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C = Common, F = Frequent, R= Rare___Waireka Sugarloafs INTERTIDAL BIOTA OF THE PROPOSED NGA MOTU MARINE RESERVE, NEW PLYMOUTH Bruce W. Hayward1 and Margaret S. Morley2 1Department of Geology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland 2Auckland War Memorial Museum, Private Bag 92 018, Auckland SUMMARY A survey of the intertidal shore within the proposed Nga Motu Marine Reserve, south New Plymouth, adds 109 additional species to existing lists for the area, bringing the current total for the combined subtidal and intertidal for the proposed reserve to 418 (including 100 gastropods, 88 fish, 50 seaweeds, 36 bivalves, 35 sponges, 28 bryozoa, 24 echinoderms, 14 crabs and shrimps, 11 chitons, 13 coelenterates, 8 ascidians, 6 barnacles). This study provides the first records from the west coast North Island of three gastropods - Cominella quoyana quoyana, Eatoniella globosa and Rissoella cystophora and extends southwards the previously known geographic range of four other gastropods and two bivalves. The diversity of intertidal life (172 species) in the rocky habitats of this area is comparable to that recorded from nearby Kawaroa Reef. These rocky shores around New Plymouth (Kawaroa Reef and Back Beach), partially sheltered by Paritutu and the Sugar Loaf Islands, contain the richest and most diverse intertidal biota of the Taranaki coast. The Taranaki coast lies adjacent to the fluctuating confluence of a south-flowing warm current and north-flowing south current. This is reflected in the coastal biota with the northernmost records of some cooler water species existing together with the southernmost records of some warmer water species. INTRODUCTION The Sugar Loaf Islands, adjacent to Port Taranaki, New Plymouth (39°S, 174°E), and the surrounding seabed, foreshore and water (Fig. 1) are protected from mining (particularly of hydrocarbons) under the Sugar Loaf Islands Protected Area Act 1991. Using the Fisheries Act (1986), MAF gazetted regulations prohibiting commercial fishing and limiting recreational fishing in this area. Because these acts do not provide full protection for this precious piece of coast and its biota, a group of concerned locals formed the Nga Motu Marine Reserve Project Society and are campaigning for the creation of a marine reserve around part of the Sugar Loaf Islands and a strip of coastline extending to the south-west. In preparing their case for a marine reserve application, the Society is required to document the biotic values of the proposed area and thus invited the authors to New Plymouth to undertake an intertidal survey. Taranaki coast The intertidal shore of Taranaki from Urenui around Cape Egmont to Hawera, is almost entirely boulder-lined, consisting of hard andesite boulders, cobbles and pebbles eroded out of the laharic breccias that form the low coastal cliffs. The laharic breccias were formed by lahars that flowed down from Mt Taranaki and its predecessors creating the ring plain that surrounds the mountains. These breccias consist of andesite clasts set in a matrix of relatively soft volcanic mud and sand, which in many places form a wave-cut low- to mid-tidal shore platform on which the boulders and cobbles sit. These low lying shore platforms and gravel deposits extend subtidally. The boulder beaches are interspersed with scattered sand beaches. In some places, as in the western half of the study area, sand forms a high tidal beach separated from the sea by a belt of Fig. 1. Map of study area along the shores of the south-western suburbs of New Plymouth, Taranaki. The boundary of the present Sugar Loafs Marine Protected Area and proposed Nga Motu Marine Reserve are shown. low tidal boulders. Periodically, mobile sand is moved inshore and may bury and smother parts of the boulder shore and underlying rock platforms. North of Waitara, the north Taranaki coast consists of soft sandstone and mudstone cliffs mostly fronted by long sand beaches. At New Plymouth, Paritutu and the Sugar Loaf Islands differ from the rest of the Taranaki coast, being eroded from hard andesite intrusives. They form a group of low sea stacks and islands that provide the firmest and most stable substrate on the Taranaki coast. In the lee of the Sugar Loafs (e.g. Kawaroa Reef and Back Beach) are the most sheltered habitats on the open Taranaki coast and consequently the most diverse intertidal communities (Hayward et al. 1999). Previous work Previous studies on the intertidal biota within the proposed reserve have included documentation of the main zonation patterns on Round Rock by Morton and Miller (1968, fig. 103) and a brief unpublished report on the dominant biota on the shore around the mouth of Waireka Stream (Anon 1991). The subtidal biota of the Sugar Loaf Islands, in the offshore part of the proposed reserve was documented by members of the New Plymouth Underwater Club (1989) with