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COST EFFECTIVENESS of the STREAM- GAGING PROGRAM in WEST VIRGINIA by G

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COST EFFECTIVENESS of the STREAM- GAGING PROGRAM in WEST VIRGINIA by G COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STREAM- GAGING PROGRAM IN WEST VIRGINIA by G. S. Runner, R. L. Bragg, and J. T. Atkins, Jr, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4089 Charleston, West Virginia 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information write to: Copies of the report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey, WRD U.S. Geological Survey 603 Morris Street Books and Open-File Reports Charleston, West Virginia 25301 Box 25425, Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract........................................................... 1 Introduction....................................................... 2 History of the stream-gaging program in West Virginia......... 3 Current West Virginia stream-gaging program................... 4 Uses, funding, and availability of continuous streamflow data...... 9 Data-use classes.............................................. 9 Regional hydrology...................................... 9 Hydrologic systems...................................... 9 Legal obligations....................................... 10 Planning and design..................................... 10 Project operation....................................... 11 Hydrologic forecasts.................................... 11 Water-quality monitoring................................ 11 Research................................................ 11 Other................................................... 11 Funding....................................................... 12 Frequency of data availability................................ 12 Data-use presentation......................................... 12 Conclusions pertaining to data uses........................... 16 Alternative methods of developing streamflow information........... 16 Description of flow-routing model............................. 17 Description of regression analysis............................ 19 Categorization of stream gages by their potential for alternative methods......................................... 20 Results of flow-routing analysis .............................. 21 Tug Fork................................................ 21 New River............................................... 24 Results of regression analysis................................ 30 Conclusions pertaining to alternative methods for data generation.................................................. 31 Cost-effective resource allocation................................. 32 Introduction to Kalman-filtering for cost-effective resource allocation (K-CERA)................................ 32 Description of mathematical program........................... 32 Description of uncertainty functions.......................... 36 The application of K-CERA in West Virginia.................... 40 Definition of missing record probabilities.............. 40 Definition of cross-correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation.............................. 41 Kalman-filter definition of variance.................... 41 K-CERA results.......................................... 48 Conclusions from the K-CERA analysis.......................... 54 Summary............................................................ 55 Selected references................................................ 56 111 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Graph showing number of continuous-record stream-gaging stations in West Virginia.............................. 3 2-4. Maps showing: 2. Location of stream-gaging stations in West Virginia................................... 5 3. Locations of stream-gaging stations that provide regional hydrologic information................. 10 4. The Tug Fork study area........................... 22 5-6. Graphs showing: 5. Measured and simulated daily streamflow at Williamson for March and April 1983............. 25 6. Measured and simulated daily streamflow at Glenhayes for January and February 1982......... 26 7. Map showing the New River study area.................... 28 8. Graph showing measured and simulated daily streamflow at Bluestone Dam for April and May 1983............... 29 9. Mathematical-programing form of the optimization of the routing of hydrographers......................... 34 10. Diagram showing tabular form of the optimization of the routing of hydrographers.............................. 35 11-12. Graphs showing: 11. Typical uncertainty function for instantaneous discharge...................................... 46 12. Temporal average standard error per stream gage.. 49 TABLES Table 1. Selected hydrologic data for stream-gaging stations in the West Virginia surface-water network............. 6 2. Service area, number of stream-gaging stations, and operational cost for fiscal year 1985.................. 8 3. Data use, funding, and data availability................. 13 4. Stream-gaging stations selected for alternative methods analysis....................................... 20 5. Stream-gaging stations used in the Tug Fork flow- routing study.......................................... 23 6. Selected reach characteristics used in the Tug Fork flow-routing analysis.................................. 23 7. Results of flow-routing models for the Tug Fork.......... 27 8. Stream-gaging stations used in the New River flow- routing study.......................................... 27 9. Selected reach characteristics used in the New River flow-routing analysis.................................. 28 10. Results of flow-routing models for the New River......... 30 11. Dependent and explanatory stream-gaging stations used in multiple linear-regression models................... 30 12. Summary of calibration for regression modeling of mean daily streamflow at selected stream-gaging stations in West Virginia....................................... 31 iv TABLES- -Continued Page 13. Comparison of the flow-routing model and linear- regression model for four gaging stations..... 31 14. Statistics of record reconstruction............. 42 15. Summary of the autocovariance analysis.......... 44 16. Summary of the routes that may be used to visit stations in West Virginia..................... 47 17. Selected results of K-CERA analysis............. 50 CONVERSION FACTORS For use of readers who prefer to use metric (International System) units, conversion factors for terms used in this report are listed below. Multiply inch-pound units by To obtain metric units foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) square mile (mi 2 ) 2.590 square kilometer (km2 ) cubic foot (ft3 ) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3 ) cubic foot per second (ft 3 /s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3 /s) COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STREAMFLOW-GAGING PROGRAM IN WEST VIRGINIA By G. S. Runner, R. L. Bragg, and J. T. Atkins, Jr. ABSTRACT This report documents the results of a cost-effectiveness study of streamflow-gaging activities in West Virginia. Data uses and sources of funding were identified for 74 streamflow-gaging stations currently operated in West Virginia. One streamflow- gaging station was identified as producing data no longer sufficiently needed to warrant continuing its operation; this station was discontinued. Data collected at three other streamflow-gaging stations were identified as having uses specific only to short-term studies; it is recommended that these stations be discontinued at the end of the data-collection phases of the studies. The current policy for operation of the 74 streamflow gaging stations requires a budget of $390,000 per year. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records is 24.6 percent and the range of error at individual stations is from 6.6 to 79.2 percent. It was shown that this overall standard error could be reduced to 22.0 percent if field activities were altered with no change in budget. A minimum budget of $375,000 is required to operate the 74 stations; a smaller budget would not permit proper service and maintenance of the stations and recorders. At the minimum budget, the average standard error is 22.5 percent. The maximum budget analyzed was $430,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 21.1 percent. Large areas in West Virginia lack sufficient streamflow data to provide valid estimates of streamflow characteristics. The paucity of data in these areas will be remedied as funds become available. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Geological Survey is the principal Federal agency collecting surface-water data in the Nation. The collection of these data is a major activity of the Water Resources Division of the Geological Survey. The data are collected in cooperation with State and local governments and other Federal agencies. The Geological Survey operates approximately 7,000 continuous-record gaging stations throughout the Nation. Some of these records extend back to the turn of the century. Any activity of long standing, such as the collection of surface-water data, should be reexamined at intervals, if not continuously, because of changes in objectives, technology, or external constraints. The last systematic nationwide evaluation of the streamflow information program was completed in 1970 and is documented by Benson and Carter (1973). The Geological Survey is presently undertaking another nationwide analysis of the streamflow gaging program that will be completed over a 5-year period with 20 percent of the program being analyzed each year. The objective of this analysis is to define and document the most cost-effective means of furnishing streamflow information.
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