leaves Suppressant

Surface run-off Surface Water Surfactant

Symmetrical balance Synergism

Synthetic oils Systemic pesticides

T-trellis Tamping

Taphrina leaf blister Taproot

TEL

Temperate

Temperature extremes Temperature inversion Terminal (apical) bud Termiticide Terrace Texture Thatch

Thermistor

Thermocouple

Threshold levels Tiller

Tilth

Tomentose Topdressing Topography

Training Transgene

Transgenic plant Translocation

Transpiration

Transplant Tree

Trikle or drip irrigation Trombone sprayer

Trophallaxis

Tropical Trunk

Tubakia leaf spot Tuber

Tuberous roots

Tuberous stem Turgor

Twig

Twig blight Two-cycle engines

Two-wire vertical trellis Umbel

Unbranched whip

Under color (ground color) Undulating Uniformity

University of Tennessee Extension Upland

Urban heat island

Valve Vaporization Variety

Vascular tissue Vector Vegetative growth

Velocity Method Venation

Vermiculite Vertical mowing

Verticillium Verticillium wilt

Victory garden Vine Viscometer (Brookfield)

Viscosity (oil) Viscosity index Volatility (gasoline)

Volutella blight and stem canker Vulnerary Warm-season crop

Water equivalent of snow

Water-soluble fertilizers Waterhammer

Waterlogging

Watershed Watersprouts

Weather

Western exposure Wettable powders (WP)

Wetting agent White rot Wick applicators

Wind direction

Wind vane Woody stem

Xeric Xylem

Yield

Zone Zone of elongation Material that is originated from nonliving factors of the environment, includes light, temperature and atmospheric gases. To suck up or take up, e.g., plant roots absorb water. Pesticides that kill mites, spiders and ticks. To adapt to a new temperature, altitude, climate, environment or situation.

A soil having a pH below 7.0; Soil with a pH of 6.0 is 10 times more acidic than the same soil with a pH of 7.0, while soil with a pH of 5.0 is 100 times more acidic than the same soil with a pH of 7.0. An acre furrow slice is the volume of soil in an acre of topsoil that is 6-7 inches deep. The estimated weight of soil in an acre furrow slice is 2,000,000 pounds. Bacterial fungi that play an important role in plant decomposition, they secrete antibiotics that suppress harmful bacteria and fungi. The act of propelling or activating a mechanical (irrigation) device, such as one connected to by a sensor. A substance added to another substance (pesticide) for the purpose of changing it in some way. Substance that enhances the activity of another. An insecticide that targets the adult stages of insects. A wind-borne freeze occurring when an invasion of a large, cold air mass from the Arctic or Canada moves in. Clouds are typically present during a freeze, and the air is usually fairly dry. Such a freeze may be also be called a hard freeze or killing freeze. Occurs when tiny spikes of ice form when a very cold wind blows across tree branches and plant leaves. A root or bud that arises from a stem, rather than from the primary root. The movement or exchange of air between the atmosphere and soil. A substance, such as a paint, or insecticide, dispensed from a small metal container by a propellant under pressure. Describes a fruit, such as a raspberry, which consists of a fused cluster of several fruits, each one formed from an individual ovary. Climatology as applied to the effects of climate, which is defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, on crops. Occurs when rainfall has been below normal for a period long enough to negatively affect crops. A collection of sensors connected to a data logger designed to accumulate several types of soil and atmosphere observations, and report weather variables related to agriculture, representing conditions for a designated area. These stations provide weather data related to gardening that can be very useful when summarized. The subdiscipline of meteorology that relates weather to crop production. It generally looks at very small spatial and temporal scales.

A filter that prevents dust and other small debris from entering the internal combustion of an engine. When the surrounding area of higher elevation might have temperatures above freezing, the temperature in the low spots might be 5-10 F colder. A device to clean and filter air before the air enters the combustion chamber of an engine. The measure of the heat content of the air. It is actually the measure of the average speed or kinetic energy level of air molecules. A form of chemistry and speculative philosophy practiced in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and concerned principally with discovering methods for transmuting baser metals into gold and with finding a universal solvent and an elixir of life. A plant not native to the area. A soil having a pH above 7.0. The garlic genus. Describes leaves that are not opposite to each other on the axis, but arranged singly at different heights. A device for measuring the wind speed. It is one instrument used in a weather station. A flowering plant with ovules contained inside the ovary. A plant with a life cycle of only one year. A fungal disease that can effect the crown on grasses; the leaves, twigs and fruits on plants; or the leaves on trees. There are several types of anthracnose. The liquid circulated in the cooling system, usually a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, that lowers the freeze point and raises the boiling point Compounds applied to plants to reduce dehydration and prevent drying. American Petroleum Institute The parsley plant family, also called Umbelliferae. The phenomenon whereby the main central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems; on a branch the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its own side branchlets. The depth a substance applied to the land surface in a time period, similar to rainfall in inches per hour. Any invertebrate of the phylum Arthropoda, having a segmented body, jointed limbs, and usually a chitinous shell that undergoes moltings. Includes insects, spiders and other arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods. American Society for Testing and Materials Balanced look occurring when sides do not mirror each other.

A substance that attracts that is produced by an insect and attracts insects of the same species. An automated version of the traditional weather station, either to save human labor or to enable measurements from remote areas. It will typically consist of a weather-proof enclosure containing the data logger, rechargeable battery, telemetry (optional) and the meteorological sensors with an attached solar panel or wind turbine and mounted upon a mast. A plant hormone that promotes the formation of roots and buds by regulating cell elongatation. Water that can be absorbed immediately by the plant. The amount of water that can be held in the root zone between the wilting point of plants and field capacity. Pesticides that kill birds. A bristle-shaped appendage, especially on grass seeds or grains. The angle between a petiole, leaf or branch and the stem. A bud that develops in the axil of a leaf of a plant. A method or device to keep contaminated water in an irrigation system from moving back into a A bacterial disease in plants, which causes water-soaked brown spots on leaves and twigs. Eventually, infected plant parts turn completely black, then wither and die. A bacterial pathogen affecting plant foliage leaving water-soaked spots on leaves. Pesticides that kill bacteria. Food or other lure placed on a hook or in a trap; used in the taking of fish, birds or other animals.

The decay of the bark ridge between branches and stems (trunks), or between stems, at their union. An anatomical and/or chemical wall. Developed by the cambium after a tree has been wounded. To produce fruit. A plant with a life cycle that is completed in two years or seasons, with the second season usually devoted to flowering and fruiting. Using a single-wire trellis, the trunk is headed a few inches below the wire. A shoot is developed on the wire for each side of the trunk. These shoots, referred to as cordons after one year, will be A basic body plan in which the left and right sides of the organism can be divided into approximate mirror images of each other along the midline. The scientific system of giving a double name to each plant or animal developed by Linnaeus. The first or genus name is followed by a descriptive or species name.

The branch of climatology that deals with the relations of climate and life, especially the effects of climate on the health and activity of human beings (human bioclimatology) and on animals and plants. The study of risks and regulation of biotechnology. The series of chemical reactions of metabolism in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Manipulation of living cells to produce different products. These products may have medicinal, agricultural or industrial use. Natural material that is originated from living organisms. Fungal disease (Glomerella cingulata ) of apples, grapes, pears and other fruit. Producesblistering and decay and bitterness of the pulp. A dry freeze with respect to its effects upon vegetation, that is, the internal freezing of vegetation unaccompanied by the protective formation of hoarfrost. A black frost is always a killing frost, and its name derives from the resulting blackened appearance of affected vegetation. Fungal disease (Dibotryon morbosa ) that leaves black fungal growth on stems and branches of fruite trees. Commonly found in prune, plum and cherry trees. Fungal disease of plants marked by a dark confluent lesions of the root or crown. Fungal disease or diesease symptoms which leave black spots on leaves and stems of plants. A seed combination of two or more varieties of the same species. A fertilizer containing granules of more than one nutrient source. Fungal disease of plants that causes flowers to wilt and branches to dieback. To produce flowers and seeds prematurely.

The lowest temperature that an engine oil can be adequately supplied to the oil pump of an engine. White Rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea ) is a fungal canker disease of apple or fruite trees during the summer. The scientific study of plant life. A canker disease (also known as White Rot or Bot Rot) of fruit trees, often causes wilting and dieback. Can cause fruit loss up to 100%. Flood plain; rich deposits of loam left from flood water runoff. A tree that is on a boundary between two or more adjoining properties. A method of reinforcing a plant to support and promote growth. A more or less modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence, or sometimes cauline. A secondary woody stem growing off of the trunk or main stem of a woody plant. Insecticide that kills pests and beneficial insects. The uniform distribution of a fertilizer, pesticide or other material over a turf; some products are applied to turf in solution while others are manufactured as dry granules intended to be applied with a spreader. Fungal disease (Monillinia spp .) of stone fruits that can cause browing and decay of fruits, leaves, flowers and stems.

A method of irrigation where tubes or hoses, sometimes porous, are brought close to plants and water is allowed to trickle out at a very slow, but constant rate. Bubblers are a form of what is termed "flood irrigation." They are most often used in areas that are too small for sprinklers, or in areas where water spraying on windows or walls would cause problems. They used in commercial landscapes around low signs where sprinkler water will sometimes find it's way into the sign and cause problems. The rudimentary state of a stem or branch; an unexpanded flower. A form of asexual reproduction in which a single bud is used to produce a new plant. A substance in the soil that will chemically act to resist changes in the soil's reaction or pH, usually clay or fine organic matter. A short underground stem with fleshy scales or coats. Small bulb or bulb-shaped body, especially sprouting from the stem, and usually produced for asexual reproduction.

When a bulb forms suckers at the base of the stem, just above the mother bulb. There is tiny foliage sprouting from them. In the fall, bulblets can be carefully broken off or cut away with a sharp knife.