some specialist assistance with the identification of some groups. Their full species list includes 79 species of fish and 65 species of sponge (Department of Conservation 1996). Beyond the proposed reserve boundaries, Hayward et al. (1999) recorded a diverse biota of 180 species on Kawaroa Reef, 3km north-east of Paritutu. Further to the south, Morton and Miller (1968, fig.125) described the zonation of the boulder beach at Opunake, and a group of University of Auckland studies, undertaken as part of the Maui Development Environmental Study, documented and monitored natural change in the intertidal and shallow subtidal biota at Oaonui and Tataraimaka (Bergquist 1979, Foster 1978, Gordon 1980, Miller & Miller 1980, Miller 1982, Willan 1980a, b). FIELD WORK The intertidal shore between Paritutu and the mouth of Tapuae Stream was surveyed by the authors during spring low tides in February 2001. This survey involved comprehensive inspection of all the available habitats, documenting all the species of macroinvertebrate, micromollusc and seaweed present. Washed up shells were also surveyed as an indication of the composition of the mollusc fauna that lives in the subtidal sediments and rocky habitats just offshore within the proposed reserve area. Qualitative assessments of the abundance of all species were made during the surveys, and are given in the species list (below). SPECIES LIST The first four columns record species identified during our 2001 study, whereas the last two columns incorporate the records of previous studies within the proposed reserve area. This list does not include subtidal vertebrate and bryozoan records. Voucher specimens from the 2001 study are deposited in the Marine and Botany collections of the Auckland War Memorial Museum (AK). A In lee of Sugar Loaf Islands - rocky shore and boulder beach B Back Beach to Waireka beach washup C Waireka toTapuae boulder beach and rocky shore D Waireka to Tapuae boulder washup E Waireka boulder beach and rocky shore (Anon 1991) F Sugar Loafs Islands subtidal (New Plymouth Underwater Club 1989) a = abundant c = common, f = frequent, o = occasional, r= rare; d = dead, l = live, x = present Haustrum haustorium o o l l Janthina exigua d A B C D E F Lepsiella albomarginata c c l l MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA Linopyrga rugata d d Acanthochitona violacea f l Maoricolpus roseus manukauensis d d x Acanthochitona zelandica r l Melagraphia aethiops o f l Chiton glaucus c c l Micrelenchus sanguineus c c Cryptoconchus porosus r l Nodilittorina antipodum o o l Eudoxochiton nobilis l Nodilittorina cincta r r Ischnochiton maorianus o r l Notoacmea elongata o d Leptochiton inquinatus o Notoacmea helmsi d Plaxiphora biramosa r Notoacmea parviconoidea c c Plaxiphora caelata l Notoacmea pileopsis pileopsis c o Plaxiphora obtecta r Onchidella nigricans c r Sypharochiton pelliserpentis c o l Onoba fumata d MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA Paratrophon c. cheesemani d d Alcithoe fusus x Paratrophon c. exsculptus d Amalda (Baryspira) mucronata d Patelloida corticata c c Amphithalamus falsestea o c Penion sulcatus d d x Anabathron hedleyi d Pisinna zosterophila r Asteracmea suteri d r Pleurobranchaea maculata r Astraea heliotropium x Potamopyrgus estuarinus c Austrofusus glans d d Radiacmea inconspicua o Buccinulum linea linea d d l Risellopsis varia o o Cabestana spengleri x Rissoella cystophora r Caecum digitulum o Rissoina chathamensis d Calliostoma pellucidum l Scutus breviculus f l Calliostoma punctulatum d d l Semicassis pyrum d x Calliostoma selectum l Sigapatella novaezelandiae d d l Calliostoma tigris l Siphonaria propria o d Cantharidella tesselata c a l ? Spectamen sp. d Cantharidus opalus d l Struthiolaria papulosa d x Trichosirius inornatus d Trochus viridis l Tugali elegans d A B C D E F Tugali suteri l Cantharidus purpureus l Turbo smaragdus o f l l Cellana ornata f c d l Xenophora neozelanica x Cellana radians a c d l x Xymene traversi c c l Cellana stellifera d r l Zalipais lissa d Cerithiopsidae 2 spp. d Zeacumantus subcarinatus l Charonia lampas l MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA: NUDIBRANCHS Chemnitzia spp. d d Aphelodoris lactuosa l Cominella adspersa r Archidoris wellingtonensis l Cominella maculosa f l Cadlina willani l Cominella quoyana r Ceratosoma amoena l l Cominella virgata x? Chromodoris aureomarginata l Cookia sulcata d o l Doriopsis flabellifera r r? Crepidula costata d Jason miriabilis l Dicathais orbita f f l l Polycera ?maddoxi l Diloma arida a c Trapania rudmani l Diloma bicanaliculata o d l Tritonia incerta l Diloma coracina c f MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA Diloma nigerrima o l Anomia trigonopsis d Diloma zelandica f Atrina zelandica l Eatoniella albocolumella o c Barbatia novaezelandiae d d l Eatoniella delli r r Borniola reniformis o
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