Grasses that do not spread by above- or below-ground runners. Turfs of bunch-type grasses often become ‘clumpy’ as the plant population declines and individual plants mature, forming many tillers. A mound that separates two areas. A bract which takes the form of a petal or sepal. The internal layer of living cells between the inner bark and the sapwood where growth takes place that produces secondary xylem and phloem . A long, often supple, woody stem. A major fungal disease (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium ) affecting Southern raspberries and blackberries. This disease causes the formation of cankers, areas to wilt and death. System the fruit is borne upon long canes, which are cut away each season, and their place supplied by young canes grown for that purpose during the time that the crop on the fruiting canes is being produced. These young canes renew the vine. The stem of a raspberry, blackberry, certain roses or similar plants. A type of plant disease symptom that causes small areas of dead tissue that grow larger over time. Can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or mycoplasmas. The uppermost layer in a forest, formed by the crowns of the trees. Canopy temperature and its reduction relative to ambient air temperature is an indication of how capable is transpiration in cooling the leaves under a demanding environmental load. The relationships between canopy temperature air temperature and transpiration is not simple, involving atmospheric conditions (vapor pressure deficit, air temperature and wind velocity), soil (mainly available soil moisture) and plant (canopy size, canopy architecture and leaf adjustments to water deficit). Costs incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction and equipment to be used in the production of goods or the rendering of services.

Chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen such as cellulose, starch and sugar. The part of an internal combustion engine that blends fuel and air. The minimum and maximum temperatures that define limits of growth and development of an organism, and an optimum temperature at which growth proceeds with greatest rapidity. Cardinal temperatures may vary also with the stage of development. A grain, such as grasses. A seed-like fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the contained seed. Fungal disease(Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae ) of fruit trees that completes the first part of its life cycle on the eastern red cedar and the second on the leaves of apple trees. The fungus causes bright orangish spots to appear on upper leaf surfaces. Fungal disease of trees. On evergreens, galls develop on twigs; on deciduous hosts, small, yellow spots develop. A unit of measurement. It is used to measure kinematic viscosity. A system to create a central leader tree. It is characterized by one main, upright trunk, referred to as the leader. A Christmas tree is an example of a properly trained central leader system. The lowest scaffold whorl branches will be the longest and the higher scaffold whorl branches will be progressively shorter to allow maximum light penetration into the entire tree. An anatomical term describing the anterior (or first) section of the body in arachnids and malacostracan crustaceans. It is the united head and thorax. A foliar fungal disease in plants. It causes small circular or oval spots to appear on leaves. These spots eventually get bigger. Seed subjected to testing and meeting stringent standards of a certifying agency responsible for verifying the genetic integrity of a particular seed lot. Valves that prevent flow in one direction. The control element maybe in the form of ball, disk lift, tilting disk, flapper or a swinging disk, and is lifted by the pressure of liquid flowing in the normal direction. It returns to the closed position due to gravity or gravity combined with spring action when the flow stops. The pressure caused by backflow or the weight of a water column in the line increases the force which presses the control element against the seat, further preventing a flow in the reverse direction. Any of various small wingless insects of the order Anoplura that have mouthparts adapted for chewing. Chill hours are roughly the number of hours between the temperatures of 32-45 degrees Fahrenheit. Winter hours above 60 degrees are subtracted from the totals. An index calculated from air temperature to estimate fulfillment of plant dormancy requirements and the ability to start springtime growth, especially tree fruits. A commonly used base temperature is 45 degrees F. The physiological damage to plant parts and tissues in the temperature range from about 32 to 68 degrees F, depending on the crop. The amount of cold needed by a plant to resume normal spring growth following the winter period.

A hard outer structure, made of chitin, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, that provides protection or support for an organism. Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the outer skeleton of insects, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters and in the internal structures of other invertebrates. The green photosynthetic pigment found chiefly in the chloroplasts of plants and in other photosynthetic organisms. A plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis . The yellowing or whitening of normally green plant tissue because of a decreased amount of chlorophyll, often as a result of disease or nutrient deficiency. The microscopic body within the cell which contains chlorophyll. A soil class that contains 10% or more of a soil particle less than 0.002 mm in diameter.

The long-time trends in atmospheric conditions, such as annual average temperature and rainfall. The weather elements that are used to describe climate are also the elements that determine the type of climate for a region. The climatic elements most important to gardening include air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, and precipitation.

Data detailing the trends in atmospheric conditions such as annual average temperature and rainfall. Geographical division for measuring climate. Both PDSI and CMI are reported per climatic division. Tennessee has 4 divisions – East, Plateau, Middle and West. The science of climate. Fungal disease that is often seen in black cherries, leaves become chlorotic or necrotic and eventually drop. Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees. A structure with a transparent lid built to protect plants from the cold. A fungal disease of plants. It causes cankers to appear on the lower part (near the soil line) of the tree trunk. Where fuel is burned in an engine. A decrease in large poor space and an increase in the density of soil often caused by excessive or heavy traffic. The cultivation of different types of plants in close proximity so as to benefit each other, such as planting a deer-repellent plant in a flower garden. Having all the principal parts, particularly the stamens and pistils. A leaf divided into smaller leaflets.

A method of spaying a pesticide from a larger container or knapsack or backpack. The ratio of the largest to the smallest capacity of the combustion chamber.

In a four-cycle engine, it is the stroke that causes the the piston to squeeze the gas/air mixture to the top of the cylinder. In a two-cycle engine, the compression and exhaust stroke are combined. Movement of food molecules within a plant. Produced in fruit and seeds used in reproduction and are often ornamental. Cone-bearing gymnosperms. Most rotating sprinklers are considered constant-discharge sprinklers because the discharge rate does not automatically change when part-circle sprinklers are used in corners and along boarders and thus the application rate or precipitation rate changes when the same sprinkler is used. In other words, a half-circle sprinkler with the same discharge rate will apply twice as much as a full-circle sprinkler because it is applying the same amount of water to half the area. It should be operated for half the time of a full-circle sprinkler. A toxic substance that kills upon penetration of the body covering. A method of gardening in which plants are placed in containers as opposed to the ground.

A timer or controller are generally one of three types: electromechanical, solid state electronic and hybrid. Electromechanical controllers were the first type of controllers with settings made on rotating dials with trip pins. Later, solid-state controllers were introduced with all settings entered on a keypad within a program loop. Presently, hybrid controllers are the most popular, because a limited number of dials help the user enter the settings without having to enter a long programming loop. A plant that thrives in temperatures between 60 and 75 degrees F. A facility with instruments and equipment for observing atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction and precipitation. Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated observations are taken at least once an hour. Data is transmitted among different stations. A tree or shrub, especially a fruit tree such as an apple or pear, repeatedly pruned and trained to grow on a support as a single ropelike stem. A turfgrass maintenance practice often referred to as core aerification that relieves soil compaction by removing small plugs of plants and soil from turf. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem, bulb-like but solid. A modification of growing degree-days (GDD) with both upper and lower temperature thresholds. All temperatures above 86 degrees F are set to 86 and all temperatures below 50 degrees F are set to 50 before calculation of daily mean temperature. The reference temperature (base temperature) for corn heat units is 50 degrees F. Growing degrees can also be calculated on an hourly basis if data are available. The petals of a flower; the inner perianth of distinct or connate petals . Cells that are involved in moving water from the epidermis to the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Aand raceme in storing that food.has the pedicels of lower flowers that are longer then those of the upper flowers. This causes the inflorescence to appear flat-topped. A type of MMTS shelter called Stevenson shelter or instrument shelter. Enclosure to shield meteorological instruments against precipitation and direct heat radiation from outside sources, while still allowing air to circulate freely around them. It forms part of a standard weather station. Indicates a procedure where insecticide sprays, dusts, aerosols and baits are injected to or placed in areas where conventional methods are not possible. Cracks and crevices include areas such as wall voids, spaces between walls and cabinets or other small spaces that are out of reach of pets and children. The part of the engine that turns the movement of the pistons into rotation. May be developed for each of the garden crops that are grown by knowing the cardinal temperatures and relating them to the average temperatures at the location. The cardinal temperatures for many crops can be found in any Crop or Vegetable Production Handbook. A number that relates potential evapotranspiration to crop evapotranspiration and can be used to estimate the water requirements of a crop. The CMI gives the short-term or current status of purely agricultural drought or moisture surplus and can change rapidly from week to week. Calculation is made for 350 climatic divisions in the United States and Puerto Rico. Input to the calculations include the weekly precipitation total and average temperature, division constants (water capacity of the soil, etc.) and previous history. The CMI can be used to measure the status of dryness or wetness affecting warm season crops and field activities. What is left in the field/landscape after the crop has been harvested. A method of gardening in which different crops are grown sequentially in the same area. This practice is done to discourage pests. Fertilization by the joining of gametes from different individuals of the same species (cross-pollination), or from different species. The transfer of pollen from an anther of the flower of one plant to a stigma of the flower of another plant. The site on a plant where roots join the stem at the base of a vegetative, aerial shoot. Plant disease caused by a soil borne bacteria. It causes galls to develop on the plant crown. A strain of plant that is produced by horticultural techniques and not normally found in wild populations. A term for the tilling of soil or working up the bare soil around plants to kill weeds and allow air and water to penetrate to plant roots. Aerating turf by disturbing soil and thatch without completely destroying turf; coring, slicing and spiking are examples of selective cultivation. Removing the top or central growing point of a plant to promote the development of side shoots. See also apical dominance. The waterproof layer of the epidermis of plants. A thin waxy covering on the outer layer of a leaf.

What growers of houseplants call slips, used for propagating new plants. The method involves cutting or breaking off a part of the plant, inserting it in growing medium so it can grow a new plant like the one from which it came. Hardwood cuttings are mature wood; softwood cuttings are taken in spring or early summer from tips when plants are actively growing; semihardwood cuttings are taken in late summer or fall when growth has slowed and wood is beginning to harden. The space in an engine in which a piston moves. A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e., with its central or terminal flowers blooming earliest. The highest temperature recorded on a day. To calculate daily means or monthly average maximum or minimum temperatures, a record of at least 10 years is recommended, although 30 years is considered optimal. It is also best to use the most current set of data, such as 1971-2000. The lowest temperature recorded on a day. Where data signals are sent from automatic sensors from electronic thermocouples or thermistors located in an automatic weather station. A plant that blooms when the length of day is either long or short. Removing or cutting part of a plant after flowering to encourage repeat blooming to prolong its blooming period. Removing the spent blooms allows many plants to produce more flowers in its effort to reproduce through seed production. Plants that usually lose their leaves to prepare for dormancy. Chemicals that cause leaves to drop from plants; defoliation facilitates harvesting. The act of leaves dropping from a plant. Somewhat flattened from above.

Chemicals that kill leaves of plants; the leaves may either drop off or remain attached; in the harvesting process the leaves are usually shattered and blown away from the harvested material. The process of lifting and removing a portion of thatch from a turf. The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water. The dew point is a saturation point. The process of identifying the cause of something. A tool used for identification of organisms. It consists of a series of questions that can lead a person to the correct identification. Plants (dicots) are the second major group of plants within the Angiospermae division. Dicots have an embryo with two cotyledons, which give rise to two seed leaves. The mature leaves have veins in a net-like pattern, and the flowers have four or five parts. A condition that is marked by progressive wilting of twigs and branches, starting at the tip. Eventually, the leaves on the branch wilt and the entire branch dies. Unisexual, with male and female flowers on separate plants. Aiming the pesticide at a portion of a plant, animal or structure.

Removing buds to promote better blooms from the remaining buds or to control the shape of the plant. Type of water filter used primarily in irrigation, similar to a screen filter, except that the filter cartridge is made of a number of disks stacked on top of each other like a pile of poker chips. The water passes through the small grooves in between and the impurities are trapped behind. Some types of disk filters can be backflushed in such a way that the disks are able to separate and spin during the cleaning cycle. Cyme with florets opposite each other along the peduncle. Spread over a large area of a body, tissue or organ. Technique UT Extneion County Offices uses to help clients diagnose their landscape issues from remote or far away areas through the use of technology. Equipment includes digital cameras and video mounted on microscopes. A technique in order to keep the plants vigorous and blooming by separating the root clumps, used particularly for perennials. It can be done by digging a trench around the clump, cleanly severing any roots, then cutting at an angle down and under the clump from various points around the outer edge until the plant can be levered out of the hole. For large, heavy plants, a trench may need to be dug first and then slice straight down through the center of the plant should be made, halving or quartering the clump before under•cutting and lifting it. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the double helical molecule in the nucleus of cells that codes the genetic make-up of an organism. A fungal disease (Discula destructiva ) of dogwoods. It causes blotches or lesions to appear on leaves. A radar that makes use of the Doppler effect to produce data about objects at a distance. It does this by beaming a microwave signal towards a desired target and listening for its reflection, then analyzing how the original signal has been altered by the object's) that reflected it. Variations in the frequency of the signal give direct and highly accurate measurements of a target's velocity relative to the radar source and the direction of the microwave beam. A state of quiescence during the development of many plants characterized by their inability to grow though continuing their morphological and physiological activities. Pruning during the dormant season. Dormant pruning is an invigorating process. During the fall, energy is stored primarily in the trunk and root system to support the top portion of the tree. If a large portion of the tree is removed during the winter while the tree is dormant, the tree's energy reserve is unchanged. Plant fungus (Plasmopara viticola ) that causes white downy masses on underside of leaf and yellowish spots to appear on leaf surface, older lesions turn brown. Saturating the soil with a pesticide. In landscape design, drift planting uses loose mulches of gravel or bark through which plants grow and spread. Paths and open areas are often of the same material, giving a sense of moving through, or being part of a continuous landscape. Limit the number of plant varieties and group the plants together, giving them enough elbow room so that they will grow for many years without crowding each other out. A method of irrigation where tubes or hoses, sometimes porous, are brought close to plants and water is allowed to trickle out at a very slow, but constant rate.

The circumference around a plant formed by water that drips off its outermost leaves or branches. A spreader designed to drop fertilizer, seed or granular pesticides by gravity through a series of small openings located at the base of a hopper. When there is less rainfall than expected over an extended period of time, usually several months or longer. Individual sacs of fruit, each with its own seed. Formulations made by adding the active ingredients to a fine inert powder or talc. They are generally used dry. Eastern exposure windows receive bright light from sunrise until noon. Medium light plants and some high light plants are well suited for Eastern windows.

Type of pest control that uses other organisms and the environment to achieve control of the pest. An element in the environment that has a significant effect or is a significant threat. The complex community of organisms and its functioning as an ecological unit. Swelling of plant tissue, due to retained fluid. A border or something that separates two of more areas. A shallow trench or physical barrier of steel, plastic, brick or boards used to define the border between a planting and adjacent turf. Type of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation (as opposed to solid precipitation that is measured by a snow gauge) over a set period of time. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed. The active ingredient is mixed with an oil based carrier (often listed as petroleum derivatives) forming an emulsion that is diluted with water for application . Infalamation of the brain, which can be commonly caused by a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. The nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants, surrounding and absorbed by the embryo

Leaf spot, caused by the fungus Entomosporium maculatum, is a widespread and destructive disease of red tip (Photinia fraseri), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), India hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica), some pear cultivars (Pyrus sp.) and several other members of the rose family. This disease is most damaging during periods of cool, wet weather and when active growth is occurring. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation, generally about 1 degree F per 1000 ft. The outermost layer of cells covering the plant. Plants that rely on other plants for support, growing on trunks and branches rather than rooting themselves to the ground, or the seafloor in the case of aquatic epiphytes. Type of gasses that kill when inhaled or otherwise absorbed by pests. A form of alcohol made from corn or sugar cane. To alter the natural development of a plant by excluding sunlight, often resulting in pale or bleached foliage. Etiolation is one method of layering for propagation; the shaded parts turn white or cream and develop no leaves. Two different fungi (Eutypa lata and Phomopsis viticola ) in grapes caused by a deep-seated wood rot of the arms or trunk of the grapevine. As the disease progresses over several years, one or more arms may die, hence the name "deadarm". Eventually the whole vine will die. Water loss from a turf by vaporization from the surface of aerial shoots. Used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or square. Combined water lost from both transpiration from plant leaves and evaporation from soil and wet leaves. Plants that retain their leaves seemingly year round; however, they do cast off older leaves and grow newer leaves during the growing season. Evergreen plants are further divided into broadleaf (azalea, holly) or needle-leaved plants (pines, junipers). Keeping something out of an area.

Occurs when the momentum of the power stroke causes the piston to move back to the top of the cylinder to push exhaust gases out of the engine in preparation for a new series of strokes to begin. A hard outer structure, made of chitin, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, that provides protection or support for an organism. A center developed for research and education. A position in relation to climatic or weather conditions. National Master Gardener volunteer program organized by each state's land grant university. Matter oozing from a surface.

The union of the male sperm nucleus from the pollen grain and the female egg found in the ovary. The amount of N, P2O5, K2O and other nutrients in a fertilizer container expressed as percent of the total weight. A container used to grow plants. A root that has no prominent central axis and that branches in all directions. The highest amount of moisture remaining in a soil after free water has been allowed to drain away. Expressed as a percentage of oven-dry weight of soil or other convenient unit. Filtration prevents irrigation devices from clogging. A screen filter is still recommended to protect the emitters from debris caused by pipe breaks and the sand that is sometimes carried in well water. A disc filter is a better choice if surface water is used on a small drip area. Sand filters are used if an extensive area is drip irrigated with surface water. Soil particles measuring from 0.10 to 0.25 or a clayey soil containing 35% or more clay. A bacterial disease of fruit trees and other plants in the rose family. Erwinia amylovora moves through the plant from the blossoms or flowers and moving up to the twigs and then the branches. Fire blight gets its name from the burnt appearance of affected blossoms and twigs. Having the power to make permanent, as a scent. Used to protect plants from frost, wind or insects while allowing sunlight, water and air move through the material.

The almost level land forming the floor on either side of a stream in a valley, often subject to flooding. Contains a small flower but is not a flower in itself. On raspberries and blackberries, two-year-old canes that bear fruit and then die.

The volume of water per unit time that is either supplied to an irrigation system, moves through an irrigation pipe or is discharged from irrigation equipment. Most irrigation flow rates are denoted in gallons per minute (gpm); however, some drip irrigation products are rated in gallons per hour (gph). A liquid that can be mixed with water to form a suspension in a spray tank. The reproductive structure of a flowering plant consisting of a pistil and/or stamen, and usually including petals and sepals. The ability of something to flow. Description of spotting form pathogens. Fly excrement, it is dark in color. The point of focus. The leaves of a plant taken collectively. Application of pesticide to the leaves of plants. Anthracnose of turfgrass. It causes the grass to appear to have pinkish patches with grassy centers. Also a disease in fruit and vegetable plants. Damage to turf resulting from over-fertilization; occurs as aerial shoots that come in direct contact with highly concentrated fertilizers become severely dehydrated. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. Herbaceous flowering plant that is not a grass or sedge. Describes the physical state of a pesticide and determines how it will be applied. The active ingredient kills pests and the added chemicals, those that make the product easy and safe to formulate or apply, are known as inert ingredients. A system used in growing grapes that is similar to an ordinary two-wire fence. Wooden end posts should be at least 6 inches in diameter and from 8 to 8-1/2 feet long. When set about 3 feet deep and properly braced, the wires can be stretched fairly tight. Other posts may be smaller and need not be set as deeply as end posts. Oak posts treated with a preservative are satisfactory. Steel fence posts may be used except for the end. Engines that have a power stroke for every two revolutions of the crankshaft. A dense, natural subsurface layer of hard soil with relatively slow permeability to water, mostly because of its extreme density or compactness rather than its high clay content or cementation. The return of water vapor to the atmosphere by evaporation from land and water surfaces and by the transpiration of vegetation. To be at that degree of temperature at which ice forms. Period of time that has no freezes or frosts. The ability of something to crumble. Refers to the loss in energy when water flows through pipe and irrigation equipment and is measured in either feet of head or pounds per square inch of pressure. The leaves of ferns. Formed when solid surfaces are cooled to below the dew point of the air. The solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air. It is formed when solid surfaces are cooled to below the dew point of the adjacent air. Frost crystals' size differ depending on time and water vapor available. The number of days between the average dates of the last killing frost or freeze in spring and the first killing frost or freeze of autumn. To calculate the average frost or freeze dates for spring and fall, there needs to be at least 20 years of dates. Any part of the plant structure that contains a seed. From a use perspective, a fruit is consumed for its edible qualities; a fruit is called a vegetable or herb when it is consumed during the main portion of the meal. Caused by the accumulation of fluid in a fruit as rippening occurs. On a fruit tree, a short twisted branch with rings around it, which flowers and produces fruit. Product that is mixed with fresh fuel in the proper amounts to prevent volatilization of the lighter hydrocarbons, occurs in aged fuel Stores and then supplies fuel to the cylinder chamber. Chemical that is used to kill fungi. A disease affecting vine crops caused by several different species of Fusarium, a soil-borne fungus. It causes wilting of watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, squash and other vine crops. In many cases, the fungus-causing wilt in a particular crop is specific to that crop. These fungi are generally capable of surviving for long periods in the soil.

Abnormal swelling or growths of plant tissue. Can be caused by insects, disease, bacteria, fungi, etc. The gamete-producing phase in a plant characterized by alternation of generations. A mixture of alcohol and gasoline used to fuel gasoline engines. TheA portion use of of modern DNA controlling scientific atools particular and technologies trait of an organism. to modify the genetic information of an organism. Synonyms are genetic modification and genetic alteration. A discipline of biology known as the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. An organism's complete set of genes. To develop a young plant from seed. To cause to sprout or grow. The process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy. A test done to determine the viability of seeds. Anatomical structures found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. A bud, shoot or scion of a plant inserted in a groove, slit or the like in a stem or stock of another plant in which it continues to grow. Granular formulations are made by adding the active ingredient to coarse particles (granules) of inert material such as fired clay particles. Foliar disease of plants (usually grasses) that is caused by a fungus. Fungal disease (Botrytis cinerea ) of plants. It causes water-soaked spots to appear and fruit, crown and stem rot in humid conditions.

Crops that are planted in the late summer or early fall and are plowed under in the late fall or before planting spring vegetables. They provide organic matter, nutrients and protection from erosion. The background color of a fruit is the color of the skin on the side of the fruit that is not exposed to the sun. A group of plants in a particular area. A heat unit, which is a heat index that relates the development of plants, insects and disease organisms to environmental air temperature. When growing degrees can also be calculated on an hourly basis if data are available. All temperatures above 86 degrees F are set to 86 and all temperatures below 50 degrees F are set to 50 before calculation of daily mean temperature. The reference temperature (base temperature) for corn heat units is 50 degrees F. A broad term covering a multitude of mixtures in which plants grow. The number of days between the average dates of the last killing frost or freeze in spring and the first killing frost or freeze of autumn. The way a plant grows, how it appears in shape. The two cells that bound a stoma and by opening and closing allow gas exchange . A seed plant that bears naked seeds, i.e., seeds without ovaries. These include conifers, cycads, ginkgos and ephedras. An environment in which a plant or organism will grow. A pesticide applicator that may consist of a squeeze tube or shaker, a plunger that slides through a tube, or a fan powered by a hand crank. Uniform coverage of foliage is difficult to achieve with many dusters. Dusts are more subject to drift than liquid formulations due to their lightweight and poor sticking qualities. Weak, shaded shoots growing off the undersides of branches. A type of shelter. A freeze in which seasonal vegetation is destroyed, the ground surface is frozen solid underfoot, and heavy ice is formed on small water surfaces such as puddles and water containers. Such a freeze may be also be called an advective freeze or killing freeze. Gradual exposure of plants to cold weather. The ability of a plant to withstand winter cold and summer heat. In the practice of landscaping, refers to the paved areas like streets & sidewalks, large business complexes & housing developments, and other industrial areas where the upper-soil-profile is no longer exposed to the actual surface of the earth. The term is especially used in heavily urbanized/suburbanized areas with little bare soil. Provided the establishment of facilities in each state to conduct research to improve agriculture and

An inflorescence is made up of numerous stemless florets that is characteristic of daisy inflorescence. When a sprinkler’s wetted radius reach the adjacent sprinkler to create overlapping patterns resulting in uniform application of water. The harder, and often darker colored, wood that forms the interior of a tree trunk or branch . Based on a base temperature of 65 degrees F. Can be used to estimate the air conditioning requirements of supplemental buildings such as sheds and greenhouses. A chyme in which the lower florets are all on the same side of the peduncle, examples are freesia and statice inflorescences. High Efficiency Particulate Air. Having little or no woody tissue; leaf-like in color and texture. Refers to a plant that dies back to the roots each year during winter, as opposed to a plant which remains green all winter. Chemical that is used to kill plants. A variety of plant that has survived for several generations. Indoor plants that need a lot of light and would do best in a south or west window and direct light most of the day. Frozen dew that forms a white coating on a surface. A mixture that is uniform throughout the composition. A sweet, clear substance produced by aphids and some other pests. Many plant owners will notice the honeydew before they notice the pest infestation.

The cultivation of plants grown for edible parts are referred to as fruits, nuts, herbs or vegetables. Occurs when a plant develops resistance to a pathogen. An area of frequent disease, weed or other type of pest activity. A structure used for producing transplants. It is essentially a box with a transparent top and added heat. The amorphous, ordinarily dark-colored, colloidal matter in soil; a complex of the fractions of organic matter of plant, animal, and microbial origin that are resistant to decomposition. A cross between two species. A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen. When rainfall has been below normal for a period long enough to negatively affect water supply, as measured by below-normal stream flow, lake and reservoir levels, groundwater levels and depleted soil moisture content. It is longer or more severe than an agricultural drought. A method where the seed is applied with a large stream of water. This can be good because fertilizers and mulches can be included in the mix. This method is often used on steep hills where other methods are just too difficult. The process of taking the same sprigs, mixing it into a hydromulching machine with a high quality fiber mulch, fertilizer and water then spraying the mix on to the ground. The part of the stem of an embryo or young seedling below the cotyledons. Not fully grown. Flowers that only have one set of reproductive organs, so they are either male or female. In the planting row, direct contact with crop seed. Lacking one or more whorls, i.e., sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels, of the complete flower. The movement of water into the soil from the surface. The infiltration rate depends on soils texture and structure. A term that refers to a cluster of flowers and how they are arranged on a floral stem. The substance that is inoculated (placed into something else to grow or reproduce). Something that can influence or control the life cycle of a pest. Chemical that is used to kill insects. Contracted from incoming solar radiation. A stage of an insect or other arthropod between molts. Thermometer shelter; also called thermoscreen or thermometer screen. Allows gasoline and air needed for combustion to enter the combustion chamber. A strategy used to reduce pests and their damage to an acceptable level. The IPM strategy depends on the pest identified and the kind and amount of control needed. A practical approach to control pests to an acceptable threshold. Includes scouting, control (biological, physical or chemical, etc.), assessing and record keeping. Cultivating two crops at the same time, in the same place. Many insects feed within plant tissues during part or all of their destructive stages. They gain entrance to plants either in the egg stage, when their mothers deposit eggs into the plant tissue, or after they hatch from the eggs, by eating their way into the plant. The part of a plant stem between two successive nodes. The process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy. The practice of sowing one crop into an existing crop. To distribute something at intervals. Non-native plant that has invaded into an area. The addition of extra water, above that from normal rainfall, to growing plants. Texas A&M Extension program to provide a youth Master Gardener curriculum. Placing objects near each other, usually for the purpose of comparing them. A landscape pest that frequently causes damage and requires management. Any occurrence of air temperature below 32 degrees F that kills annual vegetation without formation of frost crystals on surfaces. A low maintenance ornamental garden design. These gardens usually include edible flowers, herbs and vegetables. The mint plant family, also called Labiatae. An institution designated, from the Morril Acts of 1862, to receive government funding to provide education in agricultural and mechanical fields. A unit equal to one gram calorie per square centimeter of irradiated surface, used to measure solar radiation. A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. A fungal disease (Phragmidium rubi-idaei ) of raspberries and blackberries occuring on the underside of leaves forming yeallow blotches. Most common in cool, damp weather (autumn).

A bud formed at the sides of a stem, twig or branchlet. Most lateral buds arise in the axils of a leaf. A method of gardening that allows for the creation of a garden bed without digging. The garden is made by layering the soil with cardboard or newspapers, organic material and organic mulch. The process of rooting branches, twigs or stems that are still attached to a parent plant, as by placing a specially treated part in moist soil. The accidental removal of essential soil minerals from light sandy soils caused by overwatering or a year of excess rain. The removal of materials such as mineral nutrients in solution. The natural, downward movement of minerals through a soil by percolating water. A usually flat, green structure of a plant where photosynthesis and transpiration take place. Leaves are attached to a stem or branch. The angle between the petiole of a leaf and the stem to which it is attached. The flattened portion of the leaf that is suspended on the leaf sheath . A sign of a fungal disease in plants that causes circular spots on leaves. Leaf galls usually result from insects or mites feeding on plant leaves. It develops as the plants response to the irritation of the insects/mites feeding. Noninfectious condition in plants. It is caused by poor environmental conditions such as a lack of water or soil compaction. A fungal or bacterial disease in plants. It causes round blemishes on the leaves. The length of time of continual exposure of plant surfaces to liquid moisture. Leaf wetness duration is often related to plant disease infection periods. A fungal disease (Phytophthora cactorum ) of strawberries. It causes fruit to turn dark brown and leathery. Having a surface without slope. Used for producing transplants indoors. It is a box built to supplement light from a south-facing window. It has a bottom, back and two ends. The inside of the box is usually lined with aluminum foil to reflect light and a fluorescent light with soft white tubes across the top ends of the box. The fluorescent light then becomes the top of the box. The textural class named for soil containing 7% to 22% clay, 28% to 50% silt, and less than 52% sand. Refers to a mellow soil rich in organic matter. A leaf having deeply indented, rounded margins. A long day plant is a plant that requires fewer than a certain number of hours of darkness in each 24 hour period to induce flowering. Plants that only require low light can be placed in east or north windows, foyers, stair landings or anywhere that does not get direct sunlight. Six essential mineral nutrients are classified as macronutrients according to the amount required by plants. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are primary macronutrients. Calcium, magnesium and Fungal disease of plants like boxwood, symptoms may vary from spotting to browning at tips or edges. Later, many raised black dots, the fruiting bodies (pycnidia) of the fungus (Macrophoma candollei ), can easily be seen on dead and dying leaves.

Large pores that control the permeability and aeration of a soil. They include earthworm channels and many root channels. They are large enough for water to move through them rapidly by gravity.

Refers to sprinklers that have the same application rate and can be zoned together for uniform application of water. Full and part-circles spray sprinklers of the same type normally have matched precipitation rates, while rotating sprinklers require different nozzle sizes to create match precipitation.

Using a drag mat to mix aeration cores with thatch, reduce grain in turf or prepare a site for planting. The part of the root where cells undergo changes to become specific tissues such as epidermis, cortex or vascular tissue. The National Weather Service deploys electronic temperature measurement devices as a part of their Cooperative Network. A selective cultivation procedure such as coring, slicing or spiking that replenishes the air in soil with air from the atmosphere. A condition or environment in which something, such as a plant, may function or flourish. Plants that tolerate some direct light. They like light, so bright light is good, but not very much direct light. These plants can live near a west or southeast window. Area where plant growth occurs; the site of repeated cell division of unspecialized cells. These cells differentiate, and become specialized in relation to the function they will perform. There are two types of meristems; lateral and apical. The middle and photosynthetic tissue of a leaf.

A biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, Cnidarians, echinoderms and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of habitat or behavior. The scientific study of the atmosphere and of atmospheric conditions, especially as they relate to weather and weather forecasting. Fuel for an internal combustion engine. It is colorless, volatile and flammable.

The climate of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the climate of the entire area. The study of the climate of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the climate of the entire area. The scientific study of the atmosphere and of atmospheric conditions, especially as they relate to weather and weather forecasting of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the climate of the entire area. Fine soil pores, typically a fraction of a millimeter in diameter that are responsible for the water holding capacity of soil. They hold water by capillary forces, like the fine pores in a sponge or towel. Much of the water held in micropores is available to plants, while some is held so tightly that plant roots can not tap it. In insects, migration refers to seasonal movement. In plants, migration refers to seed dispersal. One of 13 elements, or nutrients, supplied by soils and considered essential for turfgrass growth, survival and reproduction. The process in which the elements in organic matter decomposes into plant accessible forms. The ability of liquids to mix; how completely liquids can dissolve each other. Chemical that is used to kill mites. Describes which insect physiological process or functional metabolic pathway is disrupted by chemical activity. Chemical that is used to kill mollusks, such as slugs and snails. Molting is the process by which insects grow. Generally accomplished through the early years of the insect's existence, molting allows the body of the insect to expand under controlled and protected conditions. The process of inspecting/exploring the landscape for pests. A plant with one cotyledon or seed leaf. A plant having both pistillate and staminate flowers. A fixative used with dye plants. The biological form and structure of plants. A bill passed in 1862 by Abraham Lincoln that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges to provide education in agricultural and mechanical fields. Any type of material that is spread or laid over the surface of the soil as a covering. It is used to retain moisture in the soil, suppress weeds, keep the soil cool and make the garden bed look more attractive. A mower specifically designed to return very small grass clippings back to the turf as it is mowed.

The carpels of several flowers join in a single fruit, like a fig, Ficus. This differs from an aggregate fruit which derives from the multiple carpels of a single flower, e.g., a raspberry, Rubus. A common fungal disease (Monilinia vacinii-corymbosi ) of blueberries. It causes leaves to wilt and mature berries to shrivel and fall to the ground. National source of weather and climate data. The U. S. agency responsible for weather data collection and forecasting in the U. S..

Using a plant that is indigenous to a region as opposed to one that is non-native, exotic or invasive. Natural substances that control pests that are not regulated by the EPA and do not have a precautionary warning label. Dead tissue. Chemical that is used to kill nematodes. Microscopic pathogens that live in the soil. A leaf with a network of veins. A program by the National Weather Service is used to estimate rainfall on a 2.3 mile grid across the U. S. Current Radar maps from National Doppler Radar Sites. The place upon a stem that normally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves. Young branches or trees that have not yet produced fruit. A plant part that is incapable of reproduction. Chemical that is used to kill most plants or animals. Vinegar (which is 5% acetic acid) will burn plant foliage. A tree with no spur growth. It is usually more vigorous and more branching than spur type. Pollution that occurs when rainfall, snowmelt, or irrigation runs over land or through the ground, picks up pollutants, and deposits them into rivers, lakes and coastal waters or introduces them into ground water. Moderate or relatively cool areas in the home for indoor plant. The germ cell of the ovule, which by fertilization becomes the seed. The kernel of a seed. The larval form of certain insects, such as silverfish and grasshoppers, usually resembling the adult form, but smaller and lacking fully developed wings. External parasites that can not complete their life cycle without a host. Measures the tendency of fuel to burn in a controlled manner (meaning that it does not ignite spontaneously). Chemicals added to oil to improve the performance of the oil in engines. Detergents, anti-oxidants, anti-foam and anti-corrosion are examples of additives A thickened mixture of contaminants found in used motor oil. Sludge is usually a gray/black, greasy substance. Feeds the lubrication system in internal combustion engines. Oils are derived from petroleum or hydrocarbon chains from plants. They kill insects and mites by suffocation or membrane disruption. An egg case or mass. Pruning to a form resembling the shape of a vase. Three or four side limbs, well spaced around the trunk, should be developed at about 18 to 24 inches above ground. These limbs should grow off the trunk at wide angles and grow out at about 60 degrees from the ground. The day-to-day expenses incurred in running a business, such as sales and administration, as opposed to production. Two leaves arranged on opposite sides of each node. Fungal disease that causes blackberry (Gymnoconia nitens ) and raspberry (Arthuriomyces peckianus ) leaves to be covered with an orange, powdery looking substance. Coming from a once living organism. Any material originating from a living organism - peat moss, ground bark, compost or manure, for example - that can be dug into soil to improve its condition. Plants that are cultivated for aesthetic beauty or environmental enhancement values. Compatible solutes are small molecules of organic compounds that help organisms maintain cell volume and fluid balances, allowing them to survive extreme osmotic stress (extreme water, solute changes). The passive transport of water by diffusion across the plant cell, and most often, the cell membranes of root hairs. Process of applying too much seed for the area . To last through or past the winter. Plants are alive, but not actively growing, during the winter season (dornmant). The body which, after fertilization, becomes the seed. Refers to the layer of columnar photosynthetic cells in the leaf. Describes a leaf that is radically lobed or divided. The PDSI indicates the prolonged and abnormal moisture deficiency or excess. Indicates general conditions and not local variations caused by isolated rain. Calculation is made for 350 climatic divisions in the United States and Puerto Rico. Input to the calculations include the weekly precipitation total and average temperature, division constants (water capacity of the soil, etc.) and previous history. The PDSI is an important climatological tool for evaluating the scope, severity and frequency of prolonged periods of abnormally dry or wet weather. It can be used to help delineate disaster areas and indicate the availability of irrigation water supplies, reservoir levels, range conditions, amount of stock water and potential intensity of forest fires. The ratio of the amount of evaporation from a large body of water to that measured in an evaporation pan. A measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climate elements: temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind. Evaporation is greatest on hot, windy, dry days and is greatly reduced when air is cool, calm and humid. Pan evaporation measurements enable farmers and ranchers to understand how much water their crops will need. With the veins running more or less parallel toward the tip of the leaf. An organism that benefits at the expense of the host. Soft tissue of cells with unthickened walls.

Fungal disease (Taphrina deformans ) of peaches that can causes leaves to curl and early defoliation. Any of various mosses of the genus Sphagnum, growing in very wet places or the partly carbonized remains of these plants, used as a mulch and plant food. A primary flower stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary flower. Any insects of the that have mouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking. There are annual percentages of possible sunshine for each of the 50 states. Scientists keep records of daily sunshine. At weather stations throughout the country, the percentage of possible sunshine is calculated monthly and then averaged annually. A plant whose life cycle lasts for three or more seasons. Perennial plants last year after year. Flowers that have both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) reproductive parts, including stamens, carpels and an ovary. The period of record means the averages contain all of the data ever taken at that station. Way to evaluate the absorption rate of a particular area of soil. When soil moisture has reached the point where it is insufficient to meet a plant's need and it wilts permanently (dies). The property of something that can be pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). Protective clothing that is required to apply a pesticide. Professional-used pesticides provide a label that will provide information on the type of PPE to wear. Occurs when a broad-spectrum insecticide is used to control a pest, but it also kills beneficial arthropods. Thus, when the natural enemies of the pest are eliminated, the pests that survive develop without pressure from parasites and predators. As a result, subsequent pest populations may be larger than the initial pest population. Adaptation of a pest to a pesticide, causes the pesticide to no longer be effective an control for that pest.

A chemical substance that kills pests. Pesticides are used as a tool to control or manage pest populations at an acceptable tolerance level. Pesticides can be synthetic and/or natural chemicals. A division of the corolla. One of a circle of modified leaves immediately outside the reproductive organs, usually brightly colored. The stalk of a leaf that attaches to the stem.

Oils found in nature and refined to remove some impurities such as sulfur, iron, magnesium and clay A chemical released from an organism that triggers a social response from members of the same species. The tissue in land plants that conducts organic food material. Fungal disease of plants like, cucubits and melons causing a gummy stem blight and irregular leaf spots. Fungal disease (Phomopsis vaccinii ) of plants, causes stems to wilt and die while the leaves remain attached. Fungal disease, often seen in junipers. Damages new growth causing the foliage to turn from green to brownish to grayish. The duration of an organism's daily exposure to light, considered especially with regard to the effect of the exposure on growth and development. The manufacturing of sugar through the action of sunlight. The electromagnetic energy in the 400-700 nm, or visible, wavelength range. Growth or movement toward or away from a light source. Fungal disease of plants, often seen on maple trees which causes little damage because the infection is localized. Spots are roughly circular and develop into tannish spots with purple to red borders. Later in the season the spots often contain black fruiting bodies of the fungus arranged in rings inside the lesion Referring to science of healing.

A method of controlling landscape pests through physical means, such as hand weeding a garden.

Also called physiographic position, the study of the natural features of the earth's surface, especially in its current aspects, including land formation, climate, currents and distribution of flora and fauna. That branch of plant sciences that aims to understand how plants live and function. Harmful or lethal to plants.

A form of pruning that encourages branching on the plant. When a plant is pinched, part of the main stem is removed, forcing the plant to grow 2 new stems from the leaf nodes below the pinch or cut. Consisting of several leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or rachis on a compound leaf, frond or the feather vein pattern of simple leaves. Chemical that is used to kill fish. The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary, stigma and style when present. Provided with pistils, and, in its more proper sense, without stamens. Pistons are connected to the crankshaft that is connected to a mower blade, pulley, sprocket, transmission or some other similar device to perform work . The process of altering the genetic make-up of a plant. Chemical used to stop, speed up or otherwise change normal plant processes. Substances produced in one part of a plant that move to another to initiate or regulate a development process. Describes the form and structure of a plant. The way in which plants and their parts functions.

The depth of water consumed in a landscape due to soil surface evaporation and plant transpiration (evapotranspiration) during a time period, similar to rainfall in inches per day or week. The process of planting of turf sections varying in size from small cores extracted during core cultivation to large plugs extracted with a cup cutter or similar device. This is used to repair small sections of damaged turf. In irrigation design, where the irrigation system will hook into the existing supply. The microspores of a seed plant contained in the anther, usually appearing as a fine dust. To transfer pollen from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a pistil, resulting in fertilization. This can occur either on a single plant (self-pollination) or between different plants.

A sprinkler lays flush with the ground surface when not in use, so mowing equipment can pass safely overtop without damaging the sprinklers. When in use, the water pressure supplied to the sprinkler will cause the sprinkler to pop out of the ground and operate above the landscape plants. Usually refers to a herbicide applied to control weeds once they have emerged from the soil. Broadleaf weeds including chickweed, henbit and ground ivy are usually controlled by applying postemergence herbicides to turfs. Chemical that is used to kill after the crop or weeds have germinated. A term used to describe the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth's land surface to atmosphere. A fungal foliar disease. Usually refers to a herbicide applied to control weeds before they emerge from the soil surface. Several preemergence herbicides are registered for the control of summer annual grassy weeds such as crabgrasses and goosegrass in turf. An herbicide sprayed before the emergence of seedlings that inhibits growth.

Product resulting from the condensation of water vapor, usually refers to rain, snow, sleet or hail. Insects that hunt and eat other animals, including other insects and vertebrates. Chemical that is used to kill pest animals. Chemical that is used to kill before plants emerge from the soil. Soaking of seeds, reduces the time required for seeds to uptake sufficient moisture to initiate the germination process. Seeds are normally pre-germinated when directly sown into wet puddled seedbeds or standing water . Chemical that is used to kill before the crop is planted by applying to the soil. The amount of force per unit area applied to water. Measured in either feet of head or pounds per square inch of pressure (2.31 feet of water equals 1 psi of pressure). Pressure is a source of energy to move water in a pipeline and determines how much flow will exit different sized sprinkler orifices and drip emitters. Irrigation devices that will operate uniformly over a greater range of pressures. Regardless of overpressure, a device that will release a steady flow of water depending on which emitter is used. The degree in which something can be prevented. A root that originates at the lower end of the embryo of a seedling plant. Canes that may produce berries in first growing season. Ranking something on the basis of importance. To produce new plants, either by vegetative means involving the rooting, grafting of pieces of a plant, or sowing seeds. Production of more plants by seeds, cuttings, grafting or other methods. Plant material used for plant propagation. In asexual propagation it may be a woody, semi-hardwood, or softwood cutting, leaf section, or any number of other plant parts. In sexual reproduction, a propagule is a seed or spore. Inexpensive small sprayers are designed for attachment to a garden hose. A small amount of pesticide is mixed with water, usually no more than a pint, and placed in the receptacle attached to the hose. A tube connects this concentrate to the opening of the hose. When the water is turned on, the suction created by water passing over the top of the tube pulls the pesticide concentrate up and into the stream of hose water. The living contents of a cell.

The process of removing certain above-ground elements from a plant; in landscaping this process usually involves removal of diseased, non-productive or otherwise unwanted portions from a plant. The acronym PSI stands for "Pounds per Square Inch," and is the common unit of measurement for pressure. Covered with soft, fine hair. A device that moves liquids or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this difference in pressure by adding energy to the system (such as a water system). A machine or device for raising, compressing or transferring fluids. The life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. Pure live seed (PLS) is a measure used by the seed industry to describe the percentage of a quantity of seed that will germinate. PLS is obtained by multiplying the purity percentage by the percentage of total viable seed, then dividing by 100. A blister-like swelling. A nitrogen source that releases nitrogen rapidly once it contacts water. Ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate and urea are highly water soluble, quick-release nitrogen sources. A simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a common, more or less elongated, axis. Resembling a raceme (a simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a common more or less elongated axis). A freeze that occurs on clear nights with little or no wind, when the outgoing radiation is greater than the incoming radiation and cool air near the surface creates a stable temperature inversion near the ground. An artificial reservoir for storing liquids. An underground tank for storing rainwater.

A slightly depressed garden that receives surface runoff. Compost and mulch help hold storm water, slowing peak flows, while microorganisms and bacteria remove pollutants. Plants hold some rain on their leaves and also bring water up from the soil to evaporate (evapotranspiration). A type of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time. Liquid precipitation. A form of gardening in which the soil is raised above the level of the surrounding soil. The area where chemical reactions take place.

The more or less expanded or produced portion of an axis which bears the organs of a flower (the torus) or the collected flowers of a head, and in roses, enfolds the developing ovaries to form a hip. The addition of surface water to an aquifer. Natural recharge occurs when naturally occurring surface water infiltrates through the unsaturated zone and is stored in an aquifer as groundwater. Artificial recharge is an engineered system (either natural or human designed system) designed to store surface water in an aquifer. Artificial recharge occurs in two ways: surface infiltration and direct injection. Capacity of turfgrasses to recover from damage. A fungal disease (Phytophthora fragariae ) of strawberries attacking in late winter or spring. Infected plants appear stunted and lose their shiny green luster. The plant's younger leaves often have a metallic, bluish-green cast. Older leaves turn prematurely yellow or red. Diseased plants wilt in dry weather and often die before the fruit starts to ripen. The device consists of two independent check valves, plumbed in series, with a pressure monitored chamber between. The chamber is maintained at a pressure that is lower than the water supply pressure, but high enough to be useful downstream. The reduced pressure is guaranteed by a differential pressure relief valve, which automatically relieves excess pressure in the chamber by discharging to a drain. A backflow device that provides the most protection, has the highest cost, causes the greatest loss in pressure and is required for hook up to domestic water by many municipalities. The RPBD can be used in most situations, but it cannot be located where it will be submerged. A mower that cuts leaves by means of a rotating reel of blades passing over a stationary bedknife that is attached to the mower frame. A term used to describe the amount of water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water vapor. When pruning, these are the short canes that contain buds that provide shoots and the canes for next year's crop. The renewal of established beds by relatively simple procedure composed of fertilizer application, narrowing the rows with a roto-tiller or other suitable tool, weed removal, thinning the remaining plant stand and irrigation. Renovation is the practice most often used to improve an established Kentucky bluegrass turf or a heavily trafficked sports turf. It is best accomplished in home lawns with tall fescue seed and in athletic fields with perennial ryegrass seed. Chemical that is used to repel pests. A pesticide that remains effective for a longer period of time.

The set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. Returning to a previous position or turning in an opposite direction. A horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. A piece cut from a rhizome that can take root and form a new plant. A fungal disease (Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii ) that is common in spruce and pine trees. It couses the needles to drop prematurely. Of, or relating to, rivers or streams. Chemical that is used to repel rodents. Having gentle rising and falling slopes in landscape. After cultivation and prior to seeding or vegetative planting, rolling helps the soil settle and identifies low spots that would have not been evident otherwise. Following planting, rolling ensures critical seed- (or stolon-) to-soil contact. The underground part of a plant that serves to anchor it and supplies it with nourishment. A section of tissue at the tip of a plant root that contains statoliths which are involved in gravity perception in plants. The root cap protects the growing tip in plants. A tubular outgrowth of root epidermal cells of vascular plants that are found only in the region of maturation of the root. Root hairs are a specialized form of rhizoid that form an important surface over which plants absorb most of their water and nutrients. Clone trees sprouting up from the roots of a "parent" tree. The entire root system of a plant. A term used to describe a plant that has been left too long in a too-small container, so the roots are densely crowded and often tangled or coiled. This stunts growth, but if the roots are loosened and spread out when the plant is transplanted, it usually recovers. Disease symptom where tissue develops witches' broom like clustering of small branches as in rose rosette disease casued by a virus. A spreader that uses a rotating impeller below a hopper to distribute fertilizer, pelletized limestone or seed. A type of irrigation device that generally has one orifice that rotates around the sprinkler by means of impact or gears that are driven by water pressure. Sprinkler that generally has one orifice that rotates around the sprinkler by means of impact or gears that are driven by water pressure. The process of tilling and cultivating the soil with a machine commonly referred to as a rototiller. The cultivator uses several, front- or rear-mounted, vertically rotating blades to penetrate soil to a depth of six or more inches. The distance between crop rows.

Water which originated on top of the land, such as rain, that is collected beyond the ability of the soil to absorb it, so it flows away. It ultimately reaches streams often with dissolved or suspended material. A filiform or very slender stolon. A prostrate branch that roots at its joints. A foliar fungal disease produce asexual spores which disperse by wind, spreading the infection. Rust is seen as coloured powder, composed off tiny aeciospores which land on vegetation. Society of Automotive Engineers Refers to rock particles with diameters of 0.1 to 0.4 mm. A thinner type of cambium in woody plants that are also called inactive xylem. When the soil has all the air pushed out and the pores are completely filled with water. Any of several bacterial or fungal diseases of plants characterized by crustaceous lesions on fruit, tuber, leaf, or stem. The term is also used for the symptom of the disease. One of the primary limbs radiating from the trunk of a tree. All subordinate branches stem from the scaffold branches. Scarification is a natural process important for germination of many species' seeds. This process involves the breaching of the natural seed coating by mechanical, thermal or microbial methods. While this process occurs naturally in the wild, humans have developed techniques to emulate the natural A detached living portion of a plant (as a bud or shoot) joined to a stock in grafting and usually supplying solely aerial parts to a graft. A cyme in which the florets are alternate of each only along the peduncle. A lateral, side or branch root that arises from another root. A triangular stemmed monocot. The ripened ovule, consisting of the embryo and its proper coats. The outer protective covering of a seed. Seed spreading away from its parent organism. A strip of biodegradable paper on to which very small seeds can be adhered and evenly planted. Chemical that is used to kill only certain kinds of plants or animals. The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, or to different flowers on the same plant. Style training and pruning grape vines. Plants that are planted as a " look out" for certain pests because they are susceptible to a particular or a group of pests. A division of a calyx; one of the outermost circles of modified leaves surrounding the reproductive organs. A fungal disease (Septoria lycopersici ) of plants, it often causing numerous, small, watersoaked spots on the leaves and stems. A temporal and intermediate stage in forest succession during land development. A stage of dry (waterless) ecological development. The exchange of genetic material between parents to produce a new generation. Sexual propagation offers the following advantages: it is usually the only method of producing new varieties or cultivars, it is often the cheapest and easiest method of producing large numbers of plants, it can be a way to avoid certain diseases, it may be the only way to propagate some species.

Parts of a plant involved in the production of seed. They include flowers, fruit, flower buds and seeds. Leaves grown in shaded area that are larger in area, but thinner than sun leaves. Shade leaves generally have more chlorophyll, and the chloroplasts move within the cells to take up a position where they will absorb the maximum light without shading other chloroplasts below them. Fresh growth in the aerial part of a plant stem, for example, a bud, young leaf, new branch or other young growth. The amount of plant shoots in a given area. A plant that cannot flower under the long days of summer. Short day plants typically flower in the fall of the year. These plants require a certain number of hours of darkness in each 24 hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree (growing less than 20 feet), usually with several stems. Application of a pesticide along the side of a crop row.

As related to invasive plants, a plant species that poses a serious risk to health, ecology or economy. Soil or rock derived granular material of a grain size between sand and clay; loose sedimentary material with rock particles usually 0.20 millimeter or less in diameter; also soil containing 80 percent or more of such silt and less than 12 percent of clay. A fruit developed from a single ovary. A leaf with an undivided blade.

The simplest method of growing a vine, and the one most used by commercial growers. The vine is trained to a single trunk and 2 arms, each 10 ft. in length with fruiting spurs at 6 inch intervals. Thoroughly examining of a landscape site, includeing use areas, sun orientation, water, drainage, soil conditions, etc. Taking note of the existing conditions, landmarks, etc. in a landscape. Includes considering existing structures, plants, utilities, easements, etc. A term used to describe where a pesticide will have an effect. A method of selectively cultivating turf using an implement with v-shaped knives that slice through thatch and into the soil as they rotate. Machine that utilizes closely-spaced vertical cutting blades or discs to create a shallow furrow, or slit in the turf, in which seeds are placed. Nitrogen in a slowly soluble, slow-release or natural organic form that is available to plants for an extended period of time. Urea formaldehyde (UF) and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) are examples of slowly soluble nitrogen sources. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) are examples of slow-release nitrogen sources formed by coating urea granules with molten sulfur and a moisture-resistant polymer, respectively. Activated sewage sludge, bone meal and fish meal are natural organic sources of nitrogen. Provided for the establishment of the Cooperative Extension Service to distribute information developed by the land-grant universities and research stations to the people where they lived. A rubber or plastic hose with perforations to let water seep into the ground. Insecticidal soaps consist of six to ten carbon fatty acid chains joined together by potassium or sodium ions that can disrupt the cell membranes of soft-bodied insects and mites. The naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering of broken rock particles and decaying organic matter on the surface of the earth, capable of supporting life. Also called a soil amendment, a material added to soil to improve plant growth and health. The type of conditioner added depends on the current soil composition, climate and the type of plant. The nutrient status or ability of soil to supply nutrients for plant growth under favorable environmental conditions such as light, temperature and physical conditions of soil. The capability of the soil for producing a specified quantity of plant produce per unit area and the ability to produce a sequence of crops under a specified system of management. The arrangement of soil particles. It is one of the important properties of soil because it influences aeration, permeability and water capacity. The temperature of the soil. Measurement of the proportion of mineral particles of different sizes that are found in the same sample of soil (sand, silt, clay). A general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Rock and mineral fragments, secondary minerals, and organic materials are derived from parent material via fragmentation and weathering, aerial deposition of mineral and organic particles, and through the biosynthesis and decomposition of plant and animal tissue. Soluble powder formulations are made by combining an active ingredient with a fine powder. Soluble powders dissolve and form true suspensions when mixed with water. The salts found in the soil. They are dissolved in water and can be leached from the soil. Soluble salts in too high concentration will damage plants.

Pesticide formulation pre-mixed and ready to use. They are often used in household pest products.

Occurs when bumblebees and blueberry bees “buzz” on the flower by vibrating their wing muscles. Fungal disease (Glosodes pomigena ) like fly speck, which are the two most common "summer diseases" of apples causing the fruit to have dark colored splotches.

Windows with southern exposure give the largest variation of light and temperature conditions. The low winter sun shines across the room for most of the daylight hours. They are the warmest.. An electrical device that ignites fuels such as gasoline, ethanol and aerosol. A fungal disease of pine trees where developing shoots (candles) fail to elongate properly and turn yellow or tan. Small droplets of resin often form on the stunted needles. Normally, all infected needles remain attached to the branch A type of moss found in wet and boggy areas that likes acidic (low pH) soil. An inflorescence in which many stemless florets are attached to an elongated flower stem. A method of selectively cultivating turf using an implement with rotating solid tines or flat-pointed knives to pierce the soil surface. Combustion the occurs without an external ignition source. A small, usually single-celled reproductive body that is highly resistant to desiccation and heat and is capable of growing into a new organism, produced especially by certain bacteria, fungi, algae, and nonflowering plants. The reproductive organ in cryptogams that correspond to a seed but possesses no embryo. The spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of generations. A fungal disease of a wide range of plants the most common is Elsinoe corni , of flowering dogwood. Application of a pesticide to a small section or area of a crop. A type of irrigation device that does not turn in a circle because water comes out from all sides at once. These sprinklers are used in small, open turf areas and in low-growing shrub beds because When added to a pesticide mix, a spreader is a substance that increases the area that a given volume of spray will cover. It improves the contact between the pesticide and the plant surface. A spreading agent builds spray deposits and improves weatherability. Most wettable powder insecticides benefit from the addition of a spreader. A small part of a plant, such as stolons used for propagations, twigs bearing flowers, etc. A method of plant propagation whereby cuttings of stolons or rhizomes are planted instead of seed onto the soil surface or into furrows or small holes.

A hollow sac-like or tubular extension of some part of a blossom, usually nectariferous. A short, slow- growing branchlet. Spurs can be short, stubby, side stems that arise from the main stem and are common on such fruit trees as pears, apples, and cherries, where they may bear fruit. If severe pruning is done close to fruit-bearing spurs, the spurs can revert to a long, nonfruiting stem. Pruning that occurs on vines that have been cordon-trained. Less vigorous less branching than non-spur trees. Instead, they will have short stubs (spurs) on the trunk and branches that may only grow ¼ to ½ inch a year. A method of stabilizing tall plants. A stake is placed in the ground and a tall-growing plant is attached to it for support. One of the male, pollen-bearing organs of the flower. With stamens and without pistils. Having a sharp inclination. The main ascending axis of a plant. Several pathogenic organisms causing a fungal blight attacking the stems of plants. Refers to the inability to reproduce. When added to a spray mix or dust, a sticker improves the adherence (tenacity) to a plant surface rather than increasing the initial deposit. That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the pollen is affected. Also called a runner—a slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes. Process of spreading stolons instead of seeds for planting. Chemical that is used to kill when swallowed. A pore in the wall of a capsule surrounded by special guard-cells and serving the same purpose as the stomata in the epidermis of the leaves of flowering plants. A tiny opening or pore, found mostly on the underside of a plant leaf and used for gas exchange. A fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. These fruits develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with superior ovaries. The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, lignified stone (or pit) is derived from the ovary wall of the flower. The process of soaking and chilling seeds, most commonly those of trees and shrubs, prior to sowing. It simulates natural conditions where the seeds would remain all winter on cold wet ground. Seeds will germinate promptly and uniformly after stratification. Insects that live underneath the earth's surface. Plants that tolerate short day exposures to slightly below freezing and night temperature around freezing. Most native plants in Tennessee are subtropical. Planting methods in which crop availability is increased during the growing season due to the efficient use of time and space. One example is planting two, non-competing crops, in the same plot. Often these crops have differing maturity dates. Herbaceous plant part contains water-filled cells (turgid cells) which provide adequate strength to support the plant. A shoot or cane that grows from a bud at the base of a tree or shrub or from its roots. Leaves grown in sunny location that become thicker than shade leaves because they develop longer palisade cells or an additional layer of palisade cells. In sun leaves, the chloroplasts take turns in the bright light and then shelter in the shade of others whilst they make use of the light they have absorbed - too much bright light would destroy the chloroplasts.

Materials are added to a spray mix to help keep the pesticide in suspension, improve cohesiveness and dispersion of the spray, and/or increase the wetting (or coverage) of the leaves fruits and stems. Water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland or ocean. It is related to water collecting as groundwater or atmospheric water. The water in rivers, lakes, oceans and other bodies of water. When added to a pesticide, a surfactant reduces the surface tension between two unlike materials, such as a spray film and a solid surface. Occurs when something has a mirror image on either side of a shared vertical axis. The action of two materials of the same type which used together, produce a greater effect than the sum of the materials when used alone. Oils manufactured in chemical production facilities to have superior lubricating and cleaning properties. Chemical that is used to kill by being taken into the blood of treated animals or tissues of treated plants, which are then fed upon by the pest. A trellis that uses three wires. A lower wire is secured to posts about 3 to 3 ½ feet aboveground. At about 5 feet aboveground a cross arm extending 2 feet on each side of the post will be attached. A wire will be directed down the row on each side of the cross arm . Firming the soil by stepping on it.

A fungal disease (Taphrina caerulescens ) in oak trees during cool, wet springs. Symptoms appear in early summer as yellow, blister•like, circular, raised areas, 1/16 to 1/2 inch in diameter. The main root of a plant, having a single, dominant axis and often surviving the functions of structural support and food storage. Tetra Ethyl Lead, additive used to boost octane of gasoline prior to 1989. Plants are well adapted to prolonged subfreezing temperatures and can endure temperature well below freezing. The temperatures maximum and minimum data that can also provide useful information about crop adaptation. The USDA produces a hardiness zone map that indicates which types of perennial plants cannot be grown in a certain zone because the chance of temperatures outside the range for that plant is too great. When stable temperature inversion is near the ground, the outgoing radiation is greater than the incoming radiation and cool air near the surface creates a stable temperature inversion near the ground. A bud formed at the tip of a stem, twig or branchlet. Chemical used to kill termites. A raised bank of earth having vertical or sloping sides and a flat top. The amounts of sand, silt and clay contained in a soil. A layer of partially decomposed or undercomposed turfgrass leaves, stems and roots that accumulates on the soil surface as turfgrasses grow. Thermistor automatic sensors are electronic that send data signals to a data logger located in an automatic weather station. Thermocouples or automatic sensors are electronic thermocouples or thermistors that send data signals to a data logger located in an automatic weather station. A term often used in IPM scouting. It is the level of acceptable pests/damage, beyond the threshold level, control of the pest/disease will need to occur. Branches that develop from axillary buds at the lower five to seven stalk nodes of a plant. Tillers are morphologically identical to the main stalk and are capable of forming their own root system, nodes, internodes, leaves, etc.

The physical condition of a soil in respect to its fitness to support the growth of a specific type of plant. Covered with densely matted hairs. The uniform application of a thin layer of soil or inorganic material over the turf surface. The shape of the ground's surface like hills, valleys, plains and slopes. An efficient and desirable way to develop form and structure by opening up the tree canopy to maximize light penetration. Genetic material that has been transferred to another organism. A plant that has a stably altered genome modified with a foreign gene. The foreign gene is known as a transgene. The movement of water, minerals nutrients, food, herbicide and other dissolved parts from one part of a plant to another.

The passage of water through a land plant and usually out the stomata on the surface of its leaves. To move a plant from one place to another. A woody, self-supporting perennial plant usually with a single main stem and generally growing more than 20 feet tall. An irrigation method which saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing and emitters.

A medium sized, hand held piece of equipment. A spray mixture in the correct dilution is prepared in a container such as a bucket. The intake tube of the sprayer is inserted into the mixture in the bucket. Pump pressure is created by operating the sprayer in a trombone like motion.

A method of transferring food and fluids mouthto-mouth between socail insects (bees, ants, termites). Plant that tolerates temperatures to 32 F or 0 C. The major woody stem of a tree. Plant disease caused by a late season fungus on trees (primary host is oaks), causes leaf spots to appear.

A thickened and short subterranean branch having numerous buds or eyes and used for food storage. Underground storage organ often confused with bulbs and tubers. However, these are roots, not stems, and have neither nodes nor internodes. A modified stem that is shortened, flattened, enlarged and underground. Buds and shoots arise from the top or crown and fibrous roots are found on the bottom of the tuberous stem. Rigid condition of a plant caused by the fluid contents of a plant cell exerting a mechanical pressure against the cell wall.

The end subdivision of a branch. A young shoot, generally applied to the growth of the past season. Plant disease caused by a fungus or bacteria, causes the dieback of twigs. Engines that have a power stroke on every revolution of the engine crankshaft. One of the most common trellises in use today. It consists of posts 5 feet above ground level firmly anchored about 20 feet apart. A wire is strung between the posts at the top of the post and a second wire is strung 12-14 inches below the top wire. This system will adapt to most all varieties of grapes. In colder regions use posts about 2 feet long. A racemose inflorescence made up of florets whose stalks and pedicels are arranged at random along pedicels that all arise from one point on the pedunclein in such a way that the florets create a flat round top. A slender, unbranched shoot or plant. Also refers to unbranched young tree seedlings 0.5-1.0 m (1 ft 7 in-3 ft 3 in) tall and 2 to 3 years old that have been grown for planting outside. Also called the background color of a fruit. It is the color of the skin on the side of the fruit that is not exposed to the sun. Having a wavy surface. A measure of how evenly an irrigation system can apply water to a landscape. A uniform irrigation system has less potential to over-irrigate some areas while at the same time avoiding dry spots in other areas. The outreach portion of the Institute of Agriculture. Delivers researched based information to the citizens of Tennessee. High ground. If located in a large city, the garden may be subject to an urban heat island effect, resulting in temperatures, especially at night, which may be several degrees higher than the temperature reported from a local airport. Various valves allow for on-off control, modulation of the flow rate through the system, and prevention of back flow. They can also be used for pressure relief or as a safety device. In general, valves can vary from simple manual on-off devices to sophisticated control equipment which act as metering instruments and deliver predetermined amounts of water to the system. The evaporation of an active ingredient during or after application. Somewhat differing, but inheritable, characteristics of a particular plant, or group of plants, within the same species. A complex tissue found in vascular plants, meaning that it is composed of more than one cell type. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. A vehicle (usually a plant part, animal, water, wind) used to transfer material from one thing to another. Growth of a plant that does not include any reproductive organs. A way of sizing a pipe for irrigation that will reduce friction loss, improve uniformity, save material costs, lower pumping costs and control waterhammer. The manner in which the veins are arranged in the leaf. Vermiculite are lightweight, spongelike granules useful in conditioning container soils as they hold both water and air. A turfgrass maintenance practice used to mechanically remove thatch. Vertically rotating blades or knives cut into the turf lifting thatch and depositing it on the turf surface.

A genus of fungi found in soil that causes wilt usually in ornamental woody plants in the United States. A disease in plants caused by a soil-borne fungus; foliage turns yellow and may eventually die. Private and public gardens planted during World Wars I and II for the purpose of lessening the pressure on the public food supply. A plant that trails, clings or twines and requires support to grow vertically. A tool that measures viscosity. A measure of oil thickness and its ability to flow at certain temperatures. It is a measure of the physical ability of the fluid to maintain lubrication under specified conditions of operating speed, temperature and pressure Measures how viscosity (of fuels) changes with temperature. The tendency of a substance to vaporize. Fungal disease of plants, possibly causing causing the leaves to turn color and die back and eventually plant death. Used in the treatment of wounds. Plants in which optimal growth occurs between 80 and 95 degrees F. The snow to liquid equivalent is the amount of liquid precipitation that is produced. It would produce 1 inch of liquid precipitation in the rain gauge. An organic or chemical fertilizer that can be dissolved in water, such as manure. Water soluble fertilizer may be applied through a watering system or sprinkled in with a watering can. Pressure spikes caused by normal operating pressures will be temporarily exceeded when flow starts and stops in a pipeline. Occurs when the soil is saturated by groundwater. Often occurs in poorly drained soils.

The area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place. A vigorous but weak, upright shoot from an adventitious bud on a tree trunk or main branch. The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure. Southern and western exposures are interchangeable for most plants. They give the largest variation of light and temperature conditions. The low winter sun shines across the room for most of the daylight hours. Wettable powder formulations are made by combining the active ingredient with a fine powder. They look like dusts, but they are made to mix with water.

When added to a pesticide, a wetting agent lowers the interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid. Bot rot, (Botryosphaeria dothidea ) is a fungal canker disease of apple or fruite trees during the summer. Wick applicators, also called rope wick applicators, are used exclusively for the application of contact or systemic herbicides. The direction from which a movement of air comes.

Mechanical device attached to an elevated structure; rotates freely to show the direction of the wind.

A thick or tough protective exterior tissue called bark; specialized tissues (fibers) begin to form as the stem elongates, and the stem becomes more or less rigid a short distance below the apical meristem. Drought tolerant. Tissue specialized for the transport of water and minerals upward through the plant. The seed generation of the plant itself (e.g. one wheat grain produces a stalk yielding three grain, or 1:3). A group of sprinklers that operate together on the same pipe network downstream from a common valve. An area in the root where cells increase in size through food and water absorption. These cells, by increasing in size, push the root through the soil